Documentation of CCT Diagram Calculation

The CCT curves are predicted from the TTT diagram 27 based on the additive
rule.32,33,37 The CCT curves are determined by both TTT diagram and cooling rates. The
TTT diagram can be calculated from Bhadeshia’s model.3-4 To generate the CCT diagram
under different cooling rates, a subroutine was added into original code and several other
subroutines in the original code were modified. This document gives the details about the
added and modified subroutines for prediction of CCT curves.

SUBROUTINE CCT

Function:
This subroutine was added to calculate the initial times for various phase
transformations during continuous cooling.

Algorithm:
Various constant cooling rates were assumed. The initial times for diffusional
transformations (upper C curve) and displacive transformations (lower C curve) are
calculated by calling corresponding subroutines. Furthermore, the CCT diagrams in both
solute depleted region3 and bulk region are calculated by inputting the corresponding
data from the TTT diagram.

Meaning of variables

AE3T AE3T is the paraequilibrium Ae3' temperature ( oC)

AC AC is the composition of C, Si, Mn, Ni, Mo, Cr, V, and Fe (wt%)
BS Bainite transformation start temperature ( oC)
C1 and C2 Heat flow constants used to calculate cooling rate
CURR Welding Current (A)
COOL Cooling rate (oC/s)
DCTEMP Temperature (oC)
DIFFT Incubation time (s) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions

1
 in bulk region under isothermal condition
DIFFH Incubation time (s) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions
in solute depleted region under isothermal condition
DT11 Incubation time (s) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions
in solute depleted region during continuous cooling
DT12 Incubation time (s) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions
in bulk region during continuous cooling
DT21 Incubation time (s) for C-curve of displacive reactions
in solute depleted region during continuous cooling
DT22 Incubation time (s) for C-curve of displacive reactions
in bulk region during continuous cooling
EFF Arc transfer efficiency
ICCT Controlling parameter for considering CCT curve calculation
(ICCT=1, Yes; ICCT=0, No)
Ms Martensite transformation start temperature ( oC)
SHEART Incubation time (s) for C-curve of displacive reactions in
bulk region under isothermal condition
SHEARH Incubation time (s) for C-curve of displacive reactions in
solute depleted region under isothermal condition
SPEED Welding speed (m/s)
TINT Interpass or preheat temperature (oC)
TS11 Start temperature (oC) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions
in solute depleted region during continuous cooling
TS12 Start temperature (oC) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions
in bulk region during continuous cooling
TS21 Start temperature (oC) for C-curve of displacive reactions
in solute depleted region during continuous cooling
TS22 Start temperature (oC) for C-curve of displacive reactions
in bulk region during continuous cooling
VOLT Welding arc Voltage

Source code:
C CALCULATION "CCT" DIAGRAM----MODIFIED BY YANG
SUBROUTINE CCT(ICCT,DIFFT,SHEART,DIFFH,SHEARH,DCTEMP,BS,MS,AC)
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,K-Z), INTEGER (I,J)
DOUBLE PRECISION DCTEMP(150),SHEARH(150),DIFFH(150),
&SHEART(150),DIFFT(150)
OPEN (UNIT=90,FILE='DIFCCT')
OPEN (UNIT=91,FILE='DISCCT')

