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Excel / Formulas and functions / Formulas / Guidelines and examples of array formulas

Guidelines and examples of

array formulas
Applies To: Excel for Office 365, Excel for Office 365 for Mac, Excel 2016,

To become an Excel power user, you need to know how to use array formulas,
which can perform calculations that you can't do by using non-array formulas. The
following article is based on a series of Excel Power User columns written by Colin
Wilcox and adapted from chapters 14 and 15 of Excel 2002 Formulas, a book
written by John Walkenbach, an Excel MVP.

Learn about array formulas

Array formulas are often referred to as CSE (Ctrl+Shift+Enter) formulas because
instead of just pressing Enter, you press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to complete the formula.

Why use array formulas?

If you have experience using formulas in Excel, you know that you can perform
some fairly sophisticated operations. For example, you can calculate the total cost
of a loan over any given number of years. You can use array formulas to do
complex tasks, Was
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Guidelines and examples of array formulas - Office Support Page 3 of 28

Count the number of characters that are contained in a range of cells.

Sum only numbers that meet certain conditions, such as the lowest values in a
range or numbers that fall between an upper and lower boundary.

Sum every nth value in a range of values.

Quick introduction to arrays and array formulas

An array formula is a formula that can perform multiple calculations on one or
more of the items in an array . You can think of an array as a row of values, a
column of values, or a combination of rows and columns of values. Array formulas
can return either multiple results or a single result. For example, you can create an
array formula in a range of cells and use the array formula to calculate a column or
row of subtotals. You can also place an array formula in a single cell and calculate a
single amount. An array formula that includes multiple cells is called a multi-cell
formula, and an array formula in a single cell is called a single-cell formula.

The examples in the next section show you how to create multi-cell and single-cell
array formulas.

Try it!
This exercise shows you how to use multi-cell and single-cell array formulas to
calculate a set of sales figures. The first set of steps uses a multi-cell formula to
calculate a set of subtotals. The second set uses a single-cell formula to calculate a
grand total.

Multi-cell array formula

Here is a workbook embedded in the browser. Although it contains sample data,

you need to know that you can't create or change array formulas in an embedded
workbook – you need the Excel program. You can see the answers in the
embedded workbook, and some text that explains how the array formula works,
but to really appreciate array formulas, you'll need to see the workbook in Excel.

Create a multi-cell array formula

1. Copy the entire table below and paste it into cell A1 in a blank worksheet in
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Sales Car Number Unit Total

Person Type Sold Price Sales

Barnhill Sedan 5 33000

Coupe 4 37000

Ingle Sedan 6 24000

Coupe 8 21000

Jordan Sedan 3 29000

Coupe 1 31000

Pica Sedan 9 24000

Coupe 5 37000

Sanchez Sedan 6 33000

Coupe 8 31000

Formula (Grand Total) Grand Total

'=SUM(C2:C11*D2:D11) =SUM(C2:C11*D2:D11)

2. To see Total Sales of coupes and sedans for each salesperson, select E2:E11,
enter the formula =C2:C11*D2:D11, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

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3. To see the Grand Total of all sales, select cell F11, enter the formula =SUM
(C2:C11*D2:D11), and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

You can download this workbook by clicking the green Excel button in the black
bar at the bottom of the workbook. Then you can open the file in Excel, select the
cells containing the array formulas, and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to make the formula
work.

If you're working along in Excel, be sure that Sheet1 is active, and then select cells
E2:E11. Press F2 and then type the formula =C2:C11*D2:D11 in the current cell of
E2. If you press Enter, you'll see that it enters the formula only in cell E2 and
displays 165000. Instead, after typing the formula, press Ctrl+Shift+Enter instead of
just Enter. Now you'll see results in cells E2:E11. Notice that in the formula bar, the
formula appears as {=C2:C11*D2:D11}. That tells you that it's an array formula, as
shown in the following table.

When you press Ctrl+Shift+Enter, Excel surrounds the formula with brace
characters ({ }) and inserts an instance of the formula in each cell of the selected
range. This happens very quickly, so what you see in column E is the total sales
amount for each car type for each salesperson. If you select E2, then select E3, E4,
and so on, you'll see that the same formula is shown: {=C2:C11*D2:D11}.

