J . Fluid Mech. (1974), vol. 66, part 3, p p .

553-576 553
Printed in Great Britain

The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders

By OWEN M. G R I F F I N
A N D STEVEN E. RAMBERG
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375

(Received 31 August 1973 and in revised form 9 May 1974)

The strength (initial circulation) and spacing of vortices in the wake of a circular
cylinder have been obtained for conditions under which the body undergoes
lateral vibrations. The vibrations of the cylinder were at all times synchronized
with those in the wake, thereby suppressing the natural Strouhal frequency in
favour of a common synchronized or ‘locked-in’ frequency for the body-wake
system. All experiments were performed at a Reynolds number of 144 or 190. An
inverse relation between the initial circulation K and the length lF of the vortex
formationregionwas obtained for cylinder oscillationsof up to 50 yoofa diameter,
at vibration frequencies both above and below the Strou‘halshedding frequency.
The initial circulation K of the vortices was increased by as much as 65 yo,a t
1, = 1.6 diameters, from the stationary-cylinder value of K corresponding to
1, = 3.2d. An increase in the rate A of vorticity generation of 80 % from the
stationary-cylinderwake value was obtained with the cylinder vibrating at 30 yo
of a diameter and 1 I0 % of the Strouhal frequency. Both flow-visualization and
hot-wire results show that the lateral spacing of the vortex street decreases as the
vibration amplitude of the cylinder is increased, but that the longitudinal vortex
spacing is independent of changes in amplitude. The longitudinal spacing,
however, varies inversely with the vibration frequency. The street approaches a
single line of vortices of alternating sign as the amplitude of vibration approaches
values near a full cylinder diameter, and secondary vortex formation a t these
large amplitudes is associated with the vanishing lateral spacing of the street.
Observation of the wake has elucidated the mechanism of vortex formation;
the entrainment processes in the formation region have been observed at small
intervals over a cycle of the cylinder’s motion.

1. Introduction
The periodic flow separation and vortex formation that accompany the flow
past a bluff obstacle have been observed for many years, but still many questions
relating to the mechanism of vortex formation remain unanswered. If one of the
natural frequencies of the body immersed in the flow is near the vortex shedding
frequency, then self-excited resonant vibrations can occur if the damping of the
system is sufficiently low. There is also a range of frequencies near the Strouhal
frequency of vortex shedding where forced vibrations of the body cause the
vortex sheddingand body frequenciesto lock together, or synchronize.This means
that the cylinder and wake have the same characteristic frequency and that the
554 0. $1.Grifin and S. E.Ramberg
Strouhal frequency, relating to the vortex shedding from a stationary cylinder,
is suppressed. Synchronization (or wake capture, as it is sometimes called) takes
place when the vibration amplitude reaches a critical threshold and is accom-
panied by large correlations in the phase of the vortex shedding along the
cylinder span.
Vortex-excited vibrations are often the cause of costly construction delays and
failures in offshore structures, and the ‘strumming’ motions of towed and moored
underwater platforms will degrade the data-gathering performance of these
systems. A recent Euromech Colloquium on bluff bodies and vortex shedding
(1970) in Cambridge? and a symposium on flow-induced structural vibrations
(1972) in Karlsruhe attest to the contemporary practical importance of these
fluid-structural interaction phenomena.
The body-wake system behaves as a nonlinear self-excited oscillator with the
wake as the oscillator and the cylinder forced to vibrate. This interaction between
the body motion and the wake should be evidenced by changes in the vortex
formation, strength and spacing that accompany different conditions of oscilla-
tion, with the real origin of vortex-excited oscillations lying in the mechanism of
the vortex formation and shedding process. I n the present paper we investigate
the changes in the vortex formation, strength and spacing that accompany
different conditions of cylinder vibration. These parameters are obtained by
matching both mean and r.m.s. velocity profiles with a mathematical model for
the vortex street. The effects of the cylinder vibrations are then further investi-
gated by means of a detailed flow-visualization study of the vortex formation
and spacing within the regime of synchronization.

2. Related investigations
Some investigations have been made of the interaction between a vibrating
bluff body and its vortex wake, but since these vibrations are often the cause of
costly problems, moreextensive studies of vortex-excited and forced synchronized
oscillations are of both practical and fundamental importance. Berger & Wille
( 1972) have recently summarized contemporary work relating to the generation
of oscillatory wake flows, and other reviews of the present state of knowledge
relating to vortex-excited and forced lateral oscillations can be found in papers
by King, Prosser & Johns (1973), Parkinson (1972) and Toebes (1969).
Despite the insight that can be obtained from the use of some means of flow
visualization, there have been very few visual studies of the interaction between
a vibrating bluff body and its wake. The results of Wood & Kirmani (1970) and of
Wood (1971) deal with the heaving vibrations of blunt-based aerofoils under
conditions of forced lock-in. Honji & Taneda (1968a,b) have observed the
changes in the wake that accompany the lateral vibrations of circular cylinders
at large amplitudes of motion, again under conditions of lock-in. The original
flow-visualization study of a cylinder vibrating laterally with the vortex and
vibration frequencies synchronized was published by Koopmann (1967 a ) for

f See Mair & Maul1 (1971).

 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 555
Reynolds numbers between 100 and 300, and more recently Griffin & Votaw
(1972) have provided further flow-visualization results in this same Reynolds
number regime. Koopmann (1967b) has photographed the wake of a freely
vibrating cylinder and these results have been published as part of a more
extensive study of the vortex-excited oscillations of circular cylinders (Griffin,
Skop & Koopmann 1973).
Information on the strength of shed vortices is sparse for stationary bodies, and
no studies of the effects of cylinder vibrations on vortex strength have previously
been made. One of the most complete works for stationary bodies is that of
Berger (1964)) who measured the strength and spacing of vortices a t several
downstream displacements in the stable region behind a stationary cylinder at
a Reynolds number Re = 150. Schaefer & Eskinazi (1959) had earlier studied the
stationary-cylinder wake at Reynolds numbers below 125 and measured the
vortex strength at one downstream position for Re = 62. More recently, Bloor &
Gerrard (1966) obtained the strengths of turbulent vortices in the wakes of
stationary cylinders at Re = 2000 and 16 000, and compared their results with
the semi-empiricaltheory of Roshko (1954))who proposed a universal similarity
parameter for characterizing the wakes of stationary bluff bodies of various
shapes.
The introduction of transverse vibrations, either vortex-excited or forced, into
the body-wake system increases the complexities involved in any attempt to
determine such wake parameters as the vortex strength, spacing and core radius.
All of the latter are dependent on the length of the formation region and the
distance from the end of the formation region to the measurement point. The
papers by Griffin (1971)) Griffin & Votaw (1972) and Griffin (1973), hereafter
denoted as I, I1 and 111, have investigated the dependence of the formation
length and wake structure on the amplitude and frequency of vibration. The
experiments also showed that the formation length is an appropriate scaling
length for the vortex wake of an oscillating body, and that the wake is composed
of the three classical regimes of the K&rm&nstreet: the formation, stable and
unstable regions. These regimes are found at Reynolds numbers up to 350 for the
vibrating cylinder, whereas they have been observed at Reynolds numbers only
up to 125 for the stationary cylinder.

