INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

DEFINITION
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f′(x) = g(x) then f(x) is called antiaderivative or
primitive of g(x) with respect to x.
Note
If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) then f(x) + c is also an ant derivative of g(x) for all c ∈ R.
DEFINITION
If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) then F(x) + c, c ∈ R is called indefinite integral of f(x) with
respect to x. It is denoted by ∫ f (x) dx . The real number c is called constant of integration.
Note
1. The integral of a function need not exists. If a function f(x) has integral then f(x) is called an
integrable function.
2. The process of finding the integral of a function is known as Integration.
3.The integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

COROLLARY
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then ∫ (f ± g)(x) dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx
COROLLARY
If f1(x), f2(x), …,fn(x) are integrable functions then ∫ (f1 + f 2 + ... + f n )(x)dx =

∫ f1 (x)dx + ∫ f 2 (x)dx + ... + ∫ f n (x)dx .

COROLLARY
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions and k, l are two real numbers then
∫ (kf + lg)(x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + l∫ g(x)dx .

{ STANDARD FORMS }

1. If K ∈ R, ∫ Kdx = Kx + C.

x n +1
If n ≠ –1, ∫ x dx =
n
2. +C
n +1

1
3. ∫ x dx = log |x| + C
 1
4. ∫ x
dx = 2 x + C.

∫e
x
5. dx = ex + C.

ax
∫ a dx = + C (for a > 0, a ≠ 1)
x
6.
log a

2
∫X
1
7. 2
dx = x x +C
3

8. ∫ sin x dx = –Cos x + C
9. ∫ cos x dx = Sin x + C.

10. ∫ tan x dx = log |sec x| + C (or) –log |Cos x| + C

11. ∫ cot x dx = log |Sin x| + C (or) –log |Cosec x| + C.

π x
12. ∫ sec x dx = log |Sec x + Tan x| + C (or) = log Tan  4 + 2  + C.

13. ∫ cosec x dx = log |Cosec x – Cot x| + C

x
= log Tan +C
2

= –log |Cosec x + cot x| + C.

14. ∫ sec x Tan x dx = Sec x + C

15. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = –Cosec x + C

∫ sec
2
16. x dx = Tan x + C

∫ cosec
2
17. x dx = –Cot x + C.

18. ∫ sinh x dx = Cosh x + C.

19. ∫ cosh x dx = Sinh x + C

20. ∫ tanh x dx = log |Cosh x| + C

21. ∫ coth x dx = log |Sinh x| + C

22. ∫ sech x dx = 2Tan-1(ex) + C

x
23. ∫ cosech x dx = log tanh
2
+C

∫ sech
2
24. x dx = Tanh x + C

∫ cosech
2
25. x dx = –Coth x + C

26. ∫ sech x tanh x dx = –Sech x + C

27. ∫ cosech x coth x dx = –Cosech x + C
dx
28. ∫ 1− x2
= Sin-1 x + C (or) –Cos-1 x + C.

dx
29. ∫ 1+ x2 = Tan-1 x + C (or) –Cot-1 x + C

dx
30. ∫x 1− x2
= Sec-1 x + C (or) – Cosec-1 x + C

1
31. ∫ 1+ x2
dx = Sinh-1 x + C

1
32. ∫ x 2 −1
dx = Cosh-1 x + C.
 EXERCISE - 8(A)

I. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ (x − 2x 2 + 3)dx
3
1.

x4 2 3
Sol. ∫ (x − 2x + 3)dx = ∫ x dx − ∫ 2x dx + 3∫ dx =
3 2 3
− x + 3x + c
2
4 3
2. ∫ 2x x dx

2x5/ 2 4
Sol. ∫ 2x x dx = 2∫ x3/ 2dx = + c = x5/ 2 + c
(5/ 2) 5

∫
3
3. 2x 2 dx
1 5
3 3
∫ 2x dx = ∫ 2 ⋅x dx = x +c
3 2 1/3 2/3
Sol. 23
5
x 2 + 3x − 1
4. ∫ 2x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \ {0}
x 2 + 3x − 1  x2 3 1 
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫  + −  dx
2x  2x 2 2x 
x 3 1 1 x2 3 1
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx − ∫ dx = + x − log | x | + c
2 2 2 x 4 2 2
1− x
5. ∫ x
dx on (0, ∞)

1− x dx x
Sol. ∫ x
dx = ∫ − ∫
x x
dx
1
− +1
x 2
= log | x | − + c = log | x | −2 x + c
(1/ 2)
 2 3 
6. ∫ 1 + x − x 2  dx on I ⊂ R \ {0}.
 2 3  dx 3
Sol. ∫ 1 + − 2  dx = ∫ dx + 2∫ − 3∫ x −2 dx = x + 2log | x | + + c
 x x  x x
 4 
7. ∫  x + 1 + x 2  dx on R.

 4  1
Sol. ∫  x + 2 
dx = ∫ xdx + 4∫ dx
 1+ x  1+ x2
 x2
= + 4 tan −1 x + c
2
 1 2 
∫  e − +
x
8.  dx .
 x x2 −1 
 1 2 
Sol. ∫  e x − +  dx

 x x2 −1 
1 1
= ∫ e x dx − ∫ dx + 2∫ dx
x x2 −1
= e x − log | x | +2 log | x + x 2 − 1 | + c
 1 1 
9. ∫  1 − x 2 + 1 + x 2  dx
 1 1  1 1
Sol. ∫  + 2 
dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
 1− x 1+ x 
2
1− x 2
1+ x2
= tanh −1 x + tan −1 x + c
 1 2 
10. ∫  1 − x 2 + 1 + x 2 dx on (–1, 1).
 
 1 2  1 1
Sol. ∫ 

+ dx = ∫ dx + 2∫ dx
 1− x
2
1+ x2  1 − x 2
1 + x 2

= sin −1 x + 2 sinh −1 x + c

II. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ (1 − x
2 3
1. ) dx

3 5 x7
Sol. ∫ (1 − x ) dx = ∫ (1 − 3x + 3x − x )dx = x − x + x −
2 3 2 4 6
+c 3
5 7
 3 2 1 
2. ∫  − + 2  dx
x x 3x 
 3 2 1  dx dx 1
Sol. ∫  − + 2  dx = = 3∫ − 2∫ + ∫ x −2dx
 x x 3x  x x 3
1 1
= 3(2 x ) − 2 log | x | − + c = 6 x − 2log | x | − + c
3x 3x
 2
 x +1
3. ∫  x  dx
 
2
 x +1  x +1+ 2 x
Sol. ∫   dx = ∫ 2
dx
 x  x

x dx x
=∫ 2
dx + ∫ 2 + 2∫ 2 dx
x x x
dx dx
=∫ + ∫ 2 + 2 ∫ x −3/2dx
x x
1 2x −1/2
= log | x | − + +c
x (−1/ 2)
1 4
= log | x | − − +c
x x
(3x + 1)2
4. ∫ 2x dx
(3x + 1)2 9x 2 + 6x + 1
Sol. ∫ 2x dx = ∫ 2x dx
9 1 1
= ∫ xdx + 3∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 x
9 x2 1 9 1
= ⋅ + 3x + log | x | +c = x 2 + 3x + log | x | +c
2 2 2 4 2
2
 2x − 1 
5. ∫  3 x  dx
2
 2x − 1  4x 2 − 4x + 1
Sol. ∫   dx = ∫ 9x dx
 3 x 
4 4 1 dx 4 x 2 4 1
=
9 ∫ x dx −
9 ∫ dx + ∫
9 x
= − x + log | x | + c
9 2 9 9
4 2 4 1
= x − x + log | x | + c
18 9 9
 1 2 3 
6. ∫  + − 2  dx on (1, ∞)

x 2 − 1 2x 
 x
 1 2 3  1 1 3 1
Sol. ∫  + − 2  dx =∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx
 x 
 x 2 − 1 2x  x x2 −1 2 x
3
= 2 x + 2 cosh −1 x + +c
2x
 ∫ (sec x − cos x + x 2 )dx,
2
7.

x3
Sol. ∫ (sec 2 x − cos x + x 2 )dx = ∫ sec2 xdx − ∫ cos x dx + ∫ x 2dx = tan x − sin x + +c
3
 3 
8. ∫  sec x tan x + x − 4  dx
 3 
Sol. ∫  sec x tan x + − 4  dx
 x 
dx
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + 3∫ − 4∫ dx = sec x + 3log | x | −4x + c
x
 2 
9. ∫  x −  dx on (0, 1).
 1− x2 
 2  dx
Sol. ∫  x − 2 
dx = ∫ x dx − 2 ∫
 1− x  1− x2
x 3/2 2
= − 2 tanh −1 x + c = x x − 2 tanh −1 x + c
(3 / 2) 3
 3 4 
10. ∫
 x − cos x +  dx, x ∈ R
x +1 
2

 4 
Sol. ∫  x 3 − cos x +  dx

 x 2
+ 1 
1 x4
= ∫ x dx − ∫ cos x dx + 4∫
3
dx = − sin x + 4sinh −1 x + c
x +1
2 4
 1 
11. ∫  cosh x +  dx, x ∈ R
x2 +1 

 1 
Sol. ∫  cosh x +  dx

 x2 +1 
dx
= ∫ cosh xdx + ∫
x2 +1
= sinh x + sinh −1 x + c
 1 
12. ∫  sinh x + (x 2 − 1)1/ 2  dx,
.
 1 
Sol. ∫  sinh x + 2 1/ 2 
dx
 (x − 1) 
 dx
= ∫ sinh xdx + ∫
x2 −1
= cosh x + log(x + x 2 − 1) + c

(a x − b x ) 2
13. ∫ a x b x dx
(a x − b x ) 2 a 2x + b 2x − 2a x b x
Sol. ∫ a x bx dx = ∫ a x ⋅ bx
dx

x 2
a 2x b 2x a x bx a b
= ∫ x x dx + ∫ x x dx − 2 ∫ x x dx = ∫   dx + ∫   dx − 2 ∫ dx
a ⋅b a ⋅b a ⋅b b x
(a / b) x (b / a) x 1  a  x  b  x 
= + − 2x + c =   −    − 2x + c
log(a / b) log(b / a) (log a − log b)  b   a  

∫ sec
2
14. x csc 2 x dx .
1
Sol. ∫ sec 2 x csc 2 x dx = ∫ cos2 x sin2 x dx
sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 1
=∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx = ∫ sec 2 x dx + ∫ csc 2 x dx = tan x − cot x + C
cos x ⋅ sin x
2 2 2
cos x sin x
1 + cos 2 x
15. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx .
1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
Sol. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx = ∫ 2sin 2 x dx
1 1 1
= ∫ 2
2 sin x
dx + ∫ cot 2 x dx
2
1 1
=
2 ∫ cos e c2 x dx + ∫ (csc2 x − 1)dx
2
1 x
= ∫ csc2 x dx − ∫ dx = − cot x − + C
2 2

16. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx

Sol. ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx = ∫ 2sin 2 xdx

= ∫ 2 sin xdx = − 2 cos x + C

 1
17. ∫ cosh x + sinh x dx on R.
1 ( cosh x − sinh x ) cosh x − sinh x
Sol. ∫ cosh x + sinh x dx = ∫ ( cosh x + sinh x )( cosh x − sinh x )dx = ∫ cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x dx
= ∫ (cosh x − sinh x)dx

= sinh x − cosh x + C

1
18. ∫ 1 + cos x dx on R

1 1 − cos x
Sol. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x) dx
 1 − cos x 
= ∫ 2 
dx
 1 − cos x 
 1 cos x 
= ∫  2 − 2  dx
 sin x sin x 
= ∫ csc 2 (x)dx − ∫ csc x cot xdx
= − cot x + csc x + C

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION THEOREM

1
If ∫ f (x)dx = g(x) and a ≠ 0 then ∫ f (ax + b)dx = g(ax + b) + c .
a
Proof :
Put ax + b = t.
d dt 1
Then (ax + b) = ⇒ a ⋅ dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt
dx dx a
1
∴ ∫ f (ax + b)dx = ∫ f (t) ⋅ dt
a
1 1 1
= ∫ f (t)dt = g(t) + c = g(ax + b) + c
a a a
1 (ax + b)n +1
∫ (ax + b) dx = + c, (n ≠ −1)
n
e.g.
a n +1
THEOREM
f ′(x)
If f(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ f (x) dx = log | f (x) | +c .
Proof :
dt
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(x)dx = dt
dx
f ′(x) 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ dt = log | t | +c = log | f (x) | +c
f (x) t

THEOREM
π
∫ tan x dx = log | sec x | + c for x ≠ (2n + 1) 2 , n ∈ Z .
Proof :
sin x d(cos x)
∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx = −∫ cos x
dx

1
= − log | cos x | +c = log + c = log | sec x | +c
| cos x |
THEOREM
∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | +c for x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z.
Proof :
cos x
∫ cot x dx = ∫ sin x dx = log | sin x | +c

THEOREM
π
∫ sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | +c = log | tan(π / 4 + x / 2) + c for x ≠ (2n + 1) 2 , n ∈ Z .
Proof :
sec x(sec x + tan x)
∫ sec x dx = ∫ sec x + tan x
dx

sec 2 x + sec x tan x

=∫ dx = log | sec x + tan x | + c
sec x + tan x
1 sin x 1 + sin x
= log + + c = log +c
cos x cos x cos x
1 − cos(π / 2 + x)
= log +c
sin(π / 2 + x)
 π x
2sin 2  + 
= log 4 2 +c
π x π x
2sin  +  cos  + 
4 2 4 2
π x
= log tan  +  + c
4 2
THEOREM

∫ csc x dx = log | csc x − cot x | + c = log | tan x / 2 | + c for x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z .

Proof :
csc x(csc x − cot x)
∫ csc x dx = ∫ csc x − cot x
dx

csc2 x − csc x cot x

=∫ dx = log | csc x − cot x | +c
csc x − cot x
1 cos x 1 − cos x
= log − + c = log +c
sin x sin x sin x
2sin2 x / 2
= log + c = log | tan x / 2 | +c
2sin x / 2cos x / 2
THEOREM
[f(x)]n+1
If f(x) is differentiable function and n ≠ –1 then ∫[f(x)] f ′(x)dx =
n
+c .
n +1
Proof :
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f′(x) dx = dt
t n +1 [f (x)]n +1
∴ ∫ [f (x)]n f ′(x)dx = ∫ t n dt = +c = +c
n +1 n +1
f ′(x)
Note : ∫ f (x)
dx = 2 f (x) + c

THEOREM

If ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) and g(x) is a differentiable function then ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = F[g(x)] + c .

Proof :
g(x) = t ⇒ g′(x) dx = dt
∴ ∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f[g(x)]g′(x)dx
 = ∫ f (t)dt = F(t) + c = F[g(x)] + c

INTEGRATION OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS THEOREM

1 x
∫ dx = Sin −1   + c for x ∈ (–a, a).
a2 − x2 a
Proof :
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cos θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a cos θ dθ
a −x
2 2
a − a 2 sin 2 θ
2

1 1
=∫ a cos θdθ = ∫ cos θdθ
a 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ
x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sin −1   + c
a

THEOREM
1 x
∫ dx = Sinh−1   + c for x ∈ R.
a2 + x2 a
Proof :
Put x = a sinh θ. Then dx = a cos h θ dθ
1 1
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ a cosh θ dθ
a +x
2 2
a + a 2 sinh 2 θ
2

a cosh θ x
=∫ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Sinh −1   + c
a cosh θ a

THEOREM
1 x
∫ dx = Cosh −1   + c for x ∈ (–∞, –a) ∪ (a, ∞).
x −a
2 2 a
Proof :
Put x = a cos h θ. Then dx = a sinh θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ a sinh θ dθ
x2 − a2 a 2 cosh 2 θ − a 2
a sinh θ x
=∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = θ + c = Cosh −1   + c
a sinh θ a
THEOREM
1 1 −1  x 
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a Tan  a  + c for x ∈ R .
Proof :
Put x = a tan θ. Then dx = a sec2 θ dθ
1 1
∴∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 a sec 2 θ dθ
a +x 2
a + a tan 2 θ
2

1 1 sec 2 θ
=∫ 2 a sec θdθ = ∫
2
dθ
a (1 + tan 2 θ) a sec 2 θ
1 1 1 x
= ∫ dθ = θ + c = Tan −1   + c
a a a a

THEOREM
1 1 a+x
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof :
1 1
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ (a + x)(a − x) dx
1  1 1  1
= ∫  +  dx = [ log | a + x | − log | a − x |] + c
2a  a + x a − x  2a
1 a+x
= log +c
2a a−x

THEOREM
1 1 x −a
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = 2a log x + a + c for x ≠ ±a
Proof :
1 1
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ (x − a)(x + a) dx
1  1 1  1
= ∫  −  dx = [ log | x − a | − log | x + a |] + c
2a  x − a x + a  2a
1 x−a
= log +c
2a x+a
THEOREM
x 2 a2 x
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1   + c for
2 2 a
x ∈ (–a, a).
Proof :
Put x = a sin θ. Then dx = a cos θ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ a cos θ d θ

= ∫ a 1 − sin 2 θ a cos θdθ = a 2 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ

1 + cos 2 θ a2  1 
= a2 ∫ dθ =  θ + 2 sin 2 θ  + c
2 2
a2  1  a2  θ + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ 
=  θ + 2 sin θ cos θ  + c =
2 2 2  

a 2  −1  x  x x2 
= Sin   + 1− 2  + c
2 
 a a a 

a2 x x 2
= Sin −1   + a − x2 + c
2  
a 2

THEOREM
x 2 2 a2 x
∫ a + x dx = a + x + Sinh−1   + c for x ∈ R .
2 2
2 2 a
Proof :
Put x = sinh θ. Then dx = a cosh θ dθ
∴ ∫ a 2 + x2 dx = ∫ a 2 + a 2 sinh 2 θ a cosh θdθ

= ∫ a 1 + sinh 2 θ a cosh θ dθ = a 2 ∫ cosh 2 θ dθ

1 + cosh 2θ a2  1 
= a2 ∫ dθ = θ + 2 sinh 2θ  + c
2 2
a2  1 
= θ + 2 2sinh θ cosh θ  + c
2
a2 θ + sinh θ 1 + sinh 2 θ  + c
=
2  
 a2  −1  x  x x2 
= Sinh   + 1+ 2  + c
2 
  a a a 

a2 x x 2
= Sinh −1   + a + x2 + c
2 a a

THEOREM
x 2 2 a2 x
∫ x − a dx =
2 2
x − a − Cosh −1   + c for x ∈ [a, ∞).
2 2 a
Proof :
Put x = a cosh θ. Then dx = a sinh θ dθ
∴ ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ a 2 cosh 2 θ − a 2 a sinh θd θ

= ∫ a cosh 2 θ − 1 a sinh θ dθ = a 2 ∫ sinh 2 θ dθ

cosh 2 θ − 1 a2 1 
= a2 ∫ dθ = sinh 2 θ − θ  + c
2 2  2 
a2 1 
=  2 2 sinh θ cosh θ − θ  + c
2

a2 
= cosh θ cosh 2 θ − 1 − θ  + c
c  

a2 x x2 
−1  x 
=  − 1 − Cosh   + c
2  a a2  a  

x a2 x
= x 2 − a 2 − Cosh −1   + c
2 2 a
 EXERCISE -- 8(B)
I. Evaluate the following integrals.
∫e dx, x ∈ R .
2x
1.

e 2x
Sol. ∫ e 2x dx = +C
2

2. ∫ sin 7x dx, x ∈ R
cos 7x
Sol. ∫ sin 7x dx = − +C
7

x
3. ∫ 1 + x2 dx, x∈R

x 1 2x dx 1
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = 2 ∫ 1 + x 2 = 2 log(1 + x )+C
2
Sol.

∫ 2x sin(x + 1)dx, x ∈ R
2
4.

