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CHAPTER #1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF

COMPUTER
Computer:
1. Computer is an electronic machine, which perform calculation and
communication million times faster than human beings.
2. A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results,
and store the results for future use. Computers process data to
create information.
Data is a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and
symbols.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
Characteristics of Computer:
Following are the various characteristics of computer.
 Speed: In today’s supercomputer (the fastest, most powerful, and
most expensive category of computers) can perform 1.8 trillion
operations per second. If a person did one arithmetic operation a
second without stopping, it would take more than 31,000 years to
perform the number of operations a supercomputer can do in one
second. Researchers predict that one day computer speed will be
measured in megaflops, or one quintillion calculations per second.

 Accuracy or reliability: The results produce by the computer are

accurate and reliable. Although the term “computer error” is
widespread, most computer errors can be traced to human
mistakes.ThetermGiGo (Garbage in Garbage out) explain this
features of computer very well.

 Memory: Supercomputers have more than 600 gigabytes of

memory, meaning that they can store more than 600 billion letters,
numbers, and special characters, and have 2 terabytes (2 trillion
bytes) of disk space.

 Communication: Connected computers can share each operation

in the information processing cycle. Also hardware and software
resources are shared using this feature of computer.

Functions of Computer:
By function here we mean task that computer can perform for
users. Following are the main functions of computer.
 Input of data.
 Process of data.
 Output of Information.
 Storage of data/information.
These functions are also known as information processing Cycle.
A computer is a powerful tool because it is able to perform the
information processing cycle operations (input, process, output,
and storage) with amazing speed, reliability, and accuracy; store
huge amounts of data and information; and communicate with
other computers. Computers allow users to generate correct
information quickly, hold the information so it is available at any
time, and share the information with other computer users.

Computer Generation:
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1946-1959)
The duration lasted from 1946-1959 was based on vacuum tubes.
These vacuum tubes were about the size of 100 watt light bulb and
used as the internal computer component. However because
thousands of such bulbs were used, the computers were very large
and generate a large amount of heat, causing many problems in
temperature regulation and climate control.
In this generation input and output device (punched card) that was
used for data storing purpose were very slow. The computers were
operating manually and the language used was a low level machine
language (symbolic language) with binary code that required a
high programming skill. ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC and Mark-1
were some of the major inventions of this generation.
Advantages of First Generation
1. Vacuum tubes were used as electronic component.
2. Electronic digital computers were developed for the first time.
3. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
4. Computations were performed in millisecond.
Disadvantages of First Generation
1. Too large in size.
2. They were unreliable.
3. Induce a large amount of heat due to the vacuum tubes.
4. Not portable.
5. Limited commercial use.
SEC OND GENERA TI ON OF C OMPU TERS ( 1959- 1964)
The period of this generation is from 1959 to 1964. During this
period transistor were used for internal logic circuits of computers.
These computers could execute 200000 instructions per second.
The input/output devices became much faster by the use of
magnetic table. During this period the low level program mining
language were used however the high level programming
languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were also used. The
problem of heat maintenance was solved and size of computer
reduced, while speed and reliability were increased. Many
companies manufactured second generation computers and many
of those for business applications. The most popular second
generation computer was IBM-1401, introduced in 1960, while the
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following computers were used by many business organizations.