3. Experimental methods and procedure

The experiments reported in this paper were performed in an open-jet wind
tunnel with a 75 x 75mm exit and a 20: 1 contraction section. DISA hot-wire
anemometers (model 55D01) and low interference hot-wire probes (model 55FOI)
were employed for the flow measurements. The hot-wire signal was carefully
linearized in the speed range of interest with a DISA linearizer (model 55DIO),
so that quantitative velocity measurements could be interpreted with confidence.
Smooth circular cylinders, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0mm in diameter, were used in the
experiments and were mounted in a vibration-isolated shaker a t the tunnel exit
section. The details of the wind tunnel and its supporting equipment have been
described in I and 11.
556 0. M . Grifin and X.E. Ramberg
The photographs were taken by introducing an aerosol of submicron-sized
particles into the wind tunnel. The tracer is generated simply by bubbling com-
pressed air through liquid di-2 (ethylhexyl phthalate), or DOP. A more complete
discussion of the flow-visualization system, including measurements of light
scattering in the aerosol and some further applications, has been given by Griffin,
Ramberg, Votaw & Kelleher (1973).The flow field was illuminated by two strobes
driven by the same sine-wave generator as was used to vibrate the cylinder. Since
the vortex shedding and cylinder frequencies were synchronized, the light
flashing was also locked into the wake. A variable-phase channel on the sine-wave
generator allowed the vortex street to be photographed at any instant within a
cycle of the cylinder motion, and the initial position of the cylinder (as seen during
the flash) was also adjustable by means of a time delay on the strobe system.

4. Co-ordinate system and notation

The origin of the co-ordinates, except as noted in $ 5 , is a t the equilibrium
position of the cylinder centre, with displacements in the free-stream direction
denoted by x and those perpendicular to the free-stream direction denoted by y.
The cylinder’s diameter is denoted by d and the amplitude of oscillation (peak to
peak) by a. For the stationary cylinder the natural vortex shedding (Strouhal)
frequency is denoted by f,, and f corresponds to the oscillation frequency of the
cylinder. Since all of the experiments correspond to the regime of frequency
synchronization, or lock-in, the cylinder and vortex shedding frequencies are
equal. The relation between the vibration and vortex frequencies during lock-inis
illustrated in figure 1. When the frequency of forced oscillation becomes about
80 yoof the Strouhal frequency, the body and wake have the same characteristic
frequency. The two frequencies remain locked together as the frequency is
increased to about 120 yoof the Strouhal frequency. For frequencies above this
limit the wake unlocks from the vibration of the body. The measured velocity
fluctuations (r.m.s.) are denoted by u, the mean free-stream velocity by U and
the local mean velocity by U(y). The Reynolds number is Re = Ud/v, where v is
the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Under natural shedding conditions the
Strouhal number is St = f,d/U and a wake shedding parameter used to charac-
terize the lock-in phenomenon is St* = At( 1+ a/d)flf.

5. Flow in the near wake of a vibrating cylinder

5.1. The formation and stable regions of the wake
It is generally agreed that a close relation exists between the flow in the near wake
and the fluid forces on a vibrating cylinder, and several physical criteria have
been identified for determining the initial position of a fully formed vortex in the
base region of a bluff body. Among these criteria are the following.
(i) The minimum of the mean pressure on the wake centre-line y = 0 (Roshko
1954).
(ii) The maximum velocity fluctuation at the second harmonic of the shedding
frequency, on the wake centre-line (Bloor & Gerrard 1966).
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 557

0.80 1 .00 1.20

Vibration frequency
Strouhal frequency
FIQURE1. Schematic diagram of the lock-in relation for transverse forced oscillations of
a bluff body in a imiform stream. The amplitude of the body motion is assumed to be fixed
at some value within the synchronized regime.

(iii) The minimum lateral spacing, near the body base, of the region of
maximum vortex velocity fluctuation (Schaefer & Eskinazi 1959; Bearman
1965).
These criteria yield essentially the same value for the formation length IF
and they can be measured with a pressure or hot-wire probe. The effects of
lateral vibrations on vortex formation length have been discussed in I and
11, and the results may be briefly summarized as follows. The formation
length decreases systematically with increased amplitude of vibration, whereas
the effects of frequency changes are twofold. When the vibration frequency is
decreased to a value less than the Strouhal frequency, the length of the forma-
tion region is increased; conversely, when the vibration frequency becomes
greater than the Strouhal frequency the scale of the formation region is reduced.
The formation-region length is expressed as a function of both the vibration
amplitude and frequency by

IF - - 3 . 2 -3*31nXt*, Xt* =
d,-
cf. 111,for Reynolds numbers up to a t least 350 and for conditions of synchroniza-
tion between the vortex shedding and vibration frequencies. The wake width d F
in (1)is defined by the lateral spacing between the maxima of velocity fluctuations
at x = l F .
A difficult problem arises during any attempt to compare systematically the
properties of vortex-street wakes under different flow conditions, because the
measurements are dependent on the relative distance from the point a t which the
558 0. M . Grifin and 8. E . Ramberg

Region of
1.4
- matching
1.2 -

. --
-e
51
1.0

0.8

0.6 - +q@
0.4 -
Stable Unstable
region region region

0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.08.0

XllF

FIGURE
2. Distribution of the regions of maximum velocity fluctuation as a function of the
scaled downstream distance x/lp, a t a Reynolds number of 144. The cylinder and vortex
shedding frequencies are synchronized.
0 + a 0 V X
St * 0.178 0.199 0.231 0.263 0.208' 0.254
fIf. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.10
ald 0 0.12 0.30 0.48 0.30 0.30

vortices are formed, i.e. on the formation length lF. This problem is compounded
when any alterations are made in the mechanism of the vortex shedding. Such
changes may include mass addition and splitter plates in the base region of a
bluff body, or flow-induced and forced synchronized oscillations. Such a problem
arises in the present case because the formation-region length at Re = 144 is
reduced from 3.1 to 1-6diameters as the amplitude of vibration is increased from
zero to half a diameter, and any interpretations based on wake measurements
made a t it single downstream value of xld can be seriously misleading.
The vortex wake of a cylinder vibrating under conditions of synchronism can
be scaled by the formation length, as plotted in figure 2 with results obtained at
a Reynolds number of 144. Since the wake patterns for all values of the vibration
amplitude and frequency fall on a single curve, the effects of the vibrations can be
systematically assessed by making measurements at constant multiples of x/ZF.
Each determination will then account for the changes in the position of vortex
formation, and the difficulties mentioned above will be minimized.