Create a single-cell array formula

In cell F10 of the workbook, type the following formula, and then press
Ctrl+Shift+Enter:
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=SUM(C2:C11*D2:D11)

In this case, Excel multiplies the values in the array (the cell range C2 through D11)
and then uses the SUM function to add the totals together. The result is a grand
total of $1,590,000 in sales. This example shows how powerful this type of formula
can be. For example, suppose you have 1,000 rows of data. You can sum part or all
of that data by creating an array formula in a single cell instead of dragging the
formula down through the 1,000 rows.

Also, notice that the single-cell formula in cell G11 is completely independent of
the multi-cell formula (the formula in cells E2 through E11). This is another
advantage of using array formulas — flexibility. You could change the formulas in
column E or delete that column altogether, without affecting the formula in G11.

Array formulas also offer these advantages:

Consistency    If you click any of the cells from E2 downward, you see the same
formula. That consistency can help ensure greater accuracy.

Safety    You cannot overwrite a component of a multi-cell array formula. For

example, click cell E3 and press Delete. You have to either select the entire range
of cells (E2 through E11) and change the formula for the entire array, or leave
the array as is. As an added safety measure, you have to press Ctrl+Shift+Enter
to confirm the change to the formula.

Smaller file sizes    You can often use a single array formula instead of several
intermediate formulas. For example, the workbook uses one array formula to
calculate the results in column E. If you had used standard formulas (such as
=C2*D2, C3*D3, C4*D4…), you would have used 11 different formulas to
calculate the same results.

Array formula syntax

In general, array formulas use standard formula syntax. They all begin with an equal
(=) sign, and you can use most of the built-in Excel functions in your array formulas.
The key difference is that when using an array formula, you press Ctrl+Shift+Enter
to enter your formula. When you do this, Excel surrounds your array formula with
braces — if you type the braces manually, your formula will be converted to a text
string, and it won't work.

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Array functions are a really efficient way to build a complex formula. The array
formula =SUM(C2:C11*D2:D11) is the same as this: =SUM
(C2*D2,C3*D3,C4*D4,C5*D5,C6*D6,C7*D7,C8*D8,C9*D9,C10*D10,C11*D11).

Entering and changing array formulas

Important    Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter whenever you need to enter or edit an array
formula. This applies to both single-cell and multi-cell formulas.

Whenever you work with multi-cell formulas, also remember:

Select the range of cells to hold your results before you enter the formula. You
did this when you created the multi-cell array formula when you selected cells E2
through E11.

You can't change the contents of an individual cell in an array formula. To try
this, select cell E3 in the workbook and press Delete. Excel displays a message
that tells you that you can't change part of an array.

You can move or delete an entire array formula, but you can't move or delete
part of it. In other words, to shrink an array formula, you first delete the existing
formula and then start over.

To delete an array formula, select the entire formula (for example,

=C2:C11*D2:D11), press Delete, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

You can't insert blank cells into or delete cells from a multi-cell array formula.

Expanding an array formula

At times, you may need to expand an array formula. The process is not
complicated, but be sure to follow the guidance above.

On this worksheet, we've added some more rows of sales, in rows 12 through 17.
Here, we want to update the array formulas so that they'll now include these
additional rows.

Be sure to do this in the Excel desktop program (after you've downloaded the
workbook to your computer).

Expand an array formula

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1. Copy this entire table to cell A1 in an Excel worksheet.

Sales Car Number Unit Total

Person Type Sold Price Sales

Barnhill Sedan 5 33000 165000

Coupe 4 37000 148000

Ingle Sedan 6 24000 144000

Coupe 8 21000 168000

Jordan Sedan 3 29000 87000

Coupe 1 31000 31000

Pica Sedan 9 24000 216000

Coupe 5 37000 185000

Sanchez Sedan 6 33000 198000

Coupe 8 31000 248000

Toth Sedan 2 27000

Coupe 3 30000

Wang Sedan 4 22000

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Sales Car Number Unit Total

Person Type Sold Price Sales

Coupe 1 41000

Young Sedan 5 32000

Coupe 3 36000 Grand Total

2. Select cell E18, enter the Grand Total formula =SUM(C2:C17*D2:D17) in cell
A20, and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
The answer should be 2,131,000.

3. Select the range of cells that contains the current array formula (E2:E11), plus
the empty cells (E12:E17) that are next to the new data. In other words, select
cells E2:E17.

4. Press F2 to switch to edit mode.

5. In the formula bar, change C11 to C17, change D11 to D17, and then press
Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
Excel updates the formula in cells E2 through E11 and places an instance of the
formula in the new cells, E12 through E17.