Sol. ∫ 2x sin(x 2 + 1)dx

Put x 2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt

∫ 2x ⋅ sin(x + 1)dx = ∫ sin t dt = − cot t + C = − cos(x 2 + 1) + C

2

(log x) 2
5. ∫ x dx .
(log x) 2
Sol. ∫ x dx
1
put log x = t ⇒ dt = dx
x
(log x) 2 t3 (log x) 3
∫ x = ∫ ⋅ = + = +C
2
dx t dt C
3 3

−1
eTan x
6. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx on I ⊂ (0, ∞).
−1
eTan x
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
 dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
−1
eTan x tan −1 x
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C = e +C
t t

sin(Tan −1x)
7. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx, x ∈ R
sin(Tan −1x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
put tan −1 x = t ⇒ = dt
1+ x2
sin(Tan −1x)
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cos t + t = − cos(tan −1 x) + C

1
8. ∫ 8 + 2x 2 dx on R.
1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ 8 + 2x 2 dx = 2 ∫ x 2 + 22
1 1 x 1 x
= ⋅ tan −1   + C = tan −1   + C
2 2 2 4 2

3x 2
9. ∫ 1 + x6 dx on R.
3x 2
Sol. ∫ 1 + x6 dx
put x 3 = t ⇒ 3x 2 dx = dt
3x 2 dx dt
∫ 1 + x6 = ∫ 1 + t2
= tan −1 (t) + C = tan −1 (x 3 ) + C
 2
10. ∫ 25 + 9x 2
dx on R.

2 2 dx
Sol. ∫ 25 + 9x 2
dx =
3∫ 2
5
x2 +  
3
2  x 
= sinh −1  +C
3 5/3
2  3x 
= sinh −1   + C
3  5 

3 1 
11. ∫ 9x 2 − 1
dx on  , ∞ 
3 
3 dx
Sol. ∫ 9x 2 − 1
dx = ∫
2
1
x2 −  
3
 x 
= cosh −1  −1
 + C = cosh (3x) + C
 1/ 3 
1 x
∴∫ dx = cosh −1   + C
x2 − a2 a

II. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ (3x − 2)
1/2
1. dx

Sol. Given integral = ∫ (3x − 2)1/2 dx

put 3x – 2=t ⇒ 3 dx = dt
1 1/ 2
∫ (3x − 2) dx = 3 ∫ t dt
1/ 2

1 t 3/2
= +C
3 3/ 2
2
= (3x − 2)3/2 + C
9
 1  3
2. ∫ 7x + 3 dx on I ⊂ R \ − 7 
1
Sol. ∫ 7x + 3 dx
Put 7x + 3=t ⇒ 7 dx = dt
1 1 dt
∫ 7x + 3 dx = 7 ∫ t
1
= log | t | +C
7
1
= log | 7x + 3 | +C
7

log(1 + x)
3. ∫ 1+ x
dx on (–1, ∞).

log(1 + x)
Sol. ∫ dx
1+ x
Put 1 + x = t ⇒ dx= dt
log(1 + x) log t (log t)2 1
∫ 1 + x dx = ∫ t ⋅ dt =
2
+ C = log(1 + x)2  + C
2

∫ (3x − 4)x dx on R .
2
4.

Sol. ∫ (3x 2 − 4)x dx

put 3x 2 − 4 = t ⇒ 6x dx = dt
1 1 t2 (3x 2 − 4)2
∫ (3x − 4)x dx = 6 ∫ t dt = 6 ⋅ 2 + C = 12 + C
2

dx  1 
5. ∫ 1 + 5x
dx on  − , ∞ 
 5 
dx
Sol. ∫ 1 + 5x
2
Put 1 + 5x = t2 ; 5dx = 2t dt, dx =
t dt
5
dx 2 t dt 2 2 2
∫ = ∫
1 + 5x 5 t
= ∫ dt = t + C =
5 5 5
1 + 5x + C
 ∫ (1 − 2x )x dx
3 2
6. on R.

Sol. ∫ (1 − 2x 3 )x 2dx

put 1 − 2x3 = t ⇒ −6x 2dx = dt

1
∫ (1 − 2x )x dx = − 6 ∫ t dt
3 2

1 t2 −(1 − 2x3 )2
= − ⋅ +C = +C
6 2 12

sec 2 x  π 
7. ∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx on I ⊂ R \ nπ − 4 : n ∈ Z
sec 2 x
Sol. ∫ dx
(1 + tan x)3
put 1 + tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
sec2 x dt −3
∫ (1 + tan x)3 dx = ∫ t 3 = ∫ t dt
t −2 1
= +C = − 2 +C
(−2) 2t
1
=− +C
2(1 + tan x)2

∫ x sin x dx on R
3 4
8.

Sol. ∫ x 3 sin x 4 dx

Put x 4 = t ⇒ 4x 3dx = dt
1 1 1
∫ x sin x dx = 4 ∫ sin t ⋅ dt = − 4 cos t + C = − 4 ⋅ cos x + C
3 4 4

cos x  3π 
9. ∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx on I ⊂ R \ 2nπ + 2
: n ∈ Z

cos x
Sol. ∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx
Put 1 + sin x = t ⇒ cos xdx = dt
cos x dt 1 1
∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx = ∫ t 2 = − t + C = − 1 + sin x + C
 ∫ sin x cos x dx on [2nπ, (2n + 1)π, (n ∈ Z)].
3
10.

Sol. ∫ 3 sin x cos x dx

Put sin x=t ⇒ cos x dx =dt
t4 / 3 3 3
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ 3 t ⋅ dt = + C = t 4 / 3 + C = (sin x)4 / 3 + C
3
(4 / 3) 4 4

x2
11. ∫ 2x e dx on R.
2
Sol. ∫ 2x e x dx
Let x2 =t⇒ 2x dx =dt
x2 2
∫ 2x e dx = ∫ e t dt = e t + C = e x + C

elog x
12. ∫ x dx on (0, ∞)
elog x
Sol. ∫ x dx
1
Put log x= t ⇒ dx = dt
x
elog x
∫ x dx = ∫ e ⋅ dt = e + C = e + C = x + C
t t log x

x2
13. ∫ 1− x 6
dx on I = (–1, 1).

x2
Sol. ∫ 1 − x6
dx

Put x3 =t ⇒ 3x2 dx =dt

x2 1 dt 1 1
∫ dx = ∫ = sin −1 t + C = sin −1 (x3 ) + C
1 − x6 3 1− t2 3 3

2x 3
14. ∫ 1 + x8 dx on R.
Sol. let x4 = t⇒ 4x3 dx =dt
 2x 3 1 dt 1 −1 1 −1 4
∫ 1 + x8 dx = 2 ∫ 1 + t 2 = 2 tan t + C = 2 tan (x ) + C

x8
15. ∫ 1 + x18 dx
x8 x8
Sol. ∫ 1 + x18 dx = ∫ dx on R.
( )
2
1 + x9

Put x9 = t ⇒ 9x8 dx = dt
x8 x8 1 dt 1 −1 1 −1 9
∫ 1 + x18 dx = ∫ 1 + (x9 )2 dx = 9 ∫ 1 + t 2 = 9 tan t + C = 9 tan (x ) + C

e x (1 + x)
∫ cos2 (xex ) dx on I ⊂ R \{x ∈ R : cos(xe ) = 0}
x
16.

e x (1 + x)
Sol. ∫ cos2 (xex ) dx
Put x ex =t
(x ⋅ e x + e x )dx = ex (1 + x)dx = dt
e x (1 + x) dt
G.I. = ∫ 2 x
dx = ∫ 2
= ∫ sec 2 t dt
cos (xe ) cos t
= tan t + C = tan(x ⋅ e x ) + C

csc 2 x
17. ∫ (a + b cot x)5 dx on I ⊂ R \ {x∈R : a + b cotx = 0}, where a, b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.
Sol.
csc 2 x
G.I. = ∫ dx
(a + b cot x)5
Put a + b cot x =t ⇒ –b csc2 x dx =dt
csc2 x 1 dt 1 −5
∫ (a + b cot x)5 dx = − b ∫ t 5 = − b ∫ t dt
1 t −4 1 1
=− +C = +C = +C
b −4 4bt 4
4b(a + b cot x) 4
 ∫e
x
18. sin e x dx on R.
Sol. ex =t⇒ ex dx=dt
∫e sin e x dx = ∫ sin t dt
x

= − cost + C = − cos(e x ) + C

sin(log x)
19. ∫ x
dx on (0, ∞)

sin(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
sin(log x)
∫ x dx = ∫ sin t dt
= − cos t + C = − cos(e x ) + C

1
20. ∫ x log x dx on (0, ∞)
1
Sol. ∫ x log x dx
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x
1 1
∫ x log x dx = ∫ t dt = log t + C = log(log x + C)

(1 + log x)n
21. ∫ x dx on (0, ∞), n ≠ –1.
(1 + log x)n
Sol. ∫ x dx
1
Put 1 + log x= t , ⇒ dx =dt
x
(1 + log x) n t n +1
∫ x = ∫ = +C
n
dx t dt
n +1
(1 + log x) n +1
= +C
n +1
 cos(log x)
22. ∫ x
dx on (0, ∞)

cos(log x)
Sol. ∫ dx
x
1
Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x

cos(log x)
∫ x
dx = ∫ cos t dt = sin t + C = sin(log x) + C

cos x
23. ∫ x
dx on (0, ∞)

1 dx
Sol. let x = t ⇒ dx = dt ⇒ 2dt =
2 x x
cos x
∫ x
dx = 2 ∫ cos tdx

= 2sin t + C = 2sin x + C

2x + 1
24. ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx on R.

2x + 1
Sol. ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx
put x2 + x + 1=t ⇒ (2x + 1)dx =dt
2x + 1 dt
∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C = log | x 2 + x + 1| + C

ax n −1
25. ∫ bx n + C dx , where n ∈ N, a, b, c are real numbers, b ≠ 0 and
 c
x ∈ I ⊂ x ∈ R : x n ≠ − 
 b
ax n −1
Sol. ∫ bx n + C dx
1
let bxn + C=t ⇒ nbxn–1dx=dt, x n −1dx = dt
nb
 ax n −1 a dt a
∫ bx n + C dx = nb ∫ t = nb log | t | +dt
a
= log | bx n + c | + k
nb
1
26. ∫ dx on (1, ∞)
x log x[log(log x)]
1
Sol. G.I. ∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx
1 1
Put log(log x)=t, ⋅ dx = dt
log x x
1 dt
∫ x log x[log(log x)] dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C = log | log(log x) | + C

27. ∫ coth xdx on R.

Sol. sinh x=t ⇒ cosh x dx= dt
dt
∫ coth xdx = ∫ t = log | t | +C
= log | sinh x | +C

1  1 1
28. ∫ 1 − 4x 2
dx on  − , 
 2 2
1 1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 − 4x 2 2 (1/ 2 )2 − x 2
1 −1  x  1 −1
= sin   + C = sin (2x) + C
2  1/ 2  2
dx
29. ∫ 25 + x 2
on R

dx dx x
Sol. ∫ =∫ = sinh −1   + C
25 + x 2 x 2 + 52 5

1
30. ∫ (x + 3) x+2
dx on I ⊂ (–2, ∞)

Sol. put x + 2 = t2 , dx = 2t dt
 1 2t dt dt
∫ (x + 3) dx = ∫ = 2∫ 2
x+2 t(t + 1)
2
t +1
= 2 tan −1 (t) + C = 2 tan −1 ( x + 2) + C

1
31. ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx on

 nπ π 
I ⊂ R \  + ( −1) n : n ∈ Z 
 2 4 
1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 + sin 2x 1+
2 tan x
1 + tan 2 x
(1 + tan 2 x)dx sec 2 xdx
=∫
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan x ∫ (1 + tan x) 2
=

put1 + tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt

1 dt 1 1
∫ 1 + sin 2x dx = ∫ t 2 = − t + C = − 1 + tan x + C

III. Evaluate the following integrals.

sin 2x
1. ∫ dx on
a cos x + b sin 2 x
2

I ⊂ R \ (x ∈ R | a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x = 0}
Sol. put a cos2 x + bsin 2 x = t
( a(2cos x)(− sin x) + b(2sin x cos x) ) dx = dt
= sin 2x(b − a)dx
1
sin 2x ⋅ dx = dt
(b − a)
sin 2x 1 dt 1
∫ a cos2 x + bsin 2 x dx = (b − a) ∫ =
t (b − a)
log | t | +C

1
= log | a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x | +C
(b − a)
 1 − tan x  π 
2. ∫ 1 + tan x dx for x ∈ I ⊂ R \ nπ − : n ∈ Z 
 4 
sin x
1−
1 − tan x cos x dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫
1 + tan x 1+
sin x
cos x
cos x − sin x
=∫ dx
cos x + sin x
cos x + sin x = t
⇒ dt = − sin x + cos x dx
1 − tan x dt
∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫ t
= log | t | + C

= log | cos x + sin x | + C

cot(log x)
3. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ (0, ∞) \{enπ : n ∈ Z} .
x
1
Sol. Put log x =t⇒ dt = dx =dt
x

cot(log x)
∫ x
dx = ∫ cot t dt = log(sin t) + C

= log(sin(log x)) + C

∫e ⋅ cot e x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \{log nπ : n ∈ Z}

x
4.
Sol. Put ex =t⇒ ex dx =dt

∫e ⋅ cot e x dx = ∫ cot t dt = log | sin t | +C = log(sin e x ) + C

x

∫ sec x(tan x)sec

2
5. x dx , on

 (2k + 1)π   (2n + 1)π 

I ⊂  x ∈ E : tan x ≠ for any k ∈ Z  where E = R /  : n ∈ Z
 2   2 
Sol. tan x=t ⇒ sec2 x dx=dt

∫ sec x(tan x)sec x dx = ∫ sec t ⋅ dt

2

π t    π tan x  
= log tan  +  + C = log  tan  +  + C
 4 2  4 2 
6. ∫ sin x cos x dx on [2nπ, (2n + 1)π] , n ∈ Z.
Sol. t = sin x ⇒ dt = cosx dx
2 3/ 2
∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx = ∫ t dt =
3
t +C

2
= (sin x)3/ 2 + C
3

∫ tan x sec2 x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \

4
7.

 (2n + 1) π 
 : n ∈ Z
 2 
Sol. tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt

∫ tan x sec2 x dx = ∫ t 4dt

4

t5 (tan x)5
= +C = +C
5 t

2x + 3
8. ∫ dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ [ −4,1] .
x + 3x − 4
2

Sol. Let x2 + 3x – 4 =t⇒ (2x + 3)dx=dt

2x + 3 dt
∫ 2 dx = ∫ = 2 t + C = 2 x 2 + 3x − 4 + C
x + 3x − 4 t

 π
∫ csc
2
9. x cot x dx on  0, 
 2
Sol. put cot x = t ⇒ − csc2 x dx = dt
2 2
∫ csc x cot x dx = − ∫ t dt = − t t + C = − (cot x)3/2 + C
2
3 3

 π
10. ∫ sec x log(sec x + tan x)dx on  0, 2 
Sol. log(sec x + tan x) = t
(sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x)dx
⇒ = dt = sec x dx
(sec x + tan x)

∫ sec x ⋅ log ( sec x + tan x )dx = ∫ t dt

 t2 (log(sec x + tan x)) 2
= +C = +C
2 2

∫ sin
3
11. x dx on R.

Sol. since sin 3x = 3sin x − 4sin 3 x

1
sin 3 x = (3sin x − sin 3x)
4
3 1
∫ sin x dx = 4 ∫ sin x − 4 ∫ sin 3x dx
3

3 1
= − cos x + cos 3x + C
4 12
1
= (cos 3x − 9 cos x) + C
12

∫ cos
3
12. xdx on R.

Sol. since cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3cos x

1
cos3 x = (3cos x + cos 3x)
4
3 1
∫ cos x dx = 4 ∫ cos x dx + 4 ∫ cos 3x dx
3

3 1 1
= sin x + sin 3x + C = (9sin x + sin 3x) + C
4 12 12

13. ∫ cos x cos 2x dx on R.

1
Sol. cos 2x cos x = (2cos 2x ⋅ cos x)
2
1
∫ cos x = cos 2x dx = 2 ∫ (cos 3x + cos x)dx
1 1 1  sin 3x  sin 3x + 3sin x
= ∫ cos 3xdx + ∫ cos xdx =  + sin x  + C = +C
2 2 2 3  6

14. ∫ cos x cos 3x dx on R.

1 1
Sol. cos3x cos x = (2cos3x ⋅ cos x) = (cos 4x + cos 2x)
2 2
1 1
∫ cos x cos3x dx = 2 ∫ cos 4x dx + 2 cos 2x dx
 1  sin 4x sin 2x  1
=  +  + C = ( sin 4x + 2 sin 2x ) + C
2 4 2  8

∫ cos
4
15. x dx on R.
2
 1 + cos 2x 
Sol. cos x = (cos x) = 
4 2 2

 2 
1
= (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x)
4
1 1 + cos 4x 
=  1 + 2 cos 2x + 
4 2 
1
= (2 + 4 cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x)
8
1
= (3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x)
8
1
(
= 3∫ dx + 4 ∫ cos 2x dx + ∫ cos 4x dx
8
)
1 sin 2x sin 4x 
=  3x + 4 + +C
8 2 4 
1
= (12x + 8sin 2x + sin 4x ) + C
32

 3 
16. ∫x 4x + 3 dx on  − , ∞  .
 4 
Sol. put 4x + 3 = t 2 ⇒ 4dx = 2t dt
1 t2 − 3
dx = t dt ⇒ x =
2 4
t2 − 3 1
∫ x 4x + 3 dx = ∫ 4
⋅ t ⋅ t dt
2
1 4 1  t5 3 
= ∫ (t − 3t )dt =  − t  + C
2
8 8  5 

(4x + 3)5/ 2 1
= − (4x + 3)3/ 2 + C
40 8
 dx
17. ∫ on {x ∈ R :| b + cx |< a} , where a, b, c are real numbers c ≠ 0
a − (b + cx)
2 2

and a > 0.
dx dx
Sol. ∫ =∫
a 2 − (b + cx) 2 a b 
2 2
c   − − x
c c 
b 
  + x 
= sin −1  
1 c   + K = 1 sin −1  b + cx  + K
 
c  a  c  a 
 c 
   
dx
18. ∫ a 2 + (b + cx)2 on R, where a, b, c are real numbers, c ≠ 0 and a > 0.

dx 1 dx
Sol. ∫ a 2 + (b + cx)2 = c2 ∫  a 2 b 
2
  + + x
c c 
b 
 +x
1 1  b + cx 
= tan −1  c  + C = tan −1  +C
2 a
a ⋅  a  ac  a 
c  c 

dx
19. ∫ 1 + ex , x ∈ R
dx  1 + ex − ex 
Sol. ∫ 1 + e x = ∫  1 + e x  dx
 
 ex 
= ∫ 1 −  dx = x − log(1 + e ) + C
x
 1 + ex
 
x2  a
20. ∫ (1 + bx)2 dx , x ∈ I ⊂ R \ − b  , where a, b are real numbers, b ≠ 0.
1
Sol. Put a + bx=t , ⇒ b dx =dt ⇒ dx = ⋅ dt
b
2
 t −a 
x 2
1  b 
∫ (a + bx)2 dx =
b∫ t2
dt
 1 t 2 − 2at + a 2
=
b3
∫ t2
dt

1  2a a 2 
= 3 ∫ 1 − + 2  + C
b  t t 

1 a2 
=  t − 2a log | t | − +C
b3  t 

1  a2 
=  (a + bx) − 2a log | a + bx | − +C
b3  (a + bx) 

x2
21. ∫ 1− x
dx, x ∈ (−∞,1)

Sol. Put 1 − x = t 2 , −dx = 2t dt

x2 −2t
∫ 1− x
dx = ∫ (1 − t 2 ) 2 ⋅
t
dt

 2 t5 
= 2∫ (1 − 2t 2 + t 4 )dt = −2  t − t 3 +  + C
 3 5 

 2 1 
= −2  1 − x − (1 − x)3/ 2 + (1 − x)5 / 2  + C
 3 5 

INTEGRATION BY PARTS THEOREM

If f(x) and g(x) are two integrable functions then
∫ f (x) ⋅ g(x)dx = f (x)∫ g(x)dx − ∫ f ′(x)  ∫ g(x)dx  dx .
Proof :
d  d  d
 f (x) ⋅ ∫ g(x)dx  = f (x)  ∫ g(x)dx  + ∫ g(x)dx ⋅ [ f (x)]
dx dx dx
= f (x)g(x) +  ∫ g(x)dx  f ′(x)
 
∴ ∫ f (x)g(x) + f ′(x)∫ g(x)dx  dx = f (x)∫ g(x) dx
 
⇒ ∫ f (x)g(x)dx + ∫ f ′(x)  ∫ g(x)dx  dx = f (x) ∫ g(x) dx
 
∴ ∫ f (x)g(x)dx = f (x) ∫ g(x) dx − ∫ f ′(x)  ∫ g(x)dx  dx
 
Note 1 : If u and v are two functions of x then ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du .
Note 2 : If u and v are two functions of x; u′, u″, u″′ …… denote the successive
derivatives of u and v1, v2, v3, v4, v5,….… the successive integrals of v then the extension
of integration by pairs is ∫ uv dx = uv1 − u ′v 2 + u ′′v3 − u ′′′v 4 + ... .
Note 3 : In integration by parts, the first function will be taken as the following order.
Inverse functions, Logarithmic functions, Algebraic functions, Trigonometric
functions and Exponential functions. (To remember this a phrase ILATE).