5.2. A mathematical model for the stable region

The downstream portion of the stable region outlined in figure 2 offers suitable
locations at which to measure the strength, age and spacing of the vortices, with
due regard being given to the constraints imposed in the previous section. In
order to account for the effects of viscosity, the potential vortices a t an arbitrary
number of positions in the street can be replaced by Hamel-Oseen vortices. The
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating c y k d e r s 559

I I I I I I I I I I L
- 1.0 -0.5 0.5 1-0 1.5 6

FIGURE3. Co-ordinate system for an infinite vortex street with constant lateral spacing h
and longitudinal spacing 1. The vortices a t PI and Pz are replaced by Hamel-Oseen viscous
vortices in the velocity components listed in table 1. The vortex-street velocity potential
(uncorrected for viscositv) is
" I

sin [n(z'- 4)]

+ Ulz',

circumferential velocity and vorticity fields of each viscous Hamel-Oseen vortex

are, respectively,
K
ug= -(1 -exp[- 1-26(r2/r%)]),r: = 504vt,
2~-r

where r* represents the radial distance from the vortex centre to the maximum
of u,, t the age of the vortex and K the initial circulation. The basic KBrmAn
street corrected in this way for the effects of viscosity is an appropriate mode1 for
the stable region of the vibrating-cylinder wake since the flow is essentially two-
dimensional.
The complex velocity potential for an inviscid street of vortices, taken at some
initial time t = 0 and in co-ordinates fixed relative to the equilibrium position of
the cylinder, is given in figure 3. At this initial time the vortices in the upper row
are at the positions ( m + t ) + i , u and the vortices in the lower row are at the
positions (m- +) - i,u, for m = 0, + 1, + 2 , etc. The velocity components are
given by

The final results in table i represent those obtained with only the potential
vortices at the positions PIand Pzreplaced by viscous vortices, since the replace-
ment of others was subsequently found to be unnecessary. Some recent computa-
tions by Chaplin (1972) have shown that two Hamel-Oseen vortices are sufficient
for small values of the vortex core radius, r* 6 0.31, and the results discussed in
0 6 are within this range. The velocity components u'and v' relative to co-ordinates
6 and r] fixed with respect to the equilibrium position of the cylinder are listed
in table 1 and the vortex-street configuration is outlined in figure 3.
 560 0.M . Grifin and X.E. Ramberg

cosh27rp(sinh2mp- sin2ntsinh2nq)
sinhz2np + sinh22717+ cos2277.5- 2 sinh 277p sin 277.5sinh2777

d
’‘) = (g) cosh 271pcos 2n.5 cosh 27r7
sinh227rp + sinh22777 + cos2an[ - 2 sinh 2np sin 2776 sinh 2777

h 12
g = - Y‘
[ = -X‘,
”=%’ u = -4vt ’ 1 1
TABLE1. Velocity components in the stable region of the vortex-street wake.
Co-ordinates corresponding to the velocity distribution are given in figure 3

Several assumptions are implied in the use of the vortex-street model presented
above. The core radius r* or age t is assumed to be constant as the street moves
over one cycle; thus the results represent an average value of r* or t at a given
downstream displacement. Likewise, the transverse spacing h of the vortices is
constant in the mathematical formulation. This assumption is valid so long as the
model is matched with experiment in the downstream part of the stable region ils
outlined in figure 2. The finite length of the real vortex street for x > 0 is also
disregarded in the formulation, but this approximation is also shown to be
acceptable in the downstream portion of the stable region where the lateral
motion of the vortices is small. Weihs (1972) has shown that a vortex-street
model with constant lateral spacing has utility as an initial step towards
further understanding of the interaction between a vibrating bluff body and its
wake.
The velocity distribution in table 1 has been used to evaluate the vortex-street
parameters a t two downstream positions in the stable region for each of three
values of the cylinder amplitude and frequency of vibration. There are four
unknown parameters to be evaluated: the vortex strength K/2r (m2/s),core
radius r* (m),lateral spacing h (m)and longitudinal spacing 1 (m).The last, I , was
measured directly. The three remaining parameters are determined here from
the experimental profiles by matching the measured and computed mean and
r.m.s. velocity profiles a t nine equally spaced lateral displacements between 0
and 2.0d from the centre-line of the wake. The solution is chosen as the set of
parameters K , r* and h/l that results in a minimum of the error function

A related criterion was employed by Bloor & Gerrard (1 966) in a study of the
turbulent vortex street. The computed velocities u, and V , are obtained by
 T h e vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 561

I .o
3.5

3.0
1 .o
3.0

I -1
2.5

4
x
2.0

1.5

1.5

0.03
0

2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
Yld Yld
FIGURE 4.Mean and r.m.s. velocity profiles in the cylinder wake at Re = 144 m a function
of downstream distance x / l F and lateral distance yld. The cylinder vibrated at 0.12d at the
Strouhal frequencyj 8 .

sweeping through a cycle of the vortex street from fl = 0 to 6 = 1, for chosen values
of K , r* and h/l, and then computing the total mean and r.m.s. velocities based on
both u' and v f components at each value of y .

6. Evaluation of the wake response to cylinder vibrations

6.1. Velocity fluctuations and mean flow
Both r.m.s. and mean velocities were measured in and downstream of the
formation region. The data obtained under one set of conditions, for cylinder
vibrations a t f = f , and a n amplitude of 12 yo of a diameter, are plotted in
figure 4. The downstream distance is scaled by 1, and the development of the
velocity fields corresponds to the formation region, stable region and early stages
of the unstable region outlined in figure 2. A determination of the vortex-street
parameters K , r* or t , and h/l was made at x = 2.2 and 2-61,, and the positions
chosen are listed in table 2.
The computations involved in matching the experimental data with the model
in 3 5 are time consuming, but they can be readily carried out on a digital com-
puter. At each of the chosen values of yld, the velocity qf = (uf2+ d 2 ) 6was deter-
mined for chosen values of r* and h/l over 100 steps in the interval 0 Q 6 Q 1, and
36 FLM 66
 -
562 0. M . Grifin and 8. E. Ramberg

Frequency Amplitude Wake Downstream position

ratio ratio parameter
f If8 ald St * xld x/lF
1.0 0.12 0.199 6.0 2.3
6.8 2.6
0.9 0.30 0.208 5.0 2.2
5.9 2.6
1.0 0.30 0.231 4.4 2.2
5.2 2.6
1.1 0.30 0.254 3.9 2.2
4.6 2.6
1 -0 0.48 0-263 3.7 2.2
4.4 2.6
TABLE2. Locations for the evaluation of vortex-street parameters in the wakes
of vibrating cylinders. Reynolds number = 144

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1 .o 1.5 2

Yld Yld
FIGURE5. Measured and computed r.m.s. velocity profiles in the stable region of the
vibrating cylinder wake, a t Re = 144. (a) f = fs, a = 0.3d, z = 2 . 2 1 ~ ,St* = 0.231.
+,
( b ) f = 0.9fa, a = 0.3d, z = 2 . 6 2 ~ ,St* = 0.208. experimental data; 0,computed
velocity profiles.

