Coordinates: 50°54′N 1°24′W

Southampton
Southampton (/saʊθˈ(h)æmptən/ ( listen)) is a city and port in
Hampshire, South East England. It is located on the southern coast of Southampton
Great Britain, approximately 70 miles (110 km) south-west of London
City and unitary authority area
and 15 miles (24 km) west of Portsmouth.[6][7]

A major port,[8] and close to the New Forest, it lies at the northernmost
point of Southampton Water, at the confluence of the River Test and
Itchen,[9] with the River Hamble joining to the south.

Southampton is noted for its as being the departure point for the
RMS Titanic,[10] and home to 500 of the people who perished
onboard.[11] The Spitfire was built in the city,[12] and Southampton has
a strong association with the Mayflower, being the departure point
before the vessel was forced to return to Plymouth. More recently,
Southampton is known the home port of some of the largest cruise ships
in the world.[13] Southampton is also [14] one of the largest retail
destinations in the South of England.

The city was heavily bombed during the Second World War and was
one of the major embarkation points for D-Day. It was also where
troops left England for the Battle of Agincourt and was itself victim of a
number of raids from French pirates in the Middle Ages, leading to the
construction of the fortified town walls, many of which still stand today. Montage of Southampton. Clockwise from
Jane Austen also lived in Southampton for a number of years. top-left: Bargate; Guildhall; Top of west town
walls; Wool House and Custom House;
Some notable employers in the city include the University of South Western House
Southampton, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, Associated British Ports
and Carnival UK.[15]

The unitary authority area of Southampton had a population of 253,651

at the 2011 census, making it one of the most populous cities in
Southern England.[2] Southampton forms part of the larger South Logo of the City Council
Hampshire conurbation.
Nickname(s): "Soton/So'ton", The Gateway
to the World

Contents
History
Pre-Norman
11th–13th century
14th century
15th century
16th and 17th centuries
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century Southampton shown within Hampshire
Coordinates: 50°54′N 1°24′W
Governance
Twinned Towns Sovereign state United Kingdom
Country England
Geography Region South East England
 Areas and suburbs Ceremonial county Hampshire
Climate Admin HQ Southampton

Energy Settled c. AD 43
City status 1964
Demographics Unitary authority 1997
Economy Government
Culture, media and sport • Type Unitary authority,
City
Culture
• Governing body Southampton City
Music Council
Media • Leadership Leader and Cabinet
Sport • Executive Labour
• MPs Royston Smith (C)
Emergency services Alan Whitehead (L)
Education Caroline Nokes (C)
Transport Area
Road • Urban 28.1 sq mi
Rail (72.8 km2)
Air Population (2018)[2][3]
Cruise shipping • City and unitary 269,781
authority area
Ferry • Estimate (2017) 252,400 (Council
Bus area)
Tram • Density 13,120/sq mi
(5,065/km2)
Cycling
• Urban 855,569
Notable people • Metro 1,547,000 (South
Hampshire)[1]
Freedom of the City
• Ethnicity 85.9% White
Individuals (United Kingdom 2005
(77.7% White British)
Military Units Estimate) [4]
8.4% Asian
References 2.2% Black
External links 1.2% other
2.4% Mixed Race
Demonym(s) Sotonian
History Time zone UTC+0 (Greenwich
Mean Time)
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British
Pre-Norman Summer Time)
Postcode span SO14-SO19
Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the Area code(s) 023
Stone Age.[16] Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and GVA 2013
the conquering of the local Britons in AD 70 the fortress settlement of • Total £9.7 bn ($15.7 bn)
Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and (12th)
defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. • Growth 2.6%
Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to • Per capita £21,400 ($34,300)
have contained a bath house.[17] Clausentum was not abandoned until (15th)
around 410.[16] • Growth 0.6%
GDP US$ 51.6 billion[5]
The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen GDP per capita US$ 37,832[5]
centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement
Website www.southampton
was known as Hamwic,[16] which evolved into Hamtun and then .gov.uk (http://www.s
Hampton.[18] Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered outhampton.gov.uk/)
one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe.[16] It is from
this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.

Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century,[19] and by the 10th century a
fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.[20]
11th–13th century

Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of
England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century[21] and surviving remains of 12th-
century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the
town at this time.[22] By the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of
French wine[20] in exchange for English cloth and wool.[23]

The Franciscan friary in Southampton was founded circa 1233.[24] The friars constructed a water supply system in 1290,
which carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.1 miles (1.7 km) to
the site of the friary inside the town walls.[25] Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.

