The word Microbiology came from 3 root words: Micro MICROBES – general word na tinatawag nating virus,

(small), Bio (life) and Logos (study). bacteria, fungi and etc. or aka GERMS

When you mixed together, is the study of all living

microorganism including VIRUSES.

Viruses-they are considered just particles, non-living but

infectious particles outside the body.

Microbiology can be classified into the pure science and

the applied sciences.

Pure Science – Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology,

Parasitology

BRANCHES OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Agricutural – ecology

Paleomicrobiology – study of ancient microbes

Sanitary Microbiology – wastewater system

Veterinary Microbiology – animals

Biotechnology is also recombinant, DNA technologies,

also an applied microbiology.
Protozoans can be classified as amoeba, flagellates and
the complex science.
 WHY DO YOU CALL A CELL PROKARYOTIC?

 No cytoplasmic organelles (NO ER, GOLGI

APPARATUS, MITOCHONDRIA)
 Doesn’t have nuclear membrane and no true
nucleus
 Divide by Binary fission (bacteria by splitting into
two, by 2’s, doubling in size)
 Genetic material - Situated in the nucleoid origin
Eukaryotic organisms different because of their cell wall called nucleoid bridge
with chitin, which makes them rigid. WHY DO YOU CALL A CELL EUKARYOTIC?
Yeasts are single celled and Molds are the multi-cellular
 Have cytoplasmic organelles
ones.
 Production by Mitosis and Meiosis
Fungi are the causative agent of superficial infections or  Genetic material – confined in a place called
skin infections. Like, ring worms, rushes, buni, an-an nucleus
brought about by the dermatophytes w/c are basically
fungi. .

You have the nematodes, flatworms, and the Eukaryotic cell is heavier than prokaryote

Bacteria’s chromosome looks like a flower, and it is also

haploid cell (single)

Chromosomes of bacteria is pabilog but some are

linear.

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytoskeleton

NOTES:

Bacteria are the single-celled microorganism that can Being a prokaryotic, nanggaling ang bacteria or lahat ng
reproduce by the binary fission. living organisms ay nanggaling sa mga DOMAINS.

Ang basis ng domains is because of the ribosomal RNA

na meron content lahat ng content ng living organism.
But, they are classified into 3 domains on that similarity
as EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEANS and the EUCHARIANS.
 human disease. Found in odd environments like sa
ilalim ng ocean, ilalim ng bulkan and etc. They are not
close to humans.

Eubacteria Domain – bacteria that will inflict disease on

humans. Gram positive, gram negative bacteria.

Taxonomy- scientific method classifying the grouped to

the similarities.

Eukarya – euchariotic organisms

Eubacteria and Archaeans – lahat ng laman ng domains

ay bacteria, meaning prokaryotic

Archaeans Domain – ancient bacteria, mga binubio ng

mga extremophiles because they are capable of
withstanding extreme conditions like extreme moisture,
extreme temperature, hyperthermophytes. Mga hindi
significant medically because hindi siya nag ccause ng
Classify ng gram positive at gram negative because of
the GRAM STAIN.

Inventor of device ng Gram Stain – Hans Christian Gram

LAB NA???

You employ 4 steps utilizing two types of dye.

THE 4 STEPS - Spiral Shape Bacteria
2 types:
There are 2 dyes ang ginagamit sa gram staining
 Spirochaetes
1. Crystal Violet o has 3 genera: Treponema, Borrelia,
- Ang bacteria is colourless. Ginagamit ang Leptospira
crystal violet para makulayan ang bacteria. o have flexible bodies
- First stain na inapply ni Hans Christian Gram o they have endoflagella aka axial
2. Mordant or aka Grams Iodine filament
- Second stain  Spyrillum
- Eto yung mag aattach sa crystal violet firmly o genus itself
doon sa bacterial cell. o have rigid bodies
- Parang glue o they have exoflagella – sa labas
- Chemical Notation: CV + I

Development

3. Decolorize yung slide mo using ACETONE

ALCOHOL
- 50% acetone, 50% alcohol
- May mga bacteria na maalis ang crystal violet,
may mga bacteria naman na marretain ang
crystal violet kahit na dinecolorized mo na. *Some bacterias have square, star, rectangular shapes,
- May mga bacteria na magiging colorless in the but they are not medically significant because they
process because naalis yung crystal violet and belong to Archaeans aka ancient bacteria.
some ma rretain.
- Critical step in gram staining and will divide Bacteria that will die in the presence of air/oxyegn –
largely organism into two. anaerobes (anaerobic bacteria)
- Some will be violet and some will be colorless. Bacteria that will NOT die in the presence of air/oxygen
4. Counter-Stain – aerobes (aerobic bacteria)
- Second dye aka safranin (red dye)
- Pag nilagay ang safranin sa colorless, sila Facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes bacteria –
ngayon ay magkukulay pula. pwede may oxygen, pwedeng wala
- Wash it with water, then dry. Under the
Obligate Aerobes and Obligate Anaerobes – obligatory
microscope, you will now distinguish two
not to have oxygen; strict aerobes/strict anaerobes;
colors of bacteria: violet and red.
aerobes kaya yan, anaerboes hindi kaya.
- Gram Positive = violet
- Gram negative = red Microaerophilic bacteria (microaerophiles) – low or
- Pwede naten iclassify yung bacteria using gram small amount of oxygen; they can exist in the presence
staining reaction. of small amount (5-10%) of oxygen