THEOREM
eax
∫ e cos bx dx = a 2 + b2 (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
ax

Proof :
Let I = ∫ eax cos bx dx = cos bx ∫ eax dx − ∫  d(cos bx) ∫ eax dx  dx
 
eax eax
a ∫
= cos bx − (− b sin bx) dx
a
eax b
= cos bx + ∫ eax sin bx dx
a a
eax b eax eax 
a ∫
= cos bx + sin bx − b cos bx dx 
a a a 
eax b b2
= cos bx + 2 eax sin bx − 2 I
a a a
 b 2  1 ax
⇒ I  1 + 2  = 2 e [ a cos bx + b sin bx ]
 a  a
 a 2 + b 2  1 ax
⇒ I 2  = 2 e [ a cos bx + b sin bx ]
 a  a
eax
∴I = [a cos bx + b sin bx ] + c
a 2 + b2
THEOREM
eax
∫ e sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx)
ax
a 2 + b2
Proof : Let I =
∫e
ax
sin bx dx = sin bx ∫ e ax dx − ∫  d(sin bx) ∫ eax dx  dx
 
 eax eax
a ∫
= sin bx − b cos bx dx
a
1 b
= eax sin bx − ∫ eax cos bx dx
a a
1 b eax e ax 
= eax sin bx − cos bx − ∫ ( −b sin bx) dx 
a a a a 
1 b b2
= eax sin bx − 2 eax cos bx − 2 ∫ eax sin bx dx
a a a
1 b b2
= eax sin bx − 2 eax cos bx − 2 I
a a a
 a 2  1 ax
⇒ I  1 + 2  = 2 e [ a sin bx − b cos bx ]
 b  a
 a 2 + b 2  eax
⇒ I 2  = 2 [ a sin bx − b cos bx ]
 b  a
eax
∴I = [a sin bx − b cos bx ] + c
a 2 + b2
∫ e [f (x) + f ′(x)] dx = e f (x) + c
x x
THEOREM
Proof :
∫ e [f (x) + f ′(x)] dx = ∫ e f (x)dx + ∫ e f ′(x)dx
x x x

= f (x) ∫ e x dx − ∫  d[f (x)]∫ ex dx  dx + ∫ ex f ′(x)dx

 
= f (x)e x − ∫ f ′(x)e x dx + ∫ e x f ′(x)dx = ex f (x) + c

Note : ∫ e − x [ f (x) − f ′(x)] dx = − e− x f (x) + c

 EXERCISE – 8 (C)

I. Evaluate the following integrals.

 (2n + 1)π 
∫ x sec x dx on I ⊂ R \  2 : n is an integer 
2
1.

Sol. ∫ x sec2 x dx = x(tan x) − ∫ tan x dx = x tan x − log | sec x | + C

 −1 1 
∫e  tan x +  dx , x ∈ R.
x
2.
 1+ x2 
Sol.
1
Let f (x) = tan −1 x so that f ′(x) =
1+ x2

∴ ∫ e x  tan −1 x +

1 
2
1+ x 
(
dx = e x tan −1 x + C ∵ ∫ ex [ f (x) + f ′(x) ] dx = e x ⋅ f (x) + C )
log x
3. ∫ x2
dx on (0, ∞).

log x  1 1 1 1 1
Sol. ∫ x 2
dx = (log x)  −  + ∫ ⋅ dx
 x x x
= − log x − + C
x x

∫ (log x) dx on (0, ∞).

2
4.
1
Sol. ∫ (log x)2 dx = (log x)2 x − ∫ x ⋅ 2 log x ⋅ dx
x
 1 
= x(log x) 2 − 2 ∫ log x dx = x(log x) 2 − 2  x log x − ∫ x dx 
 x 
= x(log x) 2 − 2x ⋅ log x + x + c

 π 
∫e (sec x + sec x tan x)dx on I ⊂ R \ (2n + 1) : n ∈ Z 
x
5.
 2 
Sol. ∫ e x (sec x + sec x tan x)dx = e x ⋅ sec x + C

(∵ ∫ e [f (x) + f ′(x)]dx = e f (x) + C )

x x
 ∫e
x
6. cos x dx on R.

Sol. I = ∫ ex cos x dx = e x sin x − ∫ sin x ⋅ e x dx

= e x ⋅ sin x + e x ⋅ cos x − ∫ e x ⋅ cos x dx

= e x (sin x + cos x) − I
2I = e x (sin x + cos x)
ex
I= (sin x + cos x) + C
2

∫ e (sin x + cos x)dx

x
7. on R.

Sol. ∫ ex (sin x + cos x)dx

f (x) = sin x ⇒ f ′(x) = cos x
∴ ∫ e x (sin x + cos x)dx = e x ⋅ sin x + C

 1  1 
∫ (tan x + log sec x)e dx on   2n −  π,  2n +  π  n ∈ Z
x
8.
 2  2 
1
Sol. let f = log | sec x |⇒ f '(x) = ⋅ sec x ⋅ tan x ⋅
sec x
= tan x

∫ (tan x + logsec x)e dx = e

x x
(
⋅ log | sec x | +C ∵ ∫ e x [f (x) + f ′(x)]dx = e xf (x) + C )
II. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫x log x dx on (0, ∞), n is a real number and n ≠ –1.

n
1.

x n +1 1 1
Sol. ∫ x n log x dx = (log x) − ∫ x n +1 dx
n +1 n +1 x
x n +1 (log x) 1
=
n +1
−
n +1 ∫ x n dx

x n +1 (log x) x n +1
= − +C
n +1 (n + 1) 2
x n +1
= [(n + 1) log x − 1] + C
(n + 1) 2
 ∫ log(1 + x )dx on R.
2
2.

Sol. ∫ log(1 + x 2 )dx = ∫ 1.log(1 + x 2 )dx =

1
= log(1 + x 2 ) ⋅ x − ∫ x 2x dx
1+ x2
1+ x2 −1
= x log(1 + x 2 ) − 2 ∫ dx
1+ x2
dx
= x log(1 + x 2 ) − 2∫ dx + 2∫
1+ x2
= x log(1 + x 2 ) − 2x + 2 tan −1 x + C
3. ∫ x log x dx on (0, ∞).

Sol. ∫ x log x dx =
2 2 1
= log x ⋅ x3/ 2 − ∫ x3/ 2 ⋅ dx
3 3 x
2 2
= x 3/ 2 (log x) − ∫ x1/ 2dx
3 3
2 2 x 3/ 2
= x3/ 2 (log x) − +C
3 3 3/ 2
2 4
= x 3/ 2 log x − x 3/ 2 + C
3 9

∫e dx on (0, ∞).
x
4.

Sol. let x = t ⇒ x = t 2 , dx = 2t dt

∫e
x
dx = 2∫ t e t dt = 2  te t − ∫ e t dt 
 
= 2(te t − e t ) + C
= 2 xe x
− 2e x
+C

∫ x cos x dx on R.
2
5.

Sol. ∫ x 2 cos x dx = x 2 (sin x) − ∫ sin x(2x dx)

= x 2 sin x + 2 ∫ x( − sin x)dx

= x 2 ⋅ sin x + 2[x cos x − ∫ cos x dx]
= x 2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2sin x + c
 ∫ x sin
2
6. x dx on R.
1
Sol. ∫ x sin 2 x dx = ∫ x(1 − cos 2x)dx
2
1
=  ∫ xdx − ∫ x cos 2x dx 
2
1  x 2  sin 2x 1 
=  − x ⋅ − ∫ sin 2x dx 
2  2  2 2 
x2 x 1
= − sin 2x + ∫ sin 2x dx
4 4 4
x2 x 1
= − sin 2x − cos 2x + C
4 4 8

∫ x cos
2
7. x dx on R.
1
Sol. ∫ x cos2 x dx = ∫ x(1 + cos 2x)dx
2
1
=  ∫ x dx + ∫ x cos 2x dx 
2
1  x 2  sin 2x 1 
=  + x − ∫ sin 2x dx 
2  2  2 2 
x2 x 1
= + sin 2x − ∫ sin 2x dx
4 4 4
x2 x 1
= + sin 2x + cos 2x + C
4 4 8

8. ∫ cos x dx on R.

Sol. x = t 2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
I = 2 ∫ t ⋅ cos t dt = 2(t sin t − ∫ sin t dt)
= 2(t sin t + cos t) + C
= 2 x sin x + 2cos x + C

 π 
∫ x sec 2x dx on I ⊂ R \ (2nπ + 1) : n ∈ Z 
2
9.
 4 
tan 2x 1
Sol. ∫ x sec2 2x dx = x − ∫ tan 2x dx
2 2
 tan 2x 1 1
=x − ⋅ log | sec 2x | + C
2 2 2
tan 2x 1
=x − log | sec 2x | + C
2 4

∫ x cot x dx on I ⊂ R \ {nπ : n ∈ Z} .
2
10.

Sol. ∫ x cot 2 x dx = ∫ x(csc 2 x − 1)dx

= ∫ x csc 2 x dx − ∫ x dx

x2
= x( − cot x) + ∫ cot x dx −
2
x2
= − x cot x + log | sin x | − +C
2
 π 
∫e (tan x + sec2 x)dx on I ⊂ R \ (2n + 1) : n ∈ Z 
x
11.
 2 
Sol. f (x) = tan x ⇒ f ′(x) = sec 2 x dx
I = ∫ ex [ f (x) + f ′(x) ]dx = e x f (x) + C = e x tan x + C

 1 + x log x 
∫e  dx on (0, ∞).
x
12. 
 x 
 1 + x log x  x 1
Sol. ∫ e x   dx = ∫ e  log x +  dx = e log x + C
x
 x   x

III. Evaluate the following integrals.

−1
1. ∫ x tan x dx, x ∈ R

x2 1 2 1
Sol. ∫ x tan −1 x dx = (tan −1 x) − ∫x ⋅ dx
2 2 1+ x2
x 2 (tan −1 x) 1  1 
= − ∫ 1 −  dx
2 2  1+ x2 
x 2 (tan −1 x) 1
= − (x − tan −1 x) + C
2 2
 x 2 (tan −1 x) x tan −1 x
= − + +C
2 2 2
(x 2 + 1) x
= tan −1 x − + C
2 2

2. ∫x
2
tan −1 x dx, x ∈ R .

x3 1 3 1
Sol. ∫ x 2 tan −1 x dx = (tan −1 x)
3 3 ∫ 1+ x2
− x dx

x 3 (tan −1 x) 1 x(x 2 + 1) − x
= − ∫ dx
3 3 1+ x2
x 3 (tan −1 x) 1 1 xdx
= − ∫ xdx + ∫
3 3 3 1+ x2
x 3 (tan −1 x) x 2 1
= − + log |1 + x 2 | +C
3 6 6

tan −1 x
3. ∫ x2
dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \{0}

tan −1 x 1 −1  1  1 1
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ tan −1 x =(tan x)  −  + ∫ dx
x2 x2  x x 1+ x2
tan −1 x 1 2x dx
=− + ∫ 2
x 2 x (1 + x 2 )
tan −1 x 1  1 1 
=− + ∫ 2 −  (2x dx)
x 2 x 1+ x2 
tan −1 x dx 1 2x dx
+∫
x 2 ∫ 1+ x2
= −
x
tan −1 x 1
=− + log | x | − log |1 + x 2 | + C
x 2
−1
4. ∫ x cos x dx, x ∈ (−1,1)
Sol. ∫ x cos −1 x

d 
= cos −1 ∫ x dx − ∫  [cos −1 x]∫ x dx  dx
 dx 
 x2 −1 x 2
= cos −1 x − ∫ dx
2 1− x2 2
x2 −1 1 x2
= cos x + ∫ dx
2 2 1− x2
x2 1 1− x2 −1
= cos −1 x − ∫ dx
2 2 1− x2
x2 1 1 1
= cos −1 x − ∫ 1 − x 2 dx + ∫ dx
2 2 2 1− x2
x2 1 1 1  1
= cos −1 x −  x 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x  + sin −1 x + C
2 2 2 2  2
x2 1 1
= cos −1 x − x 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x + C
2 4 4

−1
∫ x sin x dx, x ∈ ( −1,1)
2
5.

Sol. ∫ x 2 sin −1 x dx

x3 1 3  1 
= (sin −1 x)
3 3 ∫  1 − x 2
− x   dx


x3 −1 1 x[1 − (1 − x 2 )]
= sin x − ∫ dx
3 3 1− x2
x3 1 xdx 1
= sin −1 x − ∫ + ∫ x 1 − x 2 dx
3 3 1− x2 3

x 3 −1 1 1 (1 − x 2 ) 3/ 2
= sin x + 1 − x 2 + +C
3 3 3 (3 / 2)( −2)

x 3 −1 1− x2 1
= sin x + − (1 − x 2 )3/ 2 + C
3 3 9

6. ∫ x log(1 + x)dx, x ∈ (−1, ∞ )

Sol. ∫ x log(1 + x)dx

 x2  1 x2
 2  2 ∫ 1 + x
= log(1 + x)  − dx
 
x2 1 1 − (1 − x 2 )
= log(1 + x) − ∫ dx
2 2 1+ x
 x2 1 dx 1
log(1 + x) − ∫
2 1+ x 2 ∫
= + (1 − x)dx
2
x2 1 1 x2 
= log(1 + x) − log(1 + x) +  x − +C
2 2 2  2 

(x 2 − 1) x x2
= log(1 + x) + − +C
2 2 4

7. ∫ sin x dx on (0, ∞).

Sol. put x = t 2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
= 2  t(− cos t) + ∫ cos t dt 
= −2t cos t + 2 sin t
= −2 x cos x + 2sin x + C

∫e sin(bx + c)dx , (a, b, c ∈ R, b ≠ 0) on R.

ax
8.
Sol.
Let I = ∫ eax sin(bx + c)dx

 cos(bx + c)  1
= eax  −  + ∫ cos(bx + c)e a dx
ax
 b  b
eax ⋅ cos(bx + c) a ax
=− + ∫ e cos(bx + c)dx
b b
eax ⋅ cos(bx + c) a  ax bx + c  1
=− +  e ⋅ sin  − ∫ sin(bx + c)e ⋅ a ⋅ dx
ax
b b b  b
eax ⋅ cos(bx + c) a ax a2
=− + 2 e sin(bx + c) − 2 I
b b b
 a2  eax a
 1 + 2  I = − cos(bx + c) + 2 e ax sin(bx + c)
 b  b b
a 2 + b2 eax
I = 2 [a sin(bx + c) − b(cos(bx + c)]
b2 b
eax
∴I = [a sin(bx + c) − b(cos(bx + c)] + C1
a 2 + b2
 ∫ a cos 2x dx on R(a > 0 and a ≠ 1).
x
9.

Sol. ∫ a x cos 2x dx
sin 2x 1
= ax − ∫ sin 2x ⋅ a x log a dx
2 2
a x ⋅ sin 2x log a x
2 ∫
= + a (− sin 2x)dx
2
a x sin 2x log a x 2x 1
= + (a ⋅ cos − ∫ cos 2x ⋅ a x log a dx)
2 2 2 2
a x sin 2x a x log a cos 2x (log a) 2
= + − I
2 4 4
 (log a) 2  a x [2sin 2x + (log a) cos 2x]
1 +  I =
 4  4

4 + (log a) 2 a x [2sin 2x + (cos 2x) log a]

I=
4 4
2 ⋅ a x ⋅ sin 2x + (a x ⋅ log a) cos 2x
∴I = +c
(log a)2 + 4

−1  3x − x   1 1 
3
10. ∫ tan 
  dx on I ⊂ R \ − , .
 1 − 3x 
2
 3 3
Sol. Put x = tan t ⇒ dx = sec2 t dt
 3x − x 3 
Then ∫ tan −1 
 1 − 3x 2 
dx
 
 3 tan t − tan 3 t  2
= ∫ tan −1 
 1 − 3 tan 2 t 
sec t dt
 
= ∫ tan −1 (tan 3t)sec 2 t dt = 3∫ t sec 2 t dt

 d  
= 3  t ∫ sec 2 t dt − ∫  (t) ∫ sec 2 t dt  dt 
  dt  
= 3[t(tan t) − ∫ (1) tan t dt]
= 3(t tan t − log | sec t |) + C

(
= 3 x ⋅ tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + C )
  3 
= 3x  tan −1 x − log(1 + x 2 )  + C
 2 
3
= 3x tan −1 (x) − log(1 + x 2 ) + C
2
−1
11. ∫ sinh x dx on R.
Sol. ∫ sinh −1 x dx = ∫ 1.sinh −1 x dx
1
= x.sinh −1 x − ∫ .xdx
1+ x2
1 2x
= x.sinh −1 x − ∫ dx
2 1+ x2
1
= x.sinh −1 x − 2. 1 + x 2 + c
2
= x.sinh −1 x − 1 + x 2 + c

−1
12. ∫ cosh xdx on [1, ∞].