6. Type the array formula = SUM(C2:C17*D2*D17) in cell F17 so that it refers to

cells from row 2 through row 17, and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to enter the array
formula.
The new grand total should be 2,131,000.

Disadvantages of using array formulas

Array formulas are great, but they can have some disadvantages:

You may occasionally forget to press Ctrl+Shift+Enter. It can happen to even the
most experienced Excel users. Remember to press this key combination
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Other users of your workbook might not understand your formulas. In practice,
array formulas are generally not explained in a worksheet. Therefore, if other
people need to modify your workbooks, you should either avoid array formulas
or make sure those people know about any array formulas and understand how
to change them, if they need to.

Depending on the processing speed and memory of your computer, large array
formulas can slow down calculations.

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Learn about array constants

Array constants are a component of array formulas. You create array constants by
entering a list of items and then manually surrounding the list with braces ({ }), like
this:

={1,2,3,4,5}

By now, you know you need to press Ctrl+Shift+Enter when you create array
formulas. Because array constants are a component of array formulas, you
surround the constants with braces by manually typing them. You then use
Ctrl+Shift+Enter to enter the entire formula.

If you separate the items by using commas, you create a horizontal array (a row). If
you separate the items by using semicolons, you create a vertical array (a column).
To create a two-dimensional array, you delimit the items in each row by using
commas and delimit each row by using semicolons.

Here's an array in a single row: {1,2,3,4}. Here's an array in a single column: {1;2;3;4}.
And here's an array of two rows and four columns: {1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8}. In the two row
array, the first row is 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the second row is 5, 6, 7, and 8. A single
semicolon separates the two rows, between 4 and 5.

As with array formulas, you can use array constants with most of the built-in
functions that Excel provides. The following sections explain how to create each
kind of constant and how to use these constants with functions in Excel.

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Create one-dimensional and two-dimensional

constants
The following procedures will give you some practice in creating horizontal,
vertical, and two-dimensional constants.

Create a horizontal constant

1. Use the workbook from the previous examples, or create a new workbook.

2. Select cells A1 through E1.

3. In the formula bar, enter the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

={1,2,3,4,5}

In this case, you should type the opening and closing braces ({ }).

The following result is displayed.

Create a vertical constant

1. In your workbook, select a column of five cells.

2. In the formula bar, enter the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

={1;2;3;4;5}

The following result is displayed.

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Create a two-dimensional constant

1. In your workbook, select a block of cells four columns wide by three rows high.

2. In the formula bar, enter the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

={1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}

You see the following result:

Use constants in formulas

Here is a simple example that uses constants:

1. In the sample workbook, create a new worksheet.

2. In cell A1, type 3, and then type 4 in B1, 5 in C1, 6 in D1, and 7 in E1.

3. In cell A3, type the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=SUM(A1:E1*{1,2,3,4,5})

Notice that Excel surrounds the constant with another set of braces, because
you entered it as an array formula.

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The value 85 appears in cell A3.

The next section explains how the formula works.

Array constant syntax

The formula you just used contains several parts.

1. Function

2. Stored array

3. Operator

4. Array constant

The last element inside the parentheses is the array constant: {1,2,3,4,5}.
Remember that Excel does not surround array constants with braces; you actually
type them. Also remember that after you add a constant to an array formula, you
press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to enter the formula.

Because Excel performs operations on expressions enclosed in parentheses first,

the next two elements that come into play are the values stored in the workbook
(A1:E1) and the operator. At this point, the formula multiplies the values in the
stored array by the corresponding values in the constant. It's the equivalent of:

=SUM(A1*1,B1*2,C1*3,D1*4,E1*5)

Finally, the SUM function adds the values, and the sum 85 appears in cell A3.

To avoid using the stored array and to just keep the operation entirely in memory,
replace the stored array with another array constant:

=SUM({3,4,5,6,7}*{1,2,3,4,5})
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To try this, copy the function, select a blank cell in your workbook, paste the
formula into the formula bar, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter. You'll see the same
result as you did in the earlier exercise that used the array formula:

=SUM(A1:E1*{1,2,3,4,5})

Elements that you can use in constants

Array constants can contain numbers, text, logical values (such as TRUE and FALSE),
and error values ( such as #N/A). You can use numbers in the integer, decimal, and
scientific formats. If you include text, you need to surround the text with quotation
marks (").

Array constants can't contain additional arrays, formulas, or functions. In other

words, they can contain only text or numbers that are separated by commas or
semicolons. Excel displays a warning message when you enter a formula such as
{1,2,A1:D4} or {1,2,SUM(Q2:Z8)}. Also, numeric values can't contain percent signs,
dollar signs, commas, or parentheses.

