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If Socrates Is Human, Then Socrates Is Mortal

The document discusses logic and rules of inference: 1. It explains two valid arguments using modus ponens and modus tollens inference rules. 2. It provides truth tables for logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, and negation. 3. It lists common rules of inference including modus ponens, simplification, disjunctive syllogism, and hypothetical syllogism.

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Niko Rincon
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
134 views12 pages

If Socrates Is Human, Then Socrates Is Mortal

The document discusses logic and rules of inference: 1. It explains two valid arguments using modus ponens and modus tollens inference rules. 2. It provides truth tables for logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, and negation. 3. It lists common rules of inference including modus ponens, simplification, disjunctive syllogism, and hypothetical syllogism.

Uploaded by

Niko Rincon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Taller 2

The conclusion is valid, because the rule of inference that is used is: Modus Ponendo Ponens,
and this say that if a conditional statement and the antecedent of this conditional statement
are both true, then the consequent must also be true.

If Socrates is human, then Socrates is mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is


mortal.

The conclusion is valid, because the rule of inference that is used is: Modus Tollendo Tollens,
and this say that if a conditional statement is true and the consequent is false, then the
antecedent is false.

If George does not have eight legs, then he is not a spider. George is a spider. Therefore,
George has eight legs
p q r (p v q) (p ^ ~r) (p v q) (p ^ ~r)
V V V V F F
V V F V V V
V F V V F F
V F F V V V
F V V V F F
F V F V F F
F F V F F V
F F F F F V

a) Addition
b) Simplification
c) Modus Ponendo Ponens
d) Modus Tollendo Tollens
e) Hypothetical syllogism
Converse Contrapositive Inverse

a)
If I drive to work, then it will rain today
If I don´t drive to work, then it will not rain today
If it doesn´t rain today, then I will not drive to work

b)
If x ≥ 0, then |x| = x
If x < 0, then |x| ≠ x
If |x| ≠ x, then x < 0

c)
If n² is greater than 9, then n is greater than 3
If n² is not greater than 9, then n is not greater than 3
If n is not greater than 3, then n² is not greater than 9

p = Randy works hard


q = He is a dull boy
r = He will not get the job

1. p Premise
2. p q Premise
3. q Modus Ponendo Ponens
4. q r Premise
5. r Modus Ponendo Ponens
p = Sergei takes the job offer
q = Sergei gets a signing bonus
r = He will receive a higher salary

1. p q Premise
2. p r Premise
3. q ~r Premise
4. p Premise
5. q Modus Ponendo Ponens (1 and 4)
6. r Modus Ponendo Ponens (2 and 4)
7. ~r Modus Ponendo Ponens (3 and 5)

9.

1. Demostrar T V S

(1) Q V T P
(2) Q→R P
(3)~R P
(4)~Q TT 2,3
(5)T TP 1,4
(6)T V S LA 5

2. Demostrar R V ~T

(1) P P
(2)~R→~P P
(3)R TT 2,1
(4)R V ~T LA 3

3. Demostrar R V ~S

(1) S & Q P
(2)T→~Q P
(3)~T→R P
(4)Q S1
(5)~T TT 2,4
(6)R PP 3, 5
(7)R V ~S LA 6
4. Demostrar Q

(1)~S P
(2) T→S P
(3)~T V R→Q P
(4)~T TT 1,2
(5)~T V R LA 4
(6)Q PP 3, 5

5. Demostrar U
(1) P & ~T P
(2)S→T P
(3)S V Q P
(4)Q V P→U P
(5)P S1
(6)Q V P LA 5
(7)U PP 4, 6

6. Demostrar T V Q

(1)S→P & Q P
(2)S P
(3)P & Q →T P
(4)P & Q PP 1,2
(5)T PP 3,4
(6)T V Q LA 5

7. Demostrar x>y V x<|6

(1) x>|y V x>5 P


(2)x>|5 V x<|6 P
(3)x+y=1 & x>y P
(4)x>y S3
(5)x>5 TP 1,4
(6)y<|6 TP 2,5
(7)x>y V x<|6 LA 6

8. Demostrar x≠3 V x>2

(1)x+2≠5 V 2x=6 P
(2)x+2≠5 →x≠3 P
(3)2x-2=8→2x ≠6 P
(4)x+3=8 & 2x-2=8 P
(5)2x-2=8 S4
(6)2x ≠6 PP 3,5
(7)x+2≠5 TP 1,6
(8)x≠3 PP 2,7
(9)x≠3 V x>2 LA 8
9. Demostrar tan 30°=0.577 V cos 60°=0.5

(1)sin 30°=0.5→csc 30°=2.0 P


(2)sin 30°=0.5 P
(3)csc 30°=2.0→tan 30°=0.577 P
(4)csc 30°=2.0 & 2x-2=8 PP1,2
(5)tan 30°=0.577 PP3,4
(6)tan 30°=0.577 V cos 60°=0.5 LA 5

10. Demostrar x=5 V x≠4

(1)x=2→x<3 P
(2)x≠4 & x<|3 P
(3)x≠2 V x>4→ x=5 P
(4)x<|3 S2
(5)x ≠2 TT 1,4
(6)x ≠2 V x>4 LA 5
(7)x=5 PP 3,6
(8)x≠4 S2
(9) x>4 & x≠4 A 7,8