14th century

The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310.[25]

Between 1327 and 1330, the King and Council received a petition from the
people of Southampton. The community of Southampton claimed that Robert
Batail of Winchelsea and other men of the Cinque Ports came to Southampton
under the pretence that they were a part of Thomas of Lancaster's rebellion
against Edward II. The community thought that they were in conspiracy with
Hugh le Despenser the Younger. The petition states that, the supposed rebels in
Part of Southampton's Town Walls the Despenser War 'came to Southampton harbour, and burnt their ships, and their
goods, chattels and merchandise which was in them, and carried off other goods,
chattels and merchandise of theirs found there, and took some of the ships with
them, to a loss to them of £8000 and more.'[26] For their petition to the King somewhere after 1321 and before 1327
earned some of the people of Southampton a prison sentence at Portchester Castle, possibly for insinuating the king's
advisor Hugh le Despenser the Younger acted in conspiracy with the Cinque Port men to damage Southampton, a
flourishing port in the fourteenth century. When King Edward III came to the throne, this petition was given to the king
and his mother, Queen Isabella, who was in charge of the town, and the country at this stage likely organised the writ of
trespass that took any guilt away from the community at Southampton.

The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder
to help found the principality of Monaco).[27] On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to
"close the town". The extensive rebuilding — part of the walls dates from 1175 — culminated in the completion of the
western walls in 1380.[28][29] Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.[28]

In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.[30]

15th century

Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard,
Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high
treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street.[31] They were found guilty and summarily
executed outside the Bargate.[32]

The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England.[33] Over
the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour
Board.[29] Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology.[34] The walls were completed in the 15th
century,[20] but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII
meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.[35]

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding had become an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship Grace
Dieu was built in Southampton and launched in 1418.[21]

The friars passed on ownership of the water supply system itself to the town in 1420.[25]
On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have
disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall
remains today, lying just off Castle Way.[36]

In 1447 Henry VI granted Southampton a charter which made it a county of itself, separate for most purposes from the
county of Hampshire. The town was granted its own sheriff, which it retains to this day.[37]

16th and 17th centuries

The friary was dissolved in 1538 but its ruins remained until they were swept away in the 1940s.[24]

The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620.[28] In 1642, during the English
Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton.[38] The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge in March
1644 but were prevented from taking the town.[38]

18th century

Southampton became a spa town in 1740.[39] It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the
lack of a good quality beach.[39] Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that
were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.[39] Southampton engineer Walter Taylor's 18th-century mechanisation of
the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution.[40] The port was used for military
embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French.[41]

19th century

The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era.[21] The Southampton Docks company had been formed
in 1835.[21] In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid[21] and the first dock opened in 1842.[21] The
structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades.[21] The railway link to London was
fully opened in May 1840.[21] Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.[42]

In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know
a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from
the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome
width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and colour, that I
think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

The port was used for military embarkation, including the Crimean war[43] and the Boer War.[44]

A new pier, with ten landing stages, was opened by the Duke of Connaught on 2 June, 1892.[37]

20th century

From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in
Southampton,[21] building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.[21] In
1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. 497 men (four in five of the
crew on board the vessel) were Sotonians,[45] with about a third of those who
perished in the tragedy hailing from the city.[28] Southampton was subsequently
the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with
their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen
Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of
Imperial Airways.[21] Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968[21] The memorial to the engineers of the
and has continued to expand. RMS Titanic

Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great
War[21] and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs.[21] It was also central to the
preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.[21]
The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy-winning
seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the Portswood area of Southampton, and his house is
today marked with a blue plaque.[46] Heavy bombing of the Woolston factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as
homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic
importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for a Mulberry
harbour were built here.[21] After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces
supplied,[21] making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944.[47] Southampton docks was featured in the
television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.[48]

Some 630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to
mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.[49] Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but
much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II.[21] Increasing traffic
congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938.[21] However, a
large portion of those walls remain.

A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton.[21] In 1964
Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton,[21] and because of the Local Government Act 1972
was turned into a non-metropolitan district within the Hampshire county in 1973.