$he local mean and r.m.s. velocity computed. An initial guess at K was necessary,
but the solution quickly converged and two successive average values of K at all
the points were obtained to within an arbitrary 6K/K,,, say Thus, a parti-
oular triplet of the parameters If,r* and h/E resulted in a certain error E as given
by (4), and the solution was defined as the set of parameters that yielded the
minimum error.
Some examples are given in figures 5 and 6 to indicate the agreement between
the measured velocity profiles and those generated on the computer. There are
only a few determinations of the vortex wake parameters available in the litera-
ture for either a laminar or turbulent vortex street and none at all for the case
of a vibrating cylinder. Schaefer & Eskinazi (1959)measured the vortex strength
at a single point on the wake centre-line y = 0, in the stable region of a stationary-
cylinder wake a t Re = 62. Their computed mean and r.m.s. velocity profiles fall
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 563

0.2

0 I I I I I
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0
Yld
FIGURE6. Measured and computed mean velocity profiles in the stable region of the
vibrating cylinder wake, at Re = 144. z = 2 . 6 1 ~ .__ , experimental data; - - -, com-
puted profiles.

away considerably from the measured data as the distance from the wake
centre-line is increased. Berger (1964) solved for the triplet K , r* and h/Z in the
wake of a stationary cylinder by employing three simultaneous equations at
arbitrary choices of y/d, and the agreement obtained in this case was somewhat
dependent on the choice of the three values of the displacement from the wake
centre-line. Bloor & Gerrard (1966), in their measurements of turbulent vortex
strength, obtained agreement comparable to the present case only for lateral
displacements beyond the maximum of the vortex velocity profile.

6.2. Strength, age and spacing of the vortices

The vortex strength should remain constant over a finite length of the wake in
order for the assumed velocity distribution to be an optimal approximation for
the actual vortex street. The results summarized in table 3 satisfy this criterion
to within an acceptable degree, for the downstream positions x = 2.2 and 2.61,.
The vortex strength obtained at displacements between 1.0 and 2.01, was not
constant, but this is not surprising since the measurements of the velocity field
and the wake configuration in figures 2 and 4 show that the street development is
still continuing in that region.
The spacing ratio of the vortices decreases as the amplitude of vibration
increases,and this is in accord with the photographs described in the next section.
All of the results for the spacing ratio h/l from the computer matching are con-
siderably less than the theoretical value of hll = 0.281 obtained by von KhrmiLn
in his original analysis. The spacing ratio behind the vibrating cylinder decreases
from 0.156 to 0.112 as the amplitude of vibration increases from 12 to 48 % of a
diameter and, since the longitudinal spacing is independent of the cylinder
amplitude, this change is a reflexion of adjustments only in the lateral spacing of
36-2
564 0. M'. Grifin and S . E . Ramberg

Lon@- Vortex
Downstream Shedding tudinal Formation core Spacing Vortex
displacement parameter spacing length radius ratio strength
$/IF St * Ild ZFIdF r*11 h/21 KlnUd
- 0.178 5-4 2.6 0-178 - 0.8lt
2.3 0.199 5.4 2.1 0.184 0.078 1.12
2.6 - - - 0.187 0.078 1.10
2.2 0.208 5.9 1.8 0.193 0.059 1.28
2.6 - - - 0.195 0.063 1.26
2-2 0.231 5.4 1.6 0.192 0.064 1.24
2.6 - - - 0.194 0.067 1.22
2.2 0.254 4.9 1.4 0.208 0.067 1.34
2-6 - - - 0.210 0.073 1-32
2.2 0.263 5.4 1.2 0.204 0.052 1.36
2.6 - - - 0.205 0.056 1.34
f Estimated from the results for the high speed mode of Berger (1964) at Re = 150.
TABLE3. Strength and spacing o f the vortices. Reynolds number = 144

the vortices. It is interesting to note that the amplitude and frequency of vibra-
tion act on the spacing ratio in different ways. The spacing ratio increases with
frequency at fixed amplitude, and this behaviour appears to be principally caused
by the inverse dependence of frequency and longitudinal spacing in the regime of
synchronization.
The age t of the Hamel-Oseen vortices is aIso a function of both the amplitude
and frequency of vibration, and the results obtained at x = 2.61, are plotted in
figure 7. The apparent age of the vortices increases with increasing amplitude of
vibration, but decreasesas the vibration frequency is increased at fixed amplitude.
The growth rate of the cores
A(4vt/d2) U 1
= 4--
= A(x/d) U4 Re (51

can be estimated from the speed U4 = f l of the vortex centres. This growth rate is
linear in the stable region, and therefore
X
+ma.

As an example, for a = 0.3d and f = f,, m = 0.0289 and [4vt/d2],=, = 0.73. This
implies that the vortices have a finite age a t the cylinder position x = 0, and that
the apparent origin of the viscous vortices, or the position corresponding to the
initial value t = 0, lies ahead of the cylinder. For the conditions just mentioned,
the origin x]t=O lies at x = - 25d. The ages [4vt/d2],_, and the apparent origins for
the viscous vortices are listed in table 4, and show that the rate of vortex-core
growth and the diffusion of vorticity in the wake are both dependent on the
amplitude and frequency of vibration. A value of xI t=o = - 12 was obtained by
Berger (1964) in his study of the stationary-cylinder wake a t Re M 150.
Not only are the spacing ratio, core radius and the vortex age dependent on the
vibrations, but also the vortex strength is strongly influenced by the motion of
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 565
1.10

1.oo

%
2 0.90
YJ

0.80

0.70 I I I I I
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
aid

0.90 0.95 1.oo 1.05 1.10

f If8

FIGURE7. The viscous age of the vortices, at x = 2 . 6 1 in

~ the wake of a vibrating cylinder,
as &functionof the amplitude and frequency of the vibrations. Re = 144. ----, constant
frequency,f = fs; -, constant amplitude, a = 0.3d.

St* [4vt/d2],=, [ X P I t =0
0.178 0.49 - 17
0.199 0.61 - 21
0.208 0.88 - 30
0.231 0.73 - 25
0.254 0.71 - 24
0.263 0.84 - 29
TABLE4. Viscous age and theoretical origin of Hamel-Oseen vortices.
Reynolds number = 144

the cylinder. The final results obtained in the present study are listed in table 3.
There is increased vortex strength for all synchronized flow conditions, with
greater values of the wake parameter St" corresponding in general to increased
strength of the wake vortices. The vortex strength was increased by as much as
65 yo from the stationary-cylinder value for conditions reached in the present
experiments.
6.3. Vortex strength and formation length
The circulation K is plotted in figure 8 as a function of the ratio lF/dF.There is
approximately an inverse relationship between the vortex strength and the down-
stream distance at which the vortices are fully formed, there being an increase in
the vortex strength to correspond with a decrease in the formation-region length.
566 0. &I. GrifJin and S. E. Ramberg

0'90 t \
\
O.*O
0.70
t
1.0
I
1.2
I
1.4
I
1.6
I
1.8 2.0
I I
2.2
I
2.4
+
I
2.6
I

lF/dF
FIGURE 8. The measured relation between the initial circulation K of the vortices and the
formation length 1~ in the wake of st vibrating cylinder. The wake width at formation is
denoted by d F [see (l)].Re = 144.

