EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
PART- A
1. What do you understand by the terms: Signal and Signal Processing?
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other independent
variable. Signal processing is any operation that changes the characteristics of a signal. These
characteristics include the amplitude, shape, phase and frequency content of a signal.
2. What are the classifications of signals?
There are five methods of classifying signals based on different features:
(a) Based on independent variable.
(i) Continuous time signal (ii) Discrete time signal.
(b) Depending upon the number of independent variable.
(i) One dimensional signal, (ii) Two dimensional signal.
(ii) Multi dimensional signal.
(c) Depending upon the certainty by which the signal can be uniquely described as
(i) Deterministic signal. (ii) Random signal.
(d) Based on repetition nature.
(i) Periodic signal. (ii) Non – Periodic signal.
(e) Based on reflection
(i) Even signal. (ii) Odd signal.
3. Define discrete system.
A discrete time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete time input signal x(n) ,
according to some well defined rule , to produce another discrete – time signal y(n) called the
output signal.
4. What are the classifications of discrete – time systems?
1. Static and Dynamic system. 2. Time – variant and time – invariant system.
3. Linear and non – linear system. 4. Stable and Un-stable system.
5. Causal and non-causal system. 6. IIR and FIR system.
5. Differentiate Continuous time and Discrete time signal.
Continuous time signal: It is also referred as analog signal i.e., the signal is represented
continuously in time.Discrete time signal :Signals are represented as sequence at discrete time
intervals .
n
y(n )= ∑ x(k)
6. Test whether the system governed by the relation k=−∞ is time –invariant or
not? (Dec 2014)
If the output is delayed by k units in time
y(n)=x(−∞)+.......... ...+x(0)+... ... .. x(n)
y(n−k)=x(−∞)+.. ...........+x(0)+........ x(n−k)−−−−(1)
If we delay the input by k units in time
y(n)=x(−∞)+.............+x(0)+........ x(n)
y(n,k )=x(−∞)+.............+x(0)+........ x(n−k)−−−−(2)
Equation (1)=(2). So, that the system is time invariant.
7. What is Deterministic signal and random signal? Give example.
A signal that can be uniquely determined by a well - defined process such as a mathematical
expression or rule , or look-up table is called a deterministic signal.
Example : A sinusoidal signal v (t )=V m sin ωt
A signal that is generated in a random fashion and cannot be predicted ahead of time is called a “
randomsignal”.Example : Speech signal , ECG signal and EEG signal.
8. Define (a) Periodic signal (b) Non – periodic signal.
Periodic signal: A signal x(n) is periodic with period N if and only if x(n+N)=x(n for all n.

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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
Non – periodic signal: If there is no value of N that satisfies the above equation the signal is called
non-periodic or aperiodic.
9. Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals.
Symmetric signal: A real valued signal x(n) is called symmetric if x(-n) = x(n).
Antisymmetric signal: A signal x(n) is called antisymmetric if x(-n) = -x(n).
10. Differentiate energy and power signals? (May 2015) (May 2017)
Energy signal:


The energy of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as E= ∑ |x (n )|2

A signal x(n) is called an energy signal if and only if the energy obeys the relation
0 <E< ∞ and an energy signal P=0.
Power signal :
 The average power of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
N
1
∑ |x ( n )|2 ¿
2N +1 n=− N .
 A signal x(n) is called power signal if and only if the average power P satisfies the
condition 0 <P< ∞ and E= ∞ .
11. Check if the system described by the difference equation y(n) = ay(n-1)+x(n) with y(0)
=1is stable. (May 2015)
On taking Z-Tranform we get
Y ( Z )= X ( Z ) +a Z −1 Y ( Z)

Y (Z) 1 Z
= H ( Z )= h ( n )=a n u( n)
X (Z) 1−a Z−1 Z−a
α α α

∑ |h(k )|= ∑ |b u (k )|∑ b k = 1−1|b|< ∞

k

k=−α k=−α k=0

This term is less than infinity and hence the system is stable.
12. What are the different types of operations performed on discrete – time signals?
The different types of operations performed on discrete – time signals are
(1)Delay of a signal (2) Advance of a signal (3)Folding or Reflection of a
signal
(4) Time scaling (5) Amplitude scaling (6)Addition of signals (7)Multiplication
13. What is a static and dynamic system?
A discrete –time system is called static or “memory less” if its output at any instants ‘n’ depends on
the input samples at the same time , but not an past or future samples of the input.
Ex.,y(n) = ax(n) Y(n)=ax2(n)
In any other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have memory.
Ex.,y(n) = ax(n-1)+x(n-2) y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)
14. What is a time – invariant system?
A system is called time – invariant if its input – output characteristics do not change with time.
Ex.,y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)
15. What is a causal system?
A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only on present and
past inputs, but does not depend on future inputs.
This can be expressed mathematically as,
y(n)=F[x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2)………]
16. Define a stable system?
Any relaxed system is said to be bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stable if and only if every
bounded input yields a bounded output. Mathematically, their exist some finite numbers, Mx and My
such that,
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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020

