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Apl 104 - Introduction To Solid Mechanics

This document provides an overview of the APL 104 - Introduction to Solid Mechanics course at IIT Delhi. It introduces the two instructors, Dr. Sushma Santapuri and Prof. Maloy K Singha. It outlines the schedule, including lecture and tutorial timings as well as modes of instruction, assessment breakdown, and resources like Moodle. The document then describes some of the key topics covered in the course, including mechanics of materials, different types of loading, stress, strain, stress-strain relationships, axial problems, bending problems, torsion problems, and failure analysis. It lists the course objectives and provides an outline of the course content to be covered.

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Mansi
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181 views

Apl 104 - Introduction To Solid Mechanics

This document provides an overview of the APL 104 - Introduction to Solid Mechanics course at IIT Delhi. It introduces the two instructors, Dr. Sushma Santapuri and Prof. Maloy K Singha. It outlines the schedule, including lecture and tutorial timings as well as modes of instruction, assessment breakdown, and resources like Moodle. The document then describes some of the key topics covered in the course, including mechanics of materials, different types of loading, stress, strain, stress-strain relationships, axial problems, bending problems, torsion problems, and failure analysis. It lists the course objectives and provides an outline of the course content to be covered.

Uploaded by

Mansi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APL 104 – INTRODUCTION TO SOLID

MECHANICS
Introduction
INSTRUCTORS

Dr. Sushma Santapuri Prof. Maloy K Singha


Department of Applied Mechanics Department of Applied Mechanics
Office: IV-234 Office: IV-251
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
SCHEDULE AND INSTRUCTION MODE

1. Lecture Timings: 9:00 – 10:00 am, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday every week.
2. Tutorial Timings: 2:00 – 3:00 pm, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday (class will
be split into 4 groups)
3. Lecture Mode: Online live lecture will be held on Impartus or MS Teams during
the lecture timings.
4. Course Material and Announcements: Moodle and Emails (IITD account only).
5. Exams and Quizzes: Gradescope (details to be announced later)
6. Assessment: Minor – 30%, Major – 50%, Quizzes– 20%
WHAT DO YOU LEARN IN THIS CLASS?
 Mechanics of materials and structures – All materials are “deformable”. This fact was
ignored in your Engineering mechanics “APL100” course. Why?
 Let’s look at a few simple examples (i) compression of a block, (ii) elongation of a wire
under two different loads.
 Its easy to see “Larger loads cause greater deformation”. What are some other factors?

10 kg
100 kg

1 kg
10 kg
DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS

1) Material property
 Elongation will be different for aluminum, steel or copper wires.
 Rubber block will get compressed more than steel or wood or concrete blocks.
2) Geometry of the solid
 Cross section area (thicker block will deform less under the same load)
 Initial “undeformed” length (longer wire will deform more (?))
3) Loading conditions (or the nature of applied forces)
 How large is the applied load?
 What type of load? (we will learn more about this later in the lecture)

Can we quantify the deformation? In fact, is it possible to generalize for


different loads, loading type and material behavior?
WHY STUDY
SOLID
MECHANICS?
1. Designing load bearing components for
automotive, aerospace or naval
structures
2. Day-to-day devices like cell phones, Soft robotic hand
laptops, ipads
3. Designing building foundations, bridges
against earthquakes Finite Element Model of an
automotive
4. Biomedical devices, bone implants
5. Sensors and actuators for a wide variety
of applications
6. Robotics
7. Structures like railway bridges, floor
slabs, electric post etc.
And so many more applications all around Animation showing one of the
you! vibration modes of the Mars Orbiter
Laser Altimiter, NASA (reproduced
from A. F. Bower book)
Planar Biomehanics Model
CONCEPT OF STRESS
1. You may have learnt the definition “stress is force per unit area”. What is the significance of
this quantity? Why not directly work with force?
2. Is stress a vector like force?
Direction of force relative to the cross-section area y

100 kg x
Normal stress: Force perpendicular to cross-section
100 kg 𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = lim
𝐴𝐴0 →0 𝐴𝐴0

Shear stress: Force parallel to the cross-section 𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚

𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = lim
Turns out its not the force but the 𝐴𝐴0 →0 𝐴𝐴0
force/area that dictates the
deformation. SI Units: Force: N, Area: m2 Stress: 1 N/m2 ≡ 1 Pa
CONCEPT OF STRAIN
y
Change is length greater is initially longer bar for same force, cross- 𝐿𝐿0
section and material. 𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 x
Δ𝐿𝐿0
Normal strain definition: change in length per unit undeformed length
𝐿𝐿1
Δ𝐿𝐿0 Δ𝐿𝐿1
𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙
𝐿𝐿0 𝐿𝐿1 Δ𝐿𝐿1

Shear strain definition: change in angle due to shear stress


𝜈𝜈 𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚
𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝛾𝛾 ≈ 𝛾𝛾 𝜈𝜈
𝐿𝐿0
𝐿𝐿0
MATERIAL PROPERTY

 All the materials deform under application of load


 Materials may be comparatively rigid or flexible (quantification of deformation)
MATERIAL PROPERTY (CNTD’)

 Materials maybe stronger or weaker: measure of load carrying capacity


 How do typical engineering materials fail? Let's see what happens in a uniaxial stress
experiment as we keep increasing the stress input.
 Material properties determined through such experiments.

Sample

Stress vs Strain plots of different metals


TYPES OF LOADING: AXIAL

Axial loading: Normal force, i.e., force along the axis and perpendicular to the cross section

Also called Uniaxial loading - leads to elongation or compression of the member


TYPES OF LOADING: TORSION

 Torsional loading or “Twisting”


TYPES OF LOADING: BENDING

 Bending: Results in transverse load V and bending moment M


TYPES OF LOADING: INTERNAL PRESSURE

Closed or open cylindrical or spherical surfaces pressurized internally with fluid/air


OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE
I. Formalize the concept of stress and strain as tensors
II. Are there equations that govern the material behavior? Are they valid for all materials?
III. How these quantities transform with change of coordinate axis.
IV. How are stress and strain related in different materials? What is the simplest possible
material behavior?
V. Obtaining force deformation relationships for different loading types discussed above.
VI. What happens when we apply combined loading (more than one type of load applied to the
structure)?
VII. Can we design structures with this information?
VIII. How do materials and structures fail? How to design against failure and instabilities like
buckling?
COURSE CONTENT
Course objective: Learning to analyze deflections and stresses in deformable solids under different types of loading
and boundary conditions; application to design of structures and devices
Introduction to mechanics of deformable bodies: General introduction, concept of stress and strain, Mechanics
of materials, Different types of loading and corresponding deformations.
State-of-stress: Definition of stress tensor and its components; Equation of equilibrium, 3D stress transformation,
Principal stresses and stress invariants, State of plane stress, 2D Mohr’s circle (Brief intro to 3D Mohr’s circle),
Cylindrical coordinates and equations of equilibrium in cylindrical coordinate system
State-of-strain: Infinitesimal strain tensor definition, understanding longitudinal