IBM-1400 series, IBM-1600 series, UNIVAC-III, NCR-300 etc.
Advantages of Second Generation
1. Smaller in size as compares to 1st generation.
2. Much more reliable.
3. Less heat generated.
4. Computation was performing in micro second. Less hardware and
maintenance problem.
5. Could be used for commercial use.
Disadvantages of Second Generation
1. Very costly for commercial use.
2. It still required frequent maintenance.
3. Frequent cooling also required.
THI RD GENERATION OF COMPUTER S (1965- 1970)
In this generation the integrated circuits (IC) were used. Integrated
circuits contain many electronic components on a single chip. The
disk oriented systems were made at the end of this generation. The
size of computer became very small with better performance and
reliability. High level programming languages were extensively
used. In 1969 the first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was
developed but it was used only in calculators. The faster
input/output devices made possible multi-processing and multi
programming. Where by a number of input terminals could be run
virtually at the same time on a single centrally located computer.
The famous computer was IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC 9000
series etc.
Advantages of Third Generation
1. Smaller in size as compared to second generation.
2. More reliable.
3. Portable
4. Less electricity consumption.
5. Heat generation was rare.
6. General purpose computer.
Disadvantages of Third Generation
1. Air conditioning was required in many cases due to ICs.
2. Very advance technology was required to make the ICs.
FOURTH GENERA TI ON OF COMPUTER S (1971- 1981)
The Integrated circuits were more developed and called Small
scale integration (SSI), after some time the SSI were more
developed and termed as large scale integration (LSI). There was a
great versatility of input/output devices. In 1971, a powerful
microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced. The first
microprocessor which is used in personal computers (PC) was
INTEL 8080. The 8 inch floppy disk was also introduced in 1971,
while hard disk was introduced in 1973. The 5.25 floppy disk was
first time used in 1978. The optical disk was developed in 1980.
First portable computer "Osborne I" was marketed in 1981. IBM-
3033, IBM-370, IBM system 34, IBM system 36, Cray-I, CP/M etc
were introduced in this generation.
Advantages of Fourth Generation
1. Smaller in size and much reliable.
2. No cooling system required in many cases.
3. Much faster computation.
4. Portable and cheap.
5. The heat generated was negligible.
6. Totally general purpose computer.
Disadvantages of Fourth Generation
1. Very advanced technology was required to fabricate to the ICs.

FI FTH G ENER ATION ( 1981- ONWA RD)

This generation is started from 1981 and still continued, new
technologies are adopted to fabricate IC chips, such as electron
beam, X-rays or laser rays. The Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) was developed, so the computer became much smaller than
ever before. New memory storage device like bubble memory,
optical or memory are being designed. The new computer will be
controlled by using human voice and will work by giving
command in our own language. Future computer will in some way
to be intelligent and capable of making decision.
Advantages of Fifth Generation
1. Very large storage capacity.
2. Long bit processor builds.
3. Artificial Intelligence Language developed.
Types of Computers:
 Ana log computers: -An Ana log computers works on supply of
continuous signals and display output continuously on meters or
oscilloscopes, Thermometers is an Analog device that works by
establishing Analog between temperature of human body and
expansion of mercury inside it. Another example of Analog device
is speed o meter of an automobile, which continuously displays
output in the form of speed of the vehicle as it receives
continuously signals. It mainly consists of electrical devices like
resisters, capacitors, amplifiers etc. Ana log computers are used for
engineering and scientific application and measurement of physical
quantities such as weight, height, temperature, and speed etc. The
processing speed of analog computer is more than digital
computer.

 Digital Computer: -A digital computer, as its name suggests

works with digits. All the expressions are coded in to binary digits
(o and 1) inside the computer and it manipulates them at a very fast
speed. A digital computer can perform arithmetic operation like
division etc and also logical operation. Digital computers can store
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large amount of information and process at a very high speed.

Moreover, the results produced by digital computers are very
reliable and accurate.
 Hybrid Computer: A hybrid computer combines the best features
of digital computer and analog computer. It means it has the
accuracy of digital computer and speed of analog computer. Such
computers are used for National Defense, to keep on track the in-
flight-radars, missiles, fighter-planes etc.

