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实验项目名称 F ac tors Affecting Urinary Formation: 1. Aim: 2. Subject: Rabbit 3. Principle

The document is a lab report on factors affecting urinary formation in rabbits. The student observed how injecting saline, glucose, norepinephrine, furosemide, and antidiuretic hormone affected urinary output. Saline and glucose increased output while norepinephrine, vagus nerve stimulation, and ADH decreased it. The student provided tables and discussion of the physiological mechanisms by which each factor influences glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption of water.

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Wai Kwong Chiu
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60 views

实验项目名称 F ac tors Affecting Urinary Formation: 1. Aim: 2. Subject: Rabbit 3. Principle

The document is a lab report on factors affecting urinary formation in rabbits. The student observed how injecting saline, glucose, norepinephrine, furosemide, and antidiuretic hormone affected urinary output. Saline and glucose increased output while norepinephrine, vagus nerve stimulation, and ADH decreased it. The student provided tables and discussion of the physiological mechanisms by which each factor influences glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption of water.

Uploaded by

Wai Kwong Chiu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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暨南大学本科实验报告专用纸

课程名称 生理学实验（全英） 成绩评定


实验项目名称 Factors Affecting Urinary Formation
指导教师 许戈阳
实验项目编号 10 实验项目类型 实验地点医学院 214 室

学生姓名 霍逸飞 学号 2013057560


学院 国际学院 系 专业 临床医学
实验时间 2015 年 5 月 25 日 下午～ 5 月 25 日 下午 温度 ℃湿度

1. Aim:
To observe the factors affecting the urinary formation

2. Subject : Rabbit
3. Principle:
1. Basic processes of urine formation. The urine formation includes three basic
processes: glomerular filtration. Tubular re-absorption, and tubular secretion.

2. Factors affecting urine formation


A. Rapid injection of physiological saline → ↓glomerular capillary colloid
osmotic pressure → ↑net filtration pressure → ↑filtration → ↑urine
B. Stimulate the right peripheral vagus nerve→M receptors in the cardiac muscle
→ heart rate and contraction →↓ strength of the heart→↓ BP→↓renal blood
flow→ ↓glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure→↓net filtration pressure→
↓filtration→↓urine
C. Injection of 20% glucose→ glucose exceeding the reabsorption capacity of the
tubules→↑ osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid→↓ reabsorption of water→
↑urine

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暨南大学本科实验报告专用纸(附页)
D. Injection of norepinephrine → constriction of the renal arteries →↓ renal
blood flow →↓glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure → ↓net filtration
pressure→ filtration → ↓urine
E. Injection of furosemidum → ↓osmotic pressure of interstitial space in the
medulla of the kidney →↓water reabsorption via the tubules→↑urine
F. Injection of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) → ↑water permeability of the tubules
→↑water reabsorption → ↓urine
4. Procedure and observation:
To record the amount of urine and set up an easy way for intravenous injection
1. Anestheization
1.5% sodium pentobarbital (30mg/kg, 2ml/kg) injected intravenously

2. Fixation
Fix the rabbit on the dissecting table in a supine position

3. Operations
A. Operation in the neck
1. Cut the hair on the neck of the rabbit
2. Make an incision about 5-7cm long along the middle line in the neck
3. Separate the muscles with the hemostats to expose the trachea and
right vagus nerve, put a thread through vagus nerve.
4. isolate the cervical shallow vein and pass two threads through it, make
a tie at the distal end ( near the brain), then make "v" incision on the
wall of it, insert a tube filled with saline which connected with a 3 way
stopcock for injection of the drugs and tie it with a thread tightly.
B. Operation in the abdomen
1. Cut the hair on the lower abdomen.
2. Make an incision about 4-8cm long along the middle line in the
abdomen above the symphysis pubis, and open the abdominal cavity.
3. Locate the urinary bladder and the ureters on the both side near the
base of it

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暨南大学本科实验报告专用纸(附页)

4. Free one of the ureters, and pass two threads through it, and tie it near
the bladder.
5. Make "v" incision on the wall of the ureter, and insert a tube filled with
saline into the ureter and fix them with thread tightly.
6. Connect the tube with a drop-meter, and record the drops of urine with
BL-420 system

