UNIT

Experiments Based
On Levers
Experiment No.
1.1
Aim of the experiment To find the mass of the given metre scale.
Theory
The body (here metre scale) whose gravitational mass is to be determined is suspended from the hook
of the spring balance. The body stretches the spring due to its weight and the pointer moves dow. The
weight is proportional to the gravitational mass (W = m, x g). The position of the pointer gives the value
of the gravitational mass of the body.
FIRST METHOD RETORT
STAND
Apparatus: Metre scale graduated in centimetre
and millimetre, spring balance, a stand.
Procedure:
(i) Suspend the spring balance from a rigid SPRING
support (like an iron stand or a retort stand). bssi
(ii) Note the least count of the spring balance POINTER-
(least count is the smallest value of
bos measurement that can be recorded accurately SCALE
-SPRING BALANCE
from the instrument) and zero error, if any. 00

(ii) With the help of a thin thread, suspend the METRE SCALE
metre scale at 50 cm (centre of gravity) and -HOOK
note the pointer reading from the scale of onY
spring balance. TTTTTT
iu) Repeat the same at least twice and THREAD
take the mean of the observations Fig. 1.1.1

recorded.
Observations
Least count of spring balance
Eror in the spring balance
Correction to be applied **o*****.. 9

Observed gravitational mass (i) ***********

(ii) *********. 9

(ii)
Mean gravitational mass, m ********** g
Corrected gravitational mass, me

NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10 11

 indicate 0 g (zero).
Adjust the scale
Precautions
balance without load, should preferably
() The pointer of spring at zero. due to gravity g
(provision exists) to bring the pointer
up or down
along with the acceleration
weight c a n vary from one
mass, m
calibration: As gravitational
(17) Changes in m X g, the gravitational
of the body, W ie., W = may not
be a c c u r a t e at other places

constitute weight calibrated at o n e place

It m e a n s that scale
place to another.
for the determination of W. RETORT STAND

SECOND METHOD
THREAD
Apparatus Metre scale graduated in centimetre
and thin
and millimetre, retort stand, 50 gf weight
adnhulualaluilmanunlu.alnluual.
thread.
In this method, the principle of moments
we use Metre scale suspended
from a retort stand

if a body which
is capable Fig. 1.1.2

According to this principle, number of forces and no lo eum Ball

of rotation is acted upon by a ARMCDF
then the sum of the
rotation takes place, RETORT
moments will be equal to
the sum of
anticlockwise
CG
the clockwise moments.ai,berigpsob
Procedure:
portion
metre scale with its flat B0
(i) Suspend the suspended 20 60
loose thread loop uuuluuhuuluuluuunnluliunlinll
vertical in a
from a retort stand.
the scale
uauulunls
(i) Adjust the position of the loop till
rests in a horizontal position. tomil
Tie a weight of 50 gf with a
thread and VWm
(ii) 10 cm mark on the left Flg. 1.1.3dt breg
suspend it at, say,
side of the fulcrum by making
a loop in w50 gf
increase the length of the right arm, by pulling
the thread.
on the left side. Slowly
(iv) The scale will be depressed the balances in a horizontal position.
the scale on right side across loop of thread till it again on the left side and
of the weight from the new position of the loop
(u) Note down the distance x
on the right side.
the distance y' of the CG of scale at different positions.
the experiment by changing the position of the loop containing weight
(ui) Repeat .. Cm
Mark at CG of the scale =

Known weight, W 50 gf
Now, by principle of moments, WmX y =W xx

. W = W x

Observation Table
Distance of the known Distance of CG fromn Welght of metre scale
S.No. fulcrum y (in cm)
weight from fulcrum *' W Wx f
(in cm)
Sbovedo
2.
3.
4
Mean Wm = g t

12 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

 Conclusion : Graph between and y,
x
taking x on X-axis and y on Y-axis is a straight line. The slope
of this line will give the ratio of the standard weight to the weight of the scale i.e., W
Wh to ecibedl
W
Slope, S =
W. F
sosentsuess**ns*gto
or Weight of the scale, W=W *********** gt
Result
The weight of the metre scale =
.... gf (by calculation)
******* ******* (by graph)
Precautions
(0) The scale should be of uniform thickness.
i) The points where the weight and objects are suspended must be determined accurately to minimise error.
(ii) The metre scale must be horizontal when the measurements of x and y are done.
(iv) The values of x and y should be large enough to reduce error.