|x (n)|≤Mx< ∞ and|y ( n )|≤My<∞

17. What do you meant by sampling process? (Dec 2012)
Sampling is the conversion of a continuous –time signal (or analog signal) into a discrete – time
signal obtained by taking samples of the continuous time signal (or analog signal) at discrete time
instants.
18. State Shannon’s sampling theorem. (May 2014) (May 2017)
A band limited continuous time signal with highest frequency (band width) f mhertz , can be
uniquely recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate fs is greater than or equal to 2fm
samples per second.
19. Define Nyquist rate. (June 2012)(Nov 2018)
The Nyquist rate or frequency is the minimum rate at which a finite bandwidth signal needs
to be sampled to retain all of the information. For a bandwidth of span fm Hz, the Nyquist
frequency is 2fm Hz.
20. What is aliasing effect? How can aliasing be avoided? (Dec 2014)(Nov 2017)(May 2018)
The superimposition of high frequency component on the low frequency is known as “frequency
aliasing” or “aliasing effect”.To avoid aliasing the sampling frequency must be greater than twice
the highest frequency present in the signal.
21. What is a linear time invariant system? (Dec 2012)
An LTI system is one which possess both Linearity and Time- invariance.
A system is linear if y1(n) = T[x1(n)] and y2(n) = T[x2(n)]
then T[a1 x1(n)+a2 x2(n)] = a1 y1(n)+ a2 y2(n)
22. What is the Nyquist rate for the signal xa(t)=3cos 600πt+2cos1800πt? (Dec 2013)
Solution: ω1=600π ω2=1800π
2πf1= 600π 2πf2= 1800π
f1= 300Hz f2= 900Hz
Nyquist rate Fs=2fm= 2x900= 1800Hz.
π 30 n
23. Determine fundamental period of the signal Cos (105 ) .(Dec 2013)
2π
Solution: Fundamental period, N=
( ) ωo
m
,
30 π 105
ωo= m,
Where 105 = 15
when m=1 & N = 7 periods.
24. Given a continuous time signal x(t)= 2cos500πt. What is the Nyquist rate and fundamental
frequency of the signal? (June2013)
ω=500π , 2πf= 250π
f= 250Hz
hence Nyquist rate Fs=2fm= 2x250= 500Hz.
25. Determine whether x[n]=u[n] is a power signal or an energy signal. (June2013)
2
The energy of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as E= ∑ |x (n )| = ∞
The average power of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
N
1
∑ |x ( n )|2 ¿
2N +1 n=− N = 0.5
Here E= ∞ and P= Finite. Therefore the given signal is a power signal.
26.Given a Continuous signal x(t) =2 cos300πt.What is the nyquist rate and fundamental
frequency of the signal.(Dec 2015)
ω=300π ,
2πf= 150π
f= 150Hz hence Nyquist rate Fs=2fm= 2x150= 300Hz.
27.What is an Anti –Aliasing filter?(May 2016)
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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
An anti-aliasing filter (AAF) is a filter used before a signal sampler to restrict the bandwidth of a
signal to approximately or completely satisfy the sampling theorem over the band of interest
28. Distinguish between discrete signal and discrete signal representation.(Dec 2016)
Discrete time signals: Discrete time signals are the signals or quantities that can be defined and
represented at certain time instants of the sequence.

Discrete signal representation:A discrete time signal can be represented in (i)Tabular representation
(ii) Graphical representation (iii) Sequence representation
29.If x(n) = x(n+1)+x(n-2), is the system causal? (Dec 2016)
When n=0; x(0)= x(1)+x(-2). When n= -1, x(-1) = x(0)+x(-3). The system is non causal, since the
system depends on future.
30. Determine x(n) =u(n) is a power signal or energy signal. (Dec 2015)

1
31.Determine if the system described by the equation x ( n )+ is causal or non causal.
x (n−1)
(May 2016)

32. List the sampling techniques.(May 2018)

There are three types of sampling techniques,
i) Impulse sampling,
ii) Natural sampling
iii) Flat top sampling.
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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
33. Define spectral density.(Nov 2018)
The spectral density of the signal describes the energy or power present in the signal as a function
of frequency, per unit frequency. The power spectral density has infinite energy and finite power.