Southampton City Council took over most of the functions of Hampshire County Council within the city in April 1997
(including education and social services, but not the fire service), and thus became a unitary authority.[50]

21st century

In the 2010s several developments to the inner-city of Southampton were completed. In 2016 the south section of West
Quay, or West Quay South, originally known as West Quay Watermark, was opened to the public. Its public plaza has
been used for several annual events, such as an ice skating rink during the winter season,[51] and a public broadcast of the
Wimbledon tennis championship.[52] Two new buildings, the John Hansard Gallery with City Eye and a secondary site
for the University of Southampton's Nuffield Theatre, in addition to several flats, were built in the "cultural quarter"
adjacent to Guildhall Square in 2017.[53]

Governance
After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the passage of
the 1888 Local Government Act, Southampton became a county borough within
the county of Hampshire, which meant that the Corporation in Southampton had
the combined powers of a lower-tier (borough) and an upper-tier (county) council
within the city boundaries, while the new county council was responsible for
upper-tier functions outside the city of Southampton. The ancient shire county,
along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton[54] or
Southamptonshire.[55] This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959,
although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire (and previously
Hantescire – the origin of the abbreviation "Hants.") for centuries. In the
reorganisation of English and Welsh local government that took effect on 1 April
1974, Southampton lost its county borough when it became a non-metropolitan
district (i.e. with lower-tier local government functions only) within a modified
non-metropolitan county of Hampshire (Bournemouth and Christchurch were
transferred to the neighbouring non-metropolitan county of Dorset). From this
date, Hampshire County Council became responsible for all upper-tier functions
Southampton Civic Centre
within its boundaries, including Southampton, until local government was once
again reorganised in the late 1990s.

Southampton as a port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far
back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and
the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and
the Port of Portsmouth;[56] this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June
1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between
Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth.[57] By a
charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 52), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns
and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire. The status of the
town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of
Southampton as a county. The formal title of the town became "The Town and County of the Town of Southampton".
These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and
port which remained the "constitution" of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period
when the Local Government Act 1888 set up County Councils and County Borough Councils across England and Wales,
including Southampton County Borough Council. Under this regime, "The Town and County of the Town of
Southampton" became a county borough with responsibility for all aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964
Elizabeth II, by Letters Patent, granted the County Borough of Southampton the title of "City", so creating "The City and
County of the City of Southampton".[58] This did not, however, affect its composition or powers.

The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively
independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1
April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.

Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors, 3 for each of the 16 wards. Council elections are held in early May
for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out
of four. The Conservative Party has held overall control since 2021; after the 2021 council elections the composition of the
council is:

Party Members
Conservative 25
Labour 23

Total 48[60]

There are three members of Parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative)
for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr Alan Constituencies[59]
Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and
Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which
includes a northern portion of the city.

The city has a Mayor and is one of 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a
deputy for the Mayor. The current and 799th Mayor of Southampton is Alex Houghton.[61] Jacqui Rayment is the current
and 584nd sheriff.[61] The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of
ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels.[62]

Twinned Towns

Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France (since 1973),[63][64][65][66] Rems-
Murr-Kreis in Germany (since 1991),[65] Trieste in Italy (since 2002), Hampton, Virginia, in the USA,[67][68][69] Qingdao
in China (since 1998),[65] Busan in South Korea (since 1978),[70] and Miami, Florida, also in the USA (since 14 June
2019).[71]

Geography
The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton
Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen
converge.[72] The Test — which has a salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing[73] — runs along the western edge
of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.

Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s
by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen and Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when
the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme.[74] Most of the
material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water,[75] to ensure that the port can continue to handle
large ships.
Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks,[76] making the movement of large
ships easier.[77] This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the
shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching
across to France.[78]

The city lies in the Hampshire Basin, which sits atop chalk beds.[72]

The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the
Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north.
The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the
first to be built,[79] is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic,
but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge
separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as
a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden
Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete
bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom.[80] The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen
Bridge, which is a toll bridge.

Areas and suburbs

Southampton is divided into council wards,

suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical Lordshill
parishes, and other less formal areas. It has Lordswood Bassett
a number of parks and green spaces, the Green
largest being the 148-hectare Southampton Bassett
Swaythling Mansbridge
Common,[81] parts of which are used to Maybush Townhill
Highfield
host the annual summer festivals, circuses Park
Portswood Midanbury
and fun fairs. The Common includes St Denys Bitterne Park
Shirley
Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre[82] on Redbridge Bevois Harefield
Regents Bitterne
the former site of Southampton Zoo, a Millbrook Park
Valley Manor
paddling pool and several lakes and ponds. Northam Bitterne
Freemantle Nicholstown
Polygon Thornhill

Council estates are in the Weston, Thornhill St Mary's

Peartree
and Townhill Park districts. The city is City Centre Green Sholing
ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Ocean
Local Authorities in England.[83] Village Woolston

In 2006–2007, 1,267 residential dwellings Weston

were built in the city — the highest number

for 15 years. Over 94 per cent of these
were flats.[84]
Suburbs of Southampton within the city boundary
There are 16 Electoral Wards in
Southampton, each consisting of longer-
established neighbourhoods (see below).

