Human Eye and Colourful World – Class 10 Science

Page 190
Question 1. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?
Answer: The power Of accommodation of the eye is the ability of the eye to observe the distinct
objects clearly which are situated at a large distance from the eye. The ciliary muscles are
responsible to change the focal length Of the eye lens. The value of the power of accommodation
Of the normal human eye is (d = 25 cm) = 100/f = 100/d = 100/25 = 4 diopters. The value of power
of accommodation Of human eye is about 4D

Question 2. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should
be the type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision?
Answer: The far point for myopic eye is 1.2m.

Question 3. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?
Answer: For human eye with normal vision, far point is at infinity and near point is at 25 cm from
the eye.

Question 4. A student has difficulty reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could
be the defect the child is suffering from ? How can it be corrected?
Answer: As the child has difficulty in reading the blackboard, he is suffering from myopia or short
sightedness. To correct this defect, he has to use spectacles with concave lens of suitable focal
length.

Page 197 – 198

Question 1. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length
of the eye lens. This is due to
a) Presbyopia
b) Accommodation
c) near-sightedness
d) far-sightedness
Answer:
(b) Human eye can change the focal length of the eye lens to see the objects situated at
various distances from the eye. This is possible due to the power of accommodation of the
eye lens.

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Question 2. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
(a) cornea (b) iris (c) pupil (d) retina

Answer:
(d) The human eye forms the image of an object at its retina.

Question 3. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is
about
a) 25 m
b) 2.5 cm
c) 25 cm
d) 2.5 m

Answer:
(c) The least distance of distinct vision is the minimum distance of an object to see clear
and distinct image. It is 25 cm for a young adult with normal visions.

Question 4.The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
a) Pupil
b) Retina
c) ciliary muscles
d) iris
Answer:
(c) The relaxation or contraction of ciliary muscles changes the curvature of the eye lens.
The change in curvature of the eye lens changes the focal length of the eyes. Hence, the
change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of ciliary muscles.

Question 5. A person needs a lens of power – 5.5 diopters for correcting his distant vision. For
correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 diopter. What is the focal length of the
lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
Answer:

Question 6. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and
power of the lens required to correct the problem?

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Answer:

Question 7.Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a
hypermetropic eye ¡s 1 m. What ¡s the power of a lens required to correct this defect? Assume that
near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.

Question 10. Why do stars twinkle?

Answer: The stars twinkle at night, because the star light reaching Our eyes increases and
decreases continuously due to atmospheric refraction. When star light reaching our eyes
increases, the star looks bright and when the star light reaching our eyes decreases, it appears
dim.

Question 11. Explain why the planets do not twinkle ?

Answer: Planets being close to earth appear larger in size. A planet can be Considered as a
collection of large number of small sized objects. Twinkling effect Of these objects cancel each
other. so, planets do not appear to twinkle.

Question 12. Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning?
Answer: At sunrise, the sun looks almost reddish because only red colour which is least scattered
is received by our eye and appears to come from sun. Hence the appearance Of sun at sunrise,
near the horizon looks almost reddish.

Question 13. Why does the sky appear dark of blue to an astronaut?
Answer: At such huge heights due to absence of atmosphere, no scattering of the light takes
place. Therefore, sky appears dark.
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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]
Question 1. The human eye forms the image of an object at its [NCERT]
a) Cornea
b) Iris
c) Pupil
d) retina
Answer:
(d) Retina is the light sensitive surface of eye on which the image is formed.

Question 2. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length
of eye lens. This is due to [NCERT]
a) Presbyopia
b) Accommodation
c) Nearsightedness
d) Farsightedness
Answer:(b) Accommodation is the ability of eye lens to focus both near and distant objects
by adjusting its focal length.

Question 3.The change in focal length of eye lens is caused by action of [NCERT]
a) pupil
b) Retina
c) ciliary muscles
d) iris
Answer:(c) Ciliary muscles contract and extend in order to change the lens shape for
focusing image a retina.

Question 4. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is
about [NCERT]
a) 25 m
b) 2.5 cm
c) 25 cm
d) 2.5 m
e) Answer:
(c) The minimum distance at which an object can be seen most distinctly without any strain
is 25 cm.

Question 5. At noon the Sun appears white as [NCERT Exemplar]

a) light is least scattered
b) all the colors of the white light are scattered away
c) blue colour is scattered the most
d) red colour is scattered the most
Answer: (a) At noon, the Sun appears white because the light from the Sun is directly over
head and travel relatively shorter distance. The Sun appears white as only a little of the blue
and violet colors are scattered.