Observations:
1. Normal drops of urine
2. The effect of injection of 20ml saline on the drops of urine
3. The effect of stimulating the right peripheral vagus nerve with electrical
stimulation (2-10V, 5-20Hz) on the drops of urine.
4. The effect of injection of 5ml of 20% glucose on the drops of urine.
5. The effect of injection of 0.5 of 10-4 norepinephrine on the drops of
urine.
6. The effect of injection of furosemide(0.5ml/kg) on the drops of urine
7. The effect of injection of 2units of ADH on the drops of urine
5. Results:
Table showing how the factors affect the urinary formation
Actions Before (Drops of urine) After (Drops of urine)
1. Normal 0 0
2. Injection of 20ml saline 0 2 (+2)
3. Stimulating the right 2 1 (-1)
peripheral vagus nerve
4. Injection of 5ml of 20% 1 4 (+3)
glucose
5. Injection of 0.5 of 10-4 4 0 (-4)

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norepinephrine
6. Injection of furosemide 0 9 (+9)
7. Injection of 2 units of ADH 9 3 (-6)

6. Discussion:
1. During the normal condition, there is no urine formation in 1 minute. Because
the rabbit lost a great amount of blood during the experiment. Thus cause the
blood pressure decreases and thus the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) increase. It cause the reabsorption of distal tubule and the collecting
tubule increases. Urine volume decreases. Also, decrease of blood pressure
stimulate the vagus nerve, which cause the constriction of afferent artery to
cause decrease the volume of urine.

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暨南大学本科实验报告专用纸(附页)

2. Injection of 20ml saline cause the increase of drops of urine. Because it cause
the osmolality of the plasma decease, which increase the filtration rate in the
glomerulus. More plasma pass through glomerulus and thus there is a greater
volume of urine. Also, when blood volume increases, which stimulate the
baroreceptor and the secretion of ADH decreases. It cause the reabsorption of
distal tubule and the collecting tubule decrease. Urine volume increases.
3. Stimulation of right peripheral vagus nerve cause the decrease in drops of
urine. As the end of the vagus nerve will secrete acetylcholine, which binds to
the M receptor on the myocardial cell membrane and change the permeability
of ions channels and the action potential. It inhibits the activity of the heart
and cause the output of the heart decreases. Blood pressure decreases, the
filtration rate in glomerulus decreases, causing the volume of urine decreases.
Decrease of blood pressure can reflectively stimulate the vagus nerve, which
cause the constriction of afferent artery to cause decrease the volume of urine.

4. Injection of glucose cause a great increase of drops of urine. As injection of


glucose is much more than the renal glucose threshold. Large amount of
glucose pass through the glomerulus which cannot be reabsorbed by the renal
tubule. Osmolality increases which affect the renal tubule, especially the
proximal tubule, to reabsorb the water. Na+ ions in renal tubule is diluted and
thus its reabsorption also decrease. So Na+ and water excretion increases. The
discharge of water and glucose causes a greater volume of urine.

5. Injection of 0.5 of 10-4 norepinephrine cause a large decrease of drops of urine.


As norepinephrine can excite theα-adrenergic receptor to cause
vasoconstriction. Peripheral resistance increase and the blood pressure also
increases. The volume of urine decreases. Also the norepinephrine can excite
the constriction of afferent artery more than that of efferent artery. Renal blood
flow decreases and pressure in capillary decreases. Filtration rate in
glomerulus decrease and thus the volume of urine decreases.

6. Injection of furosemide cause a very great increase of the drops of urine. As


main reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- in thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
is the driving force of producing osmotic gradient in outer medullary part, it
directly affects the dilution and concentration of urine. Furosemide is diuretic
that inhibit the transport function of the carrier on epithelial cell membrane of
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which inhibit the reabsorption of
Na+ and Cl- and affect the formation of the osmotic gradient in renal
medullary. This disturbs the concentrating mechanism of urine leading
diuretic. So urine volume greatly increases.
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暨南大学本科实验报告专用纸(附页)

7. Injection of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cause a great decrease in drops of


urine. Because ADH can combine with the receptor on the epithelium of the
distal convoluted tubule and the collecting tubule to increase the water
channels on the lumen. This increases the permeability of epithelial cell to
water to enhance water reabsorption. Thus volume of urine drops.

Something we should beware of in this experiment:

1. Add the stimulating mark for each observation.


2. Give a new stimulation after the previous stimulating effect disappears.
3. Inject a certain amount of saline after each injection of small amount of chemicals
to ensure the chemicals going to the blood

7. Conclusion:
1. There are many factors that affect the urinary formation
2. Injection of saline, 20% glucose and furosemide can increase the urinary
formation, while stimulating peripheral vagus nerve, injection of norepinephrine
and ADH can decrease the urinary formation

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