GATEWAY INTEGRATED SCHOOL 5 is a factor of 40 and 8 is also a factor of 40.

It should be noted that there are other

OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY factor of 40, such as 1,2,4,10,20 and 40 since
GENERAL TRIAS CAMPUS 40 = 2x 20 = 4 x 40 = 1x40.
Sitio Tinungan, Brgy. Manggahan, General Trias, Cavite
Contact Numbers: 0930-021-9394 / 0906-688-2622 / (046) 433-5477
A number whose only factors are 1 and itself are categorized as Prime Numbers.
Those numbers whose factors are numbers other than itself and 1 are called composite
Grade 8 numbers. Thus 9, 45, 70 and 100 are composite numbers. Two numbers which do not
have common factors are said to be relatively prime.
Lesson 1 8 and 9
25 and 36
Factoring Integers and 121 and 169

Polynomial A composite number may be factored into its prime factors.

100 = 25 x 4 = 5x5x2x2 or 52 x 22
In the same context, polynomials which cannot be factored further are in
their prime form, otherwise they may be considered composite. Different types of
polynomials are factored in specific ways. This can be clearly understood if we
relate the process to special products. The different types of factoring are
subsequently discussed.
1.1.1 Polynomials whose terms have Common factors
Take 15xy + 25y + 5 .
The numbers 15, 25 and 5 have common factor 5. If the polynomial is written as
5 . 3xy + 5y + 5 . 1.
By the distributive property, 5 can be taken out as a common factor.
Thus the factored form is
Name
5(3xy + 5y + 1
In case where the variables have exponent , the laws of Exponents will be considered.
3x3 + 7x2 -2x = 3x . x2 + 7 . x . x.-2x
Grade/Section Clearly x is a common factor ( or the variable with the smallest
Prepared by: exponent).
Ms. Katrine Kay Matel Hence the factored form is
Subject Teacher X ( 3x2 + 7x -2)
Another example will show polynomials with two variables.
12x3 y – 8x2 y2
Factor Note that 12 and 8 have a greatest common factor
- When two numbers are multiplied to give a product, each of these numbers is a ( GCF) of 4, x2 is common to x 3 and x 2 ,y is common to y and y 2 .
factor of the resulting product. For instance, in Thus the factored form is
8x5 = 40 4x 2 y ( 3x- 2y).
 .
In the following examples, difference of two squares result after taking out
Exercise 1.1.1 the common factor.
Write each of the following in factored form. 1. 32b2 – 200 = 8( 4b2 - 25)
1. x 2 - 6x = 8( 2b-5)(2b+ 5)
2. 3x2 + 12x
2. 98 – 2q4 = 2 ( 49 - q4) 2( 7 + q2( 7- q2)
3. 33y + 22
There are cases when factoring difference of two squares results to
4. x10 - x8 + x 4
another difference of two squares.
5. 3x2 3x + 9
1. x4 – 81 = ( x2 – 9 ) ( x2 + 9)
6. 17x3 + 34x2 51x
= ( x – 3) ( x+ 9) ( x2 + 9)
7. 13x5 – 39x3 + 26x2
2. 98 – 2q = 2( 49- q4)
4
8. 6m4 – 24m2 + 12m
= 2 ( 7 + q2 ) ( 7 – q2 )
9. -6y10 – 8y8 – 4y5
10. 3x5 + 6x6 – 24x 5 + 12x 3 There are cases when factoring difference of two squares results to another difference of
11. 6x4 – 3 . 2x3 + 2 . 4x2 + 6 . 4x two squares.
12. 5x6 + 2 .5x4 – 5x3 + 10x2
4 6 5 5 1 4 1 3 1. x2 – 81 = ( x2 – 9) ( x2 + 9)
13. x + x + x + x
3 3 3 3 = ( x -3) ( x+ 3) ( x2 + 9)
5 1 6 6 3 3 2. 625m 4 – 16 = ( 25m2 - 4 ) ( 25m2 + 4)
14. x7 - x + x - x
7 7 7 7 = ( 5m – 2 ) ( 5m + 2) ( 25m2 + 4)
15. 7a2 b4 c3 + 14a3 b4 c2 -98a5 b7 c9
1.1.2 Difference of Two squares Exercise 1.1.2
Recall the product of the sum and difference of two terms, which has
been taken up in the previous year level. I. Factor each of the following
( a+ b) ( a – b)= a2 - b2 1. x2 - 36
Clearly the product is a difference of two squares. Doing the reverse 2. x2 - 121
process, the factors of a difference of two squares are the sum and difference of 3. 16x2 - 25
the square root of the squares. 4. 16x2 - 25
The following examples will illustrate the process, 5. 81a2 - 121
6. 64y8 – 25z10
1. 9x2 16y = ( 3x+4y) (3x- 4y)
1
2. 100m4 – 49n2 = ( 10m2 7n )(10m2 – 7n) 7. 225z4 -
9
1 1 1 4
3. 4 – 121z6 =( 2 - 11z3 ( 2 +11z3) 8. – 169b4
49
4. c2d4 – 64 = ( cd2 – 8 ) (cd2 – 8 ) 9. 625w 2y4 - 144
36 6 6 10. 81m6 – 49n4
5. 169p8 -
25
= ( 13p4 - ) (13p4 + )
5 5 II. Factor each of the following completely.
 1. 18x2– 50x4 p p
4. – 8p + 64 = ( – 8)2
2. 5 – 20a4 4 2
3. 81a4– 1 9 3
5. – 3m + 25m 2 = ( – 5m )2
4. 2y4– 50 100 10
5. n8– 256
1.1.3 Perfect square Trinomial Some polynomials may be factored completely applying the processes of factoring
A trinomial is a perfect square if it has the following perfect square trinomial, difference of two squares or common factors, as shown in the
characteristics: following examples.
a. The first and last terms are positive perfect squares.
b. The middle term is twice the product of principal square 1. 3x2 – 3x + 75 = 3 (x2 – 10x + 25 ) = 3 ( x-5)2
root of the first term and last term. 2. y4 – 18y + 81 = ( y2 – 9 )2 = ( y2 – 9) ( y2 – 9)
It may be positive or negative, = ( y-3) ( y+ 3)( y-3)
= ( y-3)2 ( y+ 3)2
4 2 4 2
3. 2m – 16m + 32 = 2 ( m – 8m + 16)

