LYCEUM OF THE EAST- AURORA

Discipline and
Ideas in
Applied Social
Science
Quarter 2, Module 1
Prepared by: Ricardo A. Subad, Subject Teacher

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 LYCEUM OF THE EAST-AURORA
3202 BRGY. FLORIDA, MARIA AURORA, AURORA
S.Y. 2020-2021

QUARTER 2
MODULE 1
THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK ( The Clientele and Audiences of Social work)
( The settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools of Social work) (The Social work services, Processes and
Methods)
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to :
1. Describe the characteristics of Clientele and audiences of Social work;
2. explain needs of various types of clientele and audiences of social work;
3. Describe the individual, group and organization and community as a client of social work.
4. Describe social work in a government, private sector, civil society, school and community setting.
5. Understand how to conduct social work needs assessment for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities.
6. Understand how to perform monitoring and evaluating for social work effectivity.

ELICIT
Based on what you know or have experienced;
1. Who do you think are the clientele and audiences of social work?

2. How would you describe the settings, processes, methods, and tools of social work?

3. How would you describe the services, processes, and methods of social work?

ENGAGE
Look at the following characteristics of some individuals or groups of people; elderly and retired, staying in a
health-care facility or a drug rehabilitation Center, living in a home for the elderly, being a minority, a migrant, a
neglected child, an abused child, and suffering from any type of discrimination.

Do you personally have encountered anyone in any of these situations? How would you describe what they are going
through? How do you think their needs can be addressed by social worker?

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.

Have you met a professional social worker? What do you think he /she does as a practitioner?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.

Look at the following social work processes:

 Needs assessment
 Intervention/ Program design
 Implementation
 Monitoring
 Evaluation

What do you think is the most important process among them Why do you think so?

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.

EXPLORE
Throughout this book, we have discussed social work as an applied social science is dedicated to promote
well-being and quality of life for individuals, families, groups, and communities. We have also tried to look at the
historical divide in the philosophical orientation of social work practice that actually needs complementation
of each other. The first, being the focus at changing the individual so that the person, family, group, or community,
may fit well and productively within a larger environment. The second one is that of focusing on transforming the
environment so that the individual, family, community, and group can thrive well. Either way, social work
encompasses several activities that are directed at individuals, families, groups, community, and the larger
environment to improve human and social conditions, alleviating human distress, and social problems. The clientele
and audience of social work are very broad regardless of the economic status of a nation. Certain human conditions
are universal and transcend all socio-economic, cultural, political, and religious spectrums.

Marginalization, social justice, and universal human rights and dignity as a starting point, displays right away
several classes of people to qualify as clientele and audience of social work: the minorities, elderly, women, children,
the poor, people with disability, people with mental health issues, the terminally ill, people in conflict with the law,
those with substance abuse and addiction, and people in workplaces who are affected internally or externally with
issues that reduce their productive capacities. All of them and many more may constitute the clientele and audience of
professional social work.

Characteristics of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

All people with various social concerns (in terms of being marginalized or experiencing social injustice or
having their rights violated or disrespected) share characteristic qualities of the clientele and audience of social work:
individuals, families, groups, and communities experiencing being left out or having some personal social problems
like loss of job, getting sick especially becoming terminally ill, all those deserving of social welfare benefits, and so
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on. It is not just about being old and retired, being employed and having concerns in that place of work, being in a
health-care facility, home for the elderly, home for street children, drug rehabilitation center, mental health facility, or
having conditions that would warrant one to be in such facilities. Being a minority, a migrant, a divorced woman,
neglected child, sexually, physically, or mentally abused child, suffering discrimination of any kind characterize one
as clientele and audience of social work.

Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

The needs are generally that of wanting to be empowered, to be socially included by way of insuring that one
receives what is legally due him/her and that one receives the necessary care he/ she deserves. Some people need their
rights respected, some need justice, and others need social welfare help to put them on their feet. Each context of
social work discussed in this book reflects a unique type of clientele and audience. However, commonalities do exist
The Individual as Client of Social Work
We have pointed out that social work can happen on one, two, three, or four levels. The individual level is
generally works on an individual who has to be assisted to fit in a larger environment or someone who has been
deprived space by the larger environment calling for change in the very environment or simply improving one's ability
to cope with it.