PART– B
1. Determine which of the following signals are periodic and determine the fundamental period also.
( i ) x ( t )=20 sin 25 πt ( ii ) x ( t )= 20sin √ 5 t
π
( iii ) x ( t )=10 cos 10 πt ( iv ) x( t )=3 cos( 5 t + )
6
(i) x(t) =20 sin 25πt
ω0 is multiply of π. Therefore it is a periodic signal.
Fundamental period N= 2πm/ω0 = 2πm/25π
For m = 25, N is integer, N= 2
(ii) x(t) = 20 sin√5t
It is a non periodic signal
(iii) x(t) = 10 cos10πt
ω0 is multiply of π. Therefore it is a periodic signal.
Fundamental period N= 2πm/ ω0 = 2πm/10π
For m=5 N is integer, N=1
(iv) x(t) = 3 cos(5t+π/6)
It is a non periodic signal
2.Explain the digital signal processing system with necessary sketches and give its merits and
demerits.State the advantages of convolution technique. (Dec 2016)
 A system is defined as a physical device that generates an output signal for a given input
signal.
 System is an interconnection of components.
 Eg: Electric circuit, communication, Biological system
 Digital system is used to perform an operation in digital signal processing.
 Converting the analog signal to digital signal, this is performed by A/D
converter
 Processing Digital signal by digital system.
 Converting the digital signal to analog signal, this is performed by D/A
converter.
ASP (Analog signal Processing) :

If the input signal given to the system is analog then system does analog signal processing. Ex
Resistor, capacitor or Inductor, OP-AMP etc.

DSP (Digital signal Processing) :

 If the input signal given to the system is digital then system does digital signal processing.
 Ex Digital Computer, Digital Logic Circuits etc.
 The devices called as ADC (analog to digital Converter) converts Analog signal into digital and
DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) does vice-versa.
 Most of the signals generated are analog in nature. Hence these signals are converted to digital form
by the analog to digital converter.
 Thus AD Converter generates an array of samples and gives it to the digital signal processor.
 This array of samples or sequence of samples is the digital equivalent of input analog signal.
 The DSP performs signal processing operations like filtering, multiplication, transformation or
amplification etc operations over these digital signals. The digital output signal from the DSP is
given to the DAC.
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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
ADVANTAGES OF DSP OVER ASP
 Physical size of analog systems is quite large while digital processors are more compact and light in
weight.
 Analog systems are less accurate because of component tolerance ex R, L, C and active components.
Digital components are less sensitive to the environmental changes, noise and disturbances.
 Digital system is most flexible as software programs & control programs can be easily modified.
 Digital signal can be stores on digital hard disk, floppy disk or magnetic tapes. Hence becomes
transportable. Thus easy and lasting storage capacity.
 Digital processing can be done offline.
 Mathematical signal processing algorithm can be routinely implemented on digital signal processing
systems. Digital controllers are capable of performing complex computation with constant accuracy
at high speed.
 Digital signal processing systems are upgradeable since that are software controlled.

Disadvantages of DSP over ASP

 Additional complexity (A/D & D/A Converters)
 Limit in frequency. High speed AD converters are difficult to achieve in practice. In high frequency
applications DSP are not preferred.
Elements of DSP

 Antialiasing filter
 Sample and hold circuit
 Analog to Digital converter
 Digital Signal processor
 Digital to Analog converter
 Reconstruction filter

 x(t) is an analog input signal and y(t) is an analog processed output signal.
 Anti aliasing filter is to remove the high frequency noise and to band limit the signal.
 Sample + hold remains the input signal constant.
 Digital signal processor performs the set of operations on the input signal.
 The unwanted high frequency components are eliminated with the help of reconstruction filter.
Antialiasing filter
 A filter that is used to reject high frequency signals before it is sampled to remove the aliasing of
unwanted high frequency signals is called an anti aliasing filter.
Sample and hold circuit
 The sample and hold device provides the input to the ADC and will be required if the input signal
must remain relatively constant during the conversion of the analog signal to digital format.
Analog to Digital converter
 The output of the sample and hold circuit serves as the input to the ADC. The output of ADC is an
N bit binary number depending on the value of the analog signal as its input.
 The ADC input signal is limited to a range of either 0 to +10V if unipolar and -5V to +5V if
bipolar.
Digital Signal processor
 The Digital Signal processor may be a large programmable digital computer or a microprocessor
programmed to perform the desired operations on the input signal.
 It may be a digital signal processing hardware configured to perform a set of operations on the input
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Digital to Analog converter
 The output of DAC is continuous but not smooth.
 The signal contains unwanted high frequency components.
Reconstruction filter

 To eliminate high frequency components, the output of DAC is applied to a Reconstruction filter
The output of Reconstruction filter is smooth continuous signal.