Settlements outside the city are sometimes considered suburbs of Southampton, including Chartwell Green, Chilworth,
Nursling, Rownhams, Totton, Eastleigh and West End. The villages of Marchwood, Ashurst and Hedge End may be
considered exurbs of Southampton.

Climate

As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Its southerly, low-lying and
sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest
temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.[85][86]
 Climate data for Southampton, elevation: 19 m (62 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1853–
present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 15.9 19.0 22.2 27.6 31.7 35.6 34.8 35.1 30.6 28.9 18.3 15.9 35.6
°C (°F) (60.6) (66.2) (72.0) (81.7) (89.1) (96.1) (94.6) (95.2) (87.1) (84.0) (64.9) (60.6) (96.1)

Average high 8.4 8.6 11.1 14.0 17.5 20.2 22.4 22.3 19.8 15.6 11.7 8.9 15.1
°C (°F) (47.1) (47.5) (52.0) (57.2) (63.5) (68.4) (72.3) (72.1) (67.6) (60.1) (53.1) (48.0) (59.2)

Daily mean °C 5.7 5.6 7.6 9.9 13.3 16.0 18.1 18.0 15.6 12.3 8.6 6.1 11.4
(°F) (42.3) (42.1) (45.7) (49.8) (55.9) (60.8) (64.6) (64.4) (60.1) (54.1) (47.5) (43.0) (52.5)

Average low 2.9 2.6 4.1 5.7 9.0 11.7 13.7 13.7 11.4 8.9 5.4 3.2 7.7
°C (°F) (37.2) (36.7) (39.4) (42.3) (48.2) (53.1) (56.7) (56.7) (52.5) (48.0) (41.7) (37.8) (45.9)

Record low °C −16.6 −11.1 −11.7 −4.1 −1.7 1.8 5.6 4.4 0.0 −3.9 −8.7 −16.1 −16.6
(°F) (2.1) (12.0) (10.9) (24.6) (28.9) (35.2) (42.1) (39.9) (32.0) (25.0) (16.3) (3.0) (2.1)

Average
81.4 58.3 60.0 50.7 49.0 50.4 42.0 50.4 60.4 93.8 94.0 89.2 779.4
precipitation
(3.20) (2.30) (2.36) (2.00) (1.93) (1.98) (1.65) (1.98) (2.38) (3.69) (3.70) (3.51) (30.69)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
12.2 9.2 10.1 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.4 7.7 8.7 11.5 11.5 11.8 114.7
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Mean monthly
sunshine 63.3 84.4 118.3 179.8 212.1 211.2 221.8 207.7 148.1 113.0 76.6 52.9 1,689.3
hours

Source 1: Met Office[87]

Source 2: KNMI [88]

Average sea temperature[89]

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
9.5 °C 9.0 °C 8.6 °C 9.8 °C 11.4 °C 13.5 °C 15.3 °C 16.8 °C 17.3 °C 16.2 °C 14.4 °C 11.8 °C 12.8 °C
(49.1 °F) (48.2 °F) (47.5 °F) (49.6 °F) (52.5 °F) (56.3 °F) (59.5 °F) (62.2 °F) (63.1 °F) (61.2 °F) (57.9 °F) (53.2 °F) (55.0 °F)

Energy

The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that
provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is
processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only
geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the
Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme
used by many buildings including the Westquay shopping centre. In a 2006
survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas,
Southampton's geothermal power
Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon-emitting cities in the
station
United Kingdom.[90]

Demographics
2016 mid-year population estimates suggests there are 254,275 people within the Southampton area.[3] At the 2011
Census, the Southampton built-up area (which is a little larger than the area controlled by the City Council) had a
population of 253,651.[2] There were 127,630 males and 126,021 females.[2] The 30–44 age range is the most populous,
with 51,989 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 45–59 range with 42,317 people and then 20–24 years
with 30,290.[2] The ethnic mix is 86.4% white, 8.1% were Asian or British Asian, 2.0% black, 1.1% other ethnic groups,
and 2.3% were multi-ethnic.[2]
Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent — the tenth-biggest increase in England.[91]
In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after
London and Portsmouth, respectively.[92] The average age of a Sotonian was 37.6 years in 2016, ranking Southampton as
one of the twenty most youthful cities in the UK.[93]

In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas; however by the
time of the 2011 census they had merged apolitically to become the sixth-largest built-up area in England with a
population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also
sometimes referred to as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing development issues and local governance
organisational changes.[94][95][96] With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United
Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.[1]