Experiment No.
1.2
Aim of the experiment: To determine the weight of a given object.
Apparatus A metre scale, a wooden wedge, known weights, given object and thread.
Procedure:
ool() Place the metre scale on a wooden wedge and adjust its position till the scale becomes horizontal
(balanced). bugnarb
(i) Mark this position on the scale as Centre of Gravity (CG).
(Gii) Set-up the apparatus as shown in the figure. 10 cm X Cm

(iv) Suspend the known weight W1 (gf

at a point 10 cm away from one end O102030,40 50 60 80 1001
of the metre scale by a loop in the luahunluilanhuuluuluulunuluuhuulunuilnhulumulhm
FULCRUM
thread and suspend the given object ycm

on the other side by a loop in the

thread. Fig..1.2

(u) Adjust the position of the object such OBJECT

that the metre scale is horizontal. Wg)
oto KNOWN WEIGHT
rmiby s
W, (g)
(ui) Measure the distance '* which is the distance of the fulcrum from the known weight W and the
distance 'y' the distance of the fulcrum from the object weight W.
(vi) Repeat the experiment for at least 4-5 other values of * and obtain the corresponding values of
'y.
Value of known weight W1 . ..*....****
g o giieip s
bod s to ao a e
Applying the principle of moments, we have ebswot boitts ef thbirw diw soo
W Xx = W xy
ifeiou lo tim te sids el teul
W =W1 Moowsn
NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10 13
 Observation Table)
Position of the CG of the metre scale = Cm

S.No. Distance of the fulcrum Distance of the fulcrum

from the known weight from the object weight W-W s
(W), x (cm) (W). y (cm)

1
o
2.

3.

Mean W = .. gf

Result
The weight of given object, W = ... gt

Precautions: boov s s e otom Aa

(i) The scale should be of uniform thickness.
weight is shifted, care should be taken that the position of fulcrum is not
(in) While the position of known
changed. bgone
(ii) The scale must be properly balanced on the wedge.
and y should be large enough for accurate measurement.
(iv) The values of x

Wiva-Voce or brocer brrs sov

o sr) no
beout
least count of an instrument ?
Q. 1. What do you mean by
instrument can record accurately is called the least count of
Ans. The minimum reading which the
that instrument. seb
Q. 2. What is the least count of a metre scale s o sons
The least count of a metre scale is 1 mm or 0.l cm. so dr
Ans.
3. What is the difference between
mass and weight?
Q.
contained in it, whereas the weight of the body
is the
Ans. Mass of a body is the quantity of matter
centre of earth.
force with which it is attracted towards the
Q. 4. What is the SI unit of weight?
Ans. The SI unit of weight is newton (N). pW-W
NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

14
UNIT RefractionThrough
A Glass Slab
Experiment No.
3 9V AM
Aim of the experiment To trace the course of different rays of light through a rectangular

slab at different angles of incidence, the angles of

measure
glass
incidence, refraction and emergence. Also, measure the lateral
displacement.

Theory:
Consider a rectangular glass slab PQRS as shown in the fig. 3.
A ray of light OA is incident at an angle of incidence with Incidenrt a y

the normal NAM at the point of incidence A. This ray is

AD Q
refracted along AB and is bent towards the normal because it P
is going from air to glass. The refracted ray again suffers
refraction at the surface SR and is bent away from the normal
lo FV
N,BM and emerges along BC which is thus the emergent Refracted ray
al
ray. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but is
displaced. The distance between the incident ray produced, PP

forward and the emergent ray ie., distance BL gives us the

srdgrosd
lateral displacement. The various rays and the angles are as
P M
Emergent ray
shown. Flg.3
NAO = i = angle of incidence
onadsst sd secon oy aeso wobl 310
MAB = r = angle of refraction

BL =lateral displacement
Apparatus: Drawing board, sheet of paper, pins, board pins, rectangular glass slab. a
Procedure
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins at the four corners
of the sheet. og ou
(i) Place a glass slab at the centre of the paper and mark its boundary PQRS with a fine pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab. Draw any line AO making an angle of 30° with the normal at the pointA,
the middle point of PQ approximately.
(iv) Put the glass slab back in position on the boundary line. Fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically on the
line AO at least 10 cm apart with pin P close to the slab.
20 NOVAICSE PHYSICs LAB MANUAL-10
 (0) Look for the images of these pins in the slab from the opposite side SR and fix two more pins P3
and Pa so that they are in line with the images of P and Pa as seen through the slab and are at
least 10 cm apart.
(oi) Join the pricks of P3 and P4 to obtain the emergent ray. Draw a normal to SR at the point B. Join
AB to
get the refracted ray.
(oi) Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and the angle of emergence. Produce
OA forward and draw a perpendicular from B on OA produced to meet it at L. Then lateral
displacement = BL.