11. Demostrar ~T

(1) (Q → T) & P P
(2) R→T P
(3)(Q → R) →~T P
(4)Q → R S1
(5)~T PP 3,4

12. Demostrar P

(1) ~R P
(2) ~P→Q P
(3)Q → R P
(4)~P→R HS 2,3
(5)P TT 4,1

13. Demostrar R & (P V Q)

(1) P V Q P
(2)Q→R P
(3)P→T P
(4)~T P
(5) R V T DS 1,3,2
(6)R TP 5,4
(7)R & (P V Q) A 6,1
14. Demostrar S
1. P→Q P
2. Q→~R P
3. R P
4. P V (T & S) P
5. P→~R HS 1, 2
6. ~P TT 5,3
7. T & S TP 4, 6
8. S S8

15. Demostrar ~T & ~P


1. ~S V ~R P
2. ~R→~T P
3. ~S→P P
4. ~P P
5. ~T V P DS 1, 3, 2
6. ~T TP 5, 4
7. ~T & ~P A 6, 4

16. Demostrar S & R


1. (R & S) V P P
2. Q→~P P
3. T→~P P
4. Q V T P
5. ~P V ~P DS 4, 2, 3
6. ~P DP 5
7. R & S TP 1, 6
8. S & R CL 7

17. Demostrar R V Q
1. S→R P
2. S V T P
3. ~T P
4. S TP 2, 3
5. R PP 1, 4
6. R V Q LA 5

18. Demostrar T
1. P→Q P
2. Q→R P
3. (P→R)→~S P
4. S V T P
5. P→R HS 1, 2
6. ~S PP 3, 5
7. T TP 4, 6
19. Demostrar ~S
1. ~(P & Q) P
2. ~Q→T P
3. ~P→T P
4. S→~T P
5. ~P V ~Q DL 1
6. T V T DS 5, 3, 2
7. T DP 6
8. ~S TT 4, 7

20. Demostrar ~(A V B)


1. C & ~D P
2. C→~A P
3. D V ~B P
4. C S1
5. ~A PP 2, 4
6. ~D S1
7. ~B TP 3, 6
8. ~A & ~B A 5, 7
9. ~(A V B) DL 8

21. Demostrar y>3 & y<5


1. x=3 V y=3 P
2. x>2 V x+y>|5 P
3. y=3 V x=3 → x+y>5 P
4. ~(y<5 & y>3) → x>|2 P
5. y=3 V x=3 CL 1
6. x+y>5 PP 3, 5
7. x>2 TP 2, 6
8. y<5 & y>3 TT 4, 7
9. y>3 & y<5 CL 8

22. Demostrar ~Q & P


1. T→P & ~Q P
2. T V ~R P
3. R P
4. T TP 2, 3
5. P & ~Q PP 1, 4
6. ~Q & P CL 5

23. Demostrar T
1. P V ~R P
2. ~S P
3. P→S P
4. ~R→T P
5. S V T DS 1, 3 ,4
6. T TP 5, 2
24. Demostrar ~P
1. R→T P
2. S→Q P
3. T V Q→~P P
4. R V S P
5. T V Q DS 4, 1, 2
6. ~P PP 3, 5

25. Demostrar R & Q


1. ~S→~(P V ~T) P
2. T→Q & R P
3. ~S P
4. ~(P V ~T) PP 1, 3
5. ~P & T DL 4
6. T S5
7. Q & R PP 2, 6
8. R & Q CL 7

26. Demostrar ~R
1. P→~Q P
2. ~Q→~S P
3. (P→~S)→~T P
4. R→T P
5. P→~S HS 1, 2
6. ~T PP 3, 5
7. ~R TT 4, 6
10.

p q (p q) p q (p ^ q) (~p ^ ~q) (p ^ q) v (~p ^ ~q)

V V V V V V F V

V F F V F F F F

F V V F V F F F

F F V F F F V V

11.
p q r (q r) p (q r)
p q r (p q) (p q) r
V V V V V
V V V V V
V V F F F
V V F V F
V F V V V
V F V F V
V F F V V
V F F F V
F V V V V
F V V V V
F V F F V
F V F V F
F F V V V
F F V V V
F F F V V
F F F V V
12.

p q r (p q) (p r) (p q) ^ (p r) p q r (q ^ r) p (q ^ r)
V V V V V V V V V V V
V V F V F V V V F V V
V F V F V V V F V V V
V F F F F F V F F F F
F V V V V V F V V V V
F V F V V V F V F V V
F F V V V V F F V V V
F F F V V V F F F F V

13.

p q r (q r) ~p (q r) p q r (p v r) q (p v r)
V V V V V V V V V V
V V F F V V V F V V
V F V V V V F V V V
V F F V V V F F V V
F V V V V F V V V V
F V F F F F V F F F
F F V V V F F V V V
F F F V V F F F F V

14.

a) Falso, pues se expresa que la condición para ser multados es tener un descapotable
rojo, sin embargo, no afecta en nada que la persona dueña del auto pertenezca a la
clase
b) Verdadero, pues se expresa que todos los estudiantes de la clase entienden lógica, y
como Javier es estudiante de la clase, cumple la condición
c) Falso, pues se expresa que una condición para los estudiantes de ingeniería
informática es cursar matemáticas discretas, sin embargo, no solo los estudiantes de
ingeniería informática cursan esta materia, por lo que Natacha podría ser de otra
carrera
d) Falso, pues se expresa que una condición para los loros es que les gusta la fruta, sin
embargo, no solo a los loros les gusta la fruta, por lo que al pájaro le puede gustar la
fruta sin ser un loro.
e) Falso, pues, aunque las personas que comen vegetales todos los días están sanas, no
significa que Linda no está sana por no comer vegetales.
f) Falso, pues aunque los autos descapotables son divertidos de conducir, no significa
que el auto no descapotable de Isaac no lo sea.

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