Economy
Industry breakdown of Southampton (In millions)
Sector 2000 2004 2008 2012

Agriculture[97] £1m £3m £1m £1m

Business[98] £532m £685m £736m £638m

Construction[99] £205m £269m £253m £257m

Distribution[100] £1,088m £1,049m £1,021m £849m

Finance[101] £342m £397m £548m £459m

In 2016/17 169,700 residents of Southampton aged 16-64 were in employment, representing a rate of 71.4% - lower than
the national rate of 74.4%. 6600 were unemployed, representing 5% of the economically active population.[102]

In 2016/17, 24.8% of the city's resident population aged 16-64 were classed as economically inactive, higher than the
national rate of 21.8%, although for over 40% of this group the reason was that they were students.[102]

Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property
and other business and the third-largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 per cent.[103] Between
1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.[91]

In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and
£3,800 less than the average for the South East.[104]

Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major
employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first
half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost
half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as
well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth-largest UK port
by tonnage,[105] with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as
Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of
the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its
Carnival House, Southampton, inner-city industry. Despite the still-active and expanding docklands to the west of
England. Corporate headquarters
the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009,
of Carnival UK
parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development,
which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example.
Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard
Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator
Carnival UK.[106][107]

During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car
manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older
industries of the docks, grain milling and tobacco processing.[9]
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's
largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the
Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people
across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General
Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess
Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West
End, just outside the city.

Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national
mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts
Westquay Shopping Centre
of the city, opened in February 2011.[108] The Lloyd's Register Group has
announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed
site at the University of Southampton.[109]

Southampton's largest retail centre, and 35th-largest in the UK, is the Westquay
Shopping Centre, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street
stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. The centre was Phase Two
of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the
first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase
(Watermark WestQuay) was put on hold due to the recession. Work resumed in
2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a
public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade.[110] Southampton
Westquay South
has also been granted a licence for a large casino.[111] A further part of the
redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12
February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer IKEA.[112] Marlands is a
smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s on the site of the former bus station and located close to the northern side of
Westquay. In October 2014, the city council approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark.
Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015.[113] Its owners, Hammerson, aim to have at least
1,550 people employed on site at year-end 2016.[114] Opened in 2016–2017, it has been renamed Westquay South.

Southampton had two disused shopping centres: the 1970s Eaststreet mall, and the 1980s Bargate centre. Neither of these
were ever commercially successful. The former was demolished and the site earmarked for redevelopment as a Morrison's
supermarket. It was announced in January 2017 that the Bargate Centre is also scheduled for demolition, to be replaced by
retail premises, student accommodation and apartments. Included are also proposals to open access to a section of the
medieval city wall in that area.[115] There is also the East Street area which has been designated for speciality shopping,
with the aim of promoting smaller retailers, alongside the chain store Debenhams. In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th
for shopping in the UK.[116]

Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first
skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller
apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina,[117] and
a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a £100 m development.[118] According to 2004
figures, Southampton contributes around £4.2 billion to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from
the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.[119]

Culture, media and sport

Culture

The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England,[120] as well as a number of museums such
as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement;
Southampton Maritime Museum;[121] God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located
in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation.[122] The SeaCity
Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the
Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the Titanic. The museum received half a million
pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at £28 million.
The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over
600 exhibitors present.[123] It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the
city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968.[124] The Boat Show itself is
the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate
Southampton's links with the sea.[125]

The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300-capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly
known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England
outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables, The Rocky
Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as regular visits from Welsh
National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield
Theatre[126] based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is
the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best
Regional Theatre in 2015.[127] It also hosts touring companies and local Tudor House, City Centre
performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the
University Players).

There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The Southampton City Art
Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally
important Designated Collection, houses several permanent and travelling
exhibitions. The Solent Showcase at Southampton Solent University, the John
Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including
the Art House[128] in Above Bar Street provide a different view.[129] The city's
Bargate contains an art gallery run by the arts organisation "a space" who also run SeaCity Museum, Civic Centre
the Art Vaults project. This uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, halls
and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations.

In August 2009, work began on a project to create a Cultural Quarter in the city centre, on land adjacent to the
Guildhall.[130]

Music

Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly
the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a
wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd,[131] David Bowie,[131]
Delirious?,[132] Manic Street Preachers,[131] The Killers,[131] The Kaiser
Chiefs,[131] Amy Winehouse, Bob Dylan, Suede, Arctic Monkeys and
Oasis.[131] It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth
Symphony Orchestra,[133] City of Southampton Orchestra,[134] Southampton
Concert Orchestra,[135] Southampton Philharmonic Choir[136] Southampton
Choral Society,[137] and the City of Southampton (Albion) Band. The Mayflower Theatre

The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, Engine
Rooms,[138] The 1865,[139] The Joiners[140] and Turner Sims,[141] as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like
Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and
many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic
Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted
early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls.