(vii) Repeat the experiment with different angles of incidence say 45 and 60
n
o sog 2 (Observation Table
9

S. No. Angle of Angle of refraction Angle of emergence Displacement

incidence i e BL

ods al
2.

Result and Conclusion I t is clear from the observation table that the displacement depends upon
the angle of incidence and angle of refraction. Actually, it also depends upon the thickness of the glass slab.
tom iagil to
Precautions
(i) All the pins must be fixed in a vertical position.
(ii) The pins must be at least 10 cm apart. svtioats s
o sbnt edWELO
(ii) Arrow heads should be marked to show the direction of the light
osd sinin en
(iv) The pins Pg and P4 must be exactly in line with the images of the pins P and P2

Viva-Woce sb s eebosue l olfa

Sonss alonblonl lo alsan es

Q. 1. What do you mean by refraction?

Ans. The bending of light as it goes from one medium into another is called refraction. aa
Q.2. What is the angle of refraction when the angle of incidence is zero ?
Ans. When i = 0, r = 0 ie., the ray goes undeviated.

Q. 3. What is optical density ?

Ans. Optical density of a medium is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the
velocity of light in the medium.

NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10 21

UNIT
Optics
(Refraction of Light Through Lenses)
Experiment No.
bas elbs dpnolae
4a)
Aim of the experiment To determine the focal length of a convex lens by the distant
object method.
Theory:
A distant object gives a parallel beam of light rays. When these parallel light rays pass through a convex

after refraction, they meet at the principal focus to form a real, inverted and diminished image of the
lens,
distant object on the screen. (Fig. 4.1.1)
This distance between the convex lens and the screen is the focal length, f of the convex lens.
A convex a white paper sheet (as screen), a half-metre scale,
lens, distant object (light
Apparatus :
from a building), etc. or s

Procedure: sdh soct

(i) Take a convex lens and point it towards a lighted, distant object like a building. e
focus a sharp image of the object on a sheet of paper or a wall as screen.
(i) Try to
the image is
ii) Using half-metre scale, measure the distance between the lens and the screen as

formed at focus.
(iu) Take the mean distance to get focal length.
Observations CONVEX LENS
eleri sr
sr to ipal lsool s
IGHT RAYS
FROM A
PRINCIPAL AXIS
DISTANT
OBJECT

Fig. 4.1.1

PARALLEL cONVEX LENS

IGHT RAYS
FROM DISTANT
0BJECT

IMAGE ON
SCREENN
(SHEET)

Fig. 4.1.2

23
NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10
 Distance between the lens and screen, cm

d cm
cm
d3
cm

Mean distance = d+d,+d,

4
+da = focal length, f =s. cm

Result
Focal length of convex lens by distant object method, f = .. ..... Cm

Experiment No. 4b
Aim of the experiment: Determine the focal length of a convex lens by using a needle and a
plane mirror.
Theory: O at the focus F after passing through a
We know that a divergent beam of light from a point object
to the principal axis. If a plane mirror is
convex lens must emerge as a parallel beam of light parallel
beam is incident normally on the mirror. It will
mounted behind the lens as shown in fig. 4.1.3, then parallel
the principal focus where the object is placed. The
retrace its path. The returning beam will converge at
distance of object OL =focal length of the convex lens.
half-metre scale, a
Apparatus : A convex lens, a white paper sheet, a PLANE MIRROR
plane mirror, a needle, optical bench.
Procedure: PRINCIPAL
lens in 4(a). AXIS FLk
(i) Find the rough focal length of the as experiment
mirror
(i) Place the needle, the convex lens and the plane
object
uprights on optical bench.
the iog bns cONVERGING LENS
upright to be just behind the
(ii) Adjust the position of the plane mirror Flg. 4.1.3

convex lens.
it is approximately at a distance
(iu) Move the needle upright close to the lens and adjust its position so that
the needle is clearly visible. Adjust
equal to the rough focal length of the lens and the inverted image of
of the convex lens.
the height of the needle if necessary. The needle is now exactly at the focus
(v) Note the position of the uprights carrying the object and the lens. The distance between them gives us
the focal length of the lens.
(vi) Repeat three times by changing the position of the lens.