Advantages:

 Greater accuracy
 Simplicity
 Repeatability
 Time sharing
 Ease of data storage
Disadvantages:
 System complexity
 Bandwidth limited by sampling rate
 Power consumption
Applications of DSP:
 Speech processing - Speech compression & decompression for voice
storage system
 Communication - Elimination of noise by filtering and echo cancellation.
Bio-Medical - Spectrum analysis of ECG,EEG etc.
. i) Find the impulse response of a Discrete Time LTI system
3
y (n )= y (n−1)+0 .5 y (n−2)+x (n )+x( n−1 )
(May 2015)

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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
ii)What is meant by sampling? Explain sampling theorem? What is spectral density (Dec 2012) (Dec
2014)
Sampling:
This is the conversion of a continuous-time signal into a discrete- time signal obtained by taking “samples”
of the continuous-time signal at discrete time instants.
The Sampling Theorem states that a band limited continuous time signal, with higher frequency f h Hz can
uniquely recovered from its samples provided the sampling rate f s >2 fh..

Importance:
1. to extract the correct information from the signal.
2. wrong sampling gives inaccurate information.
Eg:
fs = 100 Hz , so T = 0.01 seconds
fm = 40 Hz
fs ≥ 2fm , 100 ≥ 2*40 condition satisfied.

fs = 100 Hz , so T = 0.01 seconds

fm = 90 Hz
fs ≥ 2fm , 100 ≥ 2*90 condition not satisfied.

fm = 90 Hz , T = 0.01 sampled signal may alias with the f m = 10 Hz signal.

Due to wrong selection of sampling frequency, aliasing may occur.

Aliasing:
The phenomenon of a continuous-time signal of higher frequency acquiring the identity of a
sequence of lower frequency after sampling is called aliasing.
Effects:
1. Since high & low frequency interfere with each other, distortion is generated.
2. Data is lost & it cannot be recovered.
Ways to avoid aliasing:
1. Sampling rate fs ≥ 2 fm .
2. Band limit the signal to fm .

Fig: Aliasing effect

Spectral Density
 The analysis which is used to characterize the frequency content of the signal( all real time signals
are sinewave forms) is known as spectral analysis.
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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
 Spectral density is defined as the fourier transform of auto correlation function.
 Spectral estimation is very useful in the following fields.
Astronomy, Communication engineering, In radar( to identify the targets), Sonar.
 Spectral density can be calculated for two types of signal namely continuous time signal and discrete
time signal.
 The spectral density is usually estimated using Fourier transform methods (such as the Welch
method), but other techniques such as the maximum entropy method can also be used.

iii) Explain the properties of discrete time system?(May 2015)

Static & Dynamic systems:
Static System: A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at any instant n depends on
the input samples at the present, but not on past or future samples of the input.
Eg. y(n)= ax(n)
y(n)=ax 2 (n)
Dynamic System: A discrete-time system is called dynamic or memory if its output at any instant n depends on
the input samples on past or future.
Eg.y(n)= x(n-1)+x(n-2)
y(n)=x(n+1)+x(n)

Causal and Non causal systems:

Causal System: A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only at present
and past inputs, but does not depend on future inputs.
Eg.y(n)= x(n)+x(n-1)
Non causal system: A system is said to be non causal if the output of the system at any time n depends on future
inputs.
Eg.y(n)= x(2n)

Linear and Non linear System

Linear system: A system that satisfies the superposition principle is said to be a linear system.
Super position principle states that the response of the system to a weighted sum of signals should be equal
to the corresponding weighted sum of the outputs of the system to each of the individual input signals.
T [a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]
Non-Linear system: A system that does not satisfy the superposition principle is said to be a non-linear
system.

Time-invariant and Time-variant system:

Time-invariant system: A system is said to be time-invariant or shift invariant if the characteristics of the system
do not change with time.
y(n,k) = y(n-k)
Time-variant system: A system is said to be time-variant if the characteristics of the system change with
time.
y(n,k) ≠ y(n-k)

FIR and IIR system:

FIR system: If the impulse response of the system is of finite duration, then the system is called Finite
Impulse Response system.
Eg. h(n)= {1 for n=0,3,4
IIR system: If the impulse response of the system is of infinite duration, then the system is called aInfinite
Impulse Response system.
Eg. h(n)= a n u(n)

Stable and Unstable system:

Stable system: A system is said to be stable if it produces a bounded output sequence for every
bounded input sequence.
Unstable system: A system is said to be unstable if it produces unbounded output sequence for bounded
input sequence.