The trinomial 4x2 + 20x + 25 is a square root of the first term and last terms , 4x 2 and 25, = 2(m2 – 4)2 = 2(m-2)(m+2)( m-2)( m+ 2)
respectively , are both perfect squares.
= 2(m- 2)2 ( m+ 2)2
√ 4 x 2 = 2x, √ 25 = 5 4. p4 + 64 = ( p4 + 16p2 + 64) – 16p2 = ( p2 + 8)2 – 16p2
=
2( 2x) ( 5) = 20x [ (p2 + 8)2 – 4p][ ( p2 + 8 )2 + 4p]

Recall the special product Exercise 1.1.3

( x+ y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 I. Find the middle term that will make each of the following a perfect
square trinomial.
The product is a perfect square trinomial. 1. x2 + _____+ 9 3. 4p4 + _____+ 9
2. w2 - _____+ 121 4. 25q4 - ____ + 64
Likewise, (x -y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2 , which is also a perfect square trinomial. The reverse 1
5. + ________ + 4m2
process clearly shows that the factors of a perfect square trinomial are two equal 169
binomials , or the square of a binomial.
II. Write each of the following perfect square trinomial in factored form.
Here are some examples . Check the product. 1. t2 + 28t + 196
2. w2 – 10w + 25
1. x 2 + 14x + 49 = ( x+7 ) ( x+ 7) = ( x + 7)2
3. x2 + 50x + 625
2. 9y2– 30y + 25 = ( 3y – 5)2
4. y2 – 30y + 225
3. w2+ 8wy + 16y2 = ( w + 4y)2
5. m2 + 34m + 289
6. 4u2 – 28u + 49
 7. 9p4 + 30p2 + 225 The factos of 2 are only 1 and 2. Hence the first terms of the binomials
8. 64x4 – 112x2y2 + 49y4 are 2x and x.
9. q4 – 20q2 + 100
1 The possible factors of 15 are 5,3 and 15,1
10. + 3n + 144n2
64
Hence: 2x2 + 7x – 15 = ( 2x – 3) ( x + 5)
III. Factor Completely
1. 12y2 + 60y + 75
Check the middle term: -3x + 10x = 7x
2. 245x2 – 280x + 80
3. 9p4 – 72p2 q2 + 144q4 2. 3y2 -8y + 5 = ( 3y -5) ( y-1)
4. 2500 + 400m2 + 16m4 The middle term is -3y -5y= -8y.
5. 81w4 – 450 w2 + 625 3. 6z2 + z – 12 = ( 2z + 3)( 3z -4)
4. 10p2 – 7pq – 12q2 = ( 5p + 4 ) ( 2p – 3)
1.1.4 Trinomial of the Form ax2 + bx + c The middle term is 8pq- 15pq= -7pq
In a previous lesson, it has been shown that when two binomials 5. 6m2 n2 – 5mn – 21 = ( 3mn-7) ( 2mn+ 3)
having similar terms are multiplied, the product is a trinomial of The middle terms is -14mn + 9mn = -5mn
the general form ax2 + bx + c.
( 3x + 2)( 2x- 5) = 6x2 – 11x – 10 As shown in the previous types of factoring , one or more types of factoring may
Where a = 6 , b= -11, and c = -10 be involved.
It becomes obvious that the factors of a trinomial of the form ax 2 1. 2x2 – 10x – 28 = 2(x2 -5x -14) = 2(x+2) ( x-7)
+ bx + c are two binomials having similar terms. 2. x4 – 5x2 + 4= ( x2 -1) (x2 -4) = ( x+1) (x+2) (x-2)

The following examples illustrate this fact. Exercise: 1.1.4

1. x2 -3x – 10 I. Write each of the following trinomials in factored form.

The factors of 10 are ± and ± 2 and ± 5.The pair of numbers will give -3 1. x2 -10x + 21
and 2 and -5. Hence , the factored form is ( x-5) ( x + 2) 2. y2 + 14y + 45
2
2. y + 7y – 60 = (y+ 12) ( y-5) 3. p2 – 13p + 42
3. z2 -4z – 60 = ( z-10) ( z+6) 4. q2 -q -20
4. w2 -61w + 60 = ( w- 60) ( w-1) 5. m2 – 21m + 20
5. 45 + 14x + x2 = ( 9 + x) ( 5 + x) II. Factor Completely
1. 2y2 – 22y + 60
It is clearly shown by these examples that have middle term is determined by the 2. 3z3 – 12z2 – 180z
appropriate factors of the last term. However, If the coefficient of the first and last terms 3. x4 – 3x2y2 + 2y4
are not 1, some trials need to be done. 4. 4p4 – 13p2q2 +3q4
5. 9m4 2m2n2 -32n4
1. 2x2 + 7x -15