Classification based on Shape

- Circle/Round Shape Bacteria

Single: Coccus
Plural: Cocci
- Rod Shape Bacteria
Single: Bacillus
Plural: Bacilli
Anaerobic gram positive cocci – color violet, circle and
nabubuhay ng walang oxygen

Aerobic gram positive cocci – color violet, cirle, at

kailangan may oxygen

READ: https://microbiologyinfo.com/different-size-
shape-and-arrangement-of-bacterial-cells/

Morphology

Sugar coat that is firmly attached capsule in bacteria–

glycocalyx

Organ for adhesion – fimbriae

Storage area - inclusion bodies (example: metachromatic

granules)

Plasmid – circular bodies in bacteria that merong extra

genes that give the bacteria advantage to resist
antibiotics.
 Particular structures of Bacteria are aka THE WANTS of
the bacteria.

There are 2 types of capsule: glycocalyx capsule (firmly

attached sugar coat) and the slime layer (loosely
attached sugar coat)

Flagellum – only one present in bacilli.

Bacilli lang ang yung may flagellum.

Flagellum sa isang pole lang ng bacteria – lophotrichous

flagella

Flagellum sa 2 pole ng bacteria – amphitrichous

Flafellum na pinapalibutan ang katawan – peritrichous

Essential structures of bacteria function is to protect.

They are aka THE NEEDS of the bacteria.
Bacteria can create either a run (counter clockwise
motion, forward motility) or a stumble (clockwise
motion, backward motility)

Amoeba – sluggish, forward movement.

There are 2 types of Pili:

1. Fimbriae (ATTACHMENT) – common pili, shorter

than flagella, makes them virulent or pathogen.
2. Sex Pili (CONJUGATION) – narrow tube that has
genes in the plasmid that allows it to form a sex
pili. Attacking mechanism that nag a-adhere sa
kabilang bacteria.

Spores- circular body meant for survival.

Endospores: only Bacillus and Clostridium.

 - According to Aristotle “readily observable that
aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants,
fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay”
- This belief remained unchallenged for more
than 2000 years, UNTIL…

JOHN T. NEEDHAM & LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

Question: What causes tiny living things to appear in

decaying broth?

- Needham’s hypothesis: Theory of spontaneous

generation
- Spallanzani’s hypothesis: Microbes comes from
the air. Boiling will kill them.

BACTE LEC

 Lucretius, a Roman Philosopher (98-55 B.C.) and

Girolamo Fracastoro, a physician (1478-1553)
believed invisible creatures were responsible
for disease. THEORY OF SG DISPROVED BY:
 Francesco Stelluti observed bees and weevils
using a microscope in the early 1600s.  Francesco Redi (1626-1697) – maggot unable to
grow on meat if meat was covered with gauze.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE (historical  Schwann, Friedrich Schroder and Von Dusch
perspectives) (1830’s) – air allowed to enter flask but only
Supported by: after passing through a heated tube or sterile
wool.
 Aristotle (384-322 BC)  John Tyndall (1820-1893) omission of dust – no
 John Needham (1713-1781) growth. Demonstrated heat resistant forms of
 Lazaro Spallanzi (1729-1799) bacteria (endospores)
 Felix Pouchet (1859)
FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)
ARISTOTLE
- First to formally challenge the accepted belief
- Spontaneous generation debate introduced by of spontaneous generation.
Aristotle who lived around 350BC - Italian physician, a naturalist and poet
- Experimented on flies
- Redi put meat into 3 separate jars
ROBERT HOOKE (1635-1703)

- Observed living plant tissues as “little boxes” or

cells (1665)
- Used simple magnifying lens
- Suggested that all living things are made of cells
- Cell theory