All of the measurements made under conditions of synchronization between the

vortex and vibration frequencies result in higher vortex strengths and decreased
formation lengths relative to those measurements made in the wake of a stationary
body.
The changes in the vortex strength and the formation-region length are in
accord with the changes that take place in the fluid forces under conditions of
both forced and flow-induced synchronization. Protos, Goldschmidt & Toebes
(1968), Bishop & Hassan (1964) and Toebes & Ramamurthy (1967) have mea-
sured the increased lift that accompanies forced body oscillations. Bishop &
Hassan found that the lift coefficient of a cylinder vibrating at ald = 0.5 was
double the stationary-cylinder value forf/fs = 0.95 and Re = 6000. Toebes (1969)
has measured the decreased base pressure that accompanies forced synchroniza-
tion and Griffin, Skop & Koopmann (1973) have reported measurements of the
increased steady drag force that accompanies the flow-induced oscillations of a
circular cylinder a t Reynolds numbers between 500 and 900. All conditions of
lock-in reported in the latter work resulted in higher drag, with the drag coefficient
increasing by as much as 75 yo.Tanida, Okajima & Watanabe (1973) have also
measured the increased drag that accompanies forced lateral oscillations of a
circular cylinder when it is towed through still water. Bearman (1965)has reported
the relation between the base pressure coefficient and formation-region length
when splitter plates were used to alter the flow in the wake of a blunt-based
aerofoil, and here again a nearly inverse relation between the base pressure
coefficient and formation length was found.
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 567

0.70

II
c
0.50

0.40
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
all
9. The rate A of vorticity generation as a function of the cylinder amplitude of
FIGURE
vibration a t the Strouhal frequency fs. Re = 144.

6.4. Vorticity generation in the wake

Once the vortex strength or circulation has been obtained, it is possible also to
obtain a measure of the response of the wake to the vibrations in terms of A, the
rate of vorticity generation per unit time. This can be written in non-dimensional
form as

in terms of the initial circulation K of the fully developed street, the vibration
(and vortex shedding) frequency f and the free-stream speed U . The magnitude
of A obtained from the fully developed street is less than the vorticity shed at the
cylinder, so that the fully developed value takes account of the mixing of
vorticities of opposite sign in the formation region and the ensuing development
of the vortices in the early part of the stable region shown in figure 2.
The response of the wake, in terms of A, to the amplitude of the oscillations a t
the StrouhsLl frequency f, is plotted in figure 9. The rate of vorticity generation
increases by 50 yoat an amplitude of 0.30d and by 70 yoat 0.48d from the result
obtained in the wake of the stationary cylinder. I n figure 10 the variation of A
with frequency within the synchronized regime is plotted, and again there is a
response of the wake to the vibrations. When the vibration frequency is 110 yoof
the Strouhal frequency at an amplitude of 0.30d, A is increased by 80 yofrom the
result obtained in the wake of a stationary cylinder.

7. Flow visualization of vortex formation and spacing

All of the flow-visualization experiments described in this section were per-
formed at a Reynolds number of 190. An appropriate flow speed corresponding
to this particular Reynolds number represented a set of optimal conditions for
568 0.$1.Grifin and 8. E . Ramberg

0.80 -

0.75 -

-5’ 0.70 -
II
c
0.65 -

0.90 1.oo 1.10

flfs
FIGURE 10. The rate A of vorticity generation as a function of the frequency ratio f l f , for
synchronized cylinder vibrations at Re = 144 with the amplitude of oscillation held
constant at Q = 0.30cl.

(Peak-to-peak amplitude/diameter) x 100

flfs = 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10
- - 0 - -
- - 10 - -
- 20 20 - 20
30 30 30 30 30
50 50 50 50 50
- - I - 60
80 80 80 80 -
100 100 100 - -
_. - 120 - -
- - 130 - -
- - 150 - -

TABLE
5. Vibration amplitude and frequency for the flow-visualization experiments.
Reynolds number = 190; Strouhal shedding frequency = 36.5 Hz

the simultaneous operation of one of our aerosol generators and the wind tunnel.
By an appropriate choice of cylinder diameter (4mm), the experiments were
performed in the Reynolds number range (Re = 125-350) where lateral vibrations
of the cylinder synchronize with the vortex shedding, stabilize the wake and
delay the initiation of turbulence, which usually occurs in a vortex street at
Reynolds numbers above 125. Conditions of vibration amplitude and frequency
at which photographs of the wake were taken are listed in ta.ble 5 . The threshold
amplitude at which lock-in was initiated varied with frequency. When the
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 569
vibration frequency was 0-85fsthe threshold occurred at a = 0.25-0.30d whereas
the threshold decreased t o a = 0.20d for f = O-Sf,.At the Strouhal frequency,
lock-in was observed a t an amplitude a = 0.10d while at f = l.lOfs the threshold
amplitude again increased to a = 0.15-0.20d. These observations are in good
agreement with results originally published by Koopmann (1967 a ) .

