PREPARED BY

ADITYA RAJ

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR

 A SMALL RESEARCH ON
Quantum Computing

BY- ADITYA RAJ

MCA SEM - 1
Research Methodology & IPR
CEG ,ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
 CONTENT
Abstract
Introduction
Quantum Fundamentals
Quantum computing properties
Scaling Quantum Systems
Quantum Technology
End of Cyber Attack ?
Why talking on Quantum comp.
Conclusion and Future Scope
Summary
 Abstract

Quantum Computing merges two great scientific

revolutions of the 20th century: computer science and
quantum physics. Quantum physics is the theoretical
basis of the transistor, the laser, and other
technologies which enabled the computing revolution.
But on the algorithmic level, today's computing
machinery still operates on "classical" Boolean logic.
Quantum Computing is the design of hardware and
software that replaces Boolean logic by quantum law
at the algorithmic level. For certain computations
such as optimization, sampling, search or quantum
simulation this promises dramatic speedups. We are
particularly interested in applying quantum computing
to artificial intelligence and machine learning. This is
because many tasks in these areas rely on solving
hard optimization problems or performing efficient
sampling.Quantum theory is one of the most
successful theories that have influenced the course of
scientific progress during the twentieth century. It has
presented a new line of scientific thought, predicted
entirely inconceivable situations and influenced
several domains of modern technologies. There are
many different ways for expressing laws of science in
general and laws of physics in particular. Similar to
physical laws of nature, information can also be
expressed in different ways.
The fact that information can be expressed in
different ways without losing its essential nature,
leads for the possibility of the automatic manipulation
of information. All ways of expressing information use
physical system, spoken words are conveyed by air
pressure fluctuations: “No information without
physical representation”. The fact that information is
insensitive to exactly how it is expressed and can be
freely translated from one form to another, makes it
an obvious candidate for fundamentally important role
in physics, like interaction, energy, momentum and
other such abstractors.This is a project report on the
general attributes of Quantum Computing and
Information Processing from a layman’s point of view.
.
 INTRODUCTION
With the development of science and technology,
leading to the advancement of civilization, new ways
were discovered exploiting various physical
resources such as materials, forces and energies.
The history of computer development represents the
culmination of years of technological advancements
beginning with the early ideas of Charles Babbage
and eventual creation of the first computer by
German engineer Konard Zeise in 1941. The whole
process involved a sequence of changes from one
type of physical realization to another from gears to
relays to valves to transistors to integrated circuits to
chip and so on. Surprisingly however, the high speed
modern computer is fundamentally no different from
its gargantuan 30 ton ancestors which were equipped
with some 18000 vacuum tubes and 500 miles of
wiring. Although computers have become more
compact and considerably faster in performing their
task, the task remains the same: to manipulate and
interpret an encoding of binary bits into a useful
computational result.
The number of atoms needed to represent a bit of
memory has been decreasing exponentially since
1950. An observation by Gordon Moore in 1965 laid
the foundations for what came to be known as
“Moore’s Law” – that computer processing power
doubles
every eighteen months. If Moore’s Law is
extrapolated naively to the future, it is learnt that
sooner or later, each bit of information should be
encoded by a physical system ofsubatomic size. As a
matter of fact this point is substantiated by the survey
made by Keyes in 1988 as shown in fig. 1. This plot
shows the number of electrons required to store a
single bit of information. An extrapolation of the plot
suggests that we might be within the reach of atomic
scale computations with in a decade or so at the
atomic scale however.

Matter obeys the rules of quantum mechanics,which

are quite different from the classical rules that
determine the properties of conventional logic
gates.
So if computers are to become smaller in future, new,
quantum technology must replace or supplement
what we have now. Not withstanding, the quantum
technology can offer much more than just cramming
more and more bits to silicon and multiplying the
clock speed of microprocessors. It can support
entirely a new kind of computation with quantitatively
as well as qualitatively new algorithms based on the
principles of quantum mechanics.
 Quantum computing fundamentals

All computing systems rely on a fundamental ability to

store and manipulate information. Current computers
manipulate individual bits, which store information as
binary 0 and 1 states. Quantum computers leverage
quantum mechanical phenomena to manipulate
information. To do this, they rely on quantum bits, or
qubits.

Quantum Properties

Three quantum mechanical properties —

superposition
entanglement and
interference ,are used in quantum computing to
manipulate the state of a qubit.
 Superposition

Superposition refers to a
combination of states we would
ordinarily describe independently.
To make a classical analogy,
if you play two musical
notes at once,
what you will hear is a
superposition of the two notes.

