LESSON 1.

01 – HISTORY AND
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY ANATOMY
PROF. CHERRIE ANN CONANAN, PTRP
o Discovered that the veins and arteries
OUTLINE carried blood
o Discovered the function of kidney and spinal
I. History of Anatomy cord
II. Anatomical Position
III. Body Plane and Sections Middle ages/medieval period
IV. Directional Terms
V. Bony Landmarks ● Fall of the Roman empire – anatomy became
VI. Skeletal System stagnant in Europe but flourished in Islamic regions
⮚ Classification ● Transcripts were translated from Greek to Arabic
⮚ Joints “Articulations”
VI. Muscular System Renaissance period
⮚ directional terms
● Leonardo da Vinci
o Great Italian genius
HISTORY OF ANATOMY o Painter, sculptor, architect, musician,
Prehistoric Period anatomist, engineer
o Produced anatomical drawings based on
● Hunters found the more vital organs of an animal cadaver dissections (closest to true
● People knew the more vulnerable areas of the human anatomy)
body ● Andreas Vesalius
● Preformed trepanation o Barber, dentist, doctor
o The act of drilling holes in the skull to release o Permission from the pope to perform
pressure dissections on criminals
● Menes o Refuted misconceptions on body structures
o King’s physician 3400 BC through observations and experiments
o Attempted to systematize the body from the o Father of Anatomy
head down o Wrote the first accurate anatomy book – De
o Created the first anatomy manual Humani Corprois Fabrica
17th and 18th century
Grecian period
● William Harvey
● Hippocrates (340-377 BC)
o English anatomist
o Father of medicine
o Function of circulatory system
o Hippocratic oath was named after him
o Explained the circulatory
o 1st person to attribute diseases to nature not
o Applied experimental method to anatomy
as punishment from gods
● Aristotle (384-322 BC) o Experimented on heart and blood of animals
o Founder of comparative anatomy ● Antonie van Leeuwenheuk
o 1st account of embryology and heart o Redefined the microscope
development o Described cells and tissues
o Aorta ● Malpighi
o Differentiates arteries and veins o Father of histology
o Believed that the heart was the seat of o Proved the existence of capillaries
intelligence
Shortage of cadavers
● Herophilus
o Great teacher of anatomy in Alexandria ● Medical schools opened and no one donated their
o Performed vivisections (dissections) bodies to science
o Believed that the brain was the seat of o Church goers believed that dissections
intelligence (superior part of the body) spoiled their belief in rising from the grave
o Described cerebrum, cerebellum, fourth ● Tradition to rely on executed prisoners as cadavers
ventricle were used until the 19th century
o Differentiated nerves as sensory and motor ● Grave robbing – teachers and students would raid
o Ovum graveyard for cadavers
● Scottish schools traded student’s tuition for a cadaver
Roman period

● Claudius Galen (130-201 AD)

o Best physician since Hippocrates
o Most influential writer of all time in medical
subjects
o Theorized the subjects: anatomy,
physiology, pathology, and treatment
WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

Anatomy act of 1832

● British Government regulated cadaver supply by Proximal Close to body origin

using unclaimed bodies as cadavers
Distal Away from body origin

ANATOMICAL POSITION Superficial (External) Towards the body surface

Deep (Internal) Away from the body surface

● head, gaze, toes directed
anteriorly
● Arms to the sides with palms
facing anteriorly
● Lower limbs close together with
feet parallel

BODY PLANE AND SECTIONS

●
To look for a bone’s laterality, determine the relationship of one
bone to another. Remember the bony landmarks in each view
(anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial).

Bony Landmarks

- Gives a sense of direction to identify body part

- also, where different muscles are attached

Scapula

- Located in posterior part of body

Transverse/Horizontal Plane - a horizontal line

passing through the body perpendicular to the
median and frontal planes; divides the body into
the superior and inferior parts.
●Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical line passing
through the body perpendicular to the median
plane; divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts.
●Median / midsagittal Plane – vertical plane
passing longitudinally through the body; divides the
body into equal left and right parts
Anterior view:
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- subscapular fossa- fossa (depression in bone)
Term Definition - coracoid process (pointy part)
Superior (Cranial) Toward the head end, above
Posterior view
Inferior (Caudal) Away the head end, below
- spine of scapula – divides the fossa of the posterior
Anterior (Ventral) Front of the body, In front of view (supraspinous fossa at top, infraspinous fossa at
bottom)
Posterior (Dorsal) Behind the body, behind of - acromion
Medial Towards the midline of the body, Lateral View
Inner
- Glenoid Fossa (receives humeral head)
Lateral Away from the midline of the body, KC Llavore, Samantha Garcia – PT1A
Outer Medial