Classification of Computers:-
According to its physical and storage size, the computer can
classify into four classes. These are:
 Super Computers: The largest, fastest, and most powerful type of
the computer is super computer. Such computers are often used for
complex scientific and engineering calculations. They are built to
process huge amount of data, like processing the data relating to
nuclear fission. Here, the scientists want to know exactly what will
happen during every nanosecond of nuclear chain reaction. Super
computers can also be used to control air pollution. The Super
Computers of today are very expensive and energy consumers.
They generally cost upward of $20 Million and they consume
enough energy to power 100 homes. Such computers are able to
execute one trillion operations per second.
 Mainframe computers: Such computers are used where many
people in a large organization need frequent access to the same
information, which is usually organized into one or more huge
databases. For example an organization with branch offices in
every major city, each of which has employees who work at
computer terminals. A terminal is a keyboard and screen wired to
the mainframe. It does not have its own CPU or storage. The
terminals at the branch offices are connected to a common
database on mainframe in the dead office. A mainframe computer
controls the database that handles the input and output needs of all
the terminals connected to it. Each user has continuous access to
the records and information. Mainframe computers can cost
anywhere from $35000 to millions of dollars. Such computers need
to occupy entire rooms.
 Mini computers: Mini computers can handle much more input
and output than personal computers can. Although some
minicomputers are designed for a single user, many can handle
dozens or even hundreds of terminals. Minicomputers cost
anywhere from $18000 to $500000 and are ideal for many
organizations and companies that cannot afford or do not need a
mainframe system.
 Micro Computer: It is the most popular form of digital
computers. It is frequently used in all fields of life. It is usually
consisted of keyboard, system unit, monitor, disk drive & a printer.
As a microcomputer is designed for single person so it is known as
Personal Computer (PC). It is a multipurpose computer. That’s
why it is used everywhere.

CHAPTER #2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Hardware:
The electronic equipment’s that makes up a personal
computer is called hardware. Devices that surround the system unit
(i.e., the keyboard, mouse, speakers, monitor, and so on) are
known as computer hardware. It is also sometimes known as
peripheral devices.
Types of Hardware:
Computer hardware components include:
 Input devices,
 output devices,
 A system unit,
 storage devices,
 And communications devices.
An input device is any hardware component that allows
a user to enter data and instructions into a computer. Six
commonly used input devices are the keyboard, mouse,
microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.
An output device is any hardware component that can
convey information to a user. Three commonly used output devices
are a printer, a monitor, and speakers.
The system unit is a box-like case made from metal or
plastic that protects the internal electronic components of the
computer from damage. The system unit contains the central
processing unit and memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is
the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate the computer. Memory is a temporary
holding place for data and instructions.
A storage device records and retrieves data to and from
a storage medium. Common storage devices are a floppy disk
drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-RW drive, a
DVD-ROM drive, and a DVD+RW drive.
A communications device enables computer users to
communicate and exchange items such as data, instructions, and
information with another computer. A modem is a communications
device that enables computers to communicate usually via
telephone lines or cable.
Computer Software:
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The computer programs are known as software. A 3.5-inch floppy

disk is computer hardware, but the programs stored on it are
computer software. There are two categories of computer
software:
 System software
 And Application software.
System software serves as the interface between a user and
the computer's hardware. An example of system software would be
an operating system such as Microsoft Windows.
Application software consists of programs designed to
perform specific tasks. An example of application software would
be a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel.
The system unit
The system unit is a box-like case made from metal or plastic that
protects the internal electronic components of the computer from
damage. The system unit contains the central processing unit and
memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic device
that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the
computer. Memory is a temporary holding place for data and
instructions.
CHAPTER # 3: OPERATING SYSTEM AND DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
Introduction to the Operating Systems:
Operating System can be defined as:
 O/S is System software that manages and maintains the
operation of computer.
 It is the interface between user and computer hardware.
 It is the resource manager.
An Operating system is software that creates a relation
between the User, Software and Hardware. It is an interface
between the all. All the computers need basic software known
as an Operating System (OS) to function. The OS acts as an
interface between the User, Application Programs, Hardware
and the System Peripherals. The OS is the first software to be
loaded when a computers starts up. The entire application
programs are loaded after the OS. Whenever an application
needs information it requests the OS which in turn queries the
System on the motherboard. User interacts with the computer
through the OS then OS interprets inputs given by a user
through the Keyboard, Mouse or other input device and takes
appropriate actions.
An Operating System can be of Three Types:
Single User MS-Dos, MS-Win 95-98, Win-ME
Multi User UNIX, Linux, XENIX
Network Novel Netware, Win-NT, Win-2000-2003, etc
1. Single User: If the single user so is loaded
in computer’s memory; the computer would be able to handle
one user at a time.
2. Multi user: If the multi-user so is loaded
in computer’s memory; the computer would be able to handle
more than one user at a time.
3. Network: In the network O/S; the
computer would be able to handle more than one computer at
time.