(Observation Table
S.No. Position of the object Position of the lens F OL
upright O upright L

2
Mean focal length F .... -****

Result:
Focal length of convex lens =

24 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

 Experiment No.
oVe
Aim of the experiment: To determine the focal length of a convex lens using u - v method ana

uv
the formula f =
-
u +
Theory
h case of a convex lens, when an object is placed between F and 2F, a real, inverted and enlarged
image of the object is formed beyond 2 By measuring the image distance v and the object distance u, the
focal length, fis calculated using the formula.

u-U or focal length, f= cm) (applying sign conventions)

uv u+u
The proper sign conventions must be used.
Apparatus: Optical bench, a thin convex lens, white screen and an illuminated object (candle or a needle).
Procedure
() Arrange the lens, screen and the object (candle) on the optical bench such that the lens is in between
the screen and the candle.
sdt (i) Adjust the height of the candle (placed on a stand), lens and screen in such a way that the candle
flame, centre of the lens and the screen are on the same level.
l sibnso srf tst ad Aluore st60
2ns
B

CONVEX LENS iMAGE

AB
OF oe 9gor9 ful

2F
2F

OBJECT
NEEDLE bni IMAGE NEEDLE mol sdi al indW o
AB CD
drolp slu (CANDLE) (CANDLE)
densl lsol sff
Flg.5
to-and fro-
(ii) Focus the illuminated object (candle) on the screen. Adjust the position of the screen, by
movement along the optical bench, such that a clear image of the object (candle) is formed on the
SCreen.

(iv) Measure the distance v between the screen i.e., image and the lens and also the distance u between the
candle i.e., object and the lens.

(o) Repeat the experiment for diferent positions of the object and note down the corresponding values for
u (object distance) and u (image distance) and find the focal length, f of the convex lens using lens
formula. In each observation, the position of the screen will also change.

25
NOVA IcSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10
 Observation Table
uv
S.No. Object distance (u) cm Imagedistance (v) cm Focal length, f =

(u +D)cm)

2
bo bossvne lsin 2 bs
3.
bormotodo sdf lo o

Mean f =F
According to sign conventions, u is -ve and v is +ve. *** Cm

Result:
The mean focal length, f = .. . . . . . CIn

Precautions pas r990

() Experiment should be performed in a dark room so that the bright image appears clearly on the
SCreen.

(i) Care should be taken that the candle flame is not disturbed by air currents.
(ii) The optical centre of the lens, the candle flame and the centre of the screen should be at the same
height.
(iu) Proper sign conventions must be applied.

Wiva-Wace
Q.1. What is the formula used to find the focal length of the convex lens ?
Ans. The focal length, f of a convex lens can be obtained from the lens formula given by

or
u-v
9pe srt ro (slbrsol iostdo berc
where u =
object distance, and is -

ve
sbebmd sdco.s
U image distance, and is + ve.
s b sit 9uesaM
Q.2. What is magnification?

Ans. Magnification m is defined as the ratio of the size of the image I, to the size of the object O ie.,

size of the image I

m=
size of the object O

26 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

UNIT 5 Refraction of Light
Rays Through a Prism
Experiment No.

Aim of the experiment: To trace the path of a ray of light through a prism and to
show that i + i = A +8 and A =
r t/2
Theory:
A ray of light after refraction at the two faces of a prism is deviated as shown in fig. 6. A ray of light
incident at an angle i on the face AB of the prism is refracted along NN'. It is incident at an angle i on the
face AC of the prism. It suffers refraction on the face AC and emerges along N'Q. N'Q is thus the emergent
ray and i = e in the figure is called the angle of emergence. The angle between the incident and the
emergent ray is called the angle of deviation. The value of the angle of deviation depends on :
(i) the angle of incidence, i. (i) the material of the prism.
(ii) the colour or wavelength of the light. (iv) the angle of the prism, A (generally 60)

N
samsbtolo sleho2

N, N2

Glass Prism

Fig.6
This position is called the
For acertain angle of incidence, the angle of deviation, o is minimum.
position of minimum deviation of the prism with respect to the incident ray.