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Question 6. A person cannot see distinctly objects kept beyond 2 m. This defect can be corrected
by using a lens of power [NCERT Exemplar]
a) +0.5 D
b) -0.5 D
c) +0.2 D
d) -0.2 D
If a person cannot see distinctly, objects kept beyond 21 m, then he is suffering from
myopia.
Answer: (b) As the person has the eye defect, myopia, therefore a concave lens has to be
used whose focal length will be f = -2 m (using sign convention). Thus,
Power, P = 1/f [where, f is focal length in metre.] = 1/-2 = -0.5D .

Question 7. Which of the following phenomena of light are involved in the formation of a
rainbow? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Reflection, refraction and dispersion
(b) Refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection
(c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection
(d) Dispersion, scattering and total internal reflection
Answer: (c) A rainbow is caused by dispersion, refraction and internal
reflection of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere
and always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. The water
droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the incident
sunlight, then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it comes
out of the raindrop.

Question 8. A prism ABC (with BC as base) is placed in different orientations. A narrow beam of
white light is incident on the prism as shown in figure. In which of the following cases, after
dispersion, the third colour from the top corresponds to the colour of the sky? [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) Only (i)

(b) Only (ii)
(c) Only (iii)
(d) Only (iv)
Answer: (b) In (ii) case, after dispersion, the third colour from the top corresponds to colour of the
sky, i.e. blue.

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Question 9.A student sitting on the last bench can read the letters written on the blackboard but is
not able to read the letters written in his text book. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) The near point of his eyes has receded away
(b) The near point of his eyes has come closer to him
(c) The far point of his eyes has come closer to him
(d) The far point of his eyes has receded away
Hypermetropia may have blurred vision to a person when looking at an object close to them and
clearer 1 vision while looking at an object at the distance.
Answer: (a) The student sitting on the last bench can read the letters written on the blackboard but
is not able to read the letters written in his textbook because he is suffering from hypermetropia or
far sightedness. He can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly.

Question 10.In the following diagram, the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism is
shown below.

In this diagram, the angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation
respectively, are [CBSE2014]
(a) X, R and T
(b) Y, Q and T
(c) X, Q and P
(d) Y, Q and P
Answer:
(d) Angle of incidence is the angle made by the incident ray with the normal to the first
surface of prism, which is shown by angle Y. Angle of emergence is the angle made by the
emergent ray with the normal to the surface when it comes out from the prism after
refraction, which is shown by angle Q. Angle of deviation is the angle between the incident
ray and the emergent ray, which is shown by angle P.

Question-1 Why is eye lens of telescope smaller than objective lens?

Solution: The eye lens of telescope is smaller than its objective lens to sharpen the image which is
obtained using telescope.

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Question-2 What is short sight? How can it be corrected?
Solution: If a person can see nearer objects clearly but not the far objects, then he is affected by
short sight. It can be corrected using a suitable concave lens.

Question-3 Give the condition required to achieve a larger magnification of a small object by a
compound microscope?
Solution: To achieve a larger magnification of a small object, both the objective and the eyepiece
of a compound microscope should have smaller focal lengths. Magnification of the order of 1000
is possible with very good design of the microscopes, such as in the oil-immersion type of
microscopes.

Question-4 A person having a myopic eye used the concave lens of focal length 50cm. What is
the power of the lens?
Solution: The formula for the power of lens is Power (P) = 1/f.
P = 1/50 = 0.02 diopter.

Question-5 Which part of human eye helps in the perception of colors?

Solution: The retina of the human eye has a large number of cone-shaped and rod-shaped cells.
The rods respond to the intensity of light and the cones to the colours. These help us to perceive
colors.

Question-6 Define the term “accommodation of the eye”.

Solution: The ability of the eye to focus on near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is
called the accommodation of the eye.

Question-7 Define “least distance of distinct vision”.

Solution: The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called
the near point or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, it is
about 25cm.

Question-8 Differentiate between a microscope and a telescope based on its use.

Solution: A microscope is an optical instrument which is used to see the finer details of tiny
objects, and a telescope is used for viewing distant objects clearly.

Question-9 How is the length of the telescope tube related to the distance between the objective
and the eyepiece of the telescope? How can the magnification of the telescope be increased?
Solution: The length of the telescope tube is equal to the distance between the objective and
eyepiece of the telescope. In order to increase the magnification of the telescope, the objective
must have a large focal length and the eyepiece a small focal length.

Question-10Why does the objective lens of an astronomical telescope have a large light
gathering power?
Solution: The objective lens of a telescope has a large aperture to have a large light gathering
power.