2
 DO 20 I=1,60
C VARIOUS CONSTANT COOLING RATES ARE CONSIDERED HERE
IF (I.LE.10) THEN
COOL=0.01*I
ELSE IF ((I.GE.12).AND.(I.LE.20)) THEN
COOL=0.1*(I-10)
ELSE IF ((I.GE.22).AND.(I.LE.35)) THEN
COOL=I-20
ELSE IF ((I.GE.33).AND.(I.LE.50)) THEN
COOL=(I-33)*5
ELSE IF (I.GT.50) THEN
COOL=100+(I-50)*10
ELSE
GOTO 20
ENDIF
C CALCULATION OF START TEMP. FOR DIFFUSIONAL REACTIONS
CALL START(C1,C2,CURR,VOLT,EFF,SPEED,TINT,DIFFH,DCTEMP,TS11,
&ICCT,COOL,TIME11)
CALL START(C1,C2,CURR,VOLT,EFF,SPEED,TINT,DIFFT,DCTEMP,TS12,
&ICCT,COOL,TIME12)
C CALCULATION OF START TEMP.FOR DISPLACIVE REACTIONS
CALL DISSTART(COOL,DCTEMP,SHEARH,SHEART,TS21,TS22)
C DETERMINE THE PARAEQUILIBRIUM AE3' TEMPERATURE
CALL AA3(AC,AE3T)
WRITE(90,*)"AE3T=",AE3T,"BS=",BS,"MS=",MS
WRITE(91,*)"AE3T=",AE3T,"BS=",BS,"MS=",MS
C INITIAL TIMES FOR DIFFERENT REACTIONS IN SOLUTE DEPLETED REGION
OR BULK REGION
DT11=(AE3T-TS11)/COOL
DT12=(AE3T-TS12)/COOL
DT21=(AE3T-TS21)/COOL
DT22=(AE3T-TS22)/COOL
10 FORMAT(5F10.3)
40 FORMAT(5F15.3)
WRITE(90,10)COOL,TS11,DT11,TS12,DT12
WRITE(91,40)COOL,TS21,DT21,TS22,DT22
20 CONTINUE
END
C END OF CALCULATION OF CCT

SUBROUTINE START

Function:
Calculate the start temperatures for the diffusional reactions during continuous
cooling based on Scheil’s additive rule. This subroutine is modified from a subroutine in
the original code.

Algorithm:

3
 The data in TTT diagram and the cooling rates are input into this subroutine. The
start temperatures for transformation during continuous cooling are predicted based on
Scheil’s additive rule.

Meaning of Variables:

TOR Incubation time (s) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions

under isothermal condition

TSTART Start temperature (oC) for C-curve of reconstructive reactions

during continuous cooling
TTIM Time Interval
C9, C10 Value of integration of time fraction
C11 Time fraction

other variables have the same meanings as those in subroutine CCT.

Source code:
SUBROUTINE START(C1,C2,CURR,VOLT,EFF,SPEED,TINT,
&TOR,DCTEMP,TSTART,ICCT,COOL,TIME1)
C START TEMPERATURE OF ALLOT ALPHA DURING CONTINUOUS COOLING
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
DOUBLE PRECISION TOR(150),DCTEMP(150)
C10=0.0D+00
DO 1 I=1,150
J=151-I
IF(DCTEMP(J) .EQ. 0.0)GOTO 1
IF(DCTEMP(J) .LT. 550.0) GOTO 13
IF (ICCT.NE.1) GOTO 3
TTIM=5.0D+00/COOL
GOTO 20
3 TTIM=5.0D+00/CULRAT(DCTEMP(J),TINT,C1,C2,CURR,VOLT,EFF,SPEED)
WRITE(*,10)TTIM,TOR(J),C11,C10,CULRAT(DCTEMP(J),TINT,C1,C2,
&CURR,VOLT,EFF,SPEED),DCTEMP(J)
20 C9=C10
C11=TTIM/TOR(J)
C10=C10+C11
TIME1=TOR(J)
IF(C10 .GT. 1.0) GOTO 4
1 CONTINUE
4 TSTART=DCTEMP(J)+((1.0-C10)/(C9-C10))*5.0
WRITE(*,12)TSTART
10 FORMAT('TTIM',D9.3,'TOR(J)',D9.3,'C11',D9.3,'C10',D9.3,
&'COOLING RATE',F4.0,'CENTIGRADE',F4.0)

4
12 FORMAT(' ALLOTRIOMORPHIC FERRITE START TEMPERATURE, C=',F8.0)
GOTO 15
13 TSTART=0.0
15 RETURN
END

SUBROUTINE DISSTART

Function:
Calculate the start temperature for the displacive reactions during continuous
cooling based on Scheil’s additive rule.
Algorithm:
The data in TTT diagram and the cooling rate are input into this subroutine. The
start temperatures for displacive transformations during continuous cooling are predicted
based on Scheil’s additive rule.
Source code:

SUBROUTINE DISSTART(COOL,DCTEMP,SHEARH,SHEART,T21,T22)
IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,K-Z)
DOUBLE PRECISION SHEART(150),SHEARH(150),DCTEMP(150)
CW10=0.0
CM10=0.0
TTIM=5.0/COOL
DO 1 I=1,150
J=151-I
IF (DCTEMP(J).EQ.0.0) GOTO 1
CW9=CW10
CW11=TTIM/SHEARH(J)
CW10=CW10+CW11
IF(CW10.GE.1.0) GOTO 2
1 CONTINUE
2 T21=DCTEMP(J)+((1.0-CW10)/(CW9-CW10))*5.0
DO 3 I=1,150
J=151-I
IF (DCTEMP(J).EQ.0.0) GOTO 3
CM9=CM10
CM11=TTIM/SHEART(J)
CM10=CM10+CM11
IF(CM10.GE.1.0) GOTO 4
3 CONTINUE
4 T22=DCTEMP(J)+((1.0-CM10)/(CM9-CM10))*5.0
RETURN
END

5
 Case Study: Calculation of TTT, CCT and
Phase Volume Fractions in the Weld Metal of C-Mn Steel

The purpose of this case study is to show the procedure to calculate TTT diagram,
CCT diagram, and various phase volume fractions in low alloy steel by coupling
Bahdeshia’s phase transformation model with the cooling rates calculated from 3D heat
transfer and fluid flow model.

Welding Conditions:
Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding, 180 A, 23 V, 0.004 m/s, and 250 oC preheat
temperature.

Alloy composition (wt%):

C: 0.059, Si: 0.34, Mn: 0.77, Al: 0.007, Ti: 0.011, O: 306 ppm, N: 66 ppm.
Prior austenite grain size: 104 mm.

Calculation Procedures:
Step 1: Cooling Rate
The cooling rates can be calculated by two methods. One method is the numerical
calculation of cooling rates from 3D heat transfer and fluid flow model. 39 The other
method is the analytical calculation of cooling rates by using semi-empirical formula. 40
In the first method, the cooling rate in the weld metal is calculated from the
temperature field, which is in turn calculated through solution of the transformed
momentum and energy equations.39 At any given locations (x, y, z) in the weldment, the
temperature variation with time can be expressed as:

6
 Ts( 2 , y, z)  Ts( 1, y, z)
T(x, y, z, t 2 )  Vs ( t 2  t 1 )  T(x, y, z, t 1 )
 2  1

where Ts(2, y, z) and Ts(1, y, z) are the steady state temperatures at co-ordinates (2, y,
z) and (1, y, z), respectively, 2 - 1 is the distance traveled by the arc in time (t 2-t1), Vs
is the welding speed, and T(x,y,z,t 2) and T(x,y,z,t1) are the temperatures at times t1 and
t2, respectively.
In the second method, the cooling rates between 1073-773K were obtained by the
following semi-empirical formula, which is established by regression of experimental
results:40

dT C1  T  Ti 
C2


dt q

where T is temperature, t is time, q is the energy input per unit length, h is the energy
transfer efficiency, Ti is interpass temperature, C1 and C2 are adjustable constants
according to different welding process. This formula has been used to predict the cooling
rates in the temperature range 1073-773K. For best results, the constants C1 and C2 have
to be determined for each set of experimental conditions. When some conditions change (
e.g. the welding process, geometry, and the shape and size of the sample), new values of
C1 and C2 have to be determined from experimental data. Furthermore, this formula
assumes that C1 and C2 are independent of locations in the fusion zone. Therefore, the
cooling rates obtained form this formula cannot be used to predict spatial variation of
microstructure within the fusion zone.
The cooling rates between 1073-773K at different locations calculated by
comprehensive fluid flow and heat transfer model are compared with that calculated by a
widely used semi-empirical formula20 in Fig. 3. It is observed that the cooling rates in the