Entanglement

Entanglement is a famously counter-intuitive quantum

phenomenon describing behavior we never see in the
classical world. Entangled particles behave together
as a system in ways that cannot be explained using
classical logic.
 Interference

Finally, quantum states can undergo interference due

to a phenomenon known as phase. Quantum
interference can be understood similarly to wave
interference; when two waves are in phase, their
amplitudes add, and when they are out of phase,
Add a little bit of body text
their amplitudes cancel.

Quantum Computation

Add a little bit of body textThere are a few different

ways quantum systems use quantum properties to
compute. Let’s investigate one type of algorithm
designed for current quantum hardware, which uses
quantum computing to find the “best” solution among
many possible solutions.
This algorithm can be used to simulate a molecule by
determining the lowest energy state among various
molecular bond lengths. For each possible bond
length, parts of the energy state are represented on a
quantum processor. Then, aspects of the quantum
state are measured and related back to an energy in
the molecule, for the given electronic
configuration.Repeating this process for different
inter-atomic spacings eventually leads to the bond
length with the lowest energy state, which represents
the equilibrium molecular configuration.
Figure 4:
Experimental results (circles) and the exact energy
values (dotted line) for several interatomic distances
of BeH2

In addition to algorithms for near-term quantum

computing systems, researchers have
designed algorithms for future quantum
systems, often referred to as fault-tolerant
quantum computers. These systems will need
to perform many sequential quantum
operations and run for long periods of
time.Learn more about what it takes to build
the robust quantum systems needed to solve
more complex problems in the next section.
 Scaling Quantum Systems

What does it take to create a fault-tolerant quantum

system? To increase the computational power of a
quantum computer, improvements are needed along
two dimensions.One is qubit count; the more qubits
you have, the more states can in principle be
manipulated and stored. The other is low error rates,
which are needed to manipulate qubit states
accurately and perform sequential operations that
provide answers, not noise.A useful metric for
understanding quantum capability is quantum
volume. It measures the relationship between number
and quality of qubits, circuit connectivity, and error
rates of operations.
Developing systems with larger quantum volume will lead to
discovering the first instances of applications where
quantum computers can offer a computational advantage
for solving real problems.

QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY
WHY THE FUTURE IS ALREADY ON ITS WAY

*MAIN RESEARCH PART (BY-ADITYA RAJ)

With a new era of quantum technology beckoning, I reflects on recent milestones in the
quantum computing “arms race”

Why do you need a quantum computer? Well,

you don’t – unless someone else has one. And if
they have a quantum computer, you’ll want one
too. Driven by the promise of new technologies
that will deliver benefits for all of society, nations
around the world are investing heavily in the
field. When it comes to quantum computing, no-
one wants to miss out – and that desire is
triggering a kind of global arms race.

While a standard computer handles digital bits of 0s

and 1s, quantum computers use quantum bits or
qubits, which can take any value between 0 and 1.
And if you entangle the qubits, you can solve
problems that classical computers cannot.
 A future quantum computer could, for example, crack
any of today’s common security systems – such as
128-bit AES encryption – in seconds. Even the best
supercomputer today would take millions of years to
do the same job.

“Quantum computers can do computing

tasks that are outside of the reach of even
the best computers today.”
Shohini Ghose, professor of quantum physics and computer science

“Quantum is one way to really secure the

Internet and the communication in the
Internet of Things.”
Shohini Ghose, professor of quantum physics and computer science

An end to all cyber-attacks?

Quantum computers could also render
communication more secure in the way information is
“teleported”. There’s another term associated with
sci-fi films. However, the phenomenon of
“entanglement” lies behind quantum mechanics: two
qubits are linked together in such a way that a
change to one causes a change to its corresponding
qubit.
This occurs without time lags, over any distance, and
of course without any physical connection such as
cables or radio waves.Using this idea key codes for
data transmission could be generated. The clever
thing here is that the quantum state of the qubit
changes with every unauthorized access — for
example, an attack from a hacker. The
communication partners would perceive this as a
disturbance in their communication, would thus be
warned and could use a new key. “Quantum is one
way to really secure the Internet and the
communication in the Internet of Things”, says
Ghose, who works with her team on encryption
protocols of this nature.

-273.13° Celsiusis the temperature to

which quantum computers must be
cooled in order for the qubits to
operate reliably.