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Question-11Explain clearly the working of a human eye?
Solution: The light rays coming from the object kept in front of us enter the pupil of the eye and
fall on the eye-lens. The eye-lens is a convex lens, so it converges the light rays and produces a
real and inverted image of the object on the retina. The image formed on the retina is conveyed to
the brain by the optic nerve and gives rise to the sensation of vision. The light-sensitive cells
present in the retina gets activated and generates electrical signals. The retina sends these
electrical signals to the brain through the optic nerve and gives rise to the sensation of vision. The
mind interprets the inverted image formed on the retina as an erect object.

Question-12 How does the eye adjust itself to deal with light of varying intensity?
Solution: The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil. If the intensity of the
outside light is low, then the pupil expands to allow more light to enter the eye. If the outside
intensity is high, then the pupil contracts so that less light enters the eye.

Question-13 Which phenomenon of vision is made use of in cinematography? Explain briefly how
it is used.
Solution: Persistence of vision is made use of in cinematography. It is the ability of an eye to
continue to see the image of an object for a very short duration even after the removal of the
object. We are able to see the movie pictures in a cinema due to the persistence of vision.
The still pictures taken by a movie camera are projected on the screen at a rate of about 24
pictures per second. Under these conditions, the image of one picture persists on the retina till the
image of next picture falls on the screen and so on.

Due to this, the slightly different images of the successive pictures present on the film merge
smoothly into one another and give us the feeling of moving images. Thus, the principle of
persistence of vision is made use of, in the motion picture projection in cinematography.

Question-14 How do we see colors?

Solution: The retina of our eyes has a large number of light sensitive cells. The cells on the retina
are of two shapes:
(i) Rod shaped and
(ii) Cone shaped
The rod-shaped cells of our retina respond to the intensity of light. The cone shaped cells of our
retina respond to colors. These cells make us see colors and to distinguish between them. Thus,
cones make colour perception possible.

Question-15 How does an eye focus the objects lying at various distances?
Solution: An eye can focus the images of the distant objects as well as that of the nearby objects
on its retina by changing the focal length of its lens. The focal length of the eye-lens is changed by
the action of the ciliary muscles. The ciliary muscles can change the thickness of the eye-lens and
hence its focal length changes the converging power of the eye-lens.

Question-16 When is a person said to have developed cataract in his eye? How is the vision of a
person having cataract restored?

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Solution: Cataract develops when the eye-lens of a person becomes unclear due to the formation
of a membrane over it. The vision of a person having cataract can be restored after getting
cataract surgery done on the eye-lens having cataract. This defect cannot be corrected by any type
of spectacle lenses.

Question-17 Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens so as to use it as a

simple microscope?
Solution: The object should be placed within the focus of the convex lens to use it as a simple
microscope.

Question-18 If we need magnification of 375 from a microscope of tube length 15 cm and

objective of focal length 0.5 cm, what focal length of eye-piece should we use?
Solution: Magnification m = 375
Length of the tube L = 15 cm
Focal length of the objective fo = 0.5 cm
We know that

Question-19 If focal length of the objective and eye-piece of a telescope are 10 cm and 4 cm
respectively, what will be its magnifying power in
(i) normal adjustments,
(ii) adjustment where image of distance object is formed at D? Given D = 25 cm.
Solution:
Focal length of objective fo = 10 cm
Focal length of eyepiece fe = 4 cm
(i) In normal adjustment

Question-20 Which of the two, objective or eye-piece, of a telescope has a large aperture? Give
reason for your answer.
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Solution: The objective lens of a telescope has a large aperture, because it can gather more light
from the distant object and form a bright image of the distant object.

Question-21 What are the common defects of vision that can be corrected by the use of suitable
eyeglasses or spectacles?
Solution: There are mainly four common defects of vision that can be corrected by the use of
suitable eye glasses or spectacles. These are
(i) Myopia or near-sightedness,
(ii) Hypermetropia or far-sightedness,
(iii) Presbyopia, and
(iv) Astigmatism.

Question-22 What property of the eye is the principle of motion, pictures? 

Solution: Refraction of light through the eye lens is the basic principle for the visualization of
pictures and motion.

Question-23 What are coaxial lenses and where are they used? 
Solution: Coaxial lenses are lenses having common principal axes. A compound microscope, in its
simple form, consists of coaxial lens (two lenses having common principal axes) mounted on the
outer ends of two hollow metallic tubes. One of the two lenses acts as the objective and the other
as the eyepiece.

Question-24 Draw a diagram of a simple microscope. 

Solution:

Question-25 How does the eye adjust its focal length?

Solution: The eye adjust its focal length by means of its ciliary’ s muscles.

Question-26 Explain presbyopia and astigmatism.