7
 1273

Center line
1173 Intermediate line
Fusion line

1073

Temperature (K)
973
(b)

873
Equation(6)

773

673
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

Fig. 3: Comparison of calculated cooling rates from comprehensive model and cooling
rates from semi-empirical formula.
fusion zone calculated by the model is faster than that obtained from the empirical
formula. Furthermore, in the temperature range 1073-773K, the difference in the cooling
rates at different locations in the fusion zone is small.

Step 2: Running Phase Transformation Model

The Phase Transformation Model was written by Fortran 77 and can by run in
either PC environment or in Unix system in the workstation. The data can be input step
by step with automatic promotion by the code or can be input by a batch file. The
following is a sample of the batch file corresponding to the present welding conditions
and alloy composition.

1234.5 Password
3 Controlling variable to change heat flux constants
1 Change heat flux constants(1=Yes; 0=No)
371.4 Value of C1 for the present welding condition
1.87 Value of C2 for the present welding condition
0.775 Arc heat transfer efficiency
1 Not alter default values
1 Variable for selection different welding method; 1 for MMA
5 Method for input prior austenite grain size (1=calculated
from empirical formula; 5=experimentally determined results)
104 size of prior austenite grain size (m)
1 Weld identification number
0.059 C content (%)
0.34 Si content (%)
0.77 Mn content (%)

8
0.0 Ni content (%)
0.0 Mo content (%)
0.0 Cr content (%)
0.0 V content (%)
180 Current (A)
23 Voltage (V)
0.004 Welding speed (m/s)
250 Preheat or interpass temperature (oC)
66 N content (ppm)
0 B content (ppm)
306 O content (ppm)
0.007 Total aluminum content (%)
0.011 Total titanium content (%)
0.010 Sulfur content (%)
0 No alteration
4 Control variable for calculation of time cooling from
1000 oC to the designated temperature.
0 Stop

Step 3 Calculated TTT Diagrams

The TTT diagram is calculated from the phase transformation model based on
alloy chemical composition.27 After running the phase transformation model, the data for
the TTT diagram calculated from the composition in solute depleted region and in bulk
are output in files “SOLTTT” and “BULKTTT”, respectively.

The temperature-time data for the initiation of both diffusional and displacive
transformations in the calculated TTT diagram in solute depleted region of the present
alloy composition is as following:

T(K) SHEART(s) DIFFT(s)

488.000000000000000 5452.13510478819626 0.439461698171705387E+22
508.000000000000000 1477.25783673211868 0.344653761062573957E+20
528.000000000000000 451.195095927764669 0.399200572239743424E+18
548.000000000000000 166.161583838605736 6976819107186921.00
568.000000000000000 67.2007098777995253 166045424296015.625
588.000000000000000 31.1564566665746732 5437299805156.15723
608.000000000000000 16.0591169720940066 234099517894.875244
628.000000000000000 9.16531869820898848 12971158462.7442360
648.000000000000000 5.75338154250772060 905468067.551255703
668.000000000000000 3.95074100041990306 78180305.6958125830
688.000000000000000 2.77570587821340364 7816998.52069347538
708.000000000000000 2.13116105634585429 943667.838757894700
728.000000000000000 1.71619437764818672 131801.374354516942
748.000000000000000 1.48555973624449811 21532.2152768822089
768.000000000000000 1.37244413114490538 4059.39428954263076

