Airports Council International (ACI) World has published

its World Airport Traffic Report (WATR) revealing

performances for passenger traffic, cargo and aircraft
movements.
The dataset, based on an analysis of 2,565 airports in 180
countries, shows global airports handled 9.1 billion travellers
last year – an increase of +3.5% year-on-year.
Growth in international passenger traffic (+4.1%) outstripped
that of domestic passenger traffic (+2.4%), although overall
traffic growth was the smallest year-on-year since 2009.
ACI World says the most ‘comprehensive data coverage’ it
has recorded reveals that aviation’s ‘centre of gravity’
continued to shift eastward in 2019, with many of the world’s
largest growing airports located in Asia.

An overview of ATM Facilities:  Role: To

SAFELY regulate air traffic Air traffic services
(ATS), with the general purposes of ensuring safe
and orderly traffic flow (facilitated by the air traffic
control (ATC) service) as well as providing the
necessary information to flight crews (flight
information service, FIS) and, in case of an
emergency, to the approprate (e.g. SAR) bodies
(alerting service). ATS is mostly performed by air
traffic controllers. Their main functions are to
prevent colisions by e.g. applying appropriate
separation standards and issue timely clearances and
instructions that create orderly flow of air traffic
 Air traffic flow management (ATFM), the primary
objective of which is to regulate the flow of aircraft as
efficiently as possible in order to avoid the congestion
 of certain control sectors. The ways and means used
are increasingly directed towards ensuring the best
possible match between supply and demand by
staggering the demand over time and space and also by
ensuring better planning of the control capacities to be
deployed to meet the demand.
 Airspace management (ASM), the purpose of which is
to manage airspace - a scarce resource - as efficiently
as possible in order to satisfy its many users, both civil
and military. This service concerns both the way
airspace is allocated to its various users (by means of
routes, zones, flight levels, etc.) and the way in which
it is structured in order to provide air traffic services.

INTRODUCTION TO RUNWAY
According to ICAO;
runway is a “defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for landing and take off of aircraft”. 
RUNWAY ORIENTATION- Aircraft operations on runway
is done against wind 
RUNWAY NAMING AND MARKING –based on compass
and position of runway 
RUNWAY CONFIGURATION- single, parallel, open v,
intersecting runways 
RUNWAY LIGHITING- end identifier, end, edge, centerline,
touch down zone
he following:[27]
 Runway end identifier lights (REIL) – unidirectional
(facing approach direction) or omnidirectional pair of
synchronized flashing lights installed at the runway
threshold, one on each side.
 Runway end lights – a pair of four lights on each side
of the runway, these lights extend along the full width
of the runway. These lights show green when viewed
by approaching aircraft and red when seen from the
runway.
 Runway edge lights – white elevated lights that run
the length of the runway on either side the edge-
lighting becomes amber in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of
the runway, or last third of the runway, whichever is
less. Taxiways are differentiated by being bordered by
blue lights, or by having green centre lights,
depending on the width of the taxiway, and the
complexity of the taxi pattern.
 Runway centerline lighting system (RCLS) – lights
embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft
(15 m) intervals along the runway centerline. White
except the last 900 m (3,000 ft): alternate white and
red for next 600 m (1,969 ft) and red for last 300 m
(984 ft).[27]
 Touchdown zone lights (TDZL[16]) – rows of white
light bars (with three in each row) at 30 or 60 m (98 or
197 ft) intervals on either side of the centerline for
900 m (3,000 ft).[27]
 Taxiway centerline lead-off lights – installed along
lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights
embedded into the runway pavement. It starts with
green light at about the runway centerline to the
position of first centerline light beyond the Hold-Short
markings on the taxiway.
  Taxiway centerline lead-on lights – installed the same
way as taxiway centerline lead-off Lights, but
directing airplane traffic in the opposite direction.
 Land and hold short lights – a row of white pulsating
lights installed across the runway to indicate hold
short position on some runways that are
facilitating land and hold short operations (LAHSO).
[27]

 Approach lighting system (ALS) – a lighting system

installed on the approach end of an airport runway and
consists of a series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a
combination of the two that extends outward from the
runway end.