The Group and Organization as Client of Social Work

Groups are people existing with similar or common identity. Gay men and lesbians, migrants, women, abused
or neglected children, elderly, pensioners, veterans, military service men and women, people in conflict with the law,
unemployed, people with substance abuse and addiction represent groups that social work may focus its services on.
There are also groups such as members of an organization or place of employment, or pupils and students in school
setup. We classify them as groups because they form collectivities in terms of level of services they have to receive.

The Community as Client of Social Work

Community has the largest share in the clientele and audience of social work because individuals and families
are essentially members of the community. Everything happens in a community and everyone claims membership in
the community. A community may exist as a marginalized sector, and in which case, the social work services may
gear toward their emancipation and empowerment. In some cases, they may constitute the majority imposing general
norms that seek to marginalize minorities and those different from them. In this case, social work may focus on
community transformation to cause environmental change so as to make it possible for individuals and groups on the
minority to achieve social well-being or social justice and respect for their rights.

THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK

Government Setting
The government setting offers the widest space for a variety of social work services. Social work is present almost
everywhere, from social policy formulation and analysis, advocacy, and implementation to enhance the well-being or
Societal members, to providing social services through appropriate government departments and agencies. The
government as an employer needs occupational Social Workers. As manager of several agencies as well as mental and
health institutions and systems, implementer of social welfare programs, as provider of pensions, and in its capacity as
enforcer and manager of justice and correctional systems and institutions, the government needs social workers. In the
United States, social workers are considered key employees in the federal, state, and local government agencies. They
may work on-site at a government agency, at a non-government agency whose client base is generated from their
relationship with a government agency, or in a contracting relationship as independent consultants. The range of
government settings in which social workers practice include (National Association of Social Workers 2011)

 agencies serving children and families, such as foster care agencies;

 health-care settings, including community-based clinics and hospitals, schools;
 federal, state, or local correctional facilities;