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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
The necessary condition for stability is
∞

∑ |h ( n )|< ∞
n=−∞
Recurcive and Non Recursive System:
Recursive system: a recursive system is one in which the output y(n) is dependent on one or more of its past
outputs ( y(n-1), y(n-2) . . . ). A system having feedback is called recursive system.
Eg. y(n)=x(n)+y(n-1)

Non recursive : a non recursive system is one in which the output is independent of any past outputs. A system
having no feedback is called non recursive system.
Eg. y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)

4)i)A discrete time system is represented by difference equation verify whether it is linear? Shift
Invariant? Causal? In each case justify your answer. (May 2015)
y (n )=3 y (n−1 )−nx (n )+4 x (n−1)+2 x (n+1) and n≥0 .
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1 3y1(n-1) + a23y2(n-1) – n(a1x1(n) + a2 x2(n) ) + a14x1(n-1) + a24x2(n-
1) + a12x1(n+1) + a2 2x2(n+1)
= 3[a1 y1(n-1) + a2y2(n-1)] – n[a1x1(n) + a2 x2(n) ] + 4[a1x1(n-1) + a2x2(n-1)] + 2[a1x1(n+1) +
a2 x2(n+1)]

a1T[x1(n)] = a13y1(n-1) – n a1x1(n) +4 a1x1(n-1) + 2 a1x1(n+1)

a2 T[x2(n)] = a23y2(n-1) – n a2x2(n) +4 a2x2(n-1) + 2 a2x2(n+1)
a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a13y1(n-1) – n a1x1(n) +4 a1x1(n-1) + 2 a1x1(n+1) + a23y2(n-1) – n a2x2(n) +4 a2x2(n-
1) + 2 a2x2(n+1)
LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.

(ii) time invariance or shift invariant

y(n,k) = y(n-k)
if the input is delayed by k units,

y(n,k) = 3y(n-1- k) – nx(n - k) +4x(n-1- k) + 2x(n+1-k)

if the output is delayed by k units,
y(n-k) = 3y(n-k-1) –[ n-k]x(n-k) +4x(n-k-1) + 2x(n-k+1)
LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is time variance.
(iii) causal
y(n) = 3y(n-1) – nx(n) +4x(n-1) + 2x(n+1)
n≥0
n = 0, y(0) = 3y(-1) – 0x(0) +4x(-1) + 2x(1)
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n = 1, y(1) = 3y(0) – x(1) +4x(0) + 2x(2)
the output depends on future inputs. Hence the system is non causal.

ii) What is meant by quantization and quantization error ? (Dec2014) (May 2017)
The process of converting discrete time continuous signal into discrete time discrete amplitude signal is
known as quantization. It is a process by which amplitude of each sample of a signal is rounded off to the
nearest permissible level. The error introduced in representing the continuous-valued signal by a finite set of
discrete value levels is called quantization error or quantization noise.

We denote the quantizer operation on the samples x(n) as Q[x(n)] and let x q(n) denote the sequence of
quantized samples at the output of the quantizer. Hence x q(n) = Q[x(n)]. Then the quantization error is a
sequence eq(n) defined as the difference between the quantized value and the actual sample value. Thus

eq(n) = xq(n)-x(n)

5. Check whether following are linear, time invariant, causal and stable for the following system,
(i)y(n) = x(n)+nx(n+1) , (ii) y(n) = cos x(n), (iii) y(n)= x(-n+5), (iv) y(n)= x(2n)(Dec 2011) (June2012)
(May 2017)
y(n) = x(n) + n x(n+1)
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1(n) + a2x2(n) + n[a1x1(n+1) + a2x2(n+1)]

= a1 x1(n) + a1 n x1(n+1) + a2 x2(n) + a2 n x2(n+1)

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 [x1(n) + n x1(n+1)] + a2 [x2(n) + n x2(n+1)]

= a1 x1(n) + a1 n x1(n+1) + a2 x2(n) + a2 n x2(n+1)

LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.
(ii) causal:
y(n) = x(n) + n x(n+1)

n=-1, y(-1) = x(-1) + (-1) x(-1+1) = x(-1) – x(0)

n=0, y(0) = x(0) + (0) x(0+1) = x(0)
n=1, y(1) = x(1) + (1) x(1+1) = x(1) + x(2)
output depends on future input. So, the given system is non causal.

(iii) time-invariant:
y(n,k) = y(n-k)

y(n,k) = x(n-k) + n x(n+1-k)

y(n-k) = x(n-k) + (n-k) x(n-k+1)

LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is time-variant system.
(iv) static:
x(n) = x(n) + n x(n+1)
output depends on future input. So, the given system is dynamic.
y(n) = cos x(n)
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = cos[a1 x1(n) + a2 x2(n)]

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 cos x1(n) + a2 cos x2(n)

LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is non linear.
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(ii) causal:

n=-1, y(-1) = cos x(-1)

n=0, y(0) = cos x(0)
n=1, y(1) = cos x(1)

output depends on present input. So, the given system is causal.

(iii) time-invariant:
y(n,k) = y(n-k)

y(n,k) = cos x(n-k)

y(n-k) = cos x(n-k)
LHS = RHS
So, system is time-invariant system.
(iv) static:
x(n) = cos x(n)
n=0, y(0) = cos x(0)
n=1, y(1) = cos x(1)

output depends on present input. So, the given system is static.

y(n) = x(-n+5)
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1(-n+5) + a2x2(-n+5)

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 x1(-n+5) + a2 x2(-n+5)

LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.
(ii) causal:
y(n) = x(-n+5)

n=-1, y(-1) = x(-(-1)+5) = x(6)

n=0, y(0) = x(-(0)+5) = x(5)
n=1, y(1) = x(-(1)+5) = x(4)

output depends on future input. So, the given system is non causal.