Functions of operating system:

Following are the task or function of operating system.
1. File System.
2. Input/output operation.
3. Application program execution.(Running)
4. Error Detection.
5. Memory Management.

Programming language:
Language is a source through which we can talk or
communicate with each other. There are many languages,
which are understood in the world. Some languages are
International while the others are local.
Similarly to communicate with computer, we need a language
which computer should understand. There are several
languages which can be used for this purpose e.g. BASIC,
COBOL, ASSEMBLY, C etc. These languages are of three types;
High level, Machine and Assembly Language:
1) HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
English like languages are called high level languages OR the
languages consisted of commands or statements just like
English are known as high level languages. These can be
categorized as Compiler languages, Interpreter languages,
Object-oriented languages and Event-driven languages
2) MACHINE LANGUAGE
Machine language (also called Binary) is consisted on only two
digits i.e. 1 and 0. Whenever a word/instruction is entered into
computer, the system translates it into machine language e.g. if
we have entered `A' then computer will translate it in binary or
machine language and it will become 11000001.

3) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
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In this language special codes are used which are called

mnemonics (memory aiding, alphabetic codes), e.g. ADD for
addition, SUB for subtraction, LDA for load etc.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)

What is a Database?
A database is an integrated collection of related records
or files which can be access by one or more users. You can think
of a database as an electronic filing system.
A Database Management System (DBMS)

Software that organizes the storage and retrieving of

database. A DBMS controls the creation, maintenance, and use of
the database storage structures of organizations and of their end
users. In large organizations this task is being managed by a
Database Administrator
Database management systems are usually categorized
according to the database model that they support, such as the
network, relational or object model. The model tends to determine
the query languages that are available to access the database. One
commonly used query language for the relational database is SQL,
Database management systems range from
all systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that
run on mainframes. After storage a DBMS needs an application
that can enable us access, modify the information in a contextual
manner. Examples of database applications may include:
o Computerized library systems.
o Automated teller machines (ATM)
o Flight reservation systems
o Computerized parts inventory systems
Database Management System (DBMS)
There are several Database Management Systems (DBMS), such
as:
 Microsoft SQL Server
 Oracle
 Sybase
 DBase
 Microsoft Access
 MySQL from Sun Microsystems (Oracle)
DB2 from IBM etc.
The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use in
 Retrieving information from the database.
 Storing information into the database.
Types of DBMS
 Hierarchical database
 Network database
 Relational database
 Object-oriented database

A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships among data

in the database are established in such a way that one data item is
present as the subordinate of another one.
 A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships among
data in the database are of type many-to-many.
 A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS if the
database relationships are treated in the form of a table. There are
three keys on relational DBMS 1) relation 2) domain 3) attributes.
 Object-oriented databases use small, reusable chunks of software
called objects. The objects themselves are stored in the object-
oriented database. Each object consists of two elements: 1) a piece
of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics), and 2) the
instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do
with the data.

CHAPTER #4 THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

Discuss how the Internet works
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links
millions of businesses, government offices, educational
institutions, and individuals. Data is transferred over the Internet
using servers, which are computers that manage network resources
and provide centralized storage areas, and clients, which are
computers that can access the contents of the storage areas. The
data travels over communications lines. Each computer or device
on a communications line has a numeric address called an IP
(Internet protocol) address, the text version of which is called a
domain name. Every time you specify a domain name, a DNS
(domain name system) server translates the domain name into its
associated IP address, so data can route to the correct computer.