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  settings that serve older adults, such as nursing homes; and agencies serving military veterans and active
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) (2011) reported that at a single point in time, there are over
8,000 social work positions in the federal government. They work in a number ot cabinet level agencies within the
government, which include: Social Security Administration (SSA); Veterans Administration (VA); The Department of
Defense (DOD) as civilian social workers assigned to military components (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines)
and in other DOD facilities; Department of Justice (DOJ) as direct service workers in areas such as community-based
offender re-entry programs and federal parole and probation agencies and also serve as policy analysts for DOJ;
Health and Human Services (HHS) in service areas that include community health, HIV/ AIDS, mental health, and
substance abuse. duty military personnel.
In all these agencies and programs, social workers perform a variety of Professional tasks and functions for the
government agencies, ranging from clinical practice to program management/administration (National Association
of Social Workers 2011). Functions vary from agency to agency but essentially include: case management; individual
and group therapy; psychosocial assessments; treatment and discharge planning; substance use counseling and
treatment; and administration. They are integrated into federal programs that address health care, behavioral health,
criminal justice, social services, and child welfare issues. They also play a significant role in formulating policies and
developing program standards and guidance for federal programs. For those who practice in a government agency,
they are usually integrated into a broader continuum of services along with other disciplines such as physicians,
nurses, and substance abuse counselors.
In the Philippines, a number of social work services are undertaken by the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD). For its mandate:
The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) provides assistance to other national
government agencies (NGAs), local government units (LGUs), non-government organizations (NGOs), people's
organizations (POs), and members of civil society in the implementation of programs, projects, and services that
will alleviate poverty and empower disadvantaged individuals, families, and communities to improve their
quality of life. It implements statutory and specialized social welfare programs and projects.
In the Philippines, professional social work tends to be associated with the welfare field. This has to do with its
inception where social work is used to implement government initiatives to provide public welfare assistance to
economically deprived individuals, families, and groups. This type of social work often focused on determining
whether a person is poor enough to deserve public assistance. To date, DSWD does a lot of work mostly in the areas
of women and child welfare. In child welfare, social workers provide services to children who are abused and
neglected by their parents and those from lower-income families who cannot afford to adequately care for them. Child
welfare social workers normally do case management, that is, meeting regularly with the child and his/her family to
assess conditions in the home and report on the care that the child is receiving. When a child is in danger, appropriate
measures are taken. However, there are many other areas in which professional social workers play a vital role such as
in the implementation and monitoring of social welfare and social development projects under the DSWD or those
devolved to the local government (LGUs) such as the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction
(NHTS-PR), Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4 Ps) and Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and
Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS). Particularly, professional social workers provide research-
based evidence regarding effectiveness of certain initiatives and socio-economic, reduce, or eradicate poverty
the country.
Private Sectors Setting
In the private sector, particularly corporate setting, occupational social work is practiced. The type of social
work typically has five structures within which it generates interventions: employee assistance programs, labor union
social services, human resource management offices, community relations offices, and organizational development
initiatives (Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005).
Civil Society Setting
The civil society sector sees itself as a champion of the people with regard to ensuring accountability in
government services; hence, social workers in civil society tend to work for advocacies of human rights and social
justice. Their work ensures the delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs that may range from physical
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needs, intellectual development, emotional development, social growth, and spiritual growth. In some cases, civil
society work fosters delivery of motivational needs such as physiological necessities, security, belongingness, esteem
needs, and self-actualization as advocated by Abraham Maslow's (1970 hierarchy of needs. Others align their
commitments to personal development needs as identified and articulated by Charlotte Towle (1957), that is,
biological, psychological, interpersonal, social, and cultural. Civil society is generally organized by the social sector,
representing any marginalized individuals and groups. There are those who work with and for street children and other
children who are in danger. Some organizations are committed to women or environmental issues. Some work for
migration and migrants. Some work with groups like gays and lesbians, cancer patients, elderly, and workers. Each of
these areas of civil society concerns provide a unique setting that may call for distinct social work
specializations and general practice.
School Setting
The school is a social service and within it lies similar situations that arise elsewhere: violation of human
rights, injustice, violence, sexual harassment, discrimination, and so on. Internally, social work embedded structures
see to it that where violations occur, social workers can respond appropriately. Externally, the school does also work
with communities in its extension services and community service where students and teachers work with
communities to deliver voluntary services. Here, the social workers can facilitate school entry into community,
understanding the community, engagement with community, selecting and implementing correctly social development
intervention, and exit strategically.
A school social worker is a liaison between the school and students' families, sustainer of effective
communication among parents, teachers, and students, and essentially bridging the children's personal lives and
education to ensure that students' needs are being met. In some cases, the responsibilities crisscross with the functions
of guidance counselors when qualified social workers take care of special needs of children to facilitate their
integration into mainstream classes, In the same sense, some social workers assume responsibility for other related
school issues like formulation and implementation of behavioral intervention programs, truancy prevention programs,
sexual education programs, health education programs, crisis intervention, and disaster prevention and management
programs.
Community Setting
A community consists and represents all kinds of social work services. It is the locus of social work
challenges. It is in the community where human rights of individuals and groups are denied or violated; it is in the
community where injustices are made and committed; it is in the community where marginalization for individuals
and groups occur. Racism, sexism, homophobia (fear of lesbians and gay men), classism, ableism (discrimination of
people with disability), ageism (discrimination based on age), anti-Semitism (oppression of Jews), and islamophobia
(fear of followers of Islam) exist in the community caused generally by the presence of mainstream or dominant
groups who tend to enjoy certain privileges which are built in their lives (Segal, Gerdes, && Steiner 2005).
Majority of government and non-government institutions designed to deliver social services and other services
with social work component are embedded in the community. Social work in community settings is essentially
defined by social policy and realities. Therefore, community setting primarily calls for generalist social work
practitioners who possess a broad range of training and employ their skills to guide and coordinate services for the
clientele. Johnson and Yanca (as cited in Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005) describe generalist social work practice as an
approach that "requires the social worker to assess the situation with the client and decide which systems are the
appropriate units of attention or focus of work for the change effort. As the units of attention may include an
individual, a family, a small group, an agency or organization, a community, or the transactions among these, the
generalist approach emphasizes knowledge that can be applied to a variety of systems.
The community setting orients social work to a generalist framework that divides work into micro-practice
and macro-practice. Whereas micro-practice social workers target their service at helping individuals, families, and
small groups to function better in a larger environment, macro-practice social workers focus on changing the larger
environment in ways that benefit individuals, families, and groups (Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005),