Naming array constants

One of the best way to use array constants is to name them. Named constants can
be much easier to use, and they can hide some of the complexity of your array
formulas from others. To name an array constant and use it in a formula, do the
following:

1. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Define Name.
The Define Name dialog box appears.

2. In the Name box, type Quarter1.

3. In the Refers to box, enter the following constant (remember to type the braces
manually):

={"January","February","March"}

The contents of the dialog box now looks like this:

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4. Click OK, and then select a row of three blank cells.

5. Type the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

=Quarter1

The following result is displayed.

When you use a named constant as an array formula, remember to enter the equal
sign. If you don't, Excel interprets the array as a string of text and your formula
won't work as expected. Finally, keep in mind that you can use combinations of text
and numbers.

Troubleshooting array constants

Look for the following problems when your array constants don't work:

Some elements might not be separated with the proper character. If you omit a
comma or semicolon, or if you put one in the wrong place, the array constant
might not be created correctly or you might see a warning message.

You might have selected a range of cells that doesn't match the number of
elements in your constant. For example, if you select a column of six cells for use
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Conversely, if you select too few cells, Excel omits the values that don't have a
corresponding cell.

Array constants in action

The following examples demonstrate a few of the ways in which you can put array
constants to use in array formulas. Some of the examples use the TRANSPOSE
function to convert rows to columns and vice versa.

Multiply each item in an array

1. Create a new worksheet, and then select a block of empty cells four columns
wide by three rows high.

2. Type the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

={1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}*2

Square the items in an array

1. Select a block of empty cells four columns wide by three rows high.

2. Type the following array formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

={1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}*{1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}

Alternatively, enter this array formula, which uses the caret operator (^):

={1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12}^2

Transpose a one-dimensional row

1. Select a column of five blank cells.

2. Type the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

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=TRANSPOSE({1,2,3,4,5})

Even though you entered a horizontal array constant, the TRANSPOSE function
converts the array constant into a column.

Transpose a one-dimensional column

1. Select a row of five blank cells.

2. Enter the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=TRANSPOSE({1;2;3;4;5})

Even though you entered a vertical array constant, the TRANSPOSE function
converts the constant into a row.

Transpose a two-dimensional constant

1. Select a block of cells three columns wide by four rows high.

2. Enter the following constant, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=TRANSPOSE({1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8;9,10,11,12})

The TRANSPOSE function converts each row into a series of columns.

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Put basic array formulas to work

This section provides examples of basic array formulas.

Create arrays and array constants from existing values

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The following example explains how to use array formulas to create links between
ranges of cells in different worksheets. It also shows you how to create an array
constant from the same set of values.

Create an array from existing values

1. On a worksheet in Excel, select cells C8:E10, and enter this formula:

={10,20,30;40,50,60;70,80,90}

Be sure to type { (opening brace) before you type 10, and } (closing brace) after
you type 90, because you're creating an array of numbers.

2. Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter, which enters this array of numbers in the cell range
C8:E10 by using an array formula.
On your worksheet, C8 through E10 should look like this:

10 20 30

40 50 60

70 80 90

3. Select the cell range C1 through E3.

4. Enter the following formula in the formula bar, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=C8:E10

A 3x3 array of cells appears in cells C1 through E3 with the same values you
seen in C8 through E10.

Create an array constant from existing values

1. With cells C1:C3 selected, press F2 to switch to edit mode.

The array formula should still be = C8:E10.
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2. Press F9 to convert the cell references to values.

Excel converts the values into an array constant. The formula should now be =
{10,20,30;40,50,60;70,80,90}, just like C8:E10.

3. Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to enter the array constant as an array formula.

Count characters in a range of cells

The following example shows you how to count the number of characters,
including spaces, in a range of cells.

1. Copy this entire table and paste into a worksheet in cell A1.

2. Select cell A9, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to see the total number of
characters in cells A2:A6 (66).

3. Select cell A12, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to see the contents of the
longest of cells A2:A6 (cell A3).

Data

This is a

bunch of cells that

come together

to form a

single sentence.

Total characters in A2:A6

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Data

=SUM(LEN(A2:A6))

Contents of longest cell (A3)

=INDEX(A2:A6,MATCH(MAX(LEN(A2:A6)),LEN(A2:A6),0),1)

The following formula is used in cell A9 counts the total number of characters (66)
in cells A2 through A6.