9
788.000000000000000 1.39196533934630962 896.998657280149359
808.000000000000000 1.52494397344010313 227.881465244186757
828.000000000000000 1.79124294104628734 65.7906903364241629
848.000000000000000 2.40778678611198149 22.6228825201519754
868.000000000000000 3.57506951048330901 8.96476072746544261
888.000000000000000 6.17890453334020506 4.25103014982259442
908.000000000000000 13.0466885780757842 2.49764436313571681
928.000000000000000 10.2367922420289812 0.699197075491718056
948.000000000000000 20.7811651762091785 0.439043160151128431
968.000000000000000 42.6533631433424958 0.290743771265204787
988.000000000000000 109.626747778413502 0.240295369829593791
1008.00000000000000 298.872479487485236 0.216502099270607623
1028.00000000000000 932.026181078887475 0.225355547100953874
1048.00000000000000 2714.43422271863665 0.229924095605429868
1068.00000000000000 18400.2943428341423 0.476453669273234348
1088.00000000000000 166929.089513768238 1.28563036017566334
1098.00000000000000 374527.043189173273 1.68708953600354672
1103.00000000000000 1141685.14486750076 3.42120932276274248
1108.00000000000000 3813534.31670212885 7.47747755959359583
1113.00000000000000 15203412.4374936074 18.8601580256481114
1118.00000000000000 84758316.1866443306 62.3127098566589268

The temperature-time data for the initiation of both diffusional and displacive
transformations in the calculated TTT diagram in bulk region of the present alloy
composition is as following:

T(K) SHEART(s) DIFFT(s)

488.000000000000000 6124.53734708976481 0.482310117262663510E+22
508.000000000000000 1617.86248188311265 0.370656195030976676E+20
528.000000000000000 502.207309226753011 0.434916697952921280E+18
548.000000000000000 182.355187362089481 7515665832029533.00
568.000000000000000 75.4290880218927242 182120531538384.375
588.000000000000000 35.0892050840519616 5979758643704.62500
608.000000000000000 18.2596171599606230 259427806880.784882
628.000000000000000 10.5021439336049696 14463822418.4327335
648.000000000000000 6.66033629531187188 1017961903.09829569
668.000000000000000 4.63033503419934078 88765550.2492706329
688.000000000000000 3.18205682606501394 8719821.97827939130
708.000000000000000 2.45316577881055053 1056106.35280947946
728.000000000000000 1.98294648451921240 147950.199097481673
748.000000000000000 1.74904251477389816 24536.7427764414824
768.000000000000000 1.64211522946210087 4685.85019275343711
788.000000000000000 1.69385863437007123 1049.52016119419477
808.000000000000000 1.89363919009902371 270.984018828290004
828.000000000000000 2.28920471300044737 80.0550171648839779
848.000000000000000 2.99536961288694048 26.9410088533988699
868.000000000000000 4.93261754530133434 11.5977318988898475
888.000000000000000 9.07678612408375152 5.78243392434994785
908.000000000000000 20.9850530871482945 3.65307358729627429
928.000000000000000 14.7876097159784159 0.938397572395269330
948.000000000000000 30.6254558129204995 0.598738726412676336

10
968.000000000000000 65.2740131920161133 0.408639220522440338
988.000000000000000 171.115718483483789 0.343118474538609941
1008.00000000000000 486.755175758591633 0.319831940489260003
1028.00000000000000 1607.52207698317966 0.348538951047649481
1048.00000000000000 4963.90912221817325 0.372649108647084892
1068.00000000000000 39923.6429690650257 0.885411156867096594
1088.00000000000000 486847.188824384124 3.02694572155055708
1098.00000000000000 1234347.32489475794 4.38027614327479853
1103.00000000000000 4946806.97627018392 11.0561147690412209
1108.00000000000000 24440202.4354678877 33.0504083975529781
1113.00000000000000 184167474.472525567 138.727580382714535
1118.00000000000000 3767018606.89678478 1296.66860032143245

1200
Bulk region
Solute depleted region
1100 

w
Temperature (K)

1000

Bs

900
b a

800
Ms

700
0.1 1 10 100
Time (s)
Fig. 4: Calculated TTT diagrams for solute depleted region and bulk region.

Fig. 4 shows the calculated TTT diagrams based on the above data in both solute
depleted and bulk region.