Intermediate Between medial and lateral - Medial part of scapula

WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

HUMERUS FEMUR

Anterior view - Femur receives body

weight to the ground
- Humeral head is
together with other
always facing
bones) so it is relatively
medial side
(receives bigger compared to the
scapula) humerus
- identify superior
part and inferior Superior Part
- Superior: lesser Anterior View
tubercle (at - Femoral head
lateral side), (projected medially to
greater tubercle connect with
- Inferior: acetabulum)
capitulum, - Greater trochanter
trochlea, medial - Smooth surface
epicondyle(sharper) is in medial side, lateral
epicondyle Posterior view

Posterior view - Prominent side of

lesser trochanter
- Olecranon Fossa

Inferior Part
PELVIS
- Medial epicondyle is sharper than lateral epicondyle

Posterior view

- Intercondylar fossa

Components: Bones and joints, cartilages

Functions
o Supports and protects the body (houses
organs)
o Provides surface area for muscle
attachments
o Bone aids body movement
Anterior view o houses cartilage cells that produce blood
cells
- Symphysis pubis (pubic symphysis) in front – o Stores minerals and lipids(fats)
pointy part below
BONE CLASSIFICATIONS
- Illa (illum as plural)
- anterior-superior iliac spine A. Type of bone tissue
- anterior- inferior iliac spine
● Compact
Lateral view o Dense, looks smooth and homogenous
o Outer layer of the bone
- acetabulum (depression) – receives femoral head o Responsible for body support and protection
Posterior
● Spongy
- ischium – rounded part in contact in seat KC needle
o Small like Llavore, Samantha
pieces of boneGarcia – PT1A
with open
- posterior- superior iliac spine spaces
- posterior- inferior iliac spine o Inner layer of the bone
WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

o Mainly responsible for blood cell production ● Sesamoid

o Bones that form in the tendon
B. Location o Example: Patella (knee cap – formed between
tendons)
● Axial Bones (80) ● Flat
o Located at the midline of the body o Thin, flattened, and usually curved
o Mainly responsible in supporting and protecting o 2 thin layers of compact bone separated by
the different vital organs cancellous bone – diploe
o Serves as point of attachment to the o Example: skull, sternum
● Irregular
appendicular bones (stabilization)
o Those not in any of the previous groups
o Example: vertebrae and pelvic bone
● Appendicular bone (126)
o Located at the lateral side of the body JOINTS “ARTICULATIONS”
o Mainly responsible for mobility and functionality
C. Shape or morphology

● Long bones
o Usually found in the limbs
o Length is greater than their breadth/width
o Have a tubular shaft “Diaphysis” and rounded
end on both sides “epiphysis”
o There’s a thin line of bony tissue spanning the
epiphysis known as epiphyseal line (remnant of
the epiphyseal plate)
o The epiphysis is covered by an articular cartilage

o The
diaphysis
is covered ● Functionally
by a o Synarthroses
fibrous - Immovable joints
connective - Skull
tissue o Amphiarthrosis
known as
- Limited movement
periosteum
o Diarthroses
and
- Freely movable joints
hundreds
● Structurally
of
o Fibrous
sharpey’s
fibers - Immovable joints
secure the ● Cartilaginous
periosteum o Stable but they have minimal movement
to the underlying bone - pubis
o The bone cavity (medullary cavity) is primarily ● Synovial
storage area for adipose tissues (fat) “yellow o Freely movable joints
marrow” o Hands, shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, ankle
o Has space in between which has synovial fluid –
like oil/lubricant to keep the bones moving with
no pain
o 4 characteristics of a true synovial joint:
● Short bones ⮚ Has an articular cartilage (covering of
o Cube shaped bones that contain mostly spongy epiphysis)
bone ⮚ Fibrous articularSamantha
KC Llavore, capsule Garcia – PT1A
o Usually seen in carpal(hands)/tarsal(feet) bones ⮚ Joint cavity lined with synovial fluid
WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

⮚ Has reinforcing ligaments – tissues that o 3 degrees of freedom, multi axial and multi planar
connect bones to bones
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
If missing any characteristics, it is a false joint.