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 In general, community setting social work interventions include a wide array of approaches with different
theories and emphasis that social workers have to comfortably employ on two or three levels: individuals and families,
groups, and communities.
THE SOCIAL SERVICES, PROCESSES, AND METHODS
DuBois and Miley (2008) argue that the purpose of social work services, processes and methods is wide.
Primarily, they enhance social functioning of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. They also
serve to link the service recipient systems with the needed resources. They likewise seek to improve the operation of
social service delivery network and systems. They strive to promote respect for human rights and social justice
through the development of social policy and legislation. To attain success in these endeavors, social work sets goals
that include enhancement of people's capacities to resolve problems, cope, and function effectively; create
connections between the social work service users and the needed resources; prove mechanism for accountability in
effective and efficient delivery of social services; and advocating social policy through public awareness campaign
and political lobbying.
Conducting Needs Assessment for Individuals, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Social work services are not launched without careful and proper planning anticipation of needs and the scale
as well as allocating necessary resources is part of guarantying effective and efficient delivery of social work services.
Needs assessment for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities is a step taken to systematically identify the
actual needs. This is done through interviews, observation, and surveys that are done in a setting. The results of
analysis of the collected information become the basis for planning, identifying the kinds of social work needed, the
processes, methods, and tools needed to deliver efficient and effective services. Where there is heavy drug addiction
and substance abuse, the social work practice may decide to focus on rehabilitation, care, and prevention that are
supported by social policy of any form. This ends in the planning phase. The phases that come next would be the
implementation and post implementation phases.
Monitoring and Evaluating Social Work Effectivity
When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied by a detailed process
documentation to be able to explain what is happening on both sides, the social work, and on the recipients of
services. Hence, this is called monitoring. After a certain period of implementation, or after accumulating a number of
services recipients, or at the very end of the intervention program, a more comprehensive examination of the impacts
and influence of the services on the recipients is done to determine the efficacy and effectivity of the program and
services and to make an informed decision of what to do next about the program. It can be phased out or the need to
expand it may be found necessary. This is the meaning and intent of the evaluation of social work services.
EXPLAIN
1. What new learning did you develop about the clientele and audiences of social work?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. What new learning did you develop about the settings, processes, methods, and tools in social work?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What new learning did you develop about the social work services, processes and methods?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
ELABORATE
A. Approach someone you are close to, such as a family member, who you know has undergone a life-challenging
situation. Interview him/her and discern how a social worker would have helped him/her go through those
difficult times.

B. Go online and search for groups or communities who have sought the service of social workers. Describe how they
benefitted from it.

C. Illustrate in a simple diagram or flow chart the different processes and methods involved in undertaking social
work. Use the space below for your diagram and include brief description.

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EVALUATE
Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________________
Grade and Section: __________________________________________ Score: _______________________
I. Test your Knowledge
A. Describe at least three types of clientele for counseling and briefly describe their characteristics. Use the
table below

Clientele Characteristics
1.

2.

3.

B. List down specific need of the types of clientele you mentioned above (A)

Clientele Needs
1.

2.

3.

C. Supply what are being asked in the following items. Write your answers in the space provided.
a. Give three government settings and three School settings where social workers practice.
Government setting School setting
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
b. Give two settings each in the private sector and civil society where social work is needed.
Private sector Civil society
1. 1.
2. 2.
D. Name three ways of performing needs assessment in social work.
1._________________________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________________
E. Describe the monitoring phase within the process of social work

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 ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
F. What is the main intention in doing evaluation at the end of a social work endeavor?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

II. Check your Understanding

A. Describe each client of social work ( Individual, Group and Organization, Community). Give instances/
Examples when these clients would benefit from social work.

1. Individual

2. Groups and Organization

3. Community

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B. Give a brief description for each process and describe its importance in social work. Fill out the chart below
PROCESS DESCRIPTION IMPORTANCE
Needs Assessment

Intervention

Implementation

Monitoring

Evaluation

III. Apply your Learning

Instruction: Using the outer circles, Identify the unique needs that are recognized and addressed in each setting
given. Then, in the center circle, describe the needs that are commonly recognized and addressed among the
different settings of Social work.