Sol. ∫ cosh −1 xdx = ∫ 1.cosh −1 xdx

Apply integration by parts.
Ans: x cosh −1 x − x 2 − 1 + C

−1
13. ∫ tanh x dx on (–1, 1).
Sol. ∫ tanh −1 x dx = ∫ 1.tanh −1 x dx

= ∫ 1.tanh −1 x dx
1
= x.tanh −1 x − ∫ xdx
1− x2
1 −2x
= x.tanh −1 x + ∫ dx
2 1− x2
1
(
= x.tanh −1 x + log 1 − x 2 + c
2
)
INTEGRATION OF SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Type I :
1
If the integral is of the form ∫ 2 dx , where ax 2 + bx + c is
ax + bx + c
irreducible quadratic factor then reduce it in the form of
1 1
∫ X 2 ± A2 dx or ∫ A2 ± X 2 dx and then evaluate.
1
Type II : If the integral is of the form ∫ dx . Then reduce it in
ax 2 + bx + c
1 1
the form ∫ dx or ∫ dx and then evaluate.
X 2 ± A2 A2 ± X 2
Type III : If the integral is of the form ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx . Then reduce it in

the from of ∫ A2 ± X 2 dx or ∫ X 2 ± A2 dx and then evaluate

Type IV :
px + q
If the integral is of the form ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx then take

d
px + q = A (ax 2 + bx + c) + B .
dx
px + q
Type V : If the integral is of the form ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx . Then take

d
px + q = A (ax 2 + bx + c) + B .
dx
Type VI : If the integral is of the form ∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx . Then take
d
px + q = A (ax 2 + bx + c) + B .
dx
1
Type VII : If the integral is of the form ∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c
dx . Then to

1
evaluate this put px + q = .
t
1
Type VIII : If the integral is of the form ∫ (ax 2 + b) cx 2 + d
dx . Then to

1
evaluate this, put x = .
t
 px + q ax + b
Type IX : If the integral is of the form ∫ ax + b
dx or ∫ px + q
dx or

1
∫ (px + q) ax + b dx or ∫ (px + q) ax + b
dx . Then Put ax + b = t2. Then

1
dx = 2t dt .
a

INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE RATIONAL IN sin x AND

cos x.
Type X :
dx
If the integral is of the form ∫ 2 or
a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2

dx
∫ a cos2 x + b sin x cos x + c sin 2 x then multiply both numerator and
denominator with sec2 x and take tan x = t.

dx dx
Type XI : If the integral is of the form ∫ a + b cos x or ∫ a + b sin x or
dx x 1 x
∫ a cos x + b sin x + c , take tan
2
= t ⇒ sec 2 dx = dt ⇒ (1 + tan 2 x / 2)dx = 2dt ⇒
2 2
2dt 2 tan x / 2 2t 1 − tan 2 x / 2 1 − t 2
dx = . sin x = = , cos x = = .
1+ t2 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + t 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + t 2

a cos x + b sin x
Type XII : If the integral is of the form ∫ c cos x + d sin x dx , take a cos x + b
d
sin x = A (c cos x + d sin x)+B(c cos x + d sin x).
dx
By equating the coefficients of cos x, sin x we get the values of A and B.
Then the given integral becomes A log|c cos x + d sin x| + Bx + k.
a cos x + b sin x + c
Type XIII : If the integral is of the form ∫ dx , take
c cos x + d sin x + d
d
a cos x + b sin x +c = A (c cos x + d sin x) +B(c cos x + d sin x) +C.
dx
By equating the coefficients of cos x, sin x we get the values of A and B.
Then the given integral becomes A log|c cos x + d sin x| + Bx + k.
 EXERCISE - 8(D)
I. Evaluate the following integrals.
dx
1. ∫
2x − 3x 2 + 1
dx
Sol. ∫
2x − 3x 2 + 1
dx 1 dx
=∫ = ∫
 2x 1 3 2
2  1
2
− x2 + 
  −x − 
3
 3 3 3  3
 1
 x− 
=
1
sin −1  3 + C = 1 sin −1  3x − 1  + C
  
3  2  3  2 
 3 

sin θ
2. ∫ dθ
2 − cos 2 θ
sin θ
Sol. ∫ dθ
2 − cos 2 θ
put cos θ = t ⇒ − sin θ dθ = dt
dt dt  t  −1  cos θ 
= ∫− = −∫ = − sin −1   + C = − sin  +C
2 − t2 ( 2) 2 − t 2  2  2 

cos x
3. ∫ sin 2 x + 4sin x + 5 dx
cos x
Sol. ∫ sin 2 x + 4sin x + 5 dx
put sin x = t ⇒ cos xdx = dt
dt dt
=∫ =∫ = tan −1 (t + 2) + C = tan −1 (sin x + 2) + C
t + 4t + 5
2
(t + 2) + 1
2

dx
4. ∫ 1 + cos2 x
dx sec2 dx sec 2 xdx
Sol. ∫ 1 + cos2 x =∫
sec 2 x + 1
=∫
tan 2 x + 2
 Let tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
dt 1  t  1  tan x 
=∫ = tan −1  +C = tan −1  +C
t + ( 2)
2 2
2  2 2  2 

dx
5. ∫ 2sin 2 x + 3cos2 x
dx sec 2 xdx
Sol. ∫ 2sin 2 x + 3cos2 x =∫
2 tan 2 x + 3
Let tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt

dt 1 dt 2  2t 
=∫ tan −1 
2∫
= = +C
2t 2 + 3  3
2
3  3 
t +
2 2
 2
 2
1  2 tan x  1  2 
= tan −1   + C = tan −1  tan x  + C
2 3  3  6  3 

1
6. ∫ 1 + tan x dx
1
Sol. ∫ 1 + tan x dx
1 cos x dx 1 2 cos x dx
=∫ dx = ∫ = ∫
1+
sin x sin x + cos x 2 sin x + cos x
cos x
1 (cos x + sin x) + (cos x − sin x) 1 1 cos x − sin x
= ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 sin x + cos x 2 2 sin x + cos x
1 1
= x + log | sin x + cos x | +C
2 2

1
7. ∫ 1 − cot x dx
1 1 sin xdx
Sol. ∫ 1 − cot x dx = ∫ cos x
dx = ∫
sin x − cos x
1−
sin x
1 (sin x − cos x) + (cos x + sin x) 1 1 cos x + sin x
= ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 sin x − cos x 2 2 sin x − cos x
 1 1
= x + log | sin x − cos x | +C
2 2

II. Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 1 + 3x − x 2 dx

∫ 1 + 3x − x 2 dx = ∫ 1 − (x 2 − 3x)dx
Sol.
3 9
= ∫ 1 − (x − ) 2 + dx
2 4
 3  3
 13   2  x −  1 + 3x − x 2  x − 
3  2 13
=∫   −  x −  = + sin −1  2 +C
 2   2 2 8  13 
 
 2 

(2x − 3) 1 + 3x − x 2 13 −1  2x − 3 
= + sin  +C
2 8  13 

9 cos x − sin x
2. ∫ 4sin x + 5cos x dx
9 cos x − sin x
Sol. ∫ 4sin x + 5cos x dx
d
let 9cosx-sinx =A ( 4sin x + 5cos x ) + B ( 4sin x + 5cos x )
dx
9cosx-sinx =A ( 4 cos x − 5sin x ) + B ( 4sin x + 5cos x )
Comparing the coefficients of sin and cos , we get
9 = 4A+5B and -5 = -5A+4B
Solving these equations, A =1 and B=1.
∴ 9cosx-sinx =1( 4 cos x − 5sin x ) + 1( 4sin x + 5cos x )1( 4 cos x − 5sin x ) + 1( 4sin x + 5cos x )

9cos x − sin x (4sin x + 5cos x) + (4cos x − 5sin x)

∫ 4sin x + 5cos x dx = ∫ 4sin x + 5cos x
dx

4 cos x − 5sin x
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx
4sin x + 5cos x
= x + log | 4sin x + 5cos x | +C
 2 cos x + 3sin x
3. ∫ 4 cos x + 5sin x dx
23 2
ans = x − log | 4cos x + 5sin x | +C
41 41

dx
4. ∫ 1 + sin x + cos x
dx
Sol. ∫ 1 + sin x + cos x
dx
=
∫ x x
 2 tan 1 − tan 2
2 + 2
1 + x
2 x
 1 + tan 1 + tan 2 
 2 2
x
sec2dx
=∫ 2
x x x
1 + tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 − tan 2
2 2 2
x
sec2 x 1 x
=∫ 2 put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt
x 2 2 2
2 + 2 tan
2
dt dt
= 2∫ =∫ log |1 + t | +C
2 + 2t 1+ t
x
= log 1 + tan + C
2
dx
5. ∫ 3x 2 + x + 1
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 3x 2 + x + 1 = ∫  1 1
3 x2 + x + 
 3 3
1 dx 1 dx
= ∫
3  2
= ∫
1 1 1 3  2
 11 
2
1 
x +  + − x +  + 
 6  3 36  6  6 

1 1  x + (1/ 6) 
= ⋅ tan −1  +C
3 11  ( 11/ 6) 
 
6
 2  6x + 1 
= tan −1  +C
11  11 

dx
6. ∫
5 − 2x 2 + 4x
dx
Sol. ∫
5 − 2x 2 + 4x
5 – 2x2 + 4x
 5  5
= −2  x 2 − 2x −  = −2 (x − 1) 2 − 1 − 
 2  2
 7 7 
= −2  (x − 1) 2 −  = 2  − (x − 1) 2 
 2 2 
1
Now ∫ dx
5 − 2x 2 + 4x
1
=∫ dx
7 
2  − (x − 1) 2 
2 
1 1
=
2 ∫ 2
dx
 7
 − (x − 1)
2

 2
1 (x − 1)
= sin −1 +C
2 7/2
1 2
= sin −1 (x − 1) + C
2 7
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
x +1
1. ∫ dx
x2 − x +1
Sol.

take x+1 =A
d 2
dx
( )
x − x +1 + B

x+1 =A ( 2x − 1) + B
Comparing the coefficients of like terms,
 2A = 1 and B-A =1
1 3
⇒ A= and b =
2 2
1 3
∴ x+1 = ( 2x − 1) +
2 2

1 3
(2x − 1) +
x +1
∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 dx
x − x +1
2
x − x +1
2

1 (2x − 1)dx 3 dx
=
2 ∫ + ∫
x2 − x +1 2 x2 − x +1
3 dx
= x2 − x +1 + ∫
2 2
1  3
2

x −  + 
 2  2 

 1
 x− 
3
= x 2 − x + 1 + sinh −1  2 +C
2  3 
 
 2 
3  2x − 1 
= x 2 − x + 1 + sinh −1  +C
2  3 
2. ∫ (6x + 5) 6 − 2x 2 + x dx
Sol.

let 6x+5=A
d
dx
(
6 − 2x 2 + x + B )
⇒ 6x + 5 = A(1 – 4x) + B
Equating the coefficients
−3
6 = −4A ⇒ A =
2
Equating the constants
A+B=5
3 13
B = 5 – A = 5+ =
2 2

∫ (6x + 5) 6 − 2x 2 + x dx
3 13
=−
2 ∫ (1 − 4x) 6 − 2x 2 + x +
2
6 − 2x 2 + x dx
 3 (6 − 2x 2 + x)3/ 2 13 x
=− + 2 ∫ 3 − x 2 + dx
2 3/ 2 2 2
2 2
13 7  1
= −(6 − 2x 2 + x)3/ 2 +
2
∫   −  x −  dx
4  4
 1 2 x  1
 x −  3− x +  x− 
13   4 2 49 −1  4
= −(6 − 2x 2 + x)3/2 + + sin +C
2 2 32 7 
   
 4 

13  (4x − 1) 6 − 2x 2 + x 49  4x − 1  
= −(6 − 2x 2 + x)3/2 +  + sin −1   +C
2  16 × 2 32  7  

13 637  4x − 1 
= −(6 − 2x 2 + x)3/2 + (4x − 1) 6 − 2x 2 + x + sin −1  +C
16 32 2  7 

dx
3. ∫ 4 + 5sin x
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5sin x = ∫ x
2 tan
4+5 2
x
1 + tan 2
2

x x 1
put tan = t ⇒ sec2 ⋅ dx = dt
2 2 2
2dt 2dt
⇒ dx = =
x 1+ t2
sec 2
2

dt dt
G.I. = 2∫ = 2∫
1+ t 2
4 + 4t 2 + 10t
2t
4+5
1+ t2
1 dt 1 dt
= ∫ = ∫
2 t 2 + + 1 2  5 2  3 2
5t
2 t +  − 
 4 4
 5 3
t+ −
1 1 4 4 +C
= log
2 2⋅ 3 5 3
t+ +
4 4 4
1 4t + 2 1 2t + 1
= log + C = log +C
3 4t + 8 3 2t + 4
x
2 tan + 1
1 2
= log +C
3  x 
2  tan  + 2
 2
1
4. ∫ 2 − 3cos 2x dx
1 dx
Sol. ∫ 2 − 3cos 2x dx = ∫ 1 − tan 2 x
2−3
1 + tan 2 x
put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
dt
dx =
1+ t2

dt dt
GI = ∫ =∫
1+ t2 2 + 2t 2 − 3 + 3t 2
1− t2
2−3
1+ t2
dt 1 dt
=∫ 2 = ∫
5t − 1 5 2  1  2
t − 
 5
1
t−
1 (1/ 2) 5 +C
= log
5 5 1
t+
5
1 5t − 1
= log +C
2 5 5t + 1

1 5 tan x − 1
= log +C
2 5 5 tan x + 1
5. ∫x 1 + x − x 2 dx

2 3/2 (2x − 1) 1 + x − x  2x − 1 
2
1 5
Ans = − (1 + x − x ) + + sin −1  +C
3 8 16  5 

dx
6. ∫
(1 + x) 3 + 2x − x 2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ =∫
(1 + x) (3 − x)(1 + x)
(1 + x) 3 + 2x − x 2
Put 1 + x = t 2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
2t dt 2dt 2 dt
G.I. = ∫ =∫ =∫ 3
t 2 t 2 (4 − t 2 ) t2 4 − t2 t 4
−1
t2
4 8
Put − 1 = y2 ⇒ − dt = 2y dy
t2 t3
2 y
dt = − dy
⇒ 3
t 4
y dy 1 1
G.I. = 2 ∫ − = − ∫ dy = − y + C
4 y2 2 2

1 4
=− −1 + C
2 t2
1 4 1 3− x
=− −1 + C − +C
2 1+ x 2 3+ x

dx
7. ∫ 4cos x + 3sin x
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4cos x + 3sin x = ∫ x x
1 − tan 2 2 tan
4 2 +3 2
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
x 2dt
Put tan = t ⇒ dx =
2 1+ t2
 2dt
I=∫ 1+ t2 = 2∫
dt
(1 − t ) 3 ⋅ 2t
2
4 − 4t 2 + 6t
4 +
1+ t2 1+ t2
1 dt 1 dt
=− ∫ =− ∫
2 t2 − 3 t −1 2  3 2  5 2
2 t −  − 
 4 4
3 5
t− −
1 1 4 4 +C
=− log
2 2⋅ 5 3 5
t− +
4 4 4
1 t−2 1 2t − 4
= − log + C = − log +C
5 t + (1/ 2) 5 2t + 1
 x 
2  tan − 2 
= − log   +C
1 2
5 x
2 tan + 1
2

1
8. ∫ sin x + 3 cos x
dx

x
3 tan +1
1 2
Ans = log +c
2  x
3  3 − tan 
 2
dx
9. ∫ 5 + 4cos 2x
1  tan x 
Ans = tan −1  +C
3  3 

2sin x + 3cos x + 4
10. ∫ 3sin x + 4cos x + 5 dx
Sol.
2sin x + 3cos x + 4
∫ 3sin x + 4cos x + 5 dx
Let 2 sinx + 3 cos x + 4 = A (3sinx + 4cosx + 5) +B
d
( 3sinx + 4cosx + 5) + C
dx

2 sinx + 3 cos x + 4
 = A(3sinx + 4cosx + 5) + B(3cosx – 4sinx) + C
Equating the coefficients of
sin x and cos x,
we get 3A – 4B = 2 and 4A + 3B = 3
Solving these equations,
18 1
A= , B=
25 25
Equating the constants
4 = 5A + C
18 2
C = 4 – 5A = 4 – 5 ⋅ =
25 5
18 1 2
2 sinx + 3 cos x + 4 = ( 3sinx + 4cosx + 5 ) + ( 3cosx − 4sinx ) +
25 25 5

2sin x + 3cos x + 4
∴∫ dx
3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
18 1 3cos x − 4sin x 2 dx
= ∫ dx + ∫ + ∫
25 25 3sin x + 4cos x + 5 5 3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
18 1 2 dx
= x+ log | 3sin x + 4 cos x + 5 | + ∫ ...(1)
25 25 5 3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
dx
Let I = ∫
3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
2dt
x 2dt 1+ t2
Put tan = t ⇒ dx =
2 1+ t2
I = ∫ 3 − 2t 4(1 + t 2 )
+ +5
1+ t2 1+ t2
dt dt
= 2∫ = 2 ∫
6t + 4 − 4t 2 + 5 + 5t 2 t 2 + 6t + 9
dt 2 2
= 2∫ =− =−
(t + 3) 2 t +3 3 + tan
x
2
Substituting in (1)
18 1
I= ⋅ x + log | 3sin x + 4 cos x + 5 |
25 25
4
− +C
 x
5  3 + tan 
 2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

EXERCISE – 8(E)
I. Evaluate the following integrals.
(x − 1)dx
1. ∫ (x − 2)(x − 3)
Sol.
(x − 1) A B A ( x − 3) + B ( x − 2 )
= + = x − 1 = A ( x − 3) + B ( x − 2 )
(x − 2)(x − 3) x − 2 x − 3 (x − 2)(x − 3)
Put x= 3, then B = 2 and put x=2 then A= -1
(x − 1) −1 2
∴ = +
(x − 2)(x − 3) x − 2 x − 3
(x − 1)dx  −1 2 
∴∫ = ∫ + dx
(x − 2)(x − 3)  x −2 x −3
= = 2log(x − 3) − log ( x − 2) + c

x2
2. ∫ (x + 1)(x + 2)2 dx
Sol. let
x2 A B C
= + +
(x + 1)(x + 2) 2 x + 1 x + 2 (x + 2)2

⇒ x 2 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 1)

Put x = –2 in (1)
(–2)2 = A(0) + B(0) + C(–2+1) ⇒ C = –4
Put x = –1 in (1)
(–1)2 = A(–1+2)2 + B(0) + C(0) ⇒ A = 1
Equating coefficients of x2 in (1)
1=A+B⇒B=1–A=1–1=0
x2 1 0 −4
∴ = + +
(x + 1)(x + 2) 2 x + 1 x + 2 (x + 2)2

x2
∴∫ dx
(x + 1)(x + 2) 2
1 1
=∫ dx − 4 ∫ dx
x +1 (x + 2) 2
  −1 
= log | x + 1| −4  
x+2
4
= log | x + 1| + +C
x+2

x +3
3. ∫ (x − 1)(x 2 + 1) dx
x +3 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
(x − 1)(x + 1)2 x −1 x +1

⇒ (x + 3) = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1) …(1)

Put x = 1 in (1)
Then 4 = A(1 + 1) + 0 ⇒ A = 2
Put x = 0 in (1)
3 = A(1) + C(–1)
⇒A–C=3⇒C=A–3=2–3=1
Equating coefficient of x2 in (1)
0 = A + B ⇒ B = –A = –2
x +3 +2 −2x − 1
∴ = + 2
(x − 1)(x + 1) (x − 1) x + 1
2

x +3
∫ (x − 1)(x 2 + 1) dx
1 2x 1
= 2∫ dx − ∫ 2 dx − ∫ 2 dx
x −1 x +1 x +1
= 2log | x − 1| − log | x 2 + 1| − tan −1 (x) + C

dx
4. ∫ (x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b2 )
Sol. From partial fractions
1 1  1 1 
=  − 
(x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 − a 2 )  (x 2 + a 2 ) (x 2 + b2 ) 
dx
∴∫
(x + a )(x 2 + b 2 )
2 2

1  1 1 
=  ∫
(b 2 − a 2 )  (x 2 + a 2 )
dx − ∫ dx
(x 2 + b2 ) 

 1 1 −1  x  1 −1  x  
=  tan  a  − b tan  b   + C
(b − a )  a
2 2
   

dx
5. ∫ ex + e2x
1 1  1 1 
Sol. = = x − 
e +ex 2x
e (1 + e )  e 1 + e x 
x x

1 1 1
∴∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
e +e
x 2x
e x
1 + ex
−x ex
= ∫ e dx − ∫ dx
e x (1 + e x )
1 1 
= ∫ e − x dx + ∫ e x  x −  dx
e 1 + ex 
ex
= ∫ e − x dx − ∫ 1dx + ∫ dx
1 + ex
ex
= − x + log |1 + e x | +C
(−1)
= −e x + log(1 + ex ) − log(ex ) + C [∵ x = log ex ]

−x  1 + ex 
= −e + log  x  + C
 e
 
dx
6. ∫ (x + 1)(x + 2)
x +1
Ans = log +C
x+2

1
7. ∫ ex − 1 dx
1 e x − (e x − 1) e x dx
Sol. ∫ ex − 1dx = ex − 1
dx = ∫
ex −1
− ∫ dx

= log(e x − 1) − x = log(ex − 1) − log ex + C

ex − 1
= log +C
ex
 1
8. ∫ (1 − x)(4 + x 2 ) dx
1 1 1 x
Ans: = − log |1 − x | + log | 4 + x2 | + tan−1   + C
5 10 10  2