7.1. The effects of vibration amplitude and frequency on street spacing

In the preceding section of this work, matching a mathematical model for the
vortex street with measured velocity profiles has indicated that the lateral
vortex spacing in the stable region of the wake decreases as the amplitude of
vibration increases. A series of photographs taken a t increasing vibration ampli-
tudes is shown in figures I l ( a ) - ( e ) (plate 1). The longitudinal spacing of the
vortices remains fixed at the same value as that for a stationary cylinder for these
vibrations at the Strouhal frequency. There is, however, some appearance of
decreasing lateral spacing and greater regularity in the downstream wake of the
vibrating cylinder, even at amplitudes of 10 and 20 yoof a diameter. The forma-
tion length also decreases from about 2.5 to l- 5d as the amplitude increases from
zero to half a diameter in this series of photographs.
Although there is some indication at the lower vibration amplitudes that the
viscous cores of the vortices begin to interact downstream, this behaviour is
readily apparent in the photographs taken a t vibration amplitudes of 0.5 and
04d. At these large amplitudes the street approaches a single line of vortices of
alternating sign and the vortex cores begin to interact much closer to the cylinder.
Measurements made with hot wires and reported earlier in I1and I11have shown
that this unstable behaviour is dependent on both the amplitude and frequency
of the oscillations. The unstable region is characterized by vortex distortion and
elongation as seen in figures 11 (d) and ( e ) , and by the reappearance of large
deficits of the mean velocity in that region where the vortex cores begin to
interact. Increased vortex strength and vorticity generation accompany these
changes in spacing in the stable region of the vortex wake as the amplitude of
motion is increased.
Not only do changes in cylinder amplitude affect the wake structure, but also
the vibration frequency controls the development of the vortex street behind the
cylinder. The rate of vorticity generation, the viscous vortex age and the street
spacing ratio all are dependent on the frequency. Several photographs are shown
in figures 12 (a)-(e)(plate 2 ) )for experiments in which the amplitude of oscillation
was held constant a t 0.30d while the frequency changed from 85 to 110 % of the
Strouhal value.
Since all of the photographs were taken at the same settings and relative
positions, it is possible to make comparative estimates of the longitudinal vortex
spacing from the figures. As the frequency changes from 0-85 to I-lOf,, there is a
decrease of about 35 % in the longitudinal spacing. This agrees reasonably well
with the hot-wire measurements made a t Re = 144, from which the longitudinal
spacing was found to be inversely proportional to the frequency. The length of
the formation region of the vortices decreases from 2.2 to 1-5dfor the conditions
shown in figure 12, and also varies inversely with the vibration frequency.
570 0 . M . Gri$in and X. E . Ramberg
As the frequency is increased within the lock-in regime, the unstable region of
the wake moves upstream, towards the cylinder. This becomes increasingly
apparent in figures 12 (d) and ( e ) ,where the flow along the centre-line of the wake
becomes irregular and breaks down to turbulence as the oscillation frequency
approaches the upper limit of the locking-in. The elongation and distortion of
the vortex cores are again visible, especially in figures 1 2 ( d ) and ( e ) , and are
accompanied by the reappearance of a large deficit in the mean flow in the
unstable region.
The lateral vortex spacing in the stable region appears to undergo little change
with vibration frequency, as the principal length scales that determine the wake
pattern are the formation-region length I,, the longitudinal vortex spacing 1 and
the length ls of the stable region. The stable-region length is governed by the
rate of core growth after a vortex is fully formed and shed from the base region
of the cylinder, and the results in I1have indicated that the ratio l,/lp is a function
of only the Reynolds number when the wake and vibration frequencies are locked
together.
7 . 2 . Vortex streets at large amplitudes of vibration
The vortex streets just discussed were generated when the cylinder was vibrating
at amplitudes of less than a diameter. It is interesting to observe some of the
effects of large amplitude vibrations, i.e. amplitudes near or greater than a full
diameter of the cylinder. Three particular conditions have been chosen, at
vibration frequencies of 85, 90 and 100 yo of the Strouhal value, at a Reynolds
number of 190.
Three photographs taken a t f = 0-85fsare shown in figures 13 (a)-(c) (plate 3).
The cylinder was vibrating a t an amplitude of half a diameter when figure 13 (a)
was taken, and the street is very nearly a single line of vortices of alternating
sign. As the cylinder amplitude was increased further, to 80 % of a diameter, as
shown in figure 1 3 ( b ) , a most peculiar form of vortex street began to emerge.
The vortex of counterclockwise rotation shed from the lower portion of the
cylinder shows evidence of breaking up into two vortices of like sign. When the
amplitude of vibration is increased to a full diameter, there are two fully developed
counterclockwisevortices being formed during each cycle of the cylinder motion
while only a single clockwise vortex is shed in the usual manner.
Further evidence of this behaviour is shown in figures 14 (a)-(c) (plate 4 ) .These
photographs were taken with the cylinder vibrating at the Strouhal frequency
and at amplitudes in excess of a diameter. The effects of increasing the cylinder
amplitude of motion at the Strouhal frequency have so far been discussed just
for amplitudes up to 80 % of a diameter. When the amplitude was increased to
120 % of the diameter, the resulting wake pattern was as in figure 1 4 ( a ) .There is
evidence of intense interaction between the vortices downstream, together with
distortion of both the cores and the instantaneous filament lines that divide the
fluid that has passed on either side of the cylinder. As the amplitude was increased
still further, as shown in figure 14 ( b ) ,there was further distortion of the cores and
filament lines downstream. This region of interaction was again preceded by a
vortex street with very small lateral spacing. The wake pattern in figure 13(c),
obtained with the cylinder vibrating at 150 yoof a diameter, shows once more the
 T h e vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 57 1

1.3

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1 .oo

fI f s
FIGURE15. The critical amplitude a/d of cylinder vibration, a t several frequencies of
oscillation. +, Reynolds number = 190; A,Reynolds number = 144.

initiation of secondary vortices at the cylinder and their development with down-
stream distance.
Such behaviour was observed under other conditions listed in table 5 but is not
discussed in detail here. When the cylinder was vibrated at 90 yo of the Strouhal
frequency, the usual decrease in lateral spacing was observed as the amplitude
of motion was increased, and the incipient stages of the secondary vortex forma-
tion were observed a t an amplitude of one diameter. The amplitude of vibration
at which the vortex street appears to undergo a transition with secondary
vortex formation is plotted in figure 15. Honji & Taneda (1968a) mentioned the
appearance of this transition although they did not discuss it in detail.
The breakup of a vortex pattern of vanishing lateral spacing, similar to that of
figure 14(b), has recently been generated in the computer experiments of
Christiansen & Zabusky (1 973). The fission or breakup of a finite street of collinear
vortices was generated in the computer experiments only for the limiting case
Re -f co (Christiansen 1974, private communication), while such behaviour was
observed in the present experiments a t Re = 190.
A possible explanation of this phenomenon may be found in the observed
dependence of lateral street spacing on the amplitude of vibration. The lateral
spacing becomes smaller as the amplitude of vibration increases, and it appears
that the initiation of the secondary vortex formation is related to the limit
h/Z -+ 0. Further support for this explanation appears in figure 16, where the
values of spacing ratio from table 3 are plotted as a function of cylinder amplitude.
Extrapolating these results to the limiting case of zero spacing yields a predicted
critical vibration amplitude of 130-140 yo of a diameter. The predicted onset of
572 0. M . G r i f i n and 8. E. Ramberg
0.100 I I I I I 1

0.075

z
64

0.050
II
Y
\
\
0,025
\
\
\
\
I I I I I I \
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
aid
FIGURE 16. The effects of cylinder vibration amplitude on the vortex-street spacing ratio
p = h/21 in the stable region of the vortex street. The cylinder was vibrated at the Strouhal
frequency with a Reynolds number of 144.

the secondary vortex formation compares well with the measured results in
figure 15 for similar conditions at Re = 190.
The limit h/Z = 0 is related to the transition from a drag- to a thrust-type street
where the induced street velocities and fluid forces on the cylinder in the direction
of flow change sign. There appears to be a transition to the asymmetric con-
figurations in figures 13(c) and 14(c) in order to preclude the development of a
thrust-type street of vortices as the cylinder amplitude is increased beyond a
critical value corresponding to zero lateral spacing.