Understand ways to access the Internet

You can access the Internet through an Internet service provider,
an online service provider, or a wireless service provider.
An Internet service provider (ISP) provides temporary Internet
connections to individuals and companies.
An online service provider (OSP) also supplies Internet access, in
addition to a variety of special content and services.
A wireless service provider (WSP) provides wireless Internet
access to users with wireless modems or Web-enabled handheld
computers or devices.
Configuring Dial-Up Connections
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1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Network and

Internet Connections.
2. Click Create a connection to the network at your office.
3. In the Location Information dialog box, enter the appropriate
information. Click OK, and then click OK to close the Phone and
Modem Options dialog box and start the New Connection wizard.
4. In the New Connection Wizard, click Dial-up connection, and then
click next.
5. Type a name for the network to which you are connecting (such as
"My Office Network"), and then click Next.
6. Type the phone number for the network to which you are
connecting, including, if necessary, the area code and "1" prefix.
7. Specify whether you want this connection to be available for
anyone's use, meaning for any user on this computer, or for your
use only, meaning only for the user who is now logged on.
8. Specify whether you want a shortcut to the connection on your
desktop.
9. Click Finish.

Web Browsing
A web browsing (commonly referred to as a browsing)
is a process of retrieving and presenting information resources on
the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page,
image, video or other piece of content. Web browsing is performed
by software known as Web Browser, e.g. Internet Explorer,
Mozilla Firefox and Google chrome.

CHAPTER #5E COMMERCE AND ON LINE BANKING

 Introduction to E Commerce :
 E-Commerce is the buying and selling of products and services by
businesses and consumers over the Internet.
 In other words, E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods
and services via the Internet.
 Element of E-Commerce:
 There are certain elements required to perform online business.
 Develop a Web site.
 Have an online catalog or store.
 Have the capability to receive payments.
 Be able to deliver the item.
 Provide after-the-sale services.
 Different types of e-commerce
 Business-to-business (B2B)
 Consumer (B2C)
 Business-to-government (B2G)
 Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

 B2B e-commerce?
 B2B e-commerce is simply defined as ecommerce between
companies. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type.
 Examples:
 Intel selling microprocessor to Dell
B2C ecommerce?
 Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between
companies and consumers, involves customers gathering
information; purchasing physical goods or receiving products over
an electronic network.
 Example:
 Dell selling me a laptop
 What is B2G ecommerce?
 Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined
as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to
the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing
procedures, and other government-related operations
 Example:
 Business pay taxes, file reports, or sell goods and services to Govt.
agencies.
 C2C ecommerce?
 Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce
between private individuals or consumers.
 Example:
 Mary buying an iPod from Tom on eBay
 Me selling a car to my neighbor
Benefits of E-Commerce
1. The business can operate on a GLOBAL scale.
◦ The internet is global. There are no distance barriers.
2. E-Commerce will save the company money.
◦ The cost of operating online can be cheaper than having a shop,
office. You can automate sales, meaning a reduction in staff.
Advertising is cheaper. Any saving can be passed on to the
customer.
3. The business has no time barriers.
◦ An online business is available for customers 24 hours a day. The
internet never sleeps.
4. The customer has greater power.
◦ Better buyer decisions, more choice.
◦ Quicker and cheaper to shop on the net.
5. Ideal for niche products.
◦ A niche product is a product with very few customers. The internet
is a vast marketplace, and can generate volume.
6. Environmental Benefits.
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◦ The customer stays at home and orders goods from the net. Goods
can be delivered directly from the warehouse. Staff can work from
home.
Features of On-Line Banking:
Following are the different features of On-Line Banking
 Viewing Account balance
 Viewing recent transactions
 Downloading bank statements
 Ordering cheque books
 Downloading periodic account statements
 Fund transfer between the customers linked accounts
 Managing multiple users
CHAPTER #6NETWORK & DATA COMMUNICATION