Why it is important to talk about quantum computers

The immense power of quantum computers also
raises ethical questions. On the one hand, they
currently consume a great deal of electricity because
their chips have to be laboriously cooled down with
liquid helium to -273.13° Celsius in what are known
as dilution refrigerators. On the other hand, there is a
risk that this technology could fall into the wrong
hands — should criminals succeed in building a
quantum computer, they could use it for the purpose
of launching cyber-attacks. They would then be able
to crack all data that is encrypted on the basis of
conventional computers. Therefore, Ghose is
advocating for a social discussion about quantum
computers: “I hope that we can address this before
the technology is rolled out rather than to catch up
and to regulate and control later.” Ghose is convinced
that this would allow the enormous potential of the
quantum revolution to be put on the right track.
Conclusion and Future Scope

The foundations of the subject of quantum

computation have become well established, but
everything else required for its future growth is under
exploration. That covers quantum algorithms, logic
gate operations, error correction, understanding
dynamics and control of decoherence, atomic scale
technology and worthwhile applications.Reversibility
of quantum computation may help in solving NP
problems, which are easy in one direction but hard in
the opposite sense. Global minimization problems
may benefit from interference effects (as seen in
Fermat’s principle in wave mechanics).Simulated
annealing methods may improve due to quantum
tunneling through barriers.Powerful properties of
complex numbers (analytic functions, conformal
mappings) may provide new algorithms. Theoretical
tools for handling many-body quantum entanglement
are not well developed. Its improved characterization
may produce better implementation of quantum logic
gates and possibilities to correct correlated
errors.Though decoherence can be described as an
effective process, its dynamics is not understood but
an attempt has been made in the present project
work in the form of Symmetry breaking argument or
need for an entropy like parameter or function to
account for irreversibility in the system.
 To be able to control decoherence, one should be able
to figure out the eigenstates favored by the environment
in a given setup. The dynamics of measurement
process in not understood fully, though the attempt is
also made in this regard in this project. Measurement is
just described as a non-unitary projection operator in an
otherwise unitary quantum theory. Ultimately both the
system and the observer are made up of quantum
building blocks, and a unified quantum description of
both measurement and decoherence must be
developed. Apart from theoretical gain, it would help in
improving the detectors that operate close to the
quantum limit of observation. For the physicist, it is of
great interest to study the transition from classical to
quantum regime.
Enlargement of the system from microscopic to
mesoscopic levels, and reduction of the environment
from macroscopic to mesoscopic levels, can take us
there. If there is something beyond quantum theory
lurking, there it would be noticed in the struggle for
making quantum devices. We may discover new
limitations of quantum theory in trying to conquer
decoherence. Theoretical developments alone will be
no good without a matching technology. Nowadays, the
race for miniaturization of electronic circuits in not too
far away from the quantum reality of nature.
To devise new types of instruments, we must change
our view-points from scientific to technological-
quantum effects which are not for only observation;
we should learn how to control them for practical use.
The future is not foreseen yet, but it is definitely
promising.
 Summary

Quantum computing makes use of what are

referred to as quantum bits, making them
more powerful than conventional computers.
Among other things, this enables very
secure encryption techniques for data
transmission on the Internet,warns that the
large computing capacity of quantum
computers also raises ethical questions that
urgently need to be discussed.

I call this “humanizing” quantum computing,

because such a powerful new technology
should be used to benefit humanity, or we’re
missing the boat.

Quantum computers are revolutionizing

computers and are paving the way for innovations
— for example, in medicine and the Internet of
Things.
 Refrences
1. K.Brading, and E.Castellani (2003),
Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical ,
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
2.Sanjeev Kumar (2002),
Reformulation of Classical Electrodynamics, Jiwaji
,University, Gwalior, INDIA.
3.Michael Nielsen, and Isaac Chuang, Quantum
Computation, CambridgeUniversity Press.
4. Ibm Quantum Technologies
5.Quantum computer Fully Explained -https://youtu.be/PzL-
oXxNGVM (source : Youtube)
6.Future Of Quantum Computing -
https://youtu.be/zOGNoDO7mcU (Source - Youtube)
7.Postdoctoral research position open in quantum information
theory, Shohini Ghose, professor of quantum physics and
computer science
8.S. Ghose, V. Milosevic-Zdelar, and A. Read, Astro,
Canadian 2nd Edition, (Nelson, 2015).