(iii) time-invariant:
y(n,k) = y(n-k)

y(n,k) = x(-n+5-k)
y(n-k) = x(-(n-k)+5)
= x(-n+k+5)
LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is time-variant system.
(iv) static:
x(n) = x(-n+5)
output depends on past and future input. So, the given system is dynamic.
y(n) = x(2n)
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1(2n) + a2x2(2n)

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 x1(2n) + a2 x2(2n)

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LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.
(ii) causal:
y(n) = x(2n)

n=-1, y(-1) = x(-2)

n=0, y(0) = x(0)
n=1, y(1) = x(2)

output depends on future input. So, the given system is non causal.

(iii) time-invariant:
y(n,k) = y(n-k)

y(n,k) = x(2n-k)
y(n-k) = x(2(n-k))
= x(2n-2k)
LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is time-variant system.
(iv) static:
y(n) = x(2n)
output depends on past and future input. So, the given system is dynamic.

6. What is causality, stability and dynamic of a system? Derive the necessary and sufficient condition
on the impulse response of the system for causality and stability.(Dec 2012)(Dec 2014)
Causal System: A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only at present
and past inputs, but does not depend on future inputs.
Stable system: A system is said to be stable if it produces a bounded output sequence for every bounded input
sequence.
The necessary condition for stability is
∞

∑ |h ( n )|< ∞
n=−∞
Condition for causality of the system:
Using convolution sum, we have
∞
y ( n )= ∑ h ( k ) x ( n−k )
K=−∞
−1 ∞
¿ ∑ h ( k ) x ( n−k ) + ∑ h ( k ) x (n−k )
K =−∞ k=0

=…h (−2 ) x ( n+2 )+ h (−1 ) x ( n+ 1 )+ h ( 0 ) x ( n ) +h ( 1 ) x ( n−1 )+ …

From equation (i) we find that the output depends on the past and present values of the input if
the index k ≥ 0. If k < 0 then the output depends on the future values of the input. Therefore for a causl
system whose output does not depend on the values of the input, the limits on the summation change as
∞
y (n)= ∑ h ( k ) x (n−k )
K =−∞

For causal system h ( k ) should be zero for k < 0. That is,

h ( k )=0 for k <0

An LTI system is causal if and only it its impulse response is zero for negative values of n.

Condition for stability of the system:

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Let x ( n ) be a bounded input sequence, h(n) be the impulse response of the system and y(n) be
the output sequence.
Taking the magnitude of the output,

|
| y ( n)|= ∑ h ( k ) x( n−k)
K=−∞
|
We know that the magnitude of the sum of terms is less than or equal to the sum of the
magnitudes, hence

∞
| y ( n)|≤ |∑ |
K =−∞
h ( k )||x (n−k )| |
Let the bounded value of the input is equal to M, the above equation can be written as

∞
| y ( n)|≤ M ∑ h(k)
k=−∞

The above condition will be satisfied when

∑ |h(k )|<∞
k=−∞

So, the necessary and sufficient condition for stability is

∞

∑ |h(n)|< ∞
n=−∞

7. What is meant by energy and power signal? Determine whether the following signals are energy or
power or neither energy nor power signals. (Dec 2012) (Dec 2014)(Jun 2013)
1 n
(i) x(n) =
2 ()u(n)
∝
2
E = ∑ ¿ x (n)∨¿ ¿
n=−∝

∝
1 n
¿ ∑
n=−∝
∝
2() u ( n )∨¿ ¿ 2
¿

1 n 2
=∑¿
n=0 2()∨¿ ¿
∝ n 2
1
¿ ∑ [( ) ]
n=0 2
∝ 2n ❑ ∝ n ❑
1 1
¿ ∑ [( ) ] =∑ [( ) ¿ ]
n=0 2 4 n=0
11
¿ 4
1=3=
1− 3
4 4

4
E= Energy is finite.
3

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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
N
1 2
P= lim ∑ [ x (n)]
N → ∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
N n
1 1
¿ lim ∑
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=−N 2 []
u [ ( n) ]
2

N n 2
1 1
¿ lim ∑
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=0 2
N
[( ) ]n
1 1
→ lim
N→∞ 2 N + 1
∑
n=0 4
[]
1 N+1
¿ lim
1
(
1−
4 ()
)=0
N →∞ 2 N +1 1
1−
4
Power is zero.

The signal is energy signal.