2x + 3
9. ∫ x3 + x 2 − 2x dx
2x + 3 2x + 3
Sol. =
x(x + x − 2)
2 x(x + 2)(x − 1)
2x + 3 A B C
Let = + +
x(x + 2)(x − 1) x x + 2 x −1
⇒ 2x + 3 = A(x + 2)(x − 1) + Bx(x −1) + C(x)(x + 2) ...(1)
Put x = 0 in (1), then
3 = A(2)(–1) + B(0) + C(0) ⇒ A = –3/2
Put x = 1 in (1), then
2 + 3 = A(0) + B(0) + C(1)(3) ⇒ C = 5/3
Put x = –2 in (1), then
2(–2) + 3 = A(0) + B(–2)(–2–1) + C(0)
⇒ –1 = 6B ⇒ B = –1/6
2x + 3 2x + 3
∴ 3 =
x + x − 2x x(x + 2)(x − 1)
2

3 1 5
− −
= 2+ 6 + 3
x x + 2 x −1
2x + 3
Now ∫ 3 dx =
x + x 2 − 2x
3 1 1 1 5 1
= − ∫ dx − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 x 6 x+2 3 x −1
3 1 5
= − log | x | − log | x + 2 | + log | x − 1| + C
2 6 3
II. Evaluate the following integrals.
dx
1. ∫ 2
6x − 5x + 1
Sol.
6x2 – 5x + 1 = (3x – 1)(2x – 1)
1 A B
Let = +
6x − 5x + 1 3x − 1 2x − 1
2

⇒ 1 = A(2x − 1) + B(3x − 1)
2 
Put x = 1/3, 1 = A  − 1 ⇒ A = −3
3 
1 3 
Put x = ⇒ 1 = B  − 1 ⇒ B = 2
2 2 
1 −3 2
∴ = +
6x 2 − 5x + 1 3x − 1 2x − 1
1 dx dx
∫ 6x 2 − 5x + 1 dx = −3∫ 3x − 1 + 2∫ 2x − 1
log | 3x − 1| log | 2x − 1|
= −3 +2
3 2
2x − 1
= log +C
3x − 1

dx
2. ∫ x(x + 1)(x + 2)
1 1
ANS = log | x | − log | x + 1| + log | x + 2 | + C
2 2
3x − 2
3. ∫ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) dx
3x − 2 A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) x − 1 x + 2 x − 3
3x – 2 = A(x + 2)(x – 3) + B(x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x + 2)
Put x = 1
1
3(1) –2=A(1+2)(1–3)+B(0) + C(0) ⇒ A = −
6
Put x = 3
7
3(3) – 2 = A(0)+B(0)+C(3–1)(3+2) ⇒ C =
10
 Put x = –2
3(–2) – 2 = A(0) + B(–2–1)(–2–3) + C(0) – 8
−8
= 15B ⇒ B =
15
3x − 2
∴
(x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3)
−1 1 8 1 7 1
= ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅
6 x − 1 15 x + 2 10 x − 3
3x − 2 1
∫ (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) dx = − 6 log | x −1|
8 7
− log | x + 2 | + log | x − 3 | + C
15 10

7x − 4
4. ∫ (x − 1)2 (x + 2) dx
7x − 4 A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − 1) (x + 2)
2 x − 1 (x − 1) 2 (x + 2)
⇒ 7x – 4 = A(x–1)(x+2) + B(x+2) + C(x – 1)2 …(1)
Put x = 1 in (1)
7 – 4 = A(0) + B(1+2) + C(0) ⇒ B = 1
Put x = –2 in (1)
7(–2) – 4 = A(0) + B(0) + C(–2–1)2 ⇒ C = –2
Equating coefficients of x2 in (1)
0 = A + C ⇒ A = –C ⇒ A = 2
7x − 4 2 1 2
∴ = + −
(x − 1) (x + 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2 x+2
7x − 4
∴∫ dx =
(x − 1)2 (x + 2)
dx dx dx
2∫ +∫ − 2∫
x −1 (x − 1) 2 x+2
 1 
= 2 log | x − 1| −   − log | x + 2 | +C
 x −1 
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
1
1. ∫ dx
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)
1 A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) x − a x − b x − c
A(x − b)(x − c) + B(x − a)(x − c) + C(x − a)(x − b)
=
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)
⇒ 1 = A(x – b)(x – c) + B(x – a)(x – c) + C(x – a)(x – b) …(1)
Put x = a, we get
1
1 = A(a − b)(a − c) ⇒ A =
(a − b)(a − c)
1
Put x = b, we get B =
(b − a)(c − b)
1
Similarly C =
(c − a)(c − b)
1
∴ =
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)
1 1 1
(a − b)(a − c) (b − a)(b − c) (c − a)(c − b)
= + +
x−a x−b x−c
1
∴∫ dx
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)
1 1 1
= ∫
(a − b)(a − c) x − a
dx +
(b − a)(b − c)
1 1 1
∫ x − b dx + (c − a)(c − b) ∫ x − c dx

2x + 3
2. ∫ (x + 3)(x 2 + 4) dx
2x + 3 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
(x + 3)(x + 4)
2 x +3 x +4
2x + 3 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x + 3)
3
x = –3 ⇒ –3 = A(9 + 4) = 13A ⇒ A = −
13
Equating the coefficients of x2
 3
0 = A + B ⇒ B = –A =
13
Equating the constants
3 = 4A + 3C
12 39 + 12 51 17
3C = 3 – 4A = 3 + = = ⇒C=
13 13 13 13
2x + 3 −3 1 3x + 17
= ⋅ +
(x + 3)(x + 4) 13 x + 3 13(x 2 + 4)
2

2x + 3
∫ (x + 3)(x 2 + 4) dx
−3 dx 3 2xdx 17 dx
= ∫ + ∫ 2 + ∫ 2
13 x + 3 26 x + 4 13 x + 4
−3 3 17 x
= log | x + 3 | + log | x 2 + 4 | + tan −1   + C
13 26 26 2

2x 2 + x + 1
3. ∫ (x + 3)(x − 2)2 dx
2x 2 + x + 1 A B C
Sol. = + +
(x + 3)(x − 2) 2 x + 3 x − 2 (x − 2) 2
2x2 + x + 1 = A(x – 2)2 + B(x + 3)(x – 2)
+ C(x + 3)
11
x = 2 ⇒ 8 + 2 + 1 = C(2+3) = 5C ⇒ C =
5
16
x = –3 ⇒ 18–3+1 = A(–5)2 = 25A ⇒ A =
25
Equating the coefficients of x2
16 34
2 = A + B ⇒ B = 2 – A = 2− =
25 25
2x 2 + x + 1 16 dx 34 dx 11 1
∫ (x + 3)(x − 2)2 = 25 ∫ x + 3 + 25 ∫ x − 2 + 5 ∫ (x − 2)2 dx
16 34 11
= log | x + 3 | + log | x − 2 | − +C
25 25 5(x − 2)
 dx
4. ∫ x3 + 1
1 1
Sol. =
x +1
3
(x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
1 A Bx + C
Let = + 2
x +1 3 (x + 1) x − x + 1
⇒ 1 = A(x2 – x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1) …(1)
Put x = –1 in (1)
1 = A(1 + 1 + 1) + (–B + C)(0)
⇒ 3A = 1 ⇒ A = 1/3
Put x = 0 in (1)
1 2
1 = A(1) + C(1) ⇒ C = 1 – A = 1 – =
3 3
Equating the coefficient of x2
0 = A + B ⇒ B = –A = –1/3
1 1 −x + 2
= +
x + 1 3(x + 1) 3 | x 2 − x + 1|
3

 
1 1 −x + 2
∫ x 3 + 1 ∫  3(x + 1) + 3 x 2 − x + 1
= dx
( )
dx

 
In the second integral of rhs,

Let −x + 2 = A
d 2
dx
( )
x − x + 1 + B = A(2x − 1) + B

Comparing the coefficients,

2A = -1 and B-A =2
A = - 1/2, B =3/2
−1 3
− x + 2 = (2x − 1) +
2 2
1 3
− (2x − 1) +
dx 1 dx
∫ x 3 + 1 = 3 ∫ (x + 1) + ∫ 2x 2 − x + 1 2 dx
1 1 2x − 1 1 dx
= log | x + 1| − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2
3 6 x − x +1 2 x − x +1
1 1 1 dx
= log | x + 1| − log | x 2 − x + 1| + ∫ 2
3 6 2 1  3
2

 x −  + 
 2  2 
  1
 x− 
1 1 1 1
= log | x + 1| − log | x 2 − x + 1| + ⋅ tan −1  2 +C
3 6 2 3  3 
 
2  2 
1 1 1  2x − 1 
= log | x + 1| − log | x 2 − x + 1| + tan −1  +C
3 6 3  3 
sin x cos x
5. ∫ cos2 x + 3cos x + 2 dx
Sol.
Put cosx = t ⇒ –sinx dx = dt
sin x cos x − t dt
∫ cos2 x + 3cos x + 2 dx = ∫ t 2 + 3t + 2
t
= −∫ 2 dt …(1)
t + 3t + 2
t t A B
Let 2 = = +
t + 3t + 2 (t + 1)(t + 2) t + 1 t + 2
⇒ t = A(t + 2) + B(t + 1) …(2)
Put t = –1 in (2)
–1 = A(–1 + 2) ⇒ A = –1
Put t = –2 in (2)
–2 = B(–2 + 1) ⇒ B = 2
t −1 2
∴ 2 = + …(3)
t + 3t + 2 t + 1 t + 2
∴ From (1) and (3)
sin x cos x
∫ cos2 x + 3cos x + 2 dx
 −1 1 
= − ∫ dt + 2∫ dt 
 t +1 t+2 
1 1
=∫ dt −2∫ dt
t +1 t+2
= log | t + 1| −2 log | t + 2 | +C
= log |1 + cos x | −2 log | 2 + cos x | +C
= log |1 + cos x | − log(2 + cos x) 2 + C
1 + cos x
= log +C
(2 + cos x) 2
REDUCTION FORMULAE THEOREM
eax n n
If In = ∫ x n eax dx , then In = x − In −1 where n is a positive integer.
a a
Proof :
eax eax
In = ∫ x n eax dx = x n −∫ n x n −1 dx
a a
eax n n ax n −1 eax n n
= x − ∫ e x dx = x − In −1
a a a a
THEOREM
− sin n −1 x cos x n − 1
If I n = ∫ sin n x dx then In = + In −2 , where n is a positive integer.
n n
THEOREM
cos n −1 x sin x n − 1
If I n = ∫ cos x dx then I n =
n
+ In −2 .
n n
Proof :
I n = ∫ cos n −1 x cos x dx

= cos n −1 x sin x − ∫ sin x(n − 1) cosn −2 x(− sin x)dx

= cos n −1 x sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cosn −2 x(1 − cos2 x)dx

= cos n −1 x sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x dx − (n − 1)∫ cosn x dx

= cos n −1 x sin x + (n − 1)In − 2 − (n − 1)In

I n (1 + n − 1) = cos n −1 x sin x + (n − 1)In −2
cos n −1 x sin x n − 1
∴ In = + In −2
n n
THEOREM
tan n −1 x
If In = ∫ tan n x dx then In = − In −2 .
n −1
Proof :
I n = ∫ tan n − 2 x tan 2 x dx = ∫ tan n − 2 (sec 2 x − 1)dx

tan n −1 dx
= ∫ tan n − 2 x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan n − 2 dx = − In −2
n −1
THEOREM
− cot n −1 x
If In = ∫ cot n x dx then In = − In −2 .
n −1
Proof :
I n = ∫ cot n − 2 x cot 2 x dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x(csc 2 x − 1)dx

cot n −1 x
= ∫ cot n − 2 x csc 2 x dx − ∫ cot n − 2 x dx = − − In −2
n −1
THEOREM
secn −2 x tan x n − 2
If In = ∫ secn x dx then I n = + In −2 .
n −1 n −1
Proof :
I n = ∫ sec n x dx = ∫ sec n − 2 x sec2 x dx

= secn −2 x tan x − ∫ tan x(n − 2) secn −3 x sec x tan x dx

= sec n −2 x tan x − (n − 2) ∫ secn −2 x tan 2 x dx

= sec n −2 x tan x − (n − 2) ∫ secn −2 x(sec2 x − 1)dx

= sec n − 2 x tan x − (n − 2) ∫ sec n x dx + (n − 2) ∫ sec n − 2 x dx

= sec n − 2 x tan x − (n − 2)I n + (n − 2)I n − 2

I n (1 + n − 2) = sec n −2 x tan x + (n − 2)I n −2
sec n −2 x tan x n − 2
∴ In = + In −2
n −1 n −1

THEOREM
− csc n − 2 x cot x n − 2
If In = ∫ cscn x dx then I n = + In −2 .
n −1 n −1
Proof :
I n = ∫ csc n −2 x csc2 x dx

= − cscn −2 x cot x − ∫ − cot x(n − 2) csc n −3 x( − csc x cot x) dx

= − cscn −2 x cot x − (n − 2) ∫ csc n −2 x cot 2 x dx

= − csc n − 2 x cot x − (n − 2) ∫ csc n − 2 x(csc 2 x − 1)dx

= − csc n − 2 x cot x − (n − 2) ∫ csc n x dx + (n − 2) ∫ csc n − 2 x dx

= − csc n − 2 x cot x − (n − 2)I n + (n − 2)I n − 2

I n (1 + n − 2) = − csc n − 2 x cot x + (n − 2)I n − 2
− csc n −2 x cot x n − 2
In = + In −2
n −1 n −1
THEOREM

If I n = ∫ (log x) n dx then I n = x(log x) n − nI n −1 .

Proof :
1
I n = ∫ (log x) n dx = x(log x)n − ∫ x n(log x)n −1 dx
x
x(log x)n − n ∫ (log x) n −1 dx = x(log x) n − nI n −1 .
THEOREM
If I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx then

sin m +1 x cos n −1 x n − 1
i) I m,n = + I m,n − 2
m+n m+n
sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1
ii) I m,n = − + I m −2,n
m+n m+n
Proof : i)
I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = ∫ (sin m x cos n −1 x) cos x dx

sin m x(n − 1) cos n − 2 x( − sin x) + 

= sin m x cos n −1 x sin x − ∫   sin x dx
n −1 m −1
 cos x m sin x cos x 
= sin m +1 x cos n −1 x + (n − 1) ∫ sin m x cos n − 2 x sin 2 xdx − m ∫ sin m x cos n x dx

= sin m +1 x cos n −1 x + (n − 1) ∫ sin m x cos n − 2 x(1 − cos 2 x)dx − m I m,n

= sin m+1 x cosn −1 x + (n − 1) ∫ sin m x cos n −2 x dx(n −1) ∫ sin m x cos n x dx − m I m,n

= sin m +1 x cos n −1 x + (n − 1)I m,n − 2 − (n − 1)I m,n − mI m,n

⇒ (m + n)Im,n = sin m+1 x cos n −1 x + (n − 1)I m,n −2

sin m +1 x cos n −1 x n − 1
⇒ I m,n = + I m,n − 2
m+n m+n
ii) I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx

= ∫ sin m −1 x cos n x sin x dx

= sin m −1 x cos n x( − cos x) − ∫ [sin m −1 x n cos n −1 x( − sin x) − cos n x(m − 1) sin m− 2 x cos x](− cos x)dx
= − sin m−1 x cos n +1 x − n ∫ sin m x cos n x dx + (m − 1) ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x cos 2 x dx

= − sin m −1 x cos n +1 x − nI m,n + (m − 1) ∫ sin m− 2 x cos n x(1 − sin 2 x)dx

= − sin m−1 x cos n +1 x − nI m,n + (m − 1) ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x dx − (m − 1) ∫ sin m x cos n x dx

= − sin m −1 x cos n +1 x − nI m,n + (m − 1)I m − 2,n − (m − 1)I m,n

⇒ (m + n)I m,n = − sin m−1 x cos n +1 x + (m − 1)I m−2,n

sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1

⇒ I m,n = − + I m −2,n .
m+n m+n
 EXERCISE – 8(F)

I. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ e (1 + x )dx
x 2
1.

Sol. ∫ ex (1 + x 2 )dx = ∫ ex dx + ∫ x 2e x dx

= e x + (x 2 ⋅ e x − 2∫ x ⋅ ex dx)

= e x + x 2 ⋅ e x − 2(x ⋅ ex − ∫ ex dx)

= e x + x 2 ⋅ e x − 2x ⋅ e x + 2e x + C
= e x (x 2 − 2x + 3) + C

2 −3x
2. ∫x e dx

x 2 e −3x 1 −3x
Sol. ∫ x 2e−3x dx = + ∫ e ⋅ 2x dx
−3 3
x 2e−3x 2  xe −3x 1 −3x 
=− +  + ∫ e dx 
3 3  −3 3 

x 2 e −3x 2 2
=− − x ⋅ e −3x − e −3x + C
3 9 27
−e−3x
=
27
(
9x 2 + 6x + 2 + C)
∫x e
3 ax
3. dx

x 3eax 1 ax
Sol. ∫ x 3eax dx = − ∫ e (3x 2 dx)
a a
x 3eax 3 2 ax
= − ∫ x e dx
a a
x 3eax 3  x 2eax 1 ax 
= −  − ∫ e 2x dx 
a a  a a 

x 3eax 3 2 ax 6
= − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ e + 2 ∫ x ⋅ eax dx
a a a
x 3eax 3x 2eax 6  xeax 1 ax 
=
a
−
a2
+ 
a 2  a
−
a ∫ e ⋅ dx 

 x 3eax 3x 2eax 6x ⋅ eax 6 ax
= − + − 4 e +C
a a2 a3 a
eax  3 3
= 4 
a x − 3a 2 x 2 + 6ax − 6 + C
a 
II.
1. Show that

∫x
n
⋅ e− x dx = −x n e− x + n ∫ x n −1 ⋅ e− x dx

x n e− x
Sol. ∫ x n ⋅ e− x dx = + ∫ e− x ⋅ nx n −1dx
(−1)
= − x n e− x + n ∫ x n −1 ⋅ e− x dx
1 n −1
2. If In = ∫ cos n x dx , then show that In = cosn −1 x sin x + I n −2 .
n n
Sol. In = ∫ cos n x dx = = ∫ cos n −1 x cos x dx

= cosn −1 x sin x − ∫ sin x(n − 1) cos n −2 x(− sin x)dx

= cosn −1 x sin x + (n − 1)∫ cosn −2 x(1 − cos2 x)dx

= cos n −1 x sin x + (n − 1)In −2 − (n − 1)In

∴ I n (1 + n − 1) = cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + (n − 1)I n
cos n −1 x sin x n − 1
In = + I n −2
n n
III.
1. Obtain reduction formula for In = ∫ cot n x dx , n being a positive integer, n ≥ 2 and
deduce the value of ∫ cot 4 x dx .

Sol. In = ∫ cot n x dx = ∫ cot n −2 x ⋅ cot 2 x dx

= ∫ cot n −2 x ⋅ (csc2 x − 1) dx

= ∫ cot n −2 x ⋅ csc2 xdx − In −2

cot n −1 x
=− − In −2
n −1
cot 3 x
n = 4 ⇒ I4 = − − I2
3
n = 2 ⇒ I2 = − cot x − I0 where I0 = ∫ dx = x
 I 2 = − cot x − x
cot 3 x cot 3 x
I4 = − − (− cot x − x) + C =− + cot x + x + C
3 3

2. Obtain the reduction formula for In = ∫ cscn x dx , n being a positive integer, n ≥ 2 and
deduce the value of ∫ cos ec5 x dx .