For a of incidence, i +angle of emergence, i2

triangular prism, angle angle of prism, A + angle of
=

deviation, 8 ie., i + i2 = A + 8
sheet of paper, board pins and a triangular equilateral prism.
Apparatus Drawing board, pins,
Procedure
board with board pins.
(i) Fix a sheet of paper on the drawing
middle of the paper and draw its outline ABC. Measure angles of AABC
(i) Place the prism in the
take their mean. This angle is A, the angle of prism.
i.e., angle A, B and C and
draw the normal NN as in fig. 6.
(ii) Mark a point N on AB and
NNP =
40°.
(iv) Draw a line NP such that
29
NOVA ICSE PHYSICs LAB MANUAL-10
 (o) Place the prism again in its original position ABC.
(ui) Fix two pins P and P2 around 10 cm apart.
(vi) Look from the side AC and erect two more pins Pg and P4 such that all the four pins (ie., Pa, P
and the image of P1 and P2) are in a straight line.
(vii) Mark the positions of the pins by clearly encircling the points.
(ix) Remove the prism.
)Join P1 and P2 and produce it to meet, AB at N.
(xi) Join Ps and P4 and produce it to meet the outline AC at a point N.
(xii) Join N and N'.
(xin) Further, produce P,P2 and PaPa to meet at D. This angle (Delta) is the angle of deviation.
(xiv) Also, measure e =
i =
4NNP3. Measure angles r, and r, also.
xw) Repeatthe procedure for i 50', 60° and 70° and measure ig for each.
(xui) For each case, show that i + iz = A +8 and A = + T

Angle of the prism, A =

(Observation Table e
Table 1

S.No.Angle of incidence, Angle of emergence, Angle of deviation, i +i2A

A+8
(e) = i2

40
2. 50
3. 60
70

Table 2

S.No. Angle of incidence Angle of emergence Angles of refraction Angle of, + i A +5r+r
rdeviation

Conclusion : tis verified that i +i = A+8 within experimental erors. Also A = r, + , with in
experimental errors.
Precautions bionilo
() The prism should not be disturbed during the course of the experiment. a6note
(i) The pins must be positioned in a perfectiy vertical position and should be around 10 cm apart
from each other.
(ii) The positions of pins must be marked clearly by encircling the pin pricks.
(iu) Arrow heads should be marked to show the direction of the light rays.
(u) The boundary of the prism must be drawn before starting the experiment.
s

30 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

UNIT 6 e a tTransfer

EXperiment N0
8
Aim of the experiment: To calculate the specific heat of the material of the given
calorimeter, from the temperature readings and masses of cold
water, warm water and its mixture taken in the calorimeter
Theory:
The specific heat of the material (copper) of calorimeter can be found by the method of mixtures.
A mass M of hot water at temperature t is added to cold water of mass m at temperature
calorimeter of mass w. Heat is lost by hot water and is gained by cold water and calorimeter.
t ina
The final temperature becomes t.
Heat lost by hot water = M (t - t)
Heat gained by cold water and calorimeter m (t-
=
t) + wc (t t2) -

=
(t- t) (m + wc)
where c is specific heat of material of calorimeter.
Now, Heat gained= Heat lost
(t-t2) (m +wc) = M(t1 - t)

m + wC
Mt-t)
t-t
c
Mt-t) m
Apparatus A calorimeter with
wt t2) w
outer jacket, two half degree thermometers and weight box.
Procedure:
Note the room temperature with the thermometer A and B.
(i) Find the mass of empty and dry calorimeter along with stirrer.
Aoo0-A000
A STIRRER
THERMOM-
ETER INSULATION

1
S 0

Fig. 8

134 oNOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10

(i) Put some cold water (about half) in this calorimeter and find its mass again.
(ii) Place this calorimeter in the outer jacket. Note down the temperature of this cold water. See that
thermometer does touch the sides or bottom of the calorimeter.
not
(iv) Take sulficient amount of hotwater and find its temperature. It should be between 7080
measured with thermometer B.
into the cold water taken in the calorimeter. Stir gently with the helip of
surre
() Put this water gently
and note the final temperature.
(vi) Find the mass of calorimeter along with the mixture of cold water, hot water and stirrer.

Record of readings
Reading of the room temperature with thermometer A =
t1
Reading of the room temperature with thermometer B = t2C

Correction to be applied to B (assuming A to be correct)bod sto bsqes fermad

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer (uw) . ubod orl lo

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + cold water (W) =
*******.9

ab Corected initial temperature of cold water (t2) . .