=SUM(LEN(A2:A6))

In this case, the LEN function returns the length of each text string in each of the
cells in the range. The SUM function then adds those values together and displays
the result (66) in the cell that contains the formula, A9.

Find the n smallest values in a range

This example shows how to find the three smallest values in a range of cells.

1. Select cells A16 through A18.

This set of cells will hold the results returned by the array formula.

2. In the formula bar, enter the following formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=SMALL(A5:A14,{1;2;3})

The values 400, 475, and 500 appear in cells A16 through A18, respectively.

This formula uses an array constant to evaluate the SMALL function three times
and return the smallest (1), second smallest (2), and third smallest (3) members in
the array that is contained in cells A1:A10. To find more values, you add more
arguments to the constant and an equivalent number of result cells to the A12:A14
range. You can also use additional functions with this formula, such as SUM or
AVERAGE. For example:

Was this 4information

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=SUM(SMALL(A 5 :A1 ,{1;2;3})) helpful? Yes No

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=AVERAGE(SMALL(A 5 :A1 4 ,{1;2;3}))

Find the n largest values in a range

To find the largest values in a range, you can replace the SMALL function with the
LARGE function. In addition, the following example uses the ROW and INDIRECT
functions.

1. Select cells A1 through A3.

2. In the formula bar, enter this formula, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=LARGE(A5:A14,ROW(INDIRECT("1:3")))

The values 3200, 2700, and 2000 appear in cells A1 through A3, respectively.

At this point, it may help to know a bit about the ROW and INDIRECT functions.
You can use the ROW function to create an array of consecutive integers. For
example, select an empty column of 10 cells in your practice workbook, enter this
array formula in cells A5:A14, and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=ROW(1:10)

The formula creates a column of 10 consecutive integers. To see a potential

problem, insert a row above the range that contains the array formula (that is,
above row 1). Excel adjusts the row references, and the formula generates integers
from 2 to 11. To fix that problem, you add the INDIRECT function to the formula:

=ROW(INDIRECT("1:10"))

The INDIRECT function uses text strings as its arguments (which is why the range
1:10 is surrounded by double quotation marks). Excel does not adjust text values
when you insert rows or otherwise move the array formula. As a result, the ROW
function always generates the array of integers that you want.

Let us examine the formula that you used earlier — =LARGE(A5:A14,ROW

(INDIRECT("1:3"))) — starting from the inner parentheses and working outward:
The INDIRECT function returns a set of text values, in this case the values 1
through 3. The ROW function in turn generates a three-cell columnar array. The
LARGE function uses the values in the cell range A5:A14, and it is evaluated three
times, once for Was
eachthis
reference returned
information by the ROWYes
helpful? function. No
The values 3200, ×

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Guidelines and examples of array formulas - Office Support Page 22 of 28

2700, and 2000 are returned to the three-cell columnar array. If you want to find
more values, you add a greater cell range to the INDIRECT function.

Finally, you can use this formula with other functions, such as SUM and AVERAGE.

Find the longest text string in a range of cells

This formula works only when a data range contains a single column of cells. On
Sheet3, enter the following formula in cell A16, and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter:

=INDEX(A6:A9,MATCH(MAX(LEN(A6:A9)),LEN(A6:A9),0),1)

The text "bunch of cells that" appears in cell A16.

Let's take a closer look at the formula, starting from the inner elements and
working outward. The LEN function returns the length of each of the items in the
cell range A6:A9. The MAX function calculates the largest value among those items,
which corresponds to the longest text string, which is in cell A7.

Here's where things get a little complex. The MATCH function calculates the offset
(the relative position) of the cell that contains the longest text string. To do that, it
requires three arguments: a lookup value, a lookup array, and a match type. The
MATCH function searches the lookup array for the specified lookup value. In this
case, the lookup value is the longest text string:

(MAX(LEN( A6 : A9 ))

and that string resides in this array:

LEN( A6:A9 )

The match type argument is 0. The match type can consist of a 1, 0, or -1 value. If
you specify 1, MATCH returns the largest value that is less than or equal to the
lookup value. If you specify 0, MATCH returns the first value exactly equal to the
lookup value. If you specify -1, MATCH finds the smallest value that is greater than
or equal to the specified lookup value. If you omit a match type, Excel assumes 1.

Finally, the INDEX function takes these arguments: an array, and a row and column
number within that array. The cell range A6:A9 provides the array, the MATCH
function provides the cell address, and the final argument (1) specifies that the
value comes from the first column in the array.