Sol. In = ∫ cscn x dx = ∫ cscn −2 x ⋅ csc2 x dx

= cscn −2 x(− cot x) + ∫ cot x(n − 2) cscn −3 x(cot x)dx

= − csc n − 2 x cot x + (n − 2) ∫ csc n − 2 x(csc 2 x − 1)dx

= − cscn −2 x cot x + (n − 2)In −2 − (n − 2)In

In (1 + n − 2) = − cscn −2 x ⋅ cot x + (n − 2)I n −2
− cscn −2 x cot x n − 2
In = + I n −2
n −1 n −1
csc3 x ⋅ cot x 3
n = 5 ⇒ I5 = − + I3
4 4
csc x ⋅ cot x 1
I3 = − + I1
2 2
x
I1 = ∫ csc x dx = log tan
2
csc x ⋅ cot x 1 x
I3 = − + log tan
2 2 2
csc3 x ⋅ cot x 3 3 x
I5 = − − csc x cot x + log tan + C
4 8 8 2
sin m −1 x cos n +1 x m − 1
3. If Im,n = ∫ sin m x cosn x dx , then show that I m,n = − + I m −2 , n for a
m+n m+n
positive integer n and an integer m ≥ 2.
Sol. Im,n = ∫ sin m x cosn x dx

= ∫ sin m−1 x ⋅ (cos x)n sin x dx

= ∫ sin m−1 (x)(cos x)n (− sin x)dx

d  
= − sin m−1 (x) ∫ (cos x)n (− sin x)dx − ∫  sin m−1 (x) ⋅ ∫ cosn (x)(− sin x)dx  dx 
  dx  
  cos n +1 (x)  cos n +1 x  
= − sin m −1 (x) − ∫ (m − 1) sin m − 2 (x) cos x  dx 
 n +1  n + 1  

cos n +1 (x) m − 1
= − sin m −1 (x) {sin m −2 (x) cos n x cos 2 x}dx
n +1 ∫
+
n +1
sin m −1 (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1  m−2
=− +  ∫ {sin (x) cosn x − sinm (x) cosn (x)}dx
n +1  n +1 
sin m−1 (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1   m−2
=− +   ∫ sin (x) cosn xdx − ∫ sinm (x) cosn (x)dx
n +1  n + 1  

sin m −1 (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1   m −1

=− +  I m −2,n −  Im,n
n +1  n +1   n +1 
m −1
 m −1  sin (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1 
∴ I m,n +   Im,n = − +  Im −2,n
 n +1  n +1  n +1 
m −1
 m −1  sin (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1 
⇒ 1 +  I m,n = − +  Im −2,n
 n +1  n +1  n +1 
m −1
m+n  sin (x) cosn +1 (x)  m − 1 
∴  Im,n = − +  Im−2,n
 n +1  n +1  n +1 
1  m −1 
∴ I m,n = (sin m −1 (x) cos n +1(x)) +   I m −2,n
m+n  n +1 

4. Evaluate ∫ sin 5 x cos4 xdx .

Sol. Reduction formula
− sin m−1 x ⋅ cos n +1 x m − 1
I m,n + I m −2,n
m+n m+n
sin 4 x cos5 x 4
I5,4 =− + I3,4
9 9
sin 2 x cos5 x 2
I3,4 = − + I1,4
7 7
cos5 x
I1,4 = ∫ sin x cos 4 x dx = −
5
sin 2 x cos5 x 2
I3,4 = − − cos5 x
7 35
sin 4 x cos5 x 4  sin 2 x cos5 x 2 
I5,4 = − + − − cos5 x  + C
9 9  7 35 

 sin 4 x cos5 x 4 8
=− − sin 2 x ⋅ cos5 x − cos 5 x + C
9 63 315

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Find ∫ 2x 7 dx on R.

x8
Ans. +C
4

2. Evaluate ∫ cot 2 x dx on I ⊂ R \ {nπ : n ∈ Z}.

Ans. –cot x – x + C

x6 −1
3. Evaluate ∫ dx for x ∈ R .
1+ x2
x5 x3
Ans. − + x − 2 tan −1 x + C
5 3

4. Find ∫ (1 − x)(4 − 3x)(3 + 2x)dx, x ∈ R .

3 4 5 3 13 2
Ans. x − x − x + 12x + C
2 3 2
3
 1
5. Evaluate ∫  x +  dx, x > 0 .
 x
x 4 3x 2 1
Ans. + + 3log x − 2 + C
4 2 2x

6. Find ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx on R.
Ans. cos x – sin x + C

2x 3 − 3x + 5
7. Evaluate ∫ dx for x > 0 and check the result by differentiation.
2x 2
x2 3 5
Ans. − log x − +C
2 2 2x
 x5
8. Evaluate ∫ 1 + x12 dx on R.
1 −1 6
Ans. tan x + C
6

9. Evaluate ∫ cos3 x sin x dx on R.

− cos 4 x
Ans. +C
4
 1
 1   x+ 
10. Find ∫ 1 − 2  e x  dx on I where I = (0, ∞)
 x 
 1
 x+ 
Ans. e  x
+C

1
11. Evaluate ∫ sin −1 x 1 − x 2
dx on I = (0, 1).

Ans. 2 sin −1 x + C
sin 4 x  (2n + 1)π 
12. Evaluate ∫ cos6 x dx, x ∈ I ⊂ R \  2 : n ∈ Z
1 5
Ans. tan x + C
5
13. Evaluate ∫ sin 2 x dx on R.
1
Ans. sin 2x + C
2
1
14. Evaluate ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx where a, b ∈ and a2 + b2 ≠ 0 on r.

Sol. We can find real numbers r and θ such that

a = cos θ, b = r sin θ
a b
Then r = a 2 + b2 , cos θ = and sin θ =
r r
a sin x + b cos x = r ⋅ cos θ sin x + r sin θ cos x
= r[cos θ sin x + sin θ cos x] = r sin(x + θ)
1 1 1
∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = r ∫ sin(x + θ) dx
 1 1 1
= (csc(x + θ))dx = log tan (x + θ) + C
r r 2
1 1
= log tan (x + θ) + C
a 2 + b2 2
For all x ∈ I where I is an internal disjoint with {nπ – θ : n ∈ Z}.
x2
15. Find ∫ x +5
dx on (–5, ∞)

2 20
Ans. (x + 5)5 / 2 − (x + 5)3/ 2 + 50 x + 5 + C
5 3
x
16. Find ∫ dx, x ∈ I = (0,1) .
1− x
2
Ans. (1 − x)3/ 2 − 2 1 − x + C
3
dx
17. Evaluate ∫ on (–4, ∞)
(x + 5) x + 4
Ans. 2 tan −1 ( x + 4) + C

dx  2 2
18. Evaluate ∫ 4 − 9x 2
on I =  − , 
 3 3
1 −1  3x 
Ans. sin   + C
3  2 
1
19. Evaluate ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx for x ∈ I = (−a,a) .
1 a+x
Ans. log +C
2a a−x
1
20. Evaluate ∫ 1 + 4x 2 dx on R.

1 −1
Ans. tan 2x + C
2
1
21. Find ∫ dx on (–2, 2).
4 − x2
x
Ans. sin −1   + C
2
22. Evaluate ∫ 4x 2 + 9 dx on R.

x 4x 2 + 9 9  2x 
Ans. + sinh −1   + C
2 4  3 
5 
23. Evaluate ∫ 9x 2 − 25 dx on  , ∞  .
3 
x 9x 2 − 25 25  3x 
Ans. − cosh −1   + C
2 6  5 
 −4 4 
24. Evaluate ∫ 16 − 25x 2 dx on  ,  .
 5 5
x 16 − 25x 2 8 −1  5x 
Ans. + sin   + C
2 5  4 
−1
25. Evaluate ∫ x sin x dx on (–1, 1).

x 2 sin −1 x 1
Ans. − (sin −1 x − x 1 − x 2 ) + C
2 4
∫x
2
26. Evaluate cos x dx

Ans. (x 2 − 2) sin x + 2x cos x + C

27. Evaluate ∫ e x sin x dx on R.
1 x
Ans. e (sin x − cos x) + C
2
28. Find ∫ eax cos(bx + c)dx on R where a, b, c are real numbers and b ≠ 0.

Sol. Let A = ∫ e ax cos(bx + c)dx

Then from the formula for integration by parts
 sin(bx + c)   sin(bx + c) 
A = eax   − ∫ aeax   dx
 b   b
1 a
= eax sin(bx + c) − ∫ eax sin(bx + c)dx
b b
1 ax a   − cos(bx + c)  ax  cos(bx + c)  
= e sin(bx + c) − eax   − ∫ ae −  dx  + C1
b b  b   b  
1 ax a a2
= e sin(bx + c) + 2 e ax cos(bx + c)s − 2 A + C 2
b b b
 a2  a ax 1 ax
1 + 2  A = 2 e cos(bx + c) + e sin(bx + c) + C 2
 b  b b
 (a 2 + b 2 )A = aeax cos(bx + c) + beax sin(bx + c) + C3
eax
Hence A = 2 [a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + K
a + b2
c
where k = 2 3 2 a constant
a +b
By taking c = 0, we get
eax
∫ e cos bx dx = [a cos bx + b sin bx] + K
ax
a 2 + b2
1− x
29. Evaluate ∫ tan −1 dx on (–1, 1).
1+ x
Sol. Put x = cos θ, θ ∈ (0, π)dx = –sin θ dθ
1 − x 1 − cos θ 2sin 2 θ / 2 θ
= = = tan 2
1 + x 1 + cos θ 2 cos θ / 2
2
2
−1 1− x θ
∫ tan dx = ∫ tan −1 tan 2 (− sin θ)dθ
1+ x 2
 θ
= − ∫ tan −1  tan  (sin θ)dθ
 2
1
2∫
=− θ ⋅ sin θ dθ

1
= − θ(− cos θ) − ∫ (− cos θ)dθ + C
2
1
= (θ cos θ − sin θ) + C
2
1
(
= x cos−1 x − 1 − x 2 + C
2
)
 1 − sin x 
30. Evaluate ∫ e x   dx on I ⊂ R \ {2nπ : n ∈ Z}.
 1 − cos x 
1 − sin x 1 − sin x
Sol. =
1 − cos x 2sin 2 x / 2
x x x x
1 − 2sin cos 2sin cos
2 2 = 1 2 2
= −
2 x 2 x 2 x
2sin 2sin 2sin
2 2 2
1 x x
= csc2 − cot
2 2 2
  1 − sin x  x1 2 x x
∫e  dx = ∫ e  csc − cot  dx
x

 1 − cos x  2 2 2
x
= ∫ ex [ f (x) + f ′(x)] dx where f (x) = − cot
2
x
= ex f (x) + C = −ex cot + C
2
 2x 
31. Evaluate ∫ tan −1  2 
dx on I ⊂ R \ (–1, 1).
 1− x 
Sol. Let x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
2x 2 tan θ
= = tan 2θ
1− x 2
1 − tan 2 θ
 2x 
tan −1  −1
 = tan (tan 2θ) = 2θ + nπ
1− x
2

where n = 0 if |x| < 1
= –1 if x > 1
= 1 if x < –1
1
We have dθ = dx and
1+ x2
1+x2 = 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
 2x 
∴ ∫ tan −1  2 
dx
 1− x 
  2x   1
= ∫  tan −1    (1 + x 2
) dx
  1− x2   1+ x2
= ∫ (2θ + nπ) ∫ sec 2 θdθ

= 2 ∫ θ sec 2 θdθ + nπ ∫ sec 2 θdθ + c

( )
= 2 θ tan θ − ∫ tan θdθ + nπ tan θ + c
= 2(θ tan θ + log | cos θ | + nπ tan θ + c
= (2θ + nπ) tan θ + 2 log cos θ + c
= (2θ + nπ) tan θ + log cos 2 θ + c
= (2θ + nπ) tan θ + log sec 2 θ + c
 2x 
= x tan −1  2
− log(1 + x 2 ) + c
 1− x 
 exp(m sin −1 x)
32. Find ∫x
2
dx on (–1, 1) where m is a real number. (Here for Y ∈ R,
1− x2
exp.(y) stands for ey).
Sol. Let t = sin–1 x, then
1
x = sin t, dt = dx , for x ∈ (–1, 1)
1− x2
exp(m sin −1 x)
dx = ∫ e sin tdt
mt 2
∫x
2
Hence
1− x2
 1 − cos 2t 
= ∫ e mt   dt
 2 
1 1
= ∫ emt dt − ∫ emt ⋅ cos 2t dt + c …(1)
2 2
Case (i) : m = 0
exp(m sin −1 x)
∫x
2
From (1) dx
1− x2
1 1
=
2 ∫ dt − ∫ cos 2t dt + C
2
t sin 2t
= − +C
2 4
sin −1 x 1
= − sin(2sin −1 x) + C
2 4
Case (ii) : m ≠ 0
exp(m sin −1 x)
∫x
2
From (1) dx
1− x2
1 emt 1 emt
= − (mcos 2t + 2sin 2t) + C1
2 m 2 m2 + 4
e mt 1 1 
=  − 2 (m cos 2t + 2sin 2t)  + C1
2 m m +4 
−1
e msin
)
x
1 1
=  − 2 (m cos(2sin −1 x) + 2sin(2sin −1 x) + C1
2 m m +4
dx
33. Evaluate
4x 2 − 4x − 7
1 2x − 1 − 2 2
Ans. log +C
8 2 2x − 1 + 2 2
 dx
34. Find ∫ 5 − 2x 2 + 4x .
7
x −1 +
1 2 +C
Ans. log
2 14 7
x −1 −
2
dx
35. Evaluate ∫ x2 + x +1
2  2x + 1 
Ans. tan −1  +C
3  3 

dx
36. Evaluate ∫
x 2 + 2x + 10
 x +1 
Ans. sinh −1  +C
 3 

dx
37. Evaluate ∫
1+ x − x2
 2x − 1 
Ans. sin −1  +C
 5 

38. Evaluate ∫ 3 + 8x − 3x 2 dx

(3x − 4) 3 + 8x − 3x 2 25  3x − 4 
Ans. + sin −1  +C
6 6 3  5 

x +1
39. Evaluate ∫ x 2 + 3x + 12 dx
1 1  2x + 3 
Ans. log | x 2 + 3x + 12 | − tan −1  +C
2 39  39 
40. Evaluate ∫ (3x − 2) 2x 2 − x + 1dx
2
 1 7 35  4x − 1 
Ans. x −  + − sinh −1  +C
 4  16 64 2  7 
 2x + 5
41. Evaluate ∫ dx
x − 2x + 10
2

 x −1 
Ans. 2 x 2 − 2x + 10 + 7 sinh −1  +C
 3 
dx
42. Evaluate ∫
5 + 4cos x
2 1 x
Ans. tan −1  tan  + C
3 3 2
dx
43. Find ∫ 3cos x + 4sin x + 6
2  3 tan(x / 2) + 4 
Ans. tan −1  +C
11  11 
cos x + 3sin x + 7
44. Evaluate ∫ cos x + sin x + 1
dx

x
Ans. − log | cos x + sin x + 1| +2x + 5log 1 + tan +C
2
x3 − 2x + 3
45. Find ∫ 2 dx
x +x−2
(x − 1) 2
Ans. + log | c(x + 2)1/ 3 (x − 1) 2 / 3 + C
2
dx
46. Find 2
x − 81
1 x −9
Ans. log +C
18 x +9

2x 2 − 5x + 1
47. Find ∫ x 2 (x 2 − 1)
dx

1 x5
Ans. + log 2 +C
x (x − 1)(x + 1)3

3x − 5
48. Find ∫ x(x 2 + 2x + 4) dx
5 5 17  x +1 
Ans. − log | x | + log | x 2 + 2x + 4 | + tan −1  +C
4 8 4 3  3 
 2x + 1
49. ∫ x(x 2 + 4)2 dx
1 1 1 1 x 1 x 
Ans. log | x | − log(x 2 + 4) + + tan −1   +  +C
16 32 8(x + 4) 8
2
 2  4  4 + x2 

50. Evaluate x 3 ⋅ e5x dx .

x 3 ⋅ e5x 3 2 5x 6 6 5x
Ans. − x ⋅e + x ⋅ e5x − e +C
5 25 125 625
51. Evaluate ∫ sin 4 xdx

sin 3 x ⋅ cos x 3 3
Ans. − − sin x ⋅ cos x + + C
4 8 8

∫ sec
5
52. x dx

sec3 x ⋅ tan x 3 3
Ans. + sec x tan x + log | sec x + tan x | +C
4 8 8
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f(x) be a function defined on [a, b]. If ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) , then F(b) – F(a) is called the definite
b
integral of f(x) over [a, b]. It is denoted by ∫ f (x)dx . The real number ‘a’ is called the lower
a
limit and the real number ‘b’ is called the upper limit.
This is known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

THEOREM
b b

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt i.e., definite integral is independent of its variable.

a a

Geometrical interpretation of definite integral

b
If f(x)>0 for all x in [a, b] then ∫ f ( x ) dx is numerically equal to the area bounded by the
a
b
curve y =f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and x=b i.e., ∫ f ( x ) dx .
a

b
In general, ∫ f ( x ) dx represents to algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the
a

curve y =f(x) , the x axis and the lines x=a and x=b.. the areas above x-axis are taken with
plus sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.,

∫ f ( x ) dx =
a
area ABC – area CPD –area EQE + area EFG.
 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b a
1. ∫ f (x)dx = −∫ f (x)dx .
a b

Proof : let ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) then

b a

∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ab = F(b) − F(a) = −[F(a) − F(b)] = −[F(x)]ab = − ∫ f (x)dx

a b
b c b
2 . If a < c < b then ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx .
a a c

Proof : Let ∫ f (x)dx = F(x) .

b
Then ∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ab = F(b) − F(a)
a
c b
R.H.S= ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = [F(x)]ca + [F(x)]cb
a c
b
= F(c) − F(a) + F(b) − F(c) = F(b) − F(a) = ∫ f (x)dx = L.H.S
a
a a
3. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0

Proof : Put a – x = t. ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = 0 ⇒ t=a
U.L. x=a⇒ t=0.
a 0 0 a a
R.HS. = ∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (t)( −dt) = − ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx = L.H.S.
0 a a 0 0

THEOREM
b b

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a

Proof : Put a + b – x = t, then –dx = dt ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = a ⇒ t=b
U.L. x=b⇒ t=a.
b a a b b
R.HS. = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx = ∫ f (t)( −dt) = − ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx = LHS
a b b a a
THEOREM
a a

∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx , if f(x) is an even function= 0, if f(x) is an odd function.

−a 0
a 0 a
Proof : Since –a < 0 < a, ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
−a −a 0

In the 1st integral of RHS,

Put x = –t, then dx = –dt,
L.L, x = -a ⇒ t = a
U.L. x=0⇒ t=0.
a 0 a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (− t)( −dt) + ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f ( − t)dt + ∫ f (x)dx
−a a 0 a 0
a a a a
= ∫ f (− t)dt + ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f ( − x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx − − − − − (1)
0 0 0 0

Case I : If f(x) is an even function then f(–x) = f(x)

Then from (1),
a a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx

−a 0 0 0

Case II :If f(x) is an odd function then f(–x) = –f(x)

From (1),

a a a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 0
−a 0 0

THEOREM

2a a

∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)s= 0 if f(2a – x) = –f(x).

0 0

Proof :
2a a 2a
Since 0 < a < 2a, ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ---(1)
0 0 a

In the 2nd integral of rhs, Put 2a – t = x, then –dx = dt ⇒ dx = –dt

L.L, x = a ⇒ t=a
U.L. x=2a⇒ t=0.