The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as popstar Craig David, Coldplay drummer
Will Champion, Alt-J singer Joe Newman, singer-songwriter Aqualung, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper, 1980s
popstar Howard Jones as well as Grammy Award-winning popstar Foxes. Several active rock and metal bands were
formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, Bury Tomorrow, Creeper and The Delays. Southampton had a
prominent UK Garage scene, championed by the duo Artful Dodger who formed in the city in the late 1990s,[142] as well
as the UKG, grime and bassline producer, Royal-T, part of the TQD group formed with DJ Q and Flava D.[143] Notable
bands who are now defunct include Thomas Tantrum (disbanded 2011), Kids Can't Fly (disbanded 2014) and Heart in
Hand (disbanded 2015).
Media

Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional
headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television
news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around
nine miles (14 kilometres) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of
the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is a local television channel that began broadcasting in
November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth.

Southampton also has 4 community FM radio stations, the Queens Award-winning Unity 101 Community Radio[144]
broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and ethnic communities, and Voice FM[145] located in St
Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011, playing a wide range of music from
Rock to Dance music and Top 40. A third station, Awaaz FM,[146] broadcasts on DAB digital to South Hampshire and on
the FM dial (99.8 FM) to Southampton. Awaaz FM is the biggest ethnic community radio in Hampshire. It caters for the
Asian and ethnic community. The fourth community station is Fiesta FM and broadcasts on 95 FM. Fiesta FM is the only
fully licensed Latin and Hispanic community radio station in the UK.

As of November 2017, the most popular commercial radio station is the adult contemporary regional radio station Wave
105 (11.6% listening share in its total survey area[147]) followed by the hit music station Capital South Coast (7%) a
networked station from London with local breakfast and drive shows. Other stations include Heart Hampshire and The
Breeze (2.2%), and 106 Sam FM (2.7%).[148] In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE,
broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web.

Sport

Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints";

the club plays in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in
2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top
flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there
for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester
United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27
years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they
were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in
2012 following a brief spell in the third tier and severe financial difficulties. In
St Mary's Stadium
2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish
in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their
highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First
Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former
managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong
rivalry with Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 20 miles (30 km) away.

The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the
Southampton and District Sunday Football League.

Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the
County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening
Cricket League.

The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in
Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior women's teams on a weekly basis along with boys' and girls' teams from 6
upwards.

The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the
oldest of which is Trojans RFC,[149] which was promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former
player is Anthony Allen, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians[150] are also in London South West
division 2 and Southampton RFC[151] are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC[152] and
Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls.
The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the
World Yacht Race, now the Volvo Ocean Race, was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina.

Southampton Sports Centre is the focal point for the public's

sporting and outdoor activities and includes an alpine centre with a
dry ski slope, a theme park, and an athletics centre which is used by
professional athletes Along with 11 other leisure venues which
were formerly operated by the council leisure services, the
operating rights have been sold to Park Wood Leisure.[153]
The Rose Bowl hosting a Twenty20 International
Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by Men's
Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart
disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership.[154] In 2007, it had slipped
one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and
the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Thousands enter and run the Southampton
Marathon in April every year.[155] Speedway and racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It
returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training
track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area. Greyhound racing was also held at the stadium from 1928 to 1963.

Southampton is also home to two American football teams, the Solent Thrashers, who play at the Test Park Sports
Ground, and the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh.

The world's oldest surviving bowling green is the Southampton Old Bowling Green, which was first used in 1299.[156]

Emergency services
Southampton's police service is provided by Hampshire Constabulary. The main
base of the Southampton operation is a new, eight-storey purpose-built building
which cost £30 million to construct. The building, located on Southern Road,
opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station.[157]
Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing
of the Civic Centre; however, the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a
new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move.
There are additional police stations at Portswood and Banister Park as well as a
British Transport Police station at Southampton Central railway station. In the
year ending June 2019, the crime rate in Southampton was higher than the
average crime rate across similar areas.[158]

Southampton's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service.

There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary's, Hightown and Southampton Central Police Station
Redbridge.

The ambulance service is provided by South Central Ambulance Service.

The national headquarters of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency is located in Commercial Road.