Q) Define data communications and highlight its purpose:

 The fundamental purpose of data communications is, to exchange
information between two agents. In other words, we can say that
transfer of information or data from one point to another is called
data communications. The term data communications can
generally be defined as the movement of encoded information by
means of electrical transmission systems. It is used to reduce the
time required to transfer data from a point of origin to the
computer and from the computer low point of use.
Elements of Data Communication:
There are three elements of data communications. These are:
1) The computer or electronic device, which generates or transfers,
data is called sender.
2) The computer or electronic device, which receives, data is called
Receiver.
3) The media which carries the data or through which data travels, is
called medium. In other words, it is the physical path between
transmitter and receiver in a data transmission system.

When you are sending a letter to your friend then you are the
sender, your friend is the receiver and the postal service is the
medium. Another example is. If you are receiving a telephone call
from your friend then your friend is the sender, you are the
receiver and the telephone line is the medium.
Network:
A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together,
and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information)
Types of Network:
Local Area Network (LAN)
• LAN is a Small network, uses for short distance communication
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside CF502
• Network inside your home
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to
connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different places far
apart.
• Towns, states, countries
• Examples:
• Network of our Campus
• Internet
Uses of Network:
Networks are an interconnection of computers. These computers
can be linked together using a wide variety of different cabling
types, and for a wide variety of different purposes.
4. The basic reasons why computers are networked are to share
resources (files, printers, modems, fax machines)
5. To share application software (MS Office)
6. To increase productivity (make it easier to share data amongst
users)

Take for example a typical office where a number of users in a

small business require access to common information. As long as
all user computers are connected via a network, they can share
their files, exchange mail, schedule meetings, send faxes and print
documents all from any point of the network.
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CHAPTER #7 INTRODUCTION TO GUI

Desktop:
An on-screen work area that uses icons and menus to
simulate the top of a desk. A desktop is characteristic of the Apple
Macintosh and of windowing programs such as Microsoft
Windows. Its purpose is to make a computer easier to use by
enabling users to start and stop tasks with the help of small
pictorial symbols called Icon’s.
ICONS
On your desktop there are several small images called
icons. You may also have icons that appear to be file folders. Each
time you save something to the Desktop, an icon is added there.
Some of the icons are known as Shortcuts. Those are small
instructions which tell your computer where a larger program is
located.
Start Button/Menu:
The Start button lets you quickly open your programs and
documents.
Programs –
The common way to get to any program or application stored on
your computer is to slide your mouse pointer up in start menu to
the programs menu, then select an application which you want to
work in.
Control Panel:
In Windows, a utility that allows the user to control and
manage various tolls of a system or hardware, such as system time
and date, keyboard characteristics, and networking parameters is
called control panel.
Method No. 1:
To change your computer's date Open Control Panel. Double Click
at Date & Time Select the item you want to change. To change the
month, click the arrow in the month list, and then click the correct
month.
To change the year, click the arrows in the year list. To change the
day, click the correct day on the
Calendar

Method No. 2:
Double Click at Right corner of Task Bar where time is displayed
Change the date and time and click apply when done.

Q) How we can change the display settings of Computer

Display setting can be categorized in to 3 types
 Changing wallpaper
 Changing appearance
 Changing Pixel or Resolution of our screen

To change display setting performs the following tasks:

 Right Click at Desktop ->
 Click Properties ->
 Click appropriate Tab for change and choose
 Click Apply and ok when finished.