2a 0 0 a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (2a − t) ( −dt ) = −∫ f (2a − t)dt =∫ f (2a − t)dt = ∫ f (2a − x)dx

a a a 0 0

From (1),
2a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (2a − x)dx ----(2)

0 0 0

Case I : if f(2a – x) = f(x)

From (2),
2a a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx

0 0 0 0

Case II : if f(2a – x) = –f(x)

From (2),
2a a a

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ f (x)dx = 0

0 0 0

THEOREM :
nT T
If f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘T’ then ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
nT T
Proof : Let S(n) be the statement that ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx for n€N.
0 0

Let n=1, then

1T T T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx = 1∫ f (x)dx

0 0 0

∴ S(1) is true.
Assume that S(k) is true.
kT T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx
0 0
(k +1)T kT (k +1)T T (k +1)T
Now ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 kT 0 kT
nd
In the 2 integral of rhs
Put x = kT + t, then dx = dt.
x = kT, (k + 1)T ⇒ t = 0, t = a.
(k +1)T T T T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (ka + t)dt = ∫ f (t)dt = ∫ f (x)dx

kT 0 0 0

[∵ f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘T’]

(k +1)T T (k +1)T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0
T T T
= k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = (k + 1) ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0

∴ S(k + 1) is true. By principle of Mathematical Induction S(n) is true, ∀ n ∈ N.

nT T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0

THEOREM
If f(x) is an integrable function on [a, b] and g(x) is derivable on [a, b] then
b g(b)

∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx .
a g(a)

EXERCISE – 9(A)
I. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
a

∫ (a x − x 3 )dx
2
1.
0
a
a  a 2x2 x4  a4 a4 a4
Sol. ∫ (a x − x )dx = 
2
−  =
3
− =
0  2 4 
0
2 4 4

3
2xdx
2. ∫ 1+ x2
2
3 3
2xdx
∫ 1 + x 2 = ln |1 + x | 2 = ln10 − ln 5 = ln(10 / 5) = ln 2
2
Sol.
2
 π
3. ∫ 2 + 2cos θdθ
0
π π π
θ
Sol. ∫ 2 + 2 cos θdθ = ∫ 2 ⋅ 2 cos 2
2
dθ = ∫ 2 cos(θ / 2) dθ
0 0 0
π
 θ  π 
=  4sin  = 4  sin − sin 0  = 4
 2 0  2 
π

∫ sin x ⋅ cos3 xdx

3
4.
0
π π
Sol. ∫ sin 3 x ⋅ cos3 xdx = ∫ sin 3 ( π − x) cos3 ( π − x)dx
0 0
π
= − ∫ sin 3 x cos3 x dx = − I
0
⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0 = − I
2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0

2
5. ∫ |1 − x | dx
0
2 1 2
Sol. ∫ |1 − x | dx = ∫ −(x − 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 0 1
1 2
= ∫ ( − x + 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 1
1 2
 −x 2   x2 
= + x +  − x
 2  0  2 1
1 4  1  1 1
= − + 1 +  − 2  −  − 1 = + = 1
2 2  2  2 2

π/ 2
cos x
6. ∫ dx
−π / 2 1 + e
x

π /2
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
−π /2 1 + e
x
 π/2
cos(π / 2 − π / 2 − x)dx  
b b
I= ∫
 ∫ ∫
∵ f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx 
1 + e− x 
−π/2  a a 
π/2
e x cos xdx
= ∫ 1 + ex
− − − −(2)
−π/2
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/ 2
cos x(1 + e x )
2I = ∫ 1 + ex
dx = ∫ cos xdx
−π / 2 −π / 2

π /2
2I = 2 ∫ cos x dx (∵ cos x is even function )
0
π /2
⇒ I = [sin x ]0 ⇒ I =1

1
dx
7. ∫ 3 − 2x
0
Sol.
1
1
 2 3 − 2x 
∫
dx
=
3 − 2x  −2 
 =− ( ) (
3 − 2.1 − 3 − 2.0 = − 1 − 3 =) ( )
3 −1
0 o

a
8. ∫( a − x )2 dx
0
a a
Sol. ∫ ( a − x ) dx = ∫ (a + x + 2 a x )dx
2

0 0
a
 x2 2
=  ax + − 2 a ⋅ x 3/ 2 
 2 3 
0

a 2 4 2 6a 2 + 3a 2 − 8a 2 1 2
a2 + − a = = a
2 3 6 6
 π/ 4
9. ∫ sec 4 θdθ
0
π /4 π /4 π /4

∫ sec 4 θdθ = ∫ sec 2 θ.sec 2 θdθ = ∫ sec θ(1 + tan 2 θ)dθ

2

0 0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
Sol. Let = ∫ (sec 2
θ + sec θ tan θ dθ =
2 2
) ∫ sec
2
θdθ + ∫ tan 2 θ sec 2 θdθ
0 0 0
π /4
 tan 3 θ  1 4
= tan θ)o π /4
+
 3 
= 1− 0 + (1 − 0 ) =
 o 3 3
3
x
10. I = ∫ dx
0 x 2 + 16
Asn: 1
1
−x2
11. ∫ x ⋅e dx
0
1 1
−x2 1
dx = ∫ 2xe − x dx, put − x 2 = t
2
Sol. ∫ x ⋅ e
0
20
⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ 2xdx = −dt
x = 1 ⇒ t = 1, x = 0 ⇒ t = 0
−1
1 1 t −1
I= ∫ −e dt = 2  −e  0
t
2 0
1  0 −1  1  1 
= e −e = 1−
2  2  e 
5
dx
12. I = ∫
1
2x − 1
Ans:2
II. Evaluate the following integrals.
4
x2
1. ∫ 1 + xdx
0
4 4 4 4
x2 x2 −1+1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx ⇒ I = ∫ (x − 1)dx + ∫
0
1+ x 0
1+ x 0 0
1+ x
 4
 x2 
=  − x  + [ log(1 + x) ]0
4

 2  0
42
= − 4 + log 5 − log1 = 4 + log 5
2
2
x2
2. ∫ x 2 + 2 dx
−1
2 2
x2 + 2 −1  2 
Sol. ∫ x +2
2
dx = ∫ 1 − x 2 + 2  dx
−1 −1
2 2
dx
= ∫ dx − 2 ∫ 2
+ ( 2) 2
−1 −1 x
2
1  −1  x  
= [x]
2
−1
− 2⋅  tan  
2   2 
  2  −1  1 
= [2 − (−1)] − 2  tan −1   − tan  − 
  2  2 
  1 
= 3 − 2  tan − 1 ( 2 ) − tan −1  − 
  2 
  1  
= 3 + 2  tan −1  − −1
 − tan ( 2 ) 
  2 
1
x2
3. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
0
1 1 1 1
x2 x2 +1−1 dx
Sol. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ x +12
dx = ∫ dx − ∫
x +1
2
0 0 0 0
1 π
[ x ]10 −  tan −1 x  0 = 1 − tan −1 1 = 1 −
4
π /2
4. ∫ x 2 sin xdx
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
Sol. ∫ x 2 sin xdx =  x 2 (− cos x)  − ∫ (2x)(− cos x)dx
 0
0 0
π/2
= (0 − 0) + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
0
 π /2
π /2
= 2 [ x sin x ]0 − ∫ (2)(sin x)dx
0

π  π/2
= 2  ×1 + 2 [ cos x ]0
2 
= π + 2(0 − 1) = π − 2
4
5. ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0
2 4
Sol. ∫ | 2 − x | dx + ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0 2
2 4
= ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ (x − 2)dx
0 2

  x2  2 2 4
x
=  2x −  +  − 2x 
 2   2
0  2
 4   4 
=  4 −  − (8 − 8) −  4 −  
 2   2 
= 2−0+2 = 4

π/2
sin 5 x
6. ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 5 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx …(1)
0

π/2  a a 
sin 5 (π / 2 − x)dx
I= ∫ ∵
sin 5 (π / 2 − x) + cos5 ( π / 2 − x)  0
∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫ 
f (x)
0 0 
π/2
cos5 xdx
= ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
…………(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/2
sin 5 x + cos5 x
2I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx = ∫ 1⋅ dx
0 0
π π
2I = ⇒I=
2 4
 π/2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
7. ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
Sol. let I = ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx …(1)
0

π/2  a a 
sin 2 (π / 2 − x) − cos 2 ( π / 2 − x)
I= ∫ sin 3 (π / 2 − x) + cos 3 ( π / 2 − x)
dx
 ∫
∵ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx 

0  0 0 
π/ 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
I= ∫ cos3 x + sin 3 x
dx …(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2),
π/ 2
0dx
2I = ∫ cos x + sin 3 x
3
dx ⇒ I = 0
0
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
π /2
dx
1. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
0
π /2 π /2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
= ∫  x
1 − tan
0 0 2

4+5 2
x
1 + tan 2 
 2
π/2
dx

=
x  ∫ x
0 4 tan 2 + 1 + 5 1 − tan 2
 2     2 
 2x 
 tan 2 + 1
x 1 x 2dt
put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt ⇒ dx =
2 2 2 1+ t2
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = o and x= ⇒ t = 1
2
 =∫
1
(1 + t )
2
2dt
0 4t 2 + 4 + 5 − 5t 2 1 + t 2
1 1
2 2  3+ t 
=∫ dt = ln 
0 9−t
2 2 ⋅ 3  3 − t  0
1  4 1
=  ln  = ln 2
3  2 3
b
2. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx
a
b b
Sol. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx = ∫ − x 2 + (a + b)x − abdx
a a

b 2 2
 b − a    a + b 
=∫   − x −    dx
a  2    2 
  2 2 

(  )
∵ − x 2 + (a + b)x − ab = − x 2 − (a + b)x + ab = −   x −
a+b a+b
2
 

−
 2


+ ab 

 
 
 2 2 
 =  b − a  −  x −  a + b   
  2    2  
   
b
   a + b 
= 1   a + b   x −  2 
− 2
 
sin −1 
 x − (b a)
 2    (x − a)(b − x) + −
 2  4 ⋅ 2  b a  
   
  2  a

(b − a)2  −1
= 0+ sin (1) − sin −1 (−1) 
8  
(b − a)2 π π π
=  2 + 2  = 8 (b − a)
2
8  
 x sin −1 x
1/ 2
3. ∫ dx
0 1− x 2

1
put sin −1x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1− x2
Sol. and x=sint
1 π
x=0 ⇒ t=0 and x= ⇒t=
2 6
π π
1/2 −1 π
( )
6 6
x sin x
∫ dx = ∫ t.sin tdt = t ∫ sin tdt 6 − ∫ 1. ( − cos t )dt
0 1− x 2
0 0 0

π π
π 3 1
= t ( − cos t ) 6 o + ( sin t ) 6 o = − −0+ −0
6  2 
 2

1 3
= −π
2 12

π /4
sin x + cos x
4. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx
0
π /4 π /4
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
Sol. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx = ∫ 9 + 16[1 − (sin x − cos x) 2 ]
dx
0 0
put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = −1 and x= ⇒ t = 0
4
0 0
dt 1 dt
=∫ = ∫
−1 25 − 16t
2 16 −1 25 − t 2
16
0
 5 
+t
1 1  4 
= ×  ln 
16 2 × 5  5
−t 
4  4  −1
1  1/ 4  1 1
=− ln   = ⋅ 2 ln ⋅ 3 = ln 3
40  9 / 4  40 20
 π/2
a sin x + b cos x
5. ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
Sol.
π /2
a sin x + b cos x
let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ----(1)
0

π  π 
π /2 a sin  − x  + b cos  − x   a
 ∵ f (x)dx = f (a − x)dx 
a
2  2
= ∫ π  π   ∫ ∫ 
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x   0 0 
2  2 
π /2
a cos x + b sin x
I= ∫ sin x + cos x
dx -------(2)
0
π /2
a(sin x + cos x) + b(sin x + cos x)
(1)+(2) ⇒ 2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
π π
= ∫ (a + b)dx = (a + b)
2
⇒ I = (a + b)
4
0
a

∫ x(a − x)
n
6. dx
0
a
Sol. let I = ∫ x(a − x) n dx …(1)
0

a
I = ∫ (a − x)(x) n dx …(2)
0
a
I = ∫ ax n dx − x n +1dx
0
a
 ax n +1 x n + 2  a n +2 a n +2
= −  = −
 n + 1 n + 2  0 n + 1 n + 2
a n +2
I=
(n + 1)(n + 2)
 2
7. ∫x 2 − x dx
0

16 2
Ans :
15
π

∫ x sin
3
8. xdx
0
π
Sol. I = ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0
π  a a 
= ∫ (π − x) sin 3 (π − x)dx ∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
 
0  0 0 
π π π
I = ∫ (π − x)sin 3 xdx = ∫ π sin 3 xdx − ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0 0 0
π
= ∫ π sin 3 xdx = I
0
π π
3sin x − sin 3x
⇒ 2I = ∫ π sin 3 xdx = π∫ dx
0 0
4
π
π cos 3x  π 1 1
=  −3cos x +  =  −3. − 1 − + 3 − 
4 3 0 4 3 3
π π
= ( 6 − 2 / 3) = .16 / 3
4 4
π 16 2π
∴I = =
2.4 3 3
π
x
9. ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π
x
Sol. I = ∫ dx …(i)
0
1 + sin x
π π π
( π − x)dx πdx xdx
I=∫ =∫ −∫
0
1 + sin( π − x) 0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
π
πdx
=∫ −I
0
1 + sin x
 π π
πdx π dx
2I = ∫ ⇒I= ∫
0
1 + sin x 2 0 1 + sin x
π π
π (1 − sin x) π  1 − sin x 
= ∫
2 0 1 − sin x
2
dx = ∫ 
2 0  cos 2 x 
dx

π π
π 1 sin x 1 
= ∫ − ∫ ⋅ dx 
2  0 cos 2 x 0 cos x cos x 
π π
π
=
20∫ sec2 xdx − ∫ sec x ⋅ tan xdx
0

=
π
2
(
[ tan x ]0π − [sec x ]0π )
π π
= [ (0 − 0) − (−1 − 1)] = ⋅ 2 = π
2 2
π
x sin 3 x
10. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π
x sin 3 x
Sol. I = ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x
2

π
( π − x) sin 3 ( π − x)
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
π
(π − x) sin 3 x
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 x
π π
sin 3 x x sin 3 x
= π∫ dx − ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 0 1 + cos
2 2
x x
π 3
sin x
= π∫ dx − I
0 1 + cos x
2

π
sin 3 xdx
2I = ∫
0 1 + cos
2
x
Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = –sin x dx
−1 1
(1 − t 2 ) 1− t 2
2I = ∫ − dt = ∫ 1+ t 2 dt
1 1+ t2 −1
 1
 2  −1 1
= ∫  −1 + 1 + t 2  dt =  − t + 2 tan t
 −1
−1

=  −1 + 2 tan −1 1 −  −1 + 2 tan −1 ( −1) 

   
π  π π π
= −1 + 2 ⋅ + 1 − 2  −  = + = π
4  4 2 2
π
I=
2
log(1 + x)
1
11. ∫ 1 + x 2
dx
0

log(1 + x)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
0 1+ x
2

Put x = tan θ
dx = sec2 θ dθ
x=0⇒θ=0
x = 1 ⇒ θ = π/4
π /4
log(1 + x) log(1 + tan θ) sec 2 θdθ
1
I=∫ dx = ∫
0 1+ x (1 + tan 2 θ)
2
0
π /4
= ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π /4
let I = ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π/4
 π 
= ∫ log 1 + tan  − θ   dθ
 4 
0
π  π 
4
 tan − tan θ 
= ∫ log 1 + 4
 dθ
π
0  1 + tan tan θ 
 4 
π/ 4
 1 − tan θ 
= ∫ log 1 +
 1 + tan θ 
dθ
0
π/ 4
1 + tan θ + 1 − tan θ 
= ∫ log 
 1 + tan θ  dθ
0
 π/4
2
= ∫ log
1 + tan θ
dθ
0
π/4
= ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan θ)] dθ
0
π /4 π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0 0
π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − I
0
π
2I = log 2(θ)0π/4 = (log 2)
4
π
∴I = log 2
8
π
x sin x
12. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π π
x sin x ( π − x) sin(π − x)dx
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫
0 1 + cos x 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
2
0
π π π
( π − x) sin x sin xdx x sin xdx
=∫ dx = ∫ −∫
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
2 2 2

{ }
π
= π tan −1 ( − cos x) −I
0

π π π2
{
2I = π tan −1 1 − tan −1 (−1) = π  +  = 2
4 4 4
}
π
π2 x sin x π2
I= ⇒∫ dx =
0 1 + cos x
2
4 4
π/2
sin 2 x
13. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
sin 2 x
Sol. I= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx ----1.
0

π 
π/ 2 sin 2  − x 
2 
= ∫ π  π 
dx
0 cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2 
 π /2
cos 2 xdx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
----2.
0

Adding 1. and 2.
π /2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π /2
1 1
⇒ I ==
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
dx
Consider ∫ sin x + cos x
0

Put tan(x/2) = t
2dt 1− t2 2t
dx = , cos x = , sin x =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1+ t2
π/ 2 1
dx 2tdt
∫ =∫
sin x + cos x 0 2t + (1 − t 2 )
0
1
1  2 + t − 1
1
dt
= 2∫ = 2⋅ log 
0 ( 2) − (t − 1) 2 − t + 1 0
2 2
2 2
1  2 −1 
=  log1 − log 
2  2 + 1 
1 2 +1 2 +1
= log ×
2 2 −1 2 +1
1 2
= log( 2 + 1) 2 = log( 2 + 1)
2 2
1
I= log( 2 + 1)
2
14. Suppose that f : R → R is a continuous periodic function and T is the period of it. Let a
a + nT a +T
∈ R. Then prove that for any positive integer n, ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
a + nT a +T a + 2T a + (r +1)T a + xT
Sol. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ... sx + ∫ f (x)dx + ... + ∫ f (x)dx …(1)
0 0 a +T a + rT a + (x −1)T

Consider ( r+1)th integral of RHS

a + (r +1)T

∫ f (x)dx
a + rT

Let x = y + rT ⇒ dx = dy
 x = a + rT ⇒ y = a
x = a + (r + 1)T ⇒ y = a + T
a + (r +1)T a +T

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (y + rT)dy
a + rT a
a +T
= ∫ f (y)dy (f is periodic)
a
a +T
= ∫ f (x)dx
a
a +T
Similarly we can show that each integral of (1) is equal to ∫ f (x)dx .
a
a + nT a +T a +T a +T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ...n terms = n ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0 0

REDUCTION FORMULAE

THEOREM 1 :
π/2
n −1
If I n = ∫ sin n x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0

Proof :
π /2 π /2
n −1
In = ∫ sin n x dx = ∫ sin x.sin x dx
0 0
π /2
π /2
=  − sin n −1 x cos x  + ∫ (n − 1) sin
n −2
x.cos 2 x dx
0
0
π /2
n −2
= (n − 1) ∫ sin x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
0

 π / 2 n −2 π/2 
= (n − 1)  ∫ sin x dx − ∫ sin n x dx 
 0 0 
= (n − 1)I n − 2 − (n − 1)I n
I n (1 + n − 1) = (n − 1)I n − 2 ⇒ I n n = (n − 1)I n − 2
n −1
∴ In = I n − 2 − − − − − −(1)
n
Note
In (1), replace n by n-2,n-3,------------- then
n −1 n −3 n −5
In = In −2 ⇒ In −2 = In −4 ⇒ In −4 = I n −6
n n−2 n−4
n −1 n − 3 n − 5
∴ In = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ......I0 or I1 according as n is even or odd.
n n−2 n−4
π/2 π/2
π
dx = [ x ]0
π/2
But I0 = ∫ sin 0 x dx = ∫ =
2
0 0
π/ 2

∫ sin x dx = [ − cos x]0

π/ 2
I1 =
0

π
= − cos + cos 0 = −0 + 1 = 1
2
π/ 2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin x dx = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅ if n is even.
n

0
n n−2 n−4 2 2
π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1 if n is odd.
3
0

THEOREM 2 :
π/ 2
n −1
If In = ∫ cosn x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
π 
In = ∫ cos n x dx = ∫ cosn  − x  dx = ∫ sin
n
x dx
0 0 2  0

π/4
1
THEOREM 3 : If I n = ∫ tan n x dx then I n + I n −2 =
n −1
.
0

Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ tan n x dx = ∫ tan n − 2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
n −2 n −2 n −2
= ∫ tan x(sec x − 1)dx = ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan
2 2
x dx
0 0 0
π/4
 tan n −1 x  1
=  − In −2 = − In −2
 n −1 0 n −1
1
∴ In + In −2 =
n −1
THEOREM 4 :
π/4
( 2)n −2 n − 2
If I n = ∫ sec x dx then In = +
n
In −2 .
0
n −1 n −1
Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ sec x dx =
n
∫ sec n − 2 x sec 2 x dx
0 0
π/4
π/4
= sec n − 2 x tan x  − ∫ (n − 2) sec n − 2 x sec x tan 2 x dx
0
0
π/4
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2) ∫ sec n − 2 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
0