Government

School

Private sector

Common needs

Community

Civil Society

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EXTEND
If you were a social worker, What setting would you choose? Why would you choose it? Describe the process,
method and tools you expect to utilize in your chosen setting.

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12
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 ANSWER KEY

I. Test your Knowledge

A. Describe at least three types of clientele for counseling and briefly describe their characteristics. Use the
table below

Clientele Characteristics
1.Individual

2. Group and Organization

3.Community

B. List down specific need of the types of clientele you mentioned above (A)

Clientele Needs
1.Individual To be empowered, to be socially included, respect, justice
Assisted to fit in a larger environment
Improve ones ability
To cope with it
2.Group and organization To be empowered, to be socially included, respect, justice

3.Community community transformation to cause environmental change so as to make it

possible for individuals and groups on the minority to achieve social well-
being or social justice and respect for their rights

C. Supply what are being asked in the following items. Write your answers in the space provided.
a. Give three government settings and three School settings where social workers practice.
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 Government setting School setting

 agencies serving children and Guidance counseling

families, such as foster care
agencies; Scholarship grants
 health-care settings, including Child protection
community-based clinics and
hospitals, schools;
 federal, state, or local
correctional facilities;
 settings that serve older
adults, such as nursing
homes; and agencies serving
military veterans and active
b. Give two settings each in the private sector and civil society where social work is needed.
Private sector
employee assistance programs, labor union social services, human resource management offices, community relations
offices, organizational devt initatives
Civil society
Physical needs, intellectual development, emotional devt, social growth and spiritual growth.

D. Name three ways of performing needs assessment in social work.

1.Systematically identify the actual needs
2careful and proper planning
3._Analysis of the collected information
E. Describe the monitoring phase within the process of social work
When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied by a detailed process
documentation to be able to explain what is happening on both sides, the social work, and on the recipients of
services.
F. What is the main intention in doing evaluation at the end of a social work endeavor?
After a certain period of implementation, or after accumulating a number of services recipients, or at the very
end of the intervention program, a more comprehensive examination of the impacts and influence of the
services on the recipients is done to determine the efficacy and effectivity of the program and services and to
make an informed decision of what to do next about the program. It can be phased out or the need to expand it
may be found necessary.
II. Check your Understanding

A. Describe each client of social work ( Individual, Group and Organization, Community). Give instances/
Examples when these clients would benefit from social work.

1. Individual

2. Groups and Organization 16

 3. Community

B. Give a brief description for each process and describe its importance in social work. Fill out the chart below
PROCESS DESCRIPTION IMPORTANCE
Needs Assessment

Intervention

Implementation

Monitoring

Evaluation

III. Apply your Learning

Instruction: Using the outer circles, Identify the unique needs that are recognized and addressed in each setting
given. Then, in the center circle, describe the needs that are commonly recognized and addressed among the
different settings of Social work.

Government
As manager of several agencies
as well as mental and health
institutions and systems,
implementer of social welfare
programs, as provider of
pensions, and in its capacity as
enforcer and manager of justice School
and correctional systems and
institutions, the government
Private sector violation of human rights,
needs social workers
injustice, violence, sexual
employee assistance harassment, discrimination,
programs, labor union Common needs and so on. Internally, social
social services, human work embedded structures see
resource management to it that where violations
occur, social workers can
offices, community
respond appropriately
relations offices, and
organizational 17 respect
Human rights,
development initiatives improvement and
development, Social justice rights of individuals and groups
are denied or violated; it is in the
Community
 made and committed; it is in the
community where marginalization
Civil Society
for individuals and groups occur.
Racism, sexism, homophobia (fear
of lesbians and gay men), classism,
ableism (discrimination of people
work for advocacies of human rights and with disability), ageism
social justice. Their work ensures the (discrimination based on age),
delivery to concerned sectors of anti-Semitism (oppression of
universal basic needs that may range Jews), and islamophobia (fear of
from physical needs, intellectual followers of Islam) exist in the
development, emotional development, community caused generally by
social growth, and spiritual growth the presence of mainstream or
dominant groups who tend to
enjoy certain privileges which are
built in their lives

EXTEND
If you were a social worker, What setting would you choose? Why would you choose it? Describe the process,
method and tools you expect to utilize in your chosen setting.

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