.°C 3adW2
C Ten
Corrected initial temperature of hot water (t1) =

Final temperature of mixture ()= . °Ca .

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + cold water + hot water (W2) =

Mass of cold water m = (W1-w) *****

Mass of hot water M = (W2 - W1 ****

Specific heat of material of copper =

c
to vbod A k
te xol () looa 1ot C0Mt, -t) maf l O
wt-t,) wo seusosl
940iso
cal g C1
.
so o dhoeds- . * * * * * *. J kgl Kl
ufolss s wd sno
Actual value from table .. Jkgl K-l
ai 1e =

S
Precautions
should be dry.
) Initially the calorimeter
calorimeter completely with water.
(i) Do not fill the
the hot water into the cold water.
(ii) Stir gently while adding
maximum final temperature of the mixture.
(io) Note the
correction should be applied.
(v) Temperature
should be used in the calorimeter.
(ui) Correct thermometer
35
NOVA ICSE PHYSICSs LAB MANUAL-10
 Q.6. What is
calorimetry ?
Ans. Calorimetry deals with the measurement of heat.
Q.7. Why is calorimeter made of copper?
Ans. Because copper is a very good conductor of heat and has a low specific heat.

Experiment No.
10
Aim of the experiment: To determine the specific latent heat of ice.

Theory:
Latent heat ot fusion of ice is the amount of heat required to melt unit mass of ice at 0°C without any rise
of temperature. It is denoted by L. If a mass M of ice is put in water of mass m at temperature t, the ice takes
the heat from water tor its melting. Let t be the final temperature. If no heat is lost by radiation, then the
principle of calorimetry can be applied.
Heat gained Heat lost
Heat gained by ice = ML + M (t-0) = ML + Mt
Heat lost by water and calorimeter = (m +w) (t1 - t)

then, ML +Mt= (m + w) t1-t)

Mt
L =t w t -t)-
M

L can be calculated.

Apparatus A small piece of ice, blotting papers, calorimeter with non-conducting jacket, half degree
thermometer, physical balance, weight box and fractional weights.

Procedure
of empty and dry calorimeter along with the stirrer.
(i) Find the mass

mass again using a physical balance.

(ii) Fill about half of calorimeter with water and find its
(ii) Place this calorimeter in the insulating jacket.
a thermometer as shown in fig. 10.
(iu) Find the initial temperature of water using

CALORIMETER WITH OUTER JACKET e f e tcorf Srolsl

Fig. 10

Take small piece of ice. Dry it by placing

it between the layers of bloting papers. Immediately put
() a

this ice into the calorimeter using forceps.

NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB

MANUAL-10 39
 ice melts. See that
the temperature starte
Stir the water gently. Go stirring till the whole of
O1 on

falling.
(O1) Note the final and minimum temperature of water when the whole of ice melts. 00

Find the final of calorimeter including the original water and

melted ice. e
(bi mass

Record of readings:
Mass of calorimeter + stirrer (W) .g
Mass of calorimeter + water + stirrer (W) = * * * * *
..g
Mass of water (W- W) = m =

Initial temperature of water (t1) = ...C

. . . . . . . . .

Final temperature when whole ice melts (t) = C

Mass of calorimeter + stirer + water + ice (W)
Mass of ice, M =
(W"- W) =
.
Specific heat of copper from standard table (S). Cal g
Water equivalent of calorimeter, w = W xS
mosrirolss bo slt
.-9
Latent heat of ice =L

L = (m +w)(t-t)-Mt cal g
M
. ***** .J kgrl
Actual value from standard tables Ikg

%error Difference
Actual
100
. . . /0

Precautions
(i) The ice should be dried completely using the
blotting papers.
(ii) The forceps should be used to transfer the ice to the
(ii) The water should be stirred
calorimeter ed ouede
gently.
(iv) The temperature should be noted when
the whole of ice melts, that is minimum
(w) Half degree thermometer should be used to note temperature.
the temperatures.
(vi) Stirring should be done throughout the
experiment.

Wiva-Uoce
Q.1. What do you mean by specific latent heat ?
Ans. Specific latent heat of a substance is the
amount of heat
of that substance at constant required to change the state of unit mass
temperature.
Q.2 What is specific latent heat of
fusion ?
Ans. Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the
amount of heat
of that substance at its
melting point. required to melt the unit mass
40
NOVAICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10
 UNIT
Experiments Based on
Electricity
( xperiment No.

