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Block Diagram Reduction

Block diagrams are used to model mathematical systems and can be simplified using block diagram algebra. The key components of a block diagram are blocks, summing points, and take-off points. Blocks represent processes and have a single input and output. Summing points combine inputs with algebraic addition. Take-off points allow signals to pass through multiple branches. Blocks can be connected in series, parallel, or with feedback. Standard rules for simplifying block diagrams include combining blocks in series or parallel and shifting summing and take-off points to simplify feedback loops into an equivalent single block transfer function.

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Sirshendu
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218 views

Block Diagram Reduction

Block diagrams are used to model mathematical systems and can be simplified using block diagram algebra. The key components of a block diagram are blocks, summing points, and take-off points. Blocks represent processes and have a single input and output. Summing points combine inputs with algebraic addition. Take-off points allow signals to pass through multiple branches. Blocks can be connected in series, parallel, or with feedback. Standard rules for simplifying block diagrams include combining blocks in series or parallel and shifting summing and take-off points to simplify feedback loops into an equivalent single block transfer function.

Uploaded by

Sirshendu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic: Block diagram algebra or Block diagram reduction technique

Block Diagram Models


•Block diagrams are used as schematic representations of mathematical models
•The various pieces correspond to mathematical entities
•Can be rearranged to help simplify the equations used to model the system
•We will focus on one type of schematic diagram – feedback control systems

Processes are represented by the blocks in block diagrams:

Process

Processes must have at least one input variable and at least one output variable
Reclassify processes without input or output:

Output
Input variable
variable

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Basic Elements of Block Diagram
The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the take-off point.

Block
The transfer function of a component is represented by a block. Block has single input and single output. The
following figure shows a block having input X(s), output Y(s) and the transfer function G(s).
Transfer Function, G(s)=Y(s)/X(s), ⇒Y(s)=G(s)X(s)

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Summing Point : The summing point is represented with a circle having cross (X) inside it. It has two or more
inputs and single output. It produces the algebraic sum of the inputs.

Take-off Point: The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through more than
one branch.

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Basic Connections for Blocks

block Take-off or pickoff point


summer

Series Connection

Parallel Connection

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Feedback Connection

Y (s)  G (s) E (s)

E ( s )  R ( s )  H ( s )Y ( s )
Y ( s )  G ( s )[ R ( s )  H ( s )Y ( s )]  G ( s ) R ( s )  G ( s ) H ( s )Y ( s )
Y ( s) G( s)
T ( s)  
R( s) 1  G ( s) H ( s)

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Basic Connections for Blocks

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original equivalent

A  A B A BC A  AC AC  B


 
   
B C C B

C
 A  A B A BC
A  A BC

 

B B C

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original equivalent

B
A A AG  B
A AG AG  B G G
G 
 
 1
B G
B

A A B ( A  B )G ( A  B )G
G A
 G 
 
B B G

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original equivalent

A AG AG
G A
G
AG AG
G

AG A AG
A G
G

A 1 A
G

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Block Diagram Reduction Rules
Follow these rules for simplifying (reducing) the block diagram, which is having many blocks,
summing points and take-off points.

 Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.


 Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
 Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
 Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it towards right.
 Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it towards left.
 Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single block.

Note − The transfer function present in this single block is the transfer function of the overall
block diagram.

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