7.3. Plow visualization of the vortex formation process

Gerrard (1966) has proposed a physical model for the vortex shedding from a
bluff body, and the vibrating-cylinder wake a t Reynolds numbers between
150 and 300 provides ideal conditions for further study of Gerrard’s model
by examining the flow in the formation region. The vortex shedding is uni-
form along the cylinder axis and the wake is two-dimensional in the formation
and stable regions. A sequence of photographs, taken over one cycle of cylinder
motion, is presented in figures 17(a)-(I) (plates 5 and 6 ) . The cylinder was
vibrating at 85% of the Strouhal frequency and at an amplitude of 060d.
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 573

FIGUFLE
18. A sketch of the instantaneous filament lines in the formation region behind
8 cylinder (after Gerrard 1966). The arrows show (a),( b ) entrainment and ( c ) reverse flow.

A photograph was taken every 30" during a cycle of the motion and the cylinder
is at the uppermost position of its cycle in figure 17 (a). Under these conditions
the formation region, as measured by the criteria mentioned in Q 5, extends about
1-9-2-0ddownstream.
Basically, Gerrard has postulated that a growing vortex is fed by circulation
from the separated shear layers until it is strong enough to begin rolling up and
drawing the opposing shear layer across the wake. The approach of vorticity of
opposite sign then cuts off further circulation to the growing vortex, whioh is shed
and moves downstream. This process continues at a particular frequency to form
a vortex street behind a bluff body. A sketch is given in figure 18 to illustrate the
basic process suggested by Gerrard in his paper. The filament lines are shown a t
the instant that fluid from outside the wake is about to be drawn across the
formation region, and the arrows indicate the motion of this fluid at later times.
Part of the fluid is entrained by the growing vortex and part by the separating
shear layer. The remainder (c) of the fluid is transferred to the interior of the
formation region adjacent to the body base. The photograph in figure 17(c) is
virtually identical to Gerrard's original sketch.
A growing vortex behind the vibrating cylinder rolls up more quickly, draws
the opposing shear layer across the wake and is shed at a smaller downstream
distance as the amplitude of vibration is increased. When the frequency is varied
about the Strouhal value, the formation region is either expanded or contracted,
depending upon whether the frequency ratio is less or greater than unity. These
latter effects are in accord with the splitter-plate experiments of Gerrard (1966)
and Bearman (1965),where the wake frequenoy was dependent on the expansion
or contraction of the formation region with wake splitter plates. Conversely, the
scale of the formation region responds to changes in the frequency of the lateral
vibrations in accordance with Gerrard's model.
Several features of the wake behind the vibrating cylinder serve to elucidate
Gerrard's description of the vortex formation process. The photographs in
figure 17 clearly indicate the regions of fluid that have passed on either side of
573 0. M . Grifin and S. E. Ramberg
the cylinder, and the formation region can be easily identified since it is virtually
devoid of aerosol. During the portion of the motion depicted in the first four
frames, a vortex is being formed as the shear layer separates from the upper
extremity of the cylinder. The cylinder begins its downward motion and the
entrainment of fluid from the interior of the formation region (see figure 18) is
indicated by the dark area in the growing vortex. As the cylinder reaches the
position shown in figure 17 ( d ) , the upper vortex is fidly formed and another of
opposite sign has begun to form and to draw the fluid passing above the cylinder
across the wake. The motion of the shear layers and separation zones is evident
throughout the sequence also; as the cylinder moves downward, the shear layers
appear to move counterclockwise, while as the cylinder begins its upward
motion, cf. figure 17 (g), the shear layers appear to move clockwise throughout
much of the remainder of the sequence. Mei & Currie (1969) have measured with
a hot wire the motions of the separation zone and the shear layers as a cylinder
undergoes vortex-excited lateral vibrations, and have found both the mean and
fluctuating positions of the separation zone to be responsive to changes in the
amplitude and frequency of vibration.
The wake patterns behind the vibrating cylinder support in detail Gerrard’s
model for the transfer of circulation and vortex formation in the base region of
a bluff body. The entrainment of fluid from inside the formation region by the
growing vortex, and the drawing of fluid from outside the wake across the forma-
tion region have been observed in detail here. Fluid which has passed either side
of the cylinder has been clearly delineated a t each instant in a cycle of the
cylinder’s travel, and the instantaneous wake patterns in figure 17 also reveal the
mixing processes that take place in the vortex street after formation. Fluid which
has passed on one side of the cylinder is drawn across the wake centre-line
downstream of formation, and this mixing of fluid containing vorticity of
opposite sign contributes to the rapid reduction in velocity fluctuations during

-
the development of the street. The vortex formation and mass-transfer processes
in the wake of a stationary cylinder a t low Reynolds numbers (Re 100) have
been observed by Zdravkovich (1969).

8. Summary and conclusions

The aim of this programme was to measure the changes in vortex strength and
spacing that accompany different conditions of oscillation of a circular cylinder
under conditions of synchronization between the vortex shedding and vibration
frequencies, and thereby to obtain some further insight into the interaction
between a vortex-street wake and a vibrating bluff body.
A mathematical model for the vortex street was matched with measured r.m.8.
and mean velocity profiles a t two downstream locations in the stable region ofthe
street at a Reynolds number of 144.The strength, viscous vortex age and spacing
ratio of the street were obtained by satisfying a minimum-error criterion. The
stable vortex street contains a regime of essentially constant vortex strength
where the lateral spacing changes only slightly.
An inverse relation was found between the initial circulation (or strength)
 The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders 575

of the vortices and the formation-region length at amplitudes of vibration up to

a t least 50 Yo of a diameter, where the initial circulation was increased by 65 yo
from its value in the stationary-cylinder wake. A corresponding inverse relation
between the base pressure or drag and the formation-region length has been
obtained by others.
The rate A of vorticity generation in the wake is a function of both the ampli-
tude and frequency of vibration. An increase in A of 80 yo from the stationary-
cylinder wake value was obtained with the cylinder vibrating a t 0.30d and 110 %
of the Strouhal frequency.
The lateral spacing of the vortex street decreases with increasing amplitude
of cylinder vibration, but the longitudinal spacing remains constant so long as the
frequency does not change. At a Reynolds number of 190, the length of the
formation region of the vortex street decreased from 2.5 to 1.5d in length as the
vibration amplitude increased from zero to half a diameter.
The longitudinal vortex spacing varies inversely with vibration frequency in
the regime where the body and wake frequencies are synchronized. When the
vibration frequency was increased from 85 to 110 yoof the Strouhal frequency,
at an amplitude of 30 % of a diameter, the formation-region lengthdecreasedfrom
2-2 to 1.5d and the longitudinal vortex spacing decreased by 35 yo.The lateral
spacing changed little with changes in frequency.
Vortex-street formation as the cylinder undergoes large amplitude lateral
vibrations has been observed. As the amplitude is increased a t different
frequencies the street approaches a single line of vortices of alternating sign.
Secondary vortex formation at these large amplitudes near a full diameter is
associated with the limit of the street spacing ratio h/Z = 0. As this limit is
approached there is an alteration in the street configuration to preclude the
transition from a drag- to a thrust-type street.
Observation of the wake behind a vibrating cylinder serves to elucidate the
mechanism of the vortex formation process. The entrainment, by a growing
vortex, of fluid from inside the formation region and the drawing across the
formation region of fluid from outside the wake have been observed at small
intervals over a cycle of the cylinder motion.