Step 4 Calculated CCT Diagrams

The CCT diagram is calculated from the TTT diagram by using Scheil’s additive
rule. The data for upper C curve (diffusional curve) in both solute depleted and bulk
regions are output in file “DIFCCT” and the data for lower C curve (displacive curve) are
output in file “DISCCT”.

The temperature-time data for the initiation of diffusional transformations in the

calculated CCT diagram of the present alloy are as following:

11
 T(K) DIFSOL(s) T(K) DIFBUL(s)
1117.377 180.859 1117.148 203.78
1116.754 121.586 1115.76 171.254
1116.131 101.828 1114.373 160.412
1115.507 91.949 1112.997 154.721
1114.884 86.022 1112.666 130.387
1114.261 82.07 1112.336 114.164
1113.855 79.248 1112.005 102.576
1113.76 77.131 1111.675 93.886
1113.638 17.767 1111.344 87.126
1113.015 17.221 1111.014 81.719
1112.95 16.485 1107.903 56.415
1112.59 15.581 1106.797 41.295
1112.3 15.217 1105.691 33.735
1111.844 14.684 1104.586 29.2
1111.096 13.483 1103.48 26.176
1110.348 12.625 1102.752 23.476
1109.6 11.981 1102.314 21.089
1108.853 11.481 1101.876 19.233
1108.105 11.081 1101.438 17.747
1104.627 7.279 1097.593 10.796
1102.115 5.69 1095.701 7.828
1100.428 4.689 1093.81 6.344
1098.741 4.089 1091.268 5.583
1097.518 3.611 1088.241 5.157
1096.657 3.218 1086.101 4.726
1095.797 2.924 1084.037 4.394
1094.937 2.694 1082.258 4.103
1094.077 2.511 1080.765 3.842
1093.217 2.361 1079.273 3.628
1092.039 2.262 1077.834 3.446
1090.753 2.187 1076.704 3.268
1089.467 2.123 1075.574 3.115
1088.182 2.067 1074.444 2.983
1088.182 2.067 1074.444 2.983
1083.394 1.79 1069.705 2.474
1079.653 1.581 1065.814 2.135
1076.408 1.426 1062.398 1.893
1073.498 1.305 1059.508 1.705
1071.025 1.204 1056.878 1.558
1068.643 1.123 1054.532 1.437
1066.55 1.053 1052.353 1.337
1064.563 0.993 1050.49 1.249
1062.643 0.942 1048.627 1.176
1060.971 0.896 1046.56 1.117
1059.299 0.856 1044.391 1.068
1057.687 0.82 1042.286 1.025
1056.286 0.786 1040.296 0.986
1054.884 0.756 1038.305 0.952
1046.257 0.608 1025.906 0.777
1041.055 0.558 1019.71 0.711
1036.169 0.519 1013.405 0.661
1031.518 0.487 1007.085 0.623
1027.058 0.461 1001.002 0.591

12
1022.786 0.438 994.375 0.567
1018.847 0.418 987.543 0.549
1014.6 0.402 980.383 0.534
1010.27 0.389 972.486 0.524
1006.108 0.377 963.985 0.517
1002.014 0.366 953.741 0.517
997.483 0.358 941.108 0.524
992.826 0.351 930 0.544
988.02 0.345 INF -INF
983.131 0.34 INF -INF
977.739 0.337 INF -INF
971.996 0.335 INF -INF
966.117 0.333 INF -INF
959.495 0.333 INF -INF
951.531 0.335 INF -INF
942.159 0.34 INF -INF
930.236 0.35 INF -INF

The temperature-time data for the initiation of displacive transformations in the

calculated CCT diagram of the present alloy are as following:

T(K) DISSOL(s) T(K) DISBUL(s)