Aim of the experiment: To verify Ohm's law and hence find the value of an unknown resistance
Theory
OHM'S LAW
Ohm's law states that, temperature and other physical conditions remaining constant, the current
through conductor closed circuit
passing
a in a is directly proportional to the potential difference across its two ends.
VI
V IR
where, V is potential difference in Volt,
I is current in Ampere and ofpuond orolir
R is the proportionality constant called resistance, Ohms (2).
The
in
that conduct current in accordance with Ohm's law
no 010
components are said to be Ohmic.
DRY CELLS

RHEOSTAT
BATTERY
PLUG-KEY

AMMETER cONNECTING WIRE

Rh RESISTANCE WIRE
RESISTANCE WIRE

www
R wulul uulnluu

vOLTMETER
AMMETER Fig. 11.2 VOLTMETER
Fig. 11.1
Circuit diagrams
Apparatus Dry cells, ammeter of range 0-1.5 A, voltmeter of range 0-15 V,
rheostat and connecting wires. a resistance wire, key,
Procedure:
(i) Arrange the 69133
apparatus on the table and make the circuit connections as shown in the above
diagrams (fig. 11.1 and fig. 11.2). circut
(i) Connect the ammeter in series and the voltmeter
connecting wires.
in parallel with the resistance with the help
o
42
NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB
MANUAL-10
(i Note down the least count
and
(iv) Insert the plug key.
zero errors of the ammeter and
volne
(o) Adjust the rheostat so as to register a small
(uil Note down the corresponding ammeter current in the resistance wire.
voltmeter
(uii) Move ne variable terminal of the rheostat to
and
increasereadings.
the current in regular steps and hoote
the
ammeter and voltmeter
readings.
loit) Take at least 4 more sets of
readings.
(ix)Plot a graph between Vand I and find its slope.
Observations
Least count of the ammeter
Zero eror of the ammeter
Correction applied to ammeter
pl .. A e022
reading F
. .A l ol
Least count of the voltmeter ...V
***************

Zero error of the voltmeter ***************9*00

Correction applied to voltmeter reading ***************** .V en

Observation Table
S.No. Ammeter readings T Voltmeter readings (V Resistance
Observedd Corrected (A) Observed Corrected (V) R VI(Ohm)

2.
3.
4
5.

Average value of resistance, R =.. 2

***o***os***********

Plot a graph between V and 1, taking I along the X-axis and V along Yaxis
AV
Fromgraph,slope, R=PO A ********************** . 2
AV
Conclusion:
The graph of V vs I is found to be a straight line.
The value of the resistance from graph, R = ************************** 2

OjCurrent (in A) >

Precautions
(4) The signs of the terminals should be clearly shown in the circuit diagram. Fig. 11.3

(i) Clean the ends of the connecting wires with

sand paper before making the connections.
are not being taken.
(i) Remove the key, when the readings
resistance while the ammeter should have a low resistance.
iu) The voltmeter should have a high
circuited.
(0) Take care that the cell is not short
be more than the e.m.f. of the cell.
(ui) The range of the voltmeter should
(oi) The connections should be tight.
(Dil) A low resistance rheostat
should used
be

) Do not allow current to pass

for a very long time.
connected in parallel and ammeter in the series with the circuit.
x)The voltmeter should always be
43
NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10
 Wiva-Woce,
Q.1. What is current ? Give its unit.
Ans. Rate of flow of charge is called current. SI unit of current is ampere, (A).
Q.2. Define potential difference and give its unit.
The potential difference between any two points is equal to the work done in moving a unit
Ans.
positive charge from one point to the other. Its unit is volt, (V).
Q.3. What is the relation between V and I ?
Ans. V= IR (Ohm's law), where R is the resistance of conductor (in Ohm).
Q.4 What are the limitations of Ohm's law ?
It is not applicable to non-ohmic resistances such as diode valves, triode valves and transistors
Ans.
Q.5. What is the voltage of the household supply?
Ans. Generally, it is 220 volt.
Q.6. Does resistance vary with temperature ?
Ans. Yes, resistance varies with temperature. It increases with the rise of temperature in most cases
Can the resistance of a device be - ve ?
Q.7.
Ans. Yes, the resistance of a device is - ve, if with the increase in voltage the current decreases.
Q.8. Two copper wires are of the same length but one is thicker than the other. Which
wire will have more resistance ?
Ans. The thinner wire has more resistance because the resistance is inversely proportional to the area
of cross-section.
Q.9. In Q.8, which wire will have more specific resistance ?
Ans. Both the wires have the same specific resistance because specific resistance only depends upon
the nature of the material which is copper in both cases.
Q.10. What is the unit of specific resistance?
Ans. Ohm-m.
Q.11. A wire of resistance 2 Q is stretched to double its length, what will be the new
resistance ?
Ans. 8 2
Q.12. Does the specific resistance depend upon temperature and dimensions of the
conductor?
Ans. The specific resistance depends upon temperature but is independant of the dimensions of the
wire.

