Clinical Chemistry 2

LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED

INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY 1 Stress response

TOPIC OUTLINE HORMONES SUCH AS:

1 Introduction 1 Cortisol  Known as fight
2 Hormone Roles 2 Epinephrine or flight hormones
3 Composition and Structure
4 Hormonal Interaction 2 Homeostasis
5 Pattens of Hormone Communication
HORMONES SUCH AS:
INTRODUCTION 1 Insulin  For glucose
2 Glucagon homeostasis
3 Cortisol
4 Antidiuretic  Involved in
Hormone (ADH) regulating blood
volume

3 Sexual maturation and reproductive process

HORMONES SUCH AS
1 Testosterone
2 Estrogen

4 Growth and development of the body

HORMONES SUCH AS
1 Growth Hormone
2 Tropic  such as atropine,
hormones corticotropin

5 Energy production and stabilize metabolic rate

6 Promote or inhibit other hormones

HORMONES SUCH AS
1 Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
ENDOCRINOLOGY (GHRH)
 Study of the processes involved in the regulation and 2 Dopamine
integration of cells and organ systems by hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Group of ductless glands that secrete hormones COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
 Includes:
o Hypothalamus TYPES OF HORMONES
o Pituitary gland (1) Peptide/Protein Hormones
o Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland (2) Steroid Hormones
o Adrenal Gland (3) Amino Acid Derived Hormones
o Ovaries and Testes
o Pancreas PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES
HORMONES SYNTHESIS  synthesized in the rough ER, in the
 chemical signals produced by specialized cells ribosomes as a prehormone or a
secreted into the blood stream preprohormone (which means they are
 can either be protein or lipid in nature not yet activated)
 carried to a target site (organ or tissue) of action STORAGE  stored in vesicles of the cells of
either free or protein bound respective endocrine gland
 often carried by serum proteins RECEPTOR  in the cell membrane of the target
 necessary for normal growth, development, SITE cell
reproduction, and homeostasis ACTION  destined for secretion outside the
cell
OTHER  hydrophilic in nature
HORMONE ROLES PROPERTIE
S
HORMONE ROLES

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Clinical Chemistry 2
LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED
EXAMPLES
Glycoprotein  carbohydrate-protein complex o Steroid-like AA derived
o Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
o Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
o Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
o Erythropoietin
Polypeptides  made entirely of protein
o Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
o Insulin
o Glucagon
o Somatostatin
o ADH
o Angiotensin
o Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
o Calcitonin
o Growth Hormone
o Cholecystokinin
o Gastrin
o Oxytocin
o Prolactin
NOTE
STEROID HORMONES  Hormones in the endocrine cell can only act on their
SYNTHESI  synthesized in the smooth ER target cell via the receptors either in the cytoplasm or on
S  derived from cholesterol as their the nucleus
precursor substance
STORAGE  no storage form HORMONAL INTERACTION
RECEPTOR  nucleus of the target cell
SITE TYPES OF HORMONAL INTERACTION
ACTION  onset of action is slower than the SYNERGISTIC  2 or more hormones are additive
peptide hormones and lasts longer or complementary in effect
OTHER  hydrophobic in nature
PROPERTI EXAMPLE
ES  FSH and Luteinizing
EXAMPLES hormone (LH) complementary
Include  Mineralocorticoids effect on the development of the
o aldosterone ovaries
 Glucocorticoids
o cortisol ANTAGONISTI  1 hormone offsets another
 Androgens C hormone
o testosterone
 Estrogens EXAMPLE
 Insulin and Glucagon
AMINO ACID DERIVED HORMONES/ AMINES  increase in concentration of
SYNTHESI  function similar to steroid or peptides insulin attenuates secretion of
S  synthesized in the cytoplasm glucagon and vice versa like a
 derived mainly from amino acid such “see saw”
as:
o Tyrosine PERMISSIVE  1 hormone enhance the
o Tryptophan responsiveness of a target to another
EXAMPLES hormone
Include  Epinephrine EXAMPLE
 Norepinephrine  T3/T4 enhances the target
o Peptide-like AA derived cells of epinephrine
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
 Thyroxine (T4) POTENTIATIO  1 hormone increases the action of

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Clinical Chemistry 2
LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED
N REACTION another hormone

EXAMPLE
 Testosterone enhances the
activity of the FSH

STIMULATOR  The presence of 1 hormone

Y REACTION stimulates the secretion of another
hormone’’

EXAMPLE ENDOCRIN  hormone secreted by glandular cell

 increase in prolactin E into blood and acts on distant cells
stimulates the secretion of
oxytocin EXAMPLE
 Tropic hormones and
INHIBITORY  The presence of 1 hormone Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
REACTION inhibits the secretion of another secreted by the distant pituitary gland
hormone and may act as far as the ovary

EXAMPLE NEURO-  hormone secreted by nerve cell

 increase in prolactin inhibits ENDOCRIN (neuron) into blood and acts on distant
FSH/GnRH (Gonadotropin E target cells
releasing hormone)
EXAMPLE
 Hypothalamic hormones
PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION (releasing hormones)

PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION

AUTOCRIN hormone secreted by a cell and acts on
E that cell

EXAMPLE
 Insulin when secreted by the beta
cells of the pancreas, it will also act on
the receptor of the beta cells itself

PARACRIN  hormones secreted by a cell and acts

E on nearby cells

EXAMPLE
Estrogen secreted by ovaries
 Testosterone secreted by the Leydig
cells

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