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IMS Module 3 Part 1

Network analysis is a technique used in project management to plan and schedule large projects. It involves breaking down a project into individual activities and arranging them in a logical sequence. A network diagram visually depicts the relationships and dependencies between activities using events and arrows. The Critical Path Method (CPM) and Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are two popular network analysis techniques. They help identify the critical path of activities that determine the minimum project duration.

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133 views

IMS Module 3 Part 1

Network analysis is a technique used in project management to plan and schedule large projects. It involves breaking down a project into individual activities and arranging them in a logical sequence. A network diagram visually depicts the relationships and dependencies between activities using events and arrows. The Critical Path Method (CPM) and Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are two popular network analysis techniques. They help identify the critical path of activities that determine the minimum project duration.

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sreejith KB
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT

TECHNIQUES
MODULE 3
.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT &
NETWORK ANALYSIS
A project is composed of jobs, tasks or functions and activities that are related to each
other a project is any human undertaking with a clear beginning and a clear ending.

planning, scheduling and controlling the work during any worthwhile project is the main
task for any project manager. Project planning calls for detailing the project into activities,
estimating resources requirements and time for each activity, and describing activity
interrelationships. Scheduling requires the details of starting and completion dates for
each activity. Normally for any project, we may be interested in answering questions like

when do we expect the project to be completed ?

if any activity is delayed , what effect will this have on the overall completion time of the
project?

if there are any additional funds are available to reduce the time to perform certain
activities, how should they be spent,
❑ One of the important technique used in project management is
Network analysis.
❑ Network analysis is a technique used for planning and
scheduling large projects in the field of construction,
maintenance, fabrication, purchasing, computer system
installation, research and development designs.
❑ Large projects are broken down to individual activities and are
arranged in logical sequence.
❑ It is also decided which task will be carried out sequentially and
which task will be performed simultaneously.
❑ Network analysis helps in designing, planning, coordinating,
controlling and in decision making in order to accomplish the
A number of network techniques have been developed. The most popular modem

Techniques are given below

Critical path method (CPM)

Programme Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)

Least Cost Method (LCS)

Resource Allocation and Multi-project Scheduling (RAMS)

Manpower Allocation Procedure(MAP)

Resource Planning and Scheduling Method (RPSM)

Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique(GERT)


APPLICATION of CRITICAL PATH  METHOD 
This method was developed in I957. This method is highly Useful in following situation
1. Construction of civil and mechanical projects.
2. Electrical and electronic  product manufacturing and assembling
3. Equipment maintenance, plant maintenance and overhauling etc.
4. Setting up new Industries 
5. Shifting the manufacturing location from one Place to another.
APPLICATION OF PERT
This method is used in special situation where the activities in a project is not sure to
be completed in a specific time period. There is always an uncertainty whether the
project completes or not in a specific time period. So this method can be used in the
following applications.
I. Research and development  activities .
II. Military Operations .
III. Design and development of new product innovations.
IV. Weather forecasting etc.
SCOPE OF CPM AND PERT
a) It helps in ascertaining  time scheme
b) Control by the management become easy.
c) Better and detailed planning possible
d) Encourages discipline
e) It provides standard method to communicate project plan, schedule, and
their time and cost of performance.
f) It identify most critical activities
g) It permits an accurate forecast of resources requirement.
NETWORK ANALYSIS
A fundamental ingredient in both PERT and CPM is the use of network

systems as a means graphically depicting the current problems or proposed

project.

Because of its importance to a basic understanding of both PERT and CPM,

the network concept will be examined.

When a network is being constructed, certain conventions are followed to

represent a project graphically, for it is essential that the relationship

between activities and events are correctly depicted.

Before illustrating the network representation, it is necessary to define

some of the key concepts as follows


OPERATION/ ACTIVITY / TASK
A project consists of a number of activities or operations.
Completion of a project means completion of all activities or operation.
An activity may be defined as any individual operation, which utilizes resources
and time, and has an end and a beginning.
An arrow is commonly used to represent an activity with its head indicating the
direction of progress in the project Sometimes the activity may be e denoted by
circles .
If an activity is represented by a straight arrow with circles at both ends .It is
named as activity on arrow (AOA method).
The direction of arrow indicates the direction of flow of project.
The length of the line does not represent the duration of the activity.
The following are some examples of activities a) Excavation of foundation b)
Placing of foundation concrete c) Construction of walls d) Wiring and
electrification work e) Plumbing work ‘
All the above activities have definite beginning and end and they consume
Event

An event represents a point in time signifying


the completion of some activities and the
beginning of new ones.
Except starting and finishing event, remaining
all events are dual role events in the network
This is usually represented by circle or any
geometrical symbol in a network Which also
called node or connection.
EVENTS
SUCCESSOR EVENT: An event which follows another event is called successor event.
PREDECESSOR EVENT: The event which occurs before another event is known as
predecessor event.
ACTIVITY
PREOPERATION or PREDECESSOR ACTIVITY : This operations which receive the
operation consideration. For example activity B can only be done after the activity
A is completed or we can say that operation A is the pre operation activity B
POST OPERATION or SUCCESSOR ACTIVITY : Post operations are the operations
which will follow after the operation under consideration is completed
DUMMY ACTIVITY

Any activity which does not consume either any resources or time is known
as dummy activity. These are imaginary activities. They are used to
preserve the logic of network. These activities are normally needed when
two or more activities in a network have same head and tail events or
when some activities in network have same predecessor activities. It is
represented as a dotted Arrow line
EFT (Earliest finish time)

This is the earliest possible time at which an activity can finish. This is
represented on the top right corner outside operation in a rectangle.
LFT (LATEST FINISH TIME)

It is the total time by which the operation must be completed so that the
schedule date for the completion of the project may not be delayed. It
may be represented in a triangle below the outside operation circle. In the
below network for the last operation E LFT=EFT,, this is true for every network.
CRITICAL PATH

It is a sequence of activities decide the total project duration.


Critical path is formed by critical activities.
It is the longest path in the network.
Critical path is the path along which EFT and LFT are equal.
This may be represented by double line or sometimes a thick line. The critical path
longest path of the network.
slight delay on the path will effect adversely on the whole project.
The expected completion date of the project is delayed if even one critical activity
is delayed
SLACK OR FLOAT

It is the difference between LFT and EFT.


In critical path slack or float will be zero.
RULES FOR DRAWING NETWORK DIAGRAM
FULKERSONS RULE
E

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