π / 4 π/4 
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2)  ∫ sec n x dx − ∫ secn −2 x dx 
 0 0 
= ( 2)n −2 − (n − 2)In + (n − 2)I n −2
In (1 + n − 2) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
⇒ In (n − 1) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
( 2)n −2 n − 2
∴ In = + I n −2
n −1 n −1
π/2 π/2
THEOREM 5: If I m,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx then I m,n = ∫
m n
sin m x cos n x dx .
0 0

Proof :
π/2 π/2
Im,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = ∫ sin m −1 (sin x cos n x)dx
0 0

π /2 π/2
 − sin m−1 x cosn +1 x  cosn +1 x
=  + ∫ (m − 1)sin m−2 x cos x dx
 n +1 0 0
n +1
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x cos 2 x dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
n +1 0
 π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m − 2 x cos n x − sin m x cos n x)dx
n +1 0

m −1 m −1
= I m − 2,n − I m,n
n +1 n +1
 m −1  m −1
⇒ Im,n 1 + = Im−2,n
 n +1  n +1
 n + m  m −1
⇒ Im,n  = Im−2,n
 n +1  n +1
sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1
∴ Im,n = − + Im−2,n
m+n m+n -----(1)
Note: replacing m by m-2,m-4,
m −1 m −1 m − 3 m −1 m − 3 m −5
Im,n = Im−2,n = Im−4,n = ....I0,n
m+n m+n m+n−2 m+n m+n−2 m+n−4
or I1,n according as n is even or odd.
π/2 π/2
But I0,1 = ∫ sin 0 x cos n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx
0 0

π/ 2 π/ 2
 cosn +1 x  1
I1,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx =  − =
n

0  n + 1 0 n +1
m −1 m − 3 1
∴ I m,n = ... if m is odd
m + n m + n − 2 n +1
π/2
m −1 m − 3
=
m+n m+n−2
... ∫ cos n x dx if m is even
0
π/2
n −1
COROLLARY 2: If I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx then I m,n =
m+n
I m,n − 2 .
0
 EXERCISE – 9(B)
I. Find the values of the following integrals.
π/ 2
1. ∫ sin10 xdx
0

Sol. n=10 even

π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅
2 2
0
π/2
9 7 5 3 1 π 63π
∫ sin10 xdx = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
10 8 6 4 2 2 512
0
π/2
2. ∫ cos11 x dx
0

Sol. n=11 is odd

π/ 2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1
3
0

π/2
n −1 n − 3 2
∫ cos n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 3
...
0
11 − 1 11 − 3 11 − 5 2 256
= ⋅ ⋅ ... =
11 9 7 3 693

π/ 2
3. ∫ cos7 x ⋅ sin 2 xdx
0
π/2
Sol. I = ∫ cos7 x ⋅ sin 2 xdx , m=2, n=7
0
π/2

∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n xdx Here m is even, n is odd

0
n −1 n −3 2 1
= ⋅ ... ⋅
m + n m + n − 2 m + 3 m +1
7 −1 7 − 3 7 − 5 1
= × × ×
9 7 5 2 +1
6 4 2 1 16
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
9 7 5 3 315
 π/2
4. ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ cos 4 x ⋅ dx
0
π/2
Sol. ∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n xdx . m=n=4
0

Here m, n even
(n − 1)(n − 3)... 1 π
= ⋅
(m + n)(m + n − 2)... 2 2
(4 − 1)(4 − 3)(3π) 3π
= =
8⋅6⋅ 4⋅ 2⋅ 2 256
π

∫ sin
3
5. x cos6 xdx
0

f ( x ) = sin 3 x cos 6 x ⇒ f ( π − x ) = sin 3 ( π − x ) cos 6 ( π − x )

Sol. let
= sin 3 x cos 6 x = f ( x )
π
π 2
∴ ∫ sin 3 x cos 6 xdx = 2 ∫ sin 3 x cos 6 xdx
0 0

=
( n − 1) ( n − 3) −−−
m −1 m − 3 2
−−− 1
m+n m+n−2 m m−2 3
5 3 1 2 4
= 2. . . . =
9 7 5 3 63

2π

∫ sin
2
6. x cos 4 x dx
0

f ( x ) = sin 2 x cos4 x
π
⇒ f ( 2π − x ) = sin ( 2π − x ) cos ( 2π − x )
2 4 2
Sol. I = 4 ∫ sin 2 x cos4 x dx
sin x cos x = f ( x )
2 4
0

andf ( π − x ) = sin x cos x = f ( x )

2 4

π
4(4 − 1)(4 − 3)
2= 4.3π π
= =
6⋅4⋅2 6⋅4⋅2⋅2 8
 π/ 2
7. ∫ sin 2 θ⋅ cos7 θ dθ
−π / 2

Sol. sin θ cos7 θ is even function

2

f(θ) = sin2 θ cos7 θ dθ

f(–θ) = sin2 (–θ) cos7 (–θ) = f(θ)
π/2
= 2 ∫ sin 2 θ ⋅ cos 7 θ dθ
0
π/ 2

∫ sin m x ⋅ cos n x dx
0

n is odd, n = 7
n −1 n −3 2 1
=2 ⋅ ... ⋅
m + n m + n − 2 m + 3 m +1
7 −1 7 − 3 7 − 5 1
= 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9 9−2 9−4 3
6 4 2 1 32
= 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
9 7 5 3 315
π/ 2
8. ∫ sin 3 θ cos3 θdθ
−π / 2

Sol. f(θ) = sin3 θ cos3 θ

f(–θ) = sin3 (–θ) cos3 (–θ)
= –sin3 θ cos3 θ = –f(θ)
f(θ) is odd
π/2
∴ ∫ sin 3 θ cos3 θdθ = 0
−π / 2
a

∫ x(a − x 2 )7 / 2 dx
2
9.
0

Sol. x = a sin θ
dx = a cos θdθ
π/ 2
= ∫ a sin θ(a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ)7 / 2 a cos θ dθ
0
π/ 2 π/ 2
= ∫ a 9 cos8 θ sin θdθ = a 9 ∫ cos8 θ sin θ⋅ dθ
0 0
 π/2
9
− cos9 θ   1  a9
=a   = a 9  −0 +  =
 9 0  9 9
2

∫x 2 − x dx
3/ 2
10.
0

Sol. x = 2 cos2 θ, dx = - 4 cos θ sin θ dθ

0
I= ∫ (2)3 / 2 cos3 θ
π/ 2

2 − 2 cos 2 θ (−4 cos θ sin θ)dθ

π/2
=4 ∫ 23 / 2 ⋅ 21/ 2 ⋅ cos 4 θ ⋅ sin 2 θdθ
0

 π/2 
16 ⋅ ∫ cos θ sin θdθ 
4 2

 0 
n = even, m = even
 4 −1 4 − 3 1 π  π
= 16  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = .
 6 5 − 2 2 2  2
II. Evaluate the following integrals
1

∫x (1 − x)5 / 2 dx
5
1.
0
1
Sol. given integral is I = ∫ x 5 (1 − x)5/2 dx
0

Put x = sin θ 2

dx = 2sin θ cosθ dθ
π
U .L. X = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
L.L X=O ⇒ θ =0
π/ 2
I= ∫ sin10 θ(1 − sin 2 θ)5 / 2 2 cos θ sin θdθ
0
π /2
=2 ∫ sin θ cos6 θdθ
11

0
m=11 odd and n=6 even
n −1 n −3 1 m −1 2
= ⋅ ... ...
m+n m+n−2 m+2 m 3
 5 3 1 10 8 6 4 2 512
I = 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 153153
4

∫ (16 − x
2 5/ 2
2. ) dx
0
4
Sol. I = ∫ (16 − x 2 )5/2 dx
0

Put x = 4 sinθ
dx = 4 cosθ dθ
U.L. x=4 ⇒ θ = π/2
L.L X=0 ⇒θ=0.
π/2
I= ∫ (16 − 16sin 2 θ)5 / 2 ⋅ 4 cos θ ⋅ dθ
0
π/2 π/2
= ∫ (4) ⋅ cos θ ⋅ dθ = (4) ∫ cos 6 θ ⋅ dθ
5 5 6

0 0
6 −1 6 − 3 6 − 5 π
= (4)6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6 6−2 6−4 2
5 3 1 π 5
= (4)6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = (4) 4 ⋅ ⋅ π = 640π
6 4 2 2 2
1
dx
3. ∫ x +1 + x
0

x +1 − x
1 1
dx 1
Sol. ∫ =∫
x +1 + x 0 x +1 + x x +1 − x
dx
0

( x +1 − x )
1

∫ x +1− x
dx
0
1
1
 (x + 1)3 / 2 x 3 / 2 
= ∫ ( x + 1 − x )dx =  − 
0  3 / 2 3 / 2 0

2 2 2 4
=  (2)3 / 2 −  −   = ( 2 − 1)
3 3 3 3
 π/ 4
4. I= ∫ sin 3 θdθ
0
π/ 4
3sin θ − sin 3θ
Sol. ∫ 4
dθ
0
π/4 π/4
3 1
=
4 ∫ sin θ dθ −
4 ∫ sin 3θ dθ
0 0

3 1 1
= [− cos θ]0π / 4 − ⋅ [ − cos 3θ]0
π/4

4 4 3
3 1  1  1 
= − + 1 +  − − 1
4  2  12  2 
9  1  1  −1 
= − + 1 +  −1
12  2  12  2 


−10 8 2 5
= + = −
12 2 12 3 6 2

π /4
dx
5. ∫ 1 + sin x
0
π/ 4
(1 − sin x)dx
Sol. ∫ 1 − sin 2 x
0
π/ 4
= ∫ sec2 x − tan x ⋅ sec x  dx
 
0

= [ tan x − sec x ]0
π/ 4
= (1 − 2) − (0 − 1) = 2 − 2

2
log x
6. ∫ x2
dx
1
2 2
log x 1
∫
Sol. 1 x
2
dx = ∫ log x. 2 dx
x
1

↑f ↑g

2
 dx d dx 
 log x ∫ x 2 − ∫ dx (log x) ∫ x 2 dx 
1
 2 2
 log x 1  1   log x 1 
= − − ∫  −   dx =  − 
1  x x  x   1  x x

 − log 2 − 1  1
=  + (1) = (1 − log 2)
 2  2
1
7. ∫ | x | dx
−1
1
Sol. ∫ | x | dx
−1

We know that |x| = x, if x ≥ 0, |x| = –x, if x < 0

1 1 1

∫ | x | dx = ∫ − x dx + ∫ x dx
−1 −1 0
0 1
 −x 2   x2  1 1
=   +   = + =1
−1 
2  0 2  2 2

(x + 1)2
2
8. ∫ x dx
1
94 56
Ans: 2 −
15 15
π/3
9. ∫ cot 2 xdx
π/6
2 π
Ans: −
3 6
π/4
1 + sin 2x
10. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π /4
cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x
Sol. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/ 4 π/ 4
(cos x + sin x)2
= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ (cos x + sin x)dx
0 0

= [sin x − cos x ]
π/4
0

 π π
=  sin − cos  − (sin 0 − cos 0)
 4 4
 1 1 
= −  − (0 − 1) = 1
 2 2
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
1
1. ∫ (2x + 3) 3 − 2xdx
0
1
Sol. ∫ (2x + 3) 3 − 2xdx
0

Put 3 – 2x = t2
–2 dx = 2t dt
dx = –t dt
U.L. x=1 ⇒ 1 = t2 ⇒ t=1
L.L.X=0, 3 = t2 ⇒ t = 3

1   3 − t 2  
= ∫ 2  2  + 3 t(− t)dt
3 
3 3
= ∫ (3 − t 2 + 3)t 2 dt = ∫ (6t − t 4 )dt
2

1 1

3 3
 6t 3 t 5    t 2 
= ∫ −  =  t3  2 − 
 3 5 1   5  
1

 3  1
= 3 32− −2− 
 5  5
21 3 9 −9 + 21 3
= − =
5 5 5
1− x
1
2. ∫ 1+ x
dx
0

1− x
1
Sol. ∫ 1+ x
dx
0

Put x = cos 2θ, dx = –2 sin 2θ dθ

U.L. x=1 ⇒ 1 = cos 2θ, ⇒ 2θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
L.L.x=0 ⇒ 0 = cos 2θ ⇒ 2θ = π/2 ⇒ θ = π/4
1 − cos 2θ
0

∫ 1 + cos 2θ
(−2sin 2θ)dθ
π /4
π/4
sin θ
= ∫ cos θ
⋅ 4sin θ cos θ dθ
0
 π/4 π/4
= ∫ 4sin 2 θdθ = 2 ∫ [1 − cos 2θ] dθ
0 0
π/4
 sin 2θ 
= 2 θ −
 2  0
 π 1 π  π
= 2  − sin  − 0  = − 1
 4 2 2  2

3. ∫ x ⋅ log x dx
1

g↑ f ↑
  d   e
Sol. = log x ∫ xdx − ∫  (log x) ∫ x ⋅ dx  dx 
  dx   1

e
 x2 1 x 2 
=  log x − ∫ dx  
 2 x 2   1

e
 x2 x2  1 e e 1 1
= (log x) −  = ⋅ − + =
 2 4 1 2 2 4 4 4

1
xe x
4. ∫ (1 + x)2 dx
0
1
1
xe x  (x + 1 − 1)e x 
Sol. ∫ dx =  ∫ (1 + x)2 dx 
0
(1 + x)2  0

 1
1
1 
= ∫ ex  − 2 
0  x + 1 (1 + x) 
1
 x 1 
=e  (∵ ∫ e x
( f + f ') = ef )
 1+ x  0
e
= −1
2
 2− x 
1
5. ∫ log  2 + x  dx
−1

 2−x 
Sol. let f ( x ) = log  
 2+x 
 2+ x   2−x 
f (− x) = log   = − log  
 2−x   2+x 
f(x) = –f(–x)
2− x
1
f(x) is odd function, therefore ∫ log   dx =0
−1  2 + x
π

∫ sin θ(1 + 2 cos θ)(1 + cos θ) 2 dθ

3
6.
0
π
Sol. ∫ sin 3 θ(1 + 2 cos θ)(1 + cos θ) 2 dθ
0

Put cos θ = t ⇒ –sin θ dθ = dt

L.L. θ=0 ⇒ t=1
U.L. θ=π ⇒ t= -1
π

∫ sin θ(1 + 2 cos θ)(1 + cos θ) 2 dθ

3

0
π
( )
= ∫ 1 − cos 2 θ (1 + 2 cos θ)(1 + cos θ) 2 sin θdθ
0
−1
= ∫ (1 − t )(1 + 2t)(1 + t) 2 dt
2

1
−1
= ∫ (1 − t )(1 + 2t)(1 + 2t + t 2 )dt
2

1
1
= ∫ (1 − t )(1 + 4t 2 + 4t + t 2 + 2t 3 )dt
2

−1
1
= ∫ (1 − t )(1 + 4t + 5t 2 + 2t 3 )dt
2

−1
1
= ∫ (1 + 4t + 4t − 2t 3 − t 2 − 4t 3 − 5t 4 − 2t 5 )dt
2

−1
1
= ∫ (1 + 4t + 4t − 2t 3 − 5t 4 − 2t 5 )dt
2

−1
 1
 4 t4 t6   4 1 1  4 1 1
=  t + 2t 2 + t 3 − − t 5 −  =  1 + 2 + − − 1 −  −  −1 + 2 − − + 1 − 
 3 2 3  −1  3 2 3  3 2 3
15 1 16 8
= + = =
6 6 6 3
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
2

∫ x dx .
5
1. Evaluate
1

Ans. 21/2
π
2. Evaluate ∫ sin xdx
0

Ans. 2
a
dx
3. Evaluate ∫ x2 + a2
0
π
Ans.
4a
4
4. Evaluate ∫x x 2 − 1dx
1
1
Ans. (15)3 / 2
3
2
5. Evaluate ∫ 4 − x 2 dx
0

Ans. π
16
x1/ 4
6. Evaluate ∫ 1 + x1/ 2 dx
0

2 
Ans. 4  + tan −1 2
3 
π/2
7. Evaluate ∫ sin | x | dx
−π / 2

Ans. 2

π/2 π/2
8. Show that ∫ sin n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx .
0 0
 π/ 2
cos5 / 2 x
9. Evaluate ∫ sin 5 / 2 x + cos5 / 2 x
dx
0

Ans. π/4
10. Show that
π/ 2
x π
∫ sin x + cos x
dx =
2 2
log( 2 + 1)
0
π/2
x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0

π 
π /2  −x
2 
I= ∫ π  π 
dx
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
π 
π/2  −x
2  dx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
0
π /2
 x (π / 2 − x) 
2I = ∫  sin x + cos x + sin x + cos x  dx
0
π/2
π dx
=
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
0
x 2dt
Put t = tan ⇒ dx =
2 1+ t2
dt
2
π π
1 1
I= ∫ 1 + t 2
= ∫
dt
4 0 2t 1− t 2
2 0 2t + 1 − t 2
+
1+ t2 1+ t2
1
π π 1 2 + t −1 
1
dt
= ∫ =  log 
2 0 ( 2) 2 + (t − 1) 2 2  2 2 2 − t + 1 0

−π  2 −1  π
=  log  = log( 2 + 1)2
4 2 2 +1 4 2
π π
= 2 log( 2 + 1) = log( 2 + 1)
4 2 2 2
π/3
sin x
11. Evaluate ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
π/6

Ans. π/12
 a

∫ (x + a 2 − x 2 ) dx .
2
12. Find
−a

2a 3
π
Ans. + a2
3 2
π
x ⋅ sin x
13. Find ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π π
x ⋅ sin x (π − x) sin(π − x)
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin( π − x)
 a a 
∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
 0 0 
π
(π − x) sin x
=∫ dx
0
1 + sin x
π π
π sin x x sin x
I=∫ dx − ∫ dx
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin x
π
π sin x
=∫ dx − I
0
1 + sin x
π
sin x
2I = π∫ dx
0
1 + sin x

π
 1 
= π∫ 1 −  dx
0  1 + sin x 
π π
1
= π∫ dx − π∫ dx …(1)
0 0
1 + sin x
π π/2
1 1
Consider ∫ 1 + sin x dx = 2 ∫ 1 + sin x
dx
0 0
π/2 π/2
1 dx
=2 ∫ π 
dx = 2 ∫ 1 + cos x
0 1 + sin  − x  0
2 
π/2 π/2
dx x
=2 ∫ 2 cos 2 (x / 2)
= ∫ sec2
2
dx
0 0
 π/2
 x π
=  2 tan  = 2 ⋅ tan − 2⋅0 = 2 − 0 = 2
 2 0 2
π
FROM (i) 2I = π ( x )0 − 2π = π(π) − 2 = π2 − 2π

π2
I= −π
2
π/2
14. Evaluate ∫ x sin xdx
0

Ans. 1
15. Let f : R → R be a continuous periodic function and T be the period of it. Then prove
nT T
that for any positive integer n, ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx
0 0
π/2 π/2
16. Find (i) ∫ sin 4 xdx , (ii) ∫ sin 7 xdx ,
0 0
π/2
(iii) ∫ cos8 xdx .
0
3π 16 35π
Ans. (i) , (ii) , (iii)
16 35 256
a
17. Evaluate ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
0

πa 2
Ans.
4
π/2
18. Find (i) ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ cos5 x dx ,
0
π/2
(ii) ∫ sin 5 x ⋅ cos 4 x dx ,
0
π/2
(iii) ∫ sin 6 x ⋅ cos 4 x dx .
0
8 8 3
Ans. (i) , (ii) , (iii) π
315 315 512
2π

∫ sin x ⋅ cos 6 x dx
4
19. Find
0
3
Ans. π
128
 π/ 2
20. Find ∫ sin 2 x ⋅ cos 4 xdx
−π / 2

Ans. π/16
π
21. Find ∫ x sin 7 x ⋅ cos6 xdx
0
16
Ans. π
3003
a

∫x (a 2 − x 2 )3 / 2 dx
2
22. Find
−a

πa 6
Ans.
16
1
23. Find ∫ x 3 / 2 1 − xdx
0

Ans. π/16