Education
Southampton has two universities, namely the University of Southampton and Solent University.[159] Together, they have
a student population of 40,000. Though students numbers had increased in the 80s, 90s, and up to 2011, they began to
reduce due to changes in immigration rules and dropped further after 2016 due to Brexit. Of these, 2,880 are from EU,
and the rest are from UK, Asia and Africa.[160][161]

The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has
over 22,000 students.[162] The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the Academic
Ranking of World Universities 2010. In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of
Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world. The university considers itself one of the top 5 research universities in
the UK.[162][163][164] The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences,[165] oceanography,
chemistry, cancer sciences, sound and vibration research,[166] computer science
and electronics and optoelectronics. It is also home to the National Oceanography
Centre, Southampton (NOCS), the focus of Natural Environment Research
Council-funded marine research.

Southampton Solent University has 17,000[167] students and its strengths are in
the training, design, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for
business and industry.[168] It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy,
which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-
shore oil industries. The National Oceanography Centre,
Southampton
In addition to state school sixth forms at St Anne's and Bitterne Park School and
an independent sixth form at King Edward's, there are two sixth-form colleges:
Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College, and a further education
college, Southampton City College. A number of Southampton pupils travel
outside the city, for example to Barton Peveril College.

There are 79 state-run schools in Southampton, comprising:

1 nursery school (The Hardmoor Early Years Centre in Bassett

Green)
21 infant schools (ages 4 – 7)
16 junior schools (ages 7 – 11)
The George Thomas building at the
24 primary schools (ages 4 – 11) University of Southampton
8 secondary schools (ages 11 – 16)
2 secondary schools with sixth forms (ages 11–18)
2 academies (Oasis Academy Mayfield and Oasis Academy Lord's Hill)
5 special schools[169]

There are also independent schools, including The Gregg School and King Edward VI School. Former independent
schools included St Mary's Independent School and The Atherley School.

Transport

Road

Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country. The M27 motorway, linking
places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The M3 motorway links the city to London and
also, via a link to the A34 (part of the European route E05) at Winchester, with the Midlands and North. The M271
motorway is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.

Rail

Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight
services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail
system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east
towards Portsmouth, Chichester, Worthing and Brighton. North to Winchester,
the Midlands and London. Westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester,
Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff. The route to London was opened in
1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company.
Both this and its successor, Southern Railway, played a significant role in the
creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the
Southampton Central railway station
town's docks.
Local train services operate in the city and are operated by South Western Railway, with stations at Swaythling, St Denys,
Millbrook, Redbridge, Bitterne, Sholing and Woolston. Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July
2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe (on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley) via Totton to
Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys, and Swanwick.[170] The proposal follows a failed plan to
bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005.

The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open
another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken
in the Hill Lane area.[171]

Air

Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and
near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport Parkway
railway station,[172] and by bus services.[173]

For longer flights, Gatwick Airport is linked by a regular rail service, and Heathrow Airport is linked by National Express
coach services.

Cruise shipping

Southampton's tradition of luxury cruising began in the 1840s, one of the pioneers
being P&O who advertised tours to Egypt.[174]

Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton
water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival
Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands
including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This
was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner Queen Mary 2 at the new Ocean
RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular Terminal, with Isle of Wight
fireworks display after a full day of celebrations.[175] Cunard ships are regularly passenger ferry Red Jet 3
christened in the city, for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The
Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007, and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth
in the city during October 2011. The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13
June 2013.

At certain times of the year, the Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the
same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'.

The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises' 175th-anniversary celebrations,
which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura,
Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.[176]

The use of the port by cruise ships and bulk cargo ships has led to concerns over air quality.[177] In 2017 Southampton
City Council estimated that the port contributed between seven and 23 per cent of air pollution in the city.[178] Cruise
ships must run their engines whilst docked because, unlike other cruise ship ports, Southampton does not yet provide
shore power.[179] In 2019 an environmental pressure group ranked Southampton as the fifth highest in a list of 50
European ports whose air was polluted by sulphur oxide.[180] The cruise industry trade association Cruise Lines
International Association claimed that the report was inaccurate and used highly questionable methodology.[181]

Ferry

While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all
of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry
service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes, respectively, on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The
third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.
Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian,
Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s.[182] However, a number of these relocated to
Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services
to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was
built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the
Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.

Bus

The main bus operators are First Hampshire & Dorset, Bluestar and Xelabus.
Both Bluestar and First Hants & Dorset are subsidiaries of parent companies Go-
Ahead and FirstGroup respectively, whereas Xelabus is an independent.