π
(ii )x(n) = sin ( n) (Nov 2017)
4
∝
2
E = ∑ ¿ x (n)∨¿ ¿
n=−∝

∞ 2
π
¿ ∑
n=−∝
[ sin
4 ]
n =¿]

∞
¿ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿¿
n=−∞
∞
¿ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿¿
n=−∞

E=∞ t h erefore Energy is infinite.

N
1 2
P= lim ∑ [ x (n)]
N → ∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
N
1 π
P= lim
N→∞ 2 N +1
∑
n=−N
sin 2
[ ( )]
4
N
1 π
¿ lim
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
∑ [ ( )]
sin 2
4

❑
π
¿ lim
1
∑
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
N

[ ( )]
1−
cos 2( )
2
π
4
n
❑

¿ lim
N →∞
1
∑
2 N +1 n=−N
N

[ ( )]
1−
cos ( )
2
2
n

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EE8591 Discrete Time Systems and Signal Processing Dept of EEE, EIE 2019-2020
❑
π
¿ lim
1
∑
1
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=−N 2
−
N

[ ( )]cos( )
2
2
n

N
1 1
¿ lim ∑ [ ¿ ]¿
N →∞ 2 N +1 n=−N 2
N
1 1
¿ lim ∑ [1¿]¿
N →∞ 2 N +1 2 n=− N
lim 1
1 1 N→∞
¿ lim [1+2 N ]→=
N →∞ 2 N +1 2 2
1
P= , P=finite
2
T h erefore t h e signal is power signal .

(iii) x2(n) = sin

( π6 n)
Refer problem (ii).

(iv) x(n) = e2n u(n)

Solution:
∞
E= ∑ ¿ x (n)∨¿2 ¿
n=−∞

∞
¿ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿u(n)]2
n=−∞

∞
E=∑ [e ¿¿ 4 n]¿
n=0
∞
→ ∑ e4 n
n=−∞
¿ 1+e 4 +e 8 +…+ α
¿∞
N
1 2
p= lim ∑ [ x (n)]
n→ ∞ 2 N + 1 n=− N
N
1 2
p= lim ∑ [ e 2 n u (n) ]
n→ ∞ 2 N + 1 n=− N
N
1 ❑
p= lim ∑ [ e4 n ]
n→ ∞ 2 N + 1 n=0

1 e4 ( N +1 )−1
p= lim
n→ ∞ 2 N + 1 e 4 −1
p=∞
t h erefore t h e signal is neit h er power nor energy signal .
πn π

e
j( 3 6)
+
(v) x(n) =

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∞
E= ∑ ¿ x (n)∨¿2 ¿
n=−∞

∞ j ( nπ2 + π6 )
E= ∑ ¿ e ¿∨¿2
n=−∞

Since j ( nπ2 + π6 )
¿e ¿∨¿ 1
∞
E= ∑ 1=∞
n=−∞

N
1 2
P= lim ∑ [ x (n)]
N → ∞ 2 N +1 n=−N

2
N nπ π

P= lim
1
∑ 2 6
N → ∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
e [
j( + )
]
N
1
P= lim ∑ 1=¿ ¿
N→∞ 2 N +1 n=−N
1
P= lim 2 N +1=1
N → ∞ 2 N +1

P=1 , P=finite E=∞

T h erefore t h e signal is power signal .

1n
(vi) x(n) =
() 5
u(n )
, Refer problem (i)
πn π

e
j ( +
3 7 )
(vii) x(n) = , Refer problem (v)

8. A discrete time systems can be (i) Static or Dynamic, (ii) Linear or Non-Linear, (iii) Time invariant
or time varying &(iv) Stable or Unstable. Examine the Following system with respect to the properties
above y(n)= x(n)+ nx(n+1) (Dec 2013)
Refer Problem No. 5
9. Given y[n]= x[n2]. Determine whether the system is linear, time invariant, memoryless and causal.
(June 2013)

(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1(n2) + a2x2(n2)

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 x1(n2)+ a2 x2(n2)

LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.
(ii) time-invariant:

y(n,k) = x(n2-k)
y(n-k) = x(n-k)2
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So, system is time-invariant

(iii) Memoryless (static) or not (iv) Causality

2
y(n)=x(n )
For n= -1, y(-1)= x(1)
For n= 0, y(0)= x(0)
For n= 1, y(1)= x(1)

For n=-1, the output depends on future inputs.

Therefore, the system is dynamic and non-causal.

10.(i) Check the causality and stability of the systems

y (n )=x (−n)+x (n−2)+x (2n−1)
For n= -1, y(-1)= x(1)+x(-3)+x(-3)
For n= 0, y(0)= x(0)+x(-2)+x(-1)
For n= 1, y(1)= x(-1)+x(-1)+x(1)

For all values of n, the output depends on present and past inputs.
It satisfies the causality condition. Therefore, the system is causal.