Taxiway

 The airport manoeuvring area (runway, taxiways and

aprons) should – by design – ensure clear guidance
between aircraft to prevent possible confusion that may
ippplead to disruption or worse, to a collision.
 In the past few years, many occurrences have been
recorded related to “failure to comply” by aircraft or
other vehicles. Common events of this category are for
instance confusion between runway and taxiway,
incorrect use of a taxiway, failure to stop at a taxiway or
runway holding point, deviation from the taxiway
centreline or failure to follow guidance.
 The analysis of these accident reveals that many taxiway
accidents may preventable, amongst other means, by an
optimised taxiway system optimisation. This include
the taxiway geometry and associated clear signs,
 markings and lights, the taxiway designation and naming
conventions, routings and
possibly equipment and aeronautical information
publication.
  

What is a good taxi routing?

For the review of each scenario, a list of pre-defined criteria is
used. For instance, for the evaluation of a taxi routing, the
following criteria are used:

 Complexity of ATC Instructions (length of ATC

instructions, contents of ATC instructions, number of
frequency changes)
 Complexity of routes (standard/Commonly used taxi
routes available, number of taxiways, number of
restrictions, number of runway crossings, runway taxiing
required)
 Runway crossing / Runway safeguarding (division of
controlled area between controllers (GND, TWR, apron)
and resulting handover points / frequency changes
 Separation of routings (taxiways used for inbound and
outbound traffic at the same time, taxi routes interfered
by departure queues)
 Consistency (number of routing changes within a taxi
route)
Terminal
Terminal Buildings

The Connection Between “the Sky & the earth” 

Functions  To Provide a Convenient facility for the mode
transfer from ground to air transport & Vice-versa. 

Facilitate Aeronautical Services & Passenger Services  It

Provides Fast-Shortest possible transition of passenger 
Baggage Handling system & Airside/Landside Security
Screen
Passenger terminal components
Access Interface
Arriving •Departing •Parking •Circulating
Processing Interface
•Ticketing •Check- in •Security check •Claiming Baggage
•Checking customs
Flight Interface
Waiting •Loading and unloading (both passenger & baggage

Market Size

India air terminal foundation market is relied upon to develop

at a consistent rate during the conjecture time frame.
Expanding air traffic, rise of new business objections,
expanded reasonableness of air travel, blasting the travel
industry, among others are a portion of the significant
elements driving India air terminal framework market. Also,
rising government spending and backing is further powering
development on the lookout.
The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the
fastest growing industries in the country during the last three
years. India has become the third largest domestic aviation
market in the world and is expected to overtake UK to
become the third largest air passenger* market by 2024^.

Policies implemented to upgrade/improve airport

infrastructure

To inspired to give a lift to worldwide exchange and the travel

industry and upgrade the nation's picture in the comity of.

To lay exceptional development plans for far off and difficult

to reach zones, particularly the North East, the uneven and
island areas.

To encourage the advancement of a solid air terminal

foundation, keeping a harmony between the requirement for
financial reasonability and the objective of fair territorial
dispersal of infrastructural offices.

To give air terminal limit in front of interest, to deal with an

expanding volume of air traffic and to accumulate the greatest
portion of traffic in the area.

To support straightforwardness and clearness in the dynamic

cycles of Government and its public area units.
India’s passenger* traffic stood at 341.05 million in FY20. It
grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.13%
during FY16-FY20. Domestic passenger traffic stood at
274.50 million in FY20, growing at a CAGR of 12.91% over
FY16. International passenger traffic stood at 66.54 million,
growing at a CAGR of 5.01% during FY16-FY20.
Freight traffic grew at a CAGR of 5.32% during FY16-FY20
from 2.70 million tonnes (MT) to 3.33 MT. Freight Traffic is
expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.27% to reach 4.14 MT in
FY23.
Aircraft movement grew at a CAGR of 9.56% from 1.60
million in FY16 to 2.59 million in FY20. During FY16-FY20,
domestic aircraft movement increased at a CAGR of 9.83%
and international aircraft movement expanded at a CAGR of
3.57%. India’s domestic and international aircraft movements
grew to reach 2,155 thousand and 433 thousand during FY20,
respectively.
To cater to the rising air traffic, the Government of India has
been working towards increasing the number of airports. As
of March 2019, India had 103 operational airports. India has
envisaged increasing the number of operational airports to
190-200 by FY40.
Further, the rising demand in the sector has pushed the
number of airplanes operating in the sector. The number of
airplanes is expected to reach 1,100 planes by 2027.