Experiment No.
Aim of the experiment:
1
To set-up a model of household wiring circuit including main
wiring circuit and to study the functions of switches and fuses.
Apparatus: Three-cored electric wire, switches, wall-sockets, plugs, bulb holder, fuse of different ratings
(5 A, 10 A, 15 A, etc.), screw driver, a switch board with mica-sheet for switches etc.sp sr
Procedure
Electricity board of a state is responsible for the electric power supply to the consumer, and the power
is supplied through underground cable or overhead wires on poles. These supply wires are three in
number Phase wire (live wire), neutral wire and earth wire. Different colours have been given to the
insulation of these wires as given in the table.
144 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10
 Wire Type
Colour of insulation
Old Convention International Colour
Coding
Live Red Brown
Neutral Black Light blue
Earth
Green Green with yellow stripe or
vice-versa
For a power distribution inhouse, the three wires can be aranged in the latest system of power
a
distribution, known as ring system. The three wires, in this system, i.e., the live wire, neutral wire and the
earth wire, start from the main fuse box containing a main fuse of about 30 A. The wiring runs around the
different rooms of the house in the form of a ring (closed) and ends in the fuse box
again.

POLE ELECTRIC
MAIN FUSE
METER
PHASE OR LIVE WIRE FUSE -30 A)
L
EARTH WIRE
kWh
NEUTRAL WIRE METER
|N

MAIN
SWITCH

o sborm s o s

Flg. 12

TO DOMESTIC
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
o 4 3
Household wiring circuit

In the ring system, each appliance is connected in parallel across the live wire and the neutral wire (or
earth wire for heavy appliances). This is done to ensure full voltage from the mains to the appliances like
bulbs, fans, ovens, sockets, heaters, etc. If one of the appliance is switched off or short-circuited or gets
fused, the other appliances are not affected.
All the electrical appliances are provided with separate switches to switch "on or off" the flow of current
to it. All the switches are put in the live wire, to completely cut-off the appliance from the source of current
and to the consumer from the danger of electric shock.
safeguard
Also, each distribution line of the house is provided with a separate fuse (a safety device in the form of
a small piece of wire from an alloy of tin (63%) and lead (37%), having high resistance and low melting
point). Since the melting point of fuse wire is low, it melts immediately when large current passes through
the circuitdlue to overloading/ short-circuiting, thus breaking the flow of current through the circuit before
any damage can be done to the rest of the wiring circuit.
The circuit diagram shows the different sWitches S, S2 3 etc. connected in the circuit along with
fuses F, F , Fa etc. for safety measures.

NOVA ICsE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-10 45

 BULB
TOROOM1

MAIN FUSSE
FROM L- - o
ELECTRICE------- Fa
TO
METER N -
KITCHEN

N TO ROOM 2

Ss

WALL SOCKET FOR

HEATER, ETC.
Ring System of Power Distribution
Fig. 12.1
Hence, a model on the household electric wiring on the
basis of ring system of
be set-up by connecting any number of power distribution can
distribution lines to the main
ring as shown in fig. 12.1.
Precautions
(0) Cover all naked joints with the
help of adhesive insulating tape
(i) All the connections should be tight. (preferably ISI marked)
(ii) Never touch the wires with bare hands.
Wear rubber gloves and rubber
(iv) Make sure that all the switches are shoes to avoid shock.
put in the live wire.
(u) Use fuse wire and
connecting wires of proper rating and of good
quality.

Wiva-Woce
Q.1. What is the
potential difference between live wire and neutral wire
in
power supply ? domestic
Ans. It is 220 volts in India. Its
frequency is 50 Hz.
Q.2. How are different appliances connected in
household circuits ?
Ans. Different appliances, in household circuits are
connected in parallel
to each other.
46 NOVA ICSE PHYSICS LAB
MANUAL-10