1037.399 7978.611 1028.635 8855.074
1027.183 4500.139 1019.017 4908.442
1021.269 3197.209 1012.526 3488.654
1016.861 2508.12 1007.767 2735.452
1012.94 2084.902 1004.454 2254.63
1009.952 1787.231 1001.394 1929.854
1007.294 1569.871 998.533 1695.038
1005.261 1399.051 996.2 1512.317
1003.228 1266.191 993.988 1368.857
1001.404 1157.813 992.053 1251.32
988.018 645.835 978.919 691.334
980.171 456.713 970.817 487.896
974.088 357.743 964.954 380.58
969.556 295.259 960.096 314.179
965.912 252.122 955.978 268.679
962.651 220.763 952.379 235.438
959.587 196.998 949.316 209.836
956.785 178.222 946.573 189.569
954.265 162.92 944.071 173.114
937.397 89.894 926.928 95.129
926.681 63.502 916.051 67.045
918.704 49.62 901.434 53.938
905.718 42.294 890.473 45.342
896.9 36.714 882.504 39.114
890.115 32.439 876.232 34.422
884.501 29.086 870.884 30.788
879.685 26.389 866.211 27.886
875.43 24.176 862.067 25.512
871.572 22.329 858.408 23.525
867.997 20.766 854.893 21.858
864.839 19.411 851.626 20.428

13
861.792 18.242 848.631 19.182
858.901 17.219 845.707 18.099
858.901 17.219 845.707 18.099
846.43 13.538 832.586 14.23
836.004 11.247 821.535 11.826
826.877 9.677 811.607 10.186
818.488 8.534 802.375 8.995
810.653 7.663 793.845 8.084
803.182 6.978 789 7.372
796.041 6.423 777.129 6.801
789.029 5.966 768.896 6.333

Fig. 5 shows the calculated CCT diagrams based on the data listed above.
1200
Bulk region
Solute depleted region
1100

Temperature (K)

2
1000 1
w
Bs
b a
900

800 Ms

700
0.1 1 10 100
Time (s)

Fig. 5: Calculated CCT diagrams for solute depleted region and bulk region.
Cooling curves 1 and 2 obtained from model and semiempirical formula, respectively.

Since the phase transformation begins in the solute depleted region, the CCT
diagram in the solute depleted region is recommended to judge whether a transformation
can occur or not under specified cooling rate.

Step 5 Calculation of Various Volume Factions in the Weld Metal

The mechanisms of different phase transformations and quantitative calculation
have been discussed in the previous section. The various phase volume fractions in the
present weld metal are calculated by combining the phase transformation model and the
calculated cooling rate from the 3D heat transfer and fluid flow model. The calculated
microstructure information is shown as following:

14
 MICROSTRUCTURE at Interpass Temperature
Allotriomorphic Ferrite .44
Widmanstatten Ferrite ---------------- .38
Acicular Ferrite + bainite .15
Martensite .02
Retained Austenite .00
Austenite Grain Size, (2a) 104. microns
Austenite Grain Size, (L ) 71. microns
Primary Microstructure --------------- .18
Secondary Microstructure .82

Thickness of ferrite layers, 22.6 microns

Allotriomorph start temperature 799. C
Allotriomorph finish temperature 609. C
Widmanstatten growth rate 172. microns/s
Time for Widmanstatten growth .21 s
Volume fraction of inclusions .002

Bainite-start temperature of alloy 622. C

Martensite-start temperature of alloy 505. C

Comparison of the calculated and experimental results are listed in Table 1. The
symbols of Va, Vw, Va, and Vm represent the volume fractions of allotriomorphic ferrite,
Widmanstatten ferrite, acicular ferrite and microphases, respectively. Column A and B
represent the calculated results obtained by using the cooling rates from the model and
the semi-empirical formula, respectively; Column C represents the experimental volume
fractions estimated from the graphs in Ref. 41. It is obvious that the calculated results
obtained by using the cooling rates from the model are closer to the experimental results
than those calculated by using the semi-empirical formula. The effect of chemical
composition on the TTT diagrams and the resulted phase volume fractions in the weld
metal have been extensively investigated by this procedure in reference 42.

Table 1 Comparison of the calculated results with the experimental results

Va Vw V
a+
Vm
A B C A B C A
44 52 40 38 35 36 18

15
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