There are two networks within Southampton which are privately funded, the first
being the Unilink bus service, which was commissioned by the University of
Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town,[183] and
QuayConnect which runs between central station to Red Funnel's port via Bluestar and First Southampton
WestQuay and is run with funding from Red Funnel.[184] There is also a door-to- buses outside the Guildhall
door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot
access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA
Support Services.[185]

Most bus services terminate in the city centre. First Hampshire & Dorset uses Pound Tree Road and Vincent's Walk as
their endpoint (with the exception of the X4/X5 routes which start at Portland Terrace). Bluestar uses Vincent's
Walk/Hanover Buildings for their east, city and north-bound routes and Portland Terrace for their west-bound routes.
Xelabus uses Vincent's Walk as their main terminus for its Southampton routes.[186]

Tram

There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949. More recent proposals to reintroduce them
surfaced in 2016[187] and 2017[188] and a monorail system was proposed in 1988.[189]

All around Southampton are "Lucy Boxes" - so called as they were made by W. Lucy &
Co. and often the only visible remnants of the tramways. They were used to inject power
into the lines.

Cycling

Cycling within Southampton is becoming popular and Southampton City Council

announced that it would adopt a new ten year 'Cycling Strategy' from 2017, which would
include the construction of multiple cycling highways throughout the city and
surrounding suburbs.[190]

Notable people A "Lucy Box"

People hailing from Southampton are called Sotonians.[191] The city has produced a large
number of musicians throughout its history, ranging from hymn writer Isaac Watts, who was born in Southampton in
1674[192] and whose composition O God, Our Help in Ages Past is played by the bells of Southampton Civic
Centre,[193] to more recent musical acts such as singer Craig David, who grew up on the Holyrood estate,[194] Coldplay
drummer Will Champion[195] and solo popstar Foxes.

Television personalities from Southampton include comedian Benny Hill[196] and naturalist Chris Packham,[197] and in
recent years the city has also produced a number of competitive reality television winners such as Matt Cardle (The X
Factor, 2010)[198] and Shelina Permalloo (MasterChef, 2012), who operates a Mauritian restaurant named Lakaz Maman
in Bedford Place. Radio personality Scott Mills was also born in Southampton.[199]
Novelist Jane Austen lived in Southampton for a number of years[200] and the city has
also been home to a number of artists, including Edward John Gregory,[201] Hubert von
Herkomer[202] and John Everett Millais.[203] The feminist and suffragist Emily Davies
was born there in 1830.[204] Sir Leon Simon, President of the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, was born in Southampton.

Sports people born in Southampton include rugby union player Mike Brown[205] and
Australian tennis player Wally Masur.[206]

Being a port city, Southampton has been home to a number of seafarers including Charles
Fryatt, who rammed a German U-boat with his merchant ship during World War I;[207]
John Jellicoe, who served as Admiral of the Fleet during the same war and later became
Governor-General of New Zealand;[208] and the last survivor of the RMS Titanic,
Millvina Dean.[209]
Craig David was brought up
Richard Aslatt Pearce, the first deaf-mute Anglican clergyman, was born in Portswood, on the Holyrood estate in
Southampton.[210] the city centre

Ally Law, YouTuber and parkour practitioner, was born in Southampton.[211]

Canadian pacifist Robert Edis Fairbairn (1879 - 1953) was born in Southampton.

Rishi Sunak, the Chancellor of the Exchequer as of 13 February 2020 was born in Southampton in 1980.[212]

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Southampton.

Individuals
Field Marshal Rt Hon Lord Roberts of Kandahar VC KG KP OM GCSI GCIE VD PC FRSGS: 1901.
Field Marshal Rt Hon Lord Kitchener KG KP GCB OM GCSI GCMG GCIE PC: 1902.
Rt Hon David Lloyd George OM PC: 1923.
Ted Bates MBE: 2001.
Matthew Le Tissier: 2002.
Lawrence McMenemy MBE: 2007.
Dame Mary Fagan LG DCVO JP: 2 February 2013.[213]
Francis Benali: 16 November 2016.

[214][215]

Military Units
The Royal Hampshire Regiment: 25 April 1946.[216]
17 Port and Maritime Regiment, RLC: 26 January 2000.
HMS Southampton, RN: 26 January 2000.
[217]

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External links
Southampton travel guide from Wikivoyage
Southampton City Council and CityWeb (http://www.southampton.gov.uk/)
Southampton (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Hampshire/Southampton) at
Curlie
Southampton's Medieval Defences on Google Maps (https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0
&msid=113384660960350206735.00048dcb4f8721c4e4d53)

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