The impulse response is

h(n)= δ(-n)+ δ(n-2)+ δ(2n-1)
The impulse response is absolutely summable.
Hence the system is stable.

(ii)Check the system for linearity and time variance

y (n )=(n−1) x (n)+C (Dec 2015)
(i) Linearity: Condition for linearity is,
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)]

T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = (n-1) [a1x²1(n) + a2x²2(n)] +c

= (n-1) a1x²1(n) + (n-1) a2x²2(n) +c

a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)] = a1 [(n-1) x²1(n)] + a2 [(n-1) x²2(n)] +c

= (n-1) a1x²1(n) + (n-1) a2x²2(n) +c

LHS = RHS
So, system is linear.
(ii) time invariance
y(n,k) = y(n-k)
if the input is delayed by k units,
y(n,k) = (n-1)x²(n-k)+c
if the output is delayed by k units,
y(n-k) = (n-k-1)x²(n-k)+c
LHS ≠ RHS
So, system is time variance.

State and prove sampling theorem.

13. (i) Determine if the signals x1(n) and x2(n) are power , energy or neither energy nor power signals.
(May 2016)
1 n
x 1 (n )=()
3
u(n ) 2n
and x 2 (n )=e u (n)

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Refer problem No.7

(ii)What is the input signal x(n) that will generate the output sequence
y(n)={1,5,10,11,8,4,1} for a system with impulse response h(n) {1,2,1}.

14.(i) A signal x(t)= sin c(50πt) is sampled at a rate of (1) 20 Hz (2) 50 Hz and (3) 75 Hz. For Each of
these cases explain if you can recover the signal x(t) from the samples signal.
x(t)= sin c(50πt)
The spectrum of the signal x(t) is a rectangular pulse with a
bandwidth (maximum frequency component) of 50π rad/sec as
shown in figure.
From figure, we have
2πfm = 50π
fm = 25Hz
Nyquist frequency = 50Hz
(1) For the first case the sampling sampling rate is 20Hz, which
is less than Nyquist frequency. Therefore x(t) cannot be recovered from its samples.
(2) The sampling rate is greater than nyquist frequency. Therefore x(t) can be recovered from its samples
(ii) Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic .If the signal is periodic specify
its fundamental period(May 2016)

x(n)=e j 6 πn
(1)
w0=6 π which is multiple of π
2 πm 2 πm m
N= = =
w0 6π 3
m=3
2 π∗3 2 π∗3
N= → =1
w0 6π
The signal is periodic and fundamental period is 1.

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π 3π
x (n)=cos n+Cos n
(2) 3 4
2 πm
π =6 mm=1
W0= N1= π
3
3

2 πm 8m
π =
W0= N 2= 3 π 3 m=3
3
4
N1=6 N2=8

N1 6
N= =
N2 8
8N1=6N2
N=4N1=3 N2
N= 24
T h erefore t h e signal is periodic
15. Distinguish the following with examples and formulae (Dec 2016)
(i) Energy and power signal
Energy and Power Signals:
Energy Signal: For a discrete time signal x(n) the energy E is defined as
∞
E= ∑ ¿ x ( n ) ∨¿2 ¿
n=−∞
A signal is an energy signal, if and only if the total energy of the signal is finite. For an energy signal
P=0.
Power Signal: The average power of a discrete-time signal x(n)is defined as
N
1
P = lim ∑ ¿ x ( n )∨¿2 ¿
N → ∞ 2 N +1 n=−N

A signal is said to be power signal if the average power of the signal is finite. For a power signal E = ∞.
The signals that do not satisfy above properties are neither energy nor power signals.

(ii) Time variant and time- invariant systems

Refer previous question No.3 (iii)

16. Compute the Nyquist sampling frequency of the signal x(t)= 4 sinc (3t/π). (May 2017)
The spectrum of the signal x(t) is a rectangular pulse with a bandwidth of 3/π rad/sec as shown in figure.

Ωm= 3/π

Nyquist Rate Ωn= 2*3/π=6/π rad/sec

17. Determine the given signal is periodic or not (Nov 2017)

2 πn
x (n)=Cos
3
2 πm
2π =3 m=3 ; m=1
W0= N= 2 π
3
3
The signal is periodic and fundamental period is 3
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18. i) Determine whether the system is linear or not y(n) = ax(n) + bx(n-1) (Nov 2017)
ii) Determine whether the given system is causal or not y(n) = x(n) + x2(n-1)
iii) Determine whether the system is time invariant and stability. y(n) = ex(n)

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19. Illustrate the condition of the system to be causal and linearity. Check the same for the
given system (Nov 2018)
1
y ( n )=x ( n ) +
x( n−1)

20. Determine the value of power and energy of the given signal. (Nov 2018)

x (n)=sin ( π4 −n)

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