Sop Ihc
Sop Ihc
Operating Procedure
(Bright Field Immunohistochemistry)
Manual Staining SOP
I. Introduction:
To ensure quality control and in compliance with the appropriate quality assurance
programs, it is necessary to have detailed Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
that can be performed by any trained person on any given day.
In addition, SOPs permit performing the same assay at distant sites and allows for
collecting comparable and reproducible data. Finally, SOPs can aid in
troubleshooting at local as well as distant sites.
For immunohistochemical assays, there are three different approaches, brightfield,
fluorescent and ultrastructural assays. Each SOP will be discussed separately.
II. Principles:
Formalin fixation plus tissue processing to paraffin as well as an even dehydration
with ethanols can “mask” many antigenic sites and hinder antibody binding. In the
past, protease treatments were the classical method of exposing these sites,
however, new information has led to methods that preserve the sites better and
perhaps are more easily controlled. These methods involve exposure of the paraffin
sections to high heat in while bathed in various solutions with controlled pH. These
conditions can be easily achieved with the help of a microwave oven.
III. Materials:
microtome
sialinized glass slides (positively charged)
xylene
ethanol
peroxide
dd water
microwave oven 700‐900 Watt
microwave pressure Cooker (Nordicware, Minneapolis, Mn)
plastic slide rack/lids
plastic, microwaveable rack containers
humid chamber
counterstains, i.e., hematoxylin and/or methyl green
IV. Buffers:
Tris Buffer pH 7.6
0.05M Tris HCL
0.15M NaCl
0.01% Triton X‐100
Citrate Buffer pH 6.0
10 mM Citrate
0.1% Tween 20
Tris/Saline Buffer pH 7.6
0.05 M Tris HCl
0.015 M NaCl
Peroxide Buffer (optional)
3% peroxide in dd water
Antibody Dilution Buffer (PBE)
1% bovine serum albumin (fraction V)
0.015 M NaCl
0.001 M EDTA
in phosphate buffered saline
Protease Digestion Buffer
1% Trypsin into PBE
V. Procedure:
(a). Preparation of paraffin slides
‐‐For most tissues, paraffin sections are cut at 5 μM, mounted on sialinized slides
(e.g., Plus slides), and melted at 65oC in an oven for 2h to aid in attachment of
sections to glass slides.
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(Note: In tissues with a lot of fat, e.g., breast, it may be necessary to attach the
sections for longer than 2 hours (Jones et al.) or attach tissue sections to polylysine
or similarly coated slides to keep the samples from detaching, especially during
antigen retrieval approaches).
‐‐ dip slides into xylene (three times) for 5 minutes each to remove the paraffin
‐‐re‐hydrate the tissues by dipping the slides into absolute ethanol (100%), then 95%
ethanol, and finally 70% ethanol.
‐‐transfer the slides from 70% ethanol to the Tris buffer and soaked for one hour.
‐‐ quench endogenous peroxidase by dipping slides into a fresh aqueous solution of
3% peroxide for 3 min
‐‐ rinse with Tris buffer for 3 min
(b). Antigen retrieval
1. microwave method
‐‐Place 1500 ml of complete citrate buffer or other appropriate buffer into the
microwave pressure cooker
‐ alternatively, buffer may be contained in Copin jars and surrounded by tap water.
‐‐place prepared, deparaffinized/rehydrated slides into two full racks and add to the
pressure cooker or Copin jars. (Note: if less than two full racks of slides, use blank
glass slides to fill the racks!)
‐‐if you are using the Dako system subsequently to stain the slides, use the Pascal
quality strip across the container to monitor temperature of the antigen retrieval.
‐‐assemble the top and lid of the pressure cooker and lock into position; place the
cooker into a 700‐900 Watt microwave oven and cook on high power for 40 min or
other appropriate time
‐ if pressure cooker is electric, operate as instructions describe.
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‐‐when the cooking time is completed, remove the pressure cooker from the oven
immediately and carefully remove the rubber gasket (red weight) to release the
steam.
‐‐when the steam is completely dissipated, open the lid and very carefully remove
the slides. SLIDES AND ANTIGEN SOLUTION ARE VERY HOT!!
‐‐place slides in Tris/saline buffer
‐‐now the slides are ready to proceed with staining.
2. Protease method
‐‐For some nuclear antigens, e.g., ER and Ki67/MIB, it has been reported that trypsin
treatment followed by 2hr of 80°C, pH6.0 citrate incubation (low temperature
antigen retrieval) gives excellent results (see, “what to know before you stain”).
‐‐Dip the slides into 0.1% trypsin in the antibody dilution buffer (PBE) for 2‐30 min.
at 37 °C.
‐‐Rinse in PBS for 10 min. Extending the incubation time may also enhance specific
staining.
(c). Detection of Antigens in Paraffin Sections:
‐‐1% goat serum (diluted in antibody dilution buffer –PBE) is added to the tissue
section for 20 minutes in order to block non‐specific immunostaining.
‐‐The primary antibody is added at a dilution selected as described in the
addendum, “what you should know before staining,” and the sections are exposed
to the primary antibody, usually for one hour.
‐‐Wash primary antibody from slide with Tris buffer
‐‐Sections are soaked in Tris buffer for 10 minutes (2X 5 min washes)
‐‐now, go onto to adding the secondary antibody and detection sections.
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(d). Secondary Detection of the Primary Antibody:
Current secondary detection methods for monoclonal antibodies may use an anti‐
mouse, anti‐rabbit detection system i.e., from Signet (Multi‐Species Ultra
Streptavidin Detection System HRP®, Signet Laboratories, Inc., Dedham, MA).
‐‐Sections are then incubated with biotinylated goat anti‐species antibody for 10
minutes.
‐‐Rinse sections for 10 min (2X 5 min washes) in Tris buffer.
‐‐ Next, add the detection enzyme solution, in this case, a strepavidin peroxidase
solution. Cover the slides and incubate in a humid chamber for 5 minutes.
‐‐ Rinse sections for 10 min (2X 5 min washes) in Tris buffer.
‐‐ Make up a solution of chromogen, 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) at 1 mg/ml in
Tris buffer with 0.016% fresh H2O2. Add this to the slides and incubate for
approximately 8 minutes. (Note: it may actually take anywhere from 2 to 15 min to
obtain the proper development).
‐‐Wash the DAB from the slides with tap water.
(e). Counterstaining:
1. Hematoxylin:
‐‐Dip slides in a solution of hematoxylin that is diluted 1:1 in distilled water and
stained for one minute to produce a very light nuclear counterstain.
‐‐Wash for 1 min in dd water
‐‐dehydrate in dipping in 95% ethanol for 1 min, the 100% ethanol for 1 min
‐‐wash 3 times in xylene
‐‐coverslip and view
2. Methyl Green:
‐‐ procedure is the same as for hematoxylin above
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Reference:
Jones, W.T. Stockard, C.R. and Grizzle, W.E. (2001). Effects of time and temperature
during attachment of sections to microscope slides on immunohistochemical
detection of antigens. Biotech Histochem 76:55‐58.
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