Date and Time - Place your mouse pointer directly over the time
but do not click.

o Windows will display the date.

o With your mouse pointer directly over the time gently click two
quick times to open the Date/Time control panel, where you can
change date and time.
Shut Down:
If your computer is not frozen you should shut your
computer down using the Shut Down menu. Do not automatically
press the Enter key when you see the Shut down Windows dialog
box pop-up.
CHAPTER #8 INTRODUCTION TO MS OFFICE

Introduction to MS Word:
Sword is application software which is mainly used for
composing and drafting. It. is generally known as word
processor. Other word processor which were used before
Sword, are Word perfect and word star. Sword has a lot of
features which enable user to easily create, modify and format
documents within a short period of time.
Introduction to MS PowerPoint:
Mspowerpoint is application software which is mainly used for
designing and presentation. It. is generally known as
presentation software. The page in powering is known as slide,
where the combination of slides is called presentation. It has a
lot of features which enable user to easily create, modify and
format presentation documents within a short period of time.
Introduction to Spread Sheet Software:
Spreadsheet software is application software which is mainly
used for calculation and comparison. Examples of Spreadsheet
software are Lotus, Microsoft Excel. Ms Excel is used for
Accounting, Statistical and Scientific calculations. Shortly the
purpose of Ms Excel is to process numeric data. Workbook is
an Excel document which includes a number of worksheets
depending on the hardware and software resources available.
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Introduction to Microsoft Excel :

MS Excel is application software used for numeric data
processing. It is also called spreadsheet software. In Ms Excel
built in formulas, which also called functions are available for
performing specific mathematical and other numeric task. Also
one can enter formulas to solve their own day to day problems.
Following are the various terms used in Ms Excel:
 Workbook
 Worksheet.
 Cell
 Row
 Columns

Work Book:
A new file in MS Excel is called Workbook. A workbook is a
multi-paged document where we enter our data, do our
calculation and save it for future use. A page in a workbook is
called worksheet. A work book has three worksheet by default.
We can insert or delete more sheets in a workbook depending
on the software and hardware available, but at least a
workbook must contain one visible worksheet. The default
sheets are denoted as sheet1, sheet2, sheet3.

Work Sheet:
A page with gridlines in a workbook is called
worksheet. A work sheet is divided in horizontal section called
rows and in vertical section called column. Each Worksheet
has 1048576 rows and 16384 columns, the rows are
represented by numbers (1, 2, 3…… 1048576) and columns are
represented by Alphabetic Characters (A, B, C………XFD).
Simply worksheet is also called sheet.

Column:
Vertical division of the Excel worksheet is known as Column.
Columns are labeled by A, B; C……………XFD whereas “A” is the
1st column and “XFD” is the Last one of the worksheet. Every
worksheet has 16384 Columns.

Rows.
The Horizontal division of the Excel worksheet is called Row.
Rows are labeled with Numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4………..1048576.
Any worksheet in an Excel workbook contains 1048576 rows.

Cell:
The intersection of a row and column is called a cell. Cell is the
point where we enter actual data and formulas. Each cell has
unique address consist of labeled column and row number.

Cell address:
The combination of column labeled (letter) and row labeled
(number) is called cell address:
Every cell has a unique cell address i.e. A1, A2.

Formula:
The combination of operators and operands (values or cell
address) is called formula. Formula always starts with equal
sign (=). Arithmetic operators used in formula are: +, - . *, /
and ^. Two operators cannot be adjacent. Ms Excel formula is
evaluated on the principles of Mathematics. It means that
formula contain + and * operators, then * (Multiplication) will
be done before addition (+) and so on.

FUNCTIONS: -
Functions are predefined formulas that calculate a specific
result or solve a specific problem. It makes our calculation easy
and save our time when we are facing a large amount of data.
Each function has a specific order (syntax) that must be used
for the function to work properly.
RULES FOR USING FUNCTIONS
 Function name must be spell correctly.
 Function start from Equal (=) sign.
 The argument must be enclosed in parenthesis “( )“
 Press Enter Key when we enter right parenthesis.
Excel provides us a lot of function. These functions are divided
into different categories e.g. Financial, Date & Time, Moths,
Statistical, Database, Text, Logical, Information, and
Engineering etc.