● How do bones not dislocate when moved though

there is a cavity?
o Shape, size, and arrangement of the articular
surfaces
o Ligaments that connect the bones – limits the
motion of the joint
o Tone of muscles – offer dynamic stabilization for
joints

Types of Synovial Joints

● Plane Joints
o Uniplanar joints
o Movement happens in one plane of motion
o Non-axial joint
o Sliding motion

● Hinge Joints
o Flexion and extension movements are permitted
o Only one movement – sagittal plane
o Uniplanar – one degree of freedom (number of
planes a joint can move)

● Pivot Joints Components: skeletal muscle tissue—attached to bones,

o Surrounded by a ligament smooth and cardiac muscles
o Round movement only Functions:
o Atlanto axial joint – joint bet c1 and c2 ● Participates in body movements
o 1 degree of freedom – transverse plane ● Maintains posture
(uniplanar – one axis) ● produces heat
How do movements occur?
● Condyloid Joints
● Origin
o 2 concave surfaces
o Attachment sites – where the connection is the
o Flexion and extension (sagittal), abduction and most stable/doesn’t move
adduction with small rotation ● Insertion
o Point of attachment to muscle
● Ellipsoid Joints
o Elliptical surface that fits into an elliptical surface ● The muscle belly contracts and moves insertion
o Abduction and adduction – rotation is not closer to the origin, while relaxation happens
when the insertion moves farther from origin.
possible (wrist)
Internal structures of the muscle
● Saddle Joints ● Sarcomere
o Reciprocally convex – resembles a saddle o Functional unit of a muscle
o Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and ● Muscle fiber
rotation o Bundles of sarcomere
o Carbo metacarpal thumb o Lined by endomysium
● Fascicle
o Bundles of muscle fibers
● Ball and Socket Joint
o Lined by perimysium
o Concave surface surrounding a rounded surface
● Muscle
o Permits free movements o KCBundles
Llavore,
of Samantha
fascicles Garcia – PT1A
o Internal and external rotation, circumduction, o Lined by epimysium
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

⮚ Muscle fibers are parallel or oblique

⮚ Muscle contracts – shortens by 1/3 – ½ of resting Terms of movement
length
●Flexion -‐ bending or decreasing angle bet. bones
⮚ Fibers run parallel to the line of pull will bring a or parts of the body
greater degree of length than obliquely to the line of ●Extension -‐ straightening or increasing angle
pull (line of pull – tendon)

Components/Shapes of Muscles
● Fusiform
o Line of pull is one direction (parallel
fibers)
o Biceps
o Larger range of motion
● Pennate muscle
o Fibers run obliquely
o Structurally important – have more
fibers, greater strength
o Limited motion
o Lies along one side of the muscle ●Abduction
o palmar interosseous -‐ moving away from the median plane
● Bipennate ●Adduction -‐ moving toward the median plane
o Tendon is at the center
o Rectus femoris
● Multipennate
o Series of bipennate muscles lying
alongside each other
o deltoid
● Convergent
o Origin is wider than the insertion
o Pectoralis major
● Parallel
o Has tendons between muscles
● Circular
o Sphincters
o Orbicularis oculi

NAMING OF A MUSCLE

●Rotation -‐ turning or revolving a part of the

body around its longitudinal axis
NOTE: lateral/external rotation of leg
means clockwise or away; medial/internal
rotation of leg means counterclockwise or
towards middle

●Circumduction -‐ circular movements that

involves sequential flexion, abduction,
extension, adduction

KC Llavore, Samantha Garcia – PT1A

WEEK 1 / TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

Dorsiflexion -‐ flexion at ankle joint (e.g., climbing

uphill); bringing the foot upwards

●Eversion -‐ sole of the feet away from the median

plane, turning sole laterally
NOTE: when the foot is fully everted, it is
also

DORSIFLEXED

●Inversion -‐ sole towards the median plane, turning

sole medially NOTE: when the foot is fully
inverted, it is also PLANTARFLEXED

●Pronation -‐ rotates the radius medially, palm faces

posteriorly KC Llavore, Samantha Garcia – PT1A
●Supination -‐ rotates radius laterally and uncrossing
from the ulna (like holding a bowl of soup)