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

- A haberdasher/cloth’s man that uses lenses to

examine cloth
- He assembled hundred of microscopes
- “animalcules” GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
- See first protozoans and called it as animalcules
- First protozoologist  Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809-1894) believed
death following childbirth often caused by the
material on hands of midwives or attending
physicians
 Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) noticed death
rates higher in maternity wards staffed by
medical students than in those attended by
midwives. Death rates decreased in summer.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
JOHN SNOW (1813-1858)
- “When I approach child, he inspires me in two
sentiments; tenderness for what he is and - Played key role in setting standards for good
respect for what he may become.” public hygiene and preventing spread of
- French chemist infectious disease.
- His design of experiment settled the argument - Considered one of the fathers of epidemiology
on spontaneous generation because of his work in tracing the source of
- Proved that microorganisms are present in non- cholera outbreak in London. (sa well, yung
living matter pinagkukuhanan ng tubig noon)
- Microbes can be destroyed by heat JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)
- Fermentation mediated by yeast, not air
- Pasteurization should be done to prevent wine - Discovered that some bacteria existed in two
and beer spoilage by bacteria forms:
- Pasteur proposed that wine spoiling in an  Heat stable form (endospore)
analogy for disease (bacterial growth made the  Heat sensitive form (vegetative cell)
wine “sick”) - Need prolonged or intermittent heating to
- He hypothesized in 1857 the “Germ theory of destroy the heat stable endospores
Disease” that microorganisms are responsible - His research resulted in a method of sterilizing
for infectious diseases liquid by heating it to boiling point on
- Father of microbiology successive days
- Theory of biogenesis (golden age of
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
microbiology)
- Experimented with medium to grow on bacteria
- Confirmed the Germ Theory of Disease
- Originated use of a two part dish for growing
bacteria (PETRI-dish) and a technique for
isolating pure bacterial colonies
 - Developed pure culture techniques
- Work with anthrax
- KOCH’S postulate
- Cultivate petri dishes
- Gelatin una nyang ginamit, develop by the
suggestion of Walter to use agar
- Discovery of TB bacilli

VIRUS CAN EASILY MUTATE THAN BACTERIA

BY NATURE BACTERIA IS COLORLESS

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

- Father of modern antisepsis

- Sterile surgeon
- English surgeon that applied germ theory to
surgery
- Lister experimented on carbolic acid spraying
instruments, surgical incisions, wounds and
dressings. This markedly reduce the incidence
of gangrene.
- Understood infection is best avoided by
preventing bacteria from getting into the
wounds in the first place. This led to the rise of
sterile surgery.

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)

- Credited the first vaccine

- Jenner, in the late 1700s made small incisions or
punctures with cowpox material in arms of
human subjects in order to prevent smallpox.
- At first his peers doubted the safety and
efficacy of his treatment but eventually the
value of the cowpox inoculum was recognized.
- Jenner’s works are said to have saved more
lives that efforts of any other person in history
- Smallpox and cowpax
- Ininoculate sa 8 y/o child yung vaccine

PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)

- Hospital dermatologist
- German doctor wanted to find a “magic bullet”
an agent that would kill the disease agent
without hurting the patient
- Chemotherapy treatment using chemical
substances
- Developed Salvarsan (arsenic derivative)
Preparation 606 for syphilis “salvation from
syphilis”
WALTER HESSE (1846-1911) SALK – inactivated polio vaccine

- Used agar as a solidifying agent to harden SABIN – oral polio vaccine

media. Agar is extracted from seaweeds red
RUSKA (1938)
algae.
- First electron microscope
ROCHARD PETRI (1852-1921)
- The electron microscope is capable of
- Used agar dish to provide a large area to grow magnifying biological specimens up to one
million times. These computer enhanced
HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM (1853-1935)
images of:
- Staining method that demonstrate bacteria and 1. Smallpox
distinguish between gram positive (violet) and 2. Herpes simplex
gram negative (red) bacteria. 3. Mumps are magnified, respectively 150,000
- Use dyes (crystal violet) and 90,000 times
- Another dye is safranin - To study details structures of viruses

RAYMOND SABOURAUD (1890-1910)

- Developed culture media to study yeast and

molds.
- Yeast and molds are fungi

DIMITRI IVANOSKI (1892)

- Tobacco mosaic virus could pass through filters

used to remove bacteria

SELMAN WAKSMAN (1940)

- Discovered a number of antibiotic such as

tetracycline and streptomycin

GERHARD DOMAGK (1895-1964) WATSON AND CRICK

- A German chemist who discovered that dye - DNA (1953)

prontosil was effective against a wide range of JACOB AND MONOD (1965)
bacteria
- Did research on RNA and protein synthesis in
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881-1955) bacteria – last necessary step in understanding
- A Scottish biologist and pharmacologist how genetics works on a cellular level
observed bacterial staphylococcus colonies (Replication, Transcription, Translation –
disappearing on plates contaminated with mold protein synthesis – expression of traits)
- Penicillin was discovered by accident - Modern science thrives today only on the laid
foundation of thousands of men and women
who did mundane routine and often boring lab
science.

GRAM STAINING:

1. Crystal violet
2. Mordant (gram’s iodine) CV + iodine
3. Decolorize slide using acetone (15%) and
alcohol (50%) ; some will be violet and colorless
4. Apply counter stain (safranin-red) para yung
colorless maging red