Solution: Presbyopia is part of the natural aging process of the eye and can be easily corrected.
Technically, presbyopia is the loss of the eye’s ability to change its focus to see objects that are
near. It is not a disease. It’s as natural as wrinkles, and it affects everybody at some point in life.
Presbyopia generally starts to appear around age 40.
Astigmatism: The cornea is the transparent layer over the colored part of the eye. It bends
(refracts) light rays and helps focus the light onto the retina in the back of the eye so people can
see. When the cornea is oblong shaped, it causes light rays to focus on two different points on the
retina, instead of just one. As a result, people with significant astigmatism may have distorted or
blurry vision.

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Question-27 A person uses convex lens spectacles. What vision defect does he have? Draw a
diagram
(i) to show the defective eye
(ii) to show the correction with the lens. 
Solution:
When a person uses convex lens to cure his long sight (hypermetropia).
Long Sight

Question-28 How is the terrestrial telescope different from the astronomical telescope?
Solution: The terrestrial telescopes have one more additional convex lens (erecting lens), placed
between the objective and the eyepiece, to make the final image erect. This erecting lens is not
required in the astronomical telescope as the celestial objects that are viewed using a
astronomical telescope are spherical in shape, so it does not matter whether the final image is
inverted or erect.

Question-29 How will you distinguish between a compound microscope and a telescope.
Solution: A compound microscope uses a very short focal length objective lens to form a greatly
enlarged image. This image is then viewed with a short focal length eyepiece used as a simple
magnifier. The image should be formed at infinity to minimize eyestrain.
A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects. The term usually
refers to optical telescopes, but there are telescopes for most of the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation and for other signal types.

Question-30 A lens used as a simple magnifier gives magnification of 6. What is its focal length?
Solution:

Question-31 A compound microscope has an objective of focal length 1.0 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 4.0 cm. If the length of the tube is 20 cm, find the magnification of the compound
microscope.
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Solution:

Question-32 A telescope has an objective of focal length 140.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal
length 5.0 cm. Find
(i) the magnification of the telescope for viewing distant objects for normal adjustment
(ii) separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece.
Solution:
Objective of focal length, f0 = 140.0 cm.
Eyepiece if focal length, fe = 5.0 cm.

Question-33 A 52-year old near-sighted person wears eye-glass with a power of –5.5 dioptres
for distance viewing. His doctor prescribes a correction of +1.5 dioptres in the near-vision
section of his bi-focals. This is measured relative to the main part of the lens (i) What is the focal
length of his distance-viewing part of the lens? (ii) What is the focal length of the near-vision
section of the lens?
Solution:

Question-34 What is Astigmatism?

Solution: Astigmatism is the defect of an eye due to which a person cannot focus on both the
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horizontal and vertical lines, simultaneously. The reason for this defect is irregularities on the
surface of the cornea.

Question-35 Explain the angle of prism.

Solution:
A triangular glass prism consists of three rectangular lateral surfaces and two triangular bases.
Lateral faces are inclined to each other and the angle between two lateral surfaces is called the
angle of prism.

Question-36 What is dispersion?

Solution: The splitting of white light into its seven colours on passing through a transparent
medium (e.g. glass prism) is called dispersion of light.

Question-37 What is spectrum?

Solution: When a white light is passed through a transparent medium, the white light splits into
seven colors which are made to fall on a white screen. This coloured band is called spectrum.

Question-38 Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?

Solution: The scattering of sunlight due to the air molecules in the atmosphere causes the sky to
appear blue. Shorter wavelength (Blue colour) is scattered more compared to longer wavelength
(Red colour). The scattered blue light enters our eyes.

Question-39 What is phorias?

Solution: This is a defect of eye. With this defect, the eye sees two images of one object. This
defect is due to lack of balance among the muscles which hold the two eyes in their axes. This
lack of balance produces cross-eyes. It is remedied by using Prismatic lenses.

Question-40 Write the names of colours got from the word VIBGYOR.
Solution:
V – Violet
I – Indigo
B – Blue
G – Green
Y – Yellow
O – Orange
R – Red.

Question-41 Why is the colour of the clear sky blue?

Solution: The scattering of sunlight due to the air molecules in the atmosphere causes the sky to
appear blue. Shorter wavelength (Blue colour) is scattered more compared to longer wavelength
(Red colour). The scattered blue light enters our eyes.

Question-42 What is optic axis?

Solution: The straight line passing through the center of the cornea and the lens is called optic
axis of the eye.

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Question-43 What is visual axis?
Solution: The line passing through center of the lens and fovea centralize is called visual axis of
the eye. When an object is to be seen more minutely, it is brought on the visual axis to get its
image on yellow spot which is the most sensitive part of the retina.

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