The writers wish to acknowledge the support of the Naval Research Laboratory
(NRL) for the research programme that resulted in this paper. Special thanks
also go to the NRL Photography staff for many helpful suggestions. These results
were presented at the 7th U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics.

REFERENCES
BEARMAN, P. W . 1965 J. Fluid Mech. 21, 241-255.
BERGER,E. W. 1964 2. Flugwiss. 12, 41-59.
BERGER,E. W . & WILLE,R. 1972 Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 4, 313-340.
BISHOP,
R . E. D. & HASSAN, A. Y. 1964 Proc. Roy. SOC.A 277, 51-75.
BLOOR,M. S. & GERRARD,J. H. 1966 Proc. Roy. Xoc. A 294, 319-342.
CHAPLIN,J. R. 1972 Trans. A.S.M.E., J . Engng Indust. 94, 169-621.
CHRISTIANSEN,J. P. & ZABUSKY,N. 1973 J. Fluid Mech. 61, 219-243.
576 0. M . Grifin and 8. E . Rarnberg
GERRARD,J. H. 1966 J . Fluid Mech. 25, 401-413.
GRIFFIN, 0. M. 1971 Trans. A.S.M.E., J . Appl. Mech. 38, 729-738.
GRIFFIN, 0. M. 1973 Trans. A.S.M.E., J . Fluids Engng, 95, 579-581.
GRIFFIN,0. M., RAMBERG, S. E., VOTAW,C. W. & KELLEHER,M. D. 1973 Proc. In.!. Cong.
on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities ( I . E . E . E . ) ,pp. 133-139.
GRIFFIN, 0. M., SKOP,R. A. & KOOPMANN, G. H. 1973 J. Sound Vib. 31, 235-248.
GRIFFIN, 0. M. & VOTAW,C. W. 1972 J. Fluid Mech. 55, 31-48.
HONJI,H. & TANEDA, S. 1968a Rep. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech. 16, 211-222.
HONJI, H. & TANEDA,S. 1968b Bull. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech. 30, 6 1 1 (in Japanese).
KING, R., PROSSER, M. J. &JOHNS,D. J. 1973 J. Sound Vib. 29, 169-188.
KOOPMANN, G. H. 1967a J. Fluid Mech. 28, 501-512.
KOOPMANN, G. H. 1967 b M.S. thesis, Catholic University, Washington.
MAIR, W. A. & MAULL,D. J. 1971 J. Fluid Mech. 45, 209-224.
MET,V. C. & CURRIE,I. G. 1969 Phys. Fluids, 12, 2248-2254.
PARKINSON,G. V. 1972 Mathematical models for flow-induced oscillations of bluff bodies.
I U T A M - I A H R Symp. on Plow-Induced Structural Vibrations, Invited Paper.
PROTOS, A., GOLDSCHMIDT, V. & TOEBES, G. 1968 Trans. A.X.M.E., J . Basic Engng, 90,
178- 386.
ROSHKO,A. 1954 N.A.C.A. Tech. Note, no. 3169.
SCHAEFER,J. W. & ESKINAZI,S. 1959 J. Fluid Mech. 6, 241-260.
TANIDA, Y., OKAJIMA,A. & WATANABE,Y. 1973 J. Fluid Mech. 61, 769-784.
TOEBES, G. H. 1969 Trans. A.S.M.E., J . Basic Engng, 91, 493-505.
TOEBES, G. H. & RAMAMURTHY, A. S. 1967 Proc. A.S.C.E., J. Engng Mech. 93, 1-20.
WEIHS, D. 1972 J. Fluid Mech. 54, 679-690.
WOOD,C. J. 1971 J. Sound Vib. 14, 91-102.
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ZDRAVKOVICH, M. M. 1969 J. Fluid Mech. 37, 491-496.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 6 6 , part 3 Plate 1

(c 1
FIGURE 11. The effects on the vortex uakc of lateral cylinder vibration at the Strouhal
frequency at a Reynoltli riiirnhrr of 190. f = = 36.6 Hx for all figures. ( a ) Stationary
fq

cylinder, (b) a = O.lOtJ, (r) u = 0.20tl, ( d ) a = WSJd, ( e ) u = 0.80d.

GRIFFIN AND RANTIERG (Facing p . 576)

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 66, part 3 Plate 2

(c)

FIGURE12. The effects oil the vortex u a k e of cylinder vibration freqiiency at a Reynolds
number of 190. The cylinder and wakr frequencies were synchrorlizetl arid the amplitudr~
of v~brationwas held constarit at W B d ( a )f = 0.S5fs, (6) f = 0.90fq, ( c ) f = f s = 36.6 H L ,
( d )f = l.05fq,( e ) f = l.lOfq.

GRIFFIN AND MAMBERG

Journal of Fluid Mechunics, Vol. 66, part 3 Plate 3

((,)

FIGURE
13. Large arnplitudt: lateral motion of a cylinder oscillating synchronizod with its
vortcx wake a t a Reynolds nn~nberof l!Nl. The vibration frequency was held constant at
85 y) of the Strouhal frequency. (a) a = 0.5d, ( 6 ) a = 0.8d, (c) a = 1.0d.
GRIFFIN AND RAMBERG
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Fol. 66, part 3 Plate 4

(C)

FIGURE14. Large amplitude lateral inotiori of a cylinder oscillating syiichronized with it\
vortex wake at a Keynolds number of 190. Tho vibration frcqwricy wab oqual to tho
Strouhal frequency. ( a ) a = 1.22, ( b ) a = 1.3d, (c) a = l . S d .
GRIFFIN RAMBERG
~ N D
?Journal of E'luid Mechanics, Vol. 66, part 3 Plate 5

((.) (f )
P r u u ~ 17
~ s(a)-(f).
For legelid see over.

GHII'FIN AND HAMBERG

Journal of E'luicl Mechanics, Vol. 66, part 3 Plate li

(4 (1)
YIUCJRE1 7 . Vortcx-strcct formation during a cycle of the motion of a vibrating cylilidcr.
The wake and vibration frequencies were synchronized at 85 yo of the Stroiihal freyiierrcy
arid a rnotiori amplitude of 0-5d, with a Reynolds nnmber of 190. The cylirider was at, its
uppcrmost position in frame ( a )and photographs thereafter were taken at incrc-nimts of 30"
iri t,he motion cycle.