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Put advanced array formulas to work

This section provides examples of advanced array formulas.

Sum a range that contains error values

The SUM function in Excel does not work when you try to sum a range that
contains an error value, such as #N/A. This example shows you how to sum the
values in a range named Data that contains errors.

=SUM(IF(ISERROR(Data),"",Data))

The formula creates a new array that contains the original values minus any error
values. Starting from the inner functions and working outward, the ISERROR
function searches the cell range (Data) for errors. The IF function returns a specific
value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates
to FALSE. In this case, it returns empty strings ("") for all error values because they
evaluate to TRUE, and it returns the remaining values from the range (Data)
because they evaluate to FALSE, meaning that they don't contain error values. The
SUM function then calculates the total for the filtered array.

Count the number of error values in a range

This example is similar to the previous formula, but it returns the number of error
values in a range named Data instead of filtering them out:

=SUM(IF(ISERROR(Data),1,0))

This formula creates an array that contains the value 1 for the cells that contain
errors and the value 0 for the cells that don't contain errors. You can simplify the
formula and achieve the same result by removing the third argument for the IF
function, like this:

=SUM(IF(ISERROR(Data),1))

If you don't specify the argument, the IF function returns FALSE if a cell does not
contain an error value. You can simplify the formula even more:

=SUM(IF(ISERROR(Data)*1))

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Sum values based on conditions

You might need to sum values based on conditions. For example, this array formula
sums just the positive integers in a range named Sales:

=SUM(IF(Sales>0,Sales))

The IF function creates an array of positive values and false values. The SUM
function essentially ignores the false values because 0+0=0. The cell range that you
use in this formula can consist of any number of rows and columns.

You can also sum values that meet more than one condition. For example, this
array formula calculates values greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5:

=SUM((Sales>0)*(Sales<=5)*(Sales))

Keep in mind that this formula returns an error if the range contains one or more
non-numeric cells.

You can also create array formulas that use a type of OR condition. For example,
you can sum values that are less than 5 and greater than 15:

=SUM(IF((Sales<5)+(Sales>15),Sales))

The IF function finds all values smaller than 5 and greater than 15 and then passes
those values to the SUM function.

You can't use the AND and OR functions in array formulas directly because those
functions return a single result, either TRUE or FALSE, and array functions require
arrays of results. You can work around the problem by using the logic shown in the
previous formula. In other words, you perform math operations, such as addition or
multiplication, on values that meet the OR or AND condition.

Compute an average that excludes zeros

This example shows you how to remove zeros from a range when you need to
average the values in that range. The formula uses a data range named Sales:

=AVERAGE(IF(Sales<>0,Sales))

The IF function creates an array of values that do not equal 0 and then passes
those values to the AVERAGE function.
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Count the number of differences between two ranges of

cells
This array formula compares the values in two ranges of cells named MyData and
YourData and returns the number of differences between the two. If the contents
of the two ranges are identical, the formula returns 0. To use this formula, the cell
ranges need to be the same size and of the same dimension (for example, if
MyData is a range of 3 rows by 5 columns, YourData must also be 3 rows by 5
columns):

=SUM(IF( MyData =YourData,0,1))

The formula creates a new array of the same size as the ranges that you are
comparing. The IF function fills the array with the value 0 and the value 1 (0 for
mismatches and 1 for identical cells). The SUM function then returns the sum of
the values in the array.

You can simplify the formula like this:

=SUM(1*( MyData <> YourData ))

Like the formula that counts error values in a range, this formula works because
TRUE*1=1, and FALSE*1=0.

Find the location of the maximum value in a range

This array formula returns the row number of the maximum value in a single-
column range named Data:

=MIN(IF(Data=MAX(Data),ROW(Data),""))

The IF function creates a new array that corresponds to the range named Data. If a
corresponding cell contains the maximum value in the range, the array contains the
row number. Otherwise, the array contains an empty string (""). The MIN function
uses the new array as its second argument and returns the smallest value, which
corresponds to the row number of the maximum value in Data. If the range named
Data contains identical maximum values, the formula returns the row of the first
value.

If you want to return the actual cell address of a maximum value, use this formula:

=ADDRESS(MIN(IF(Data=MAX(Data),ROW(Data),"")),COLUMN(Data))
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Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Community, get support in the
Answers community, or suggest a new feature or improvement on Excel User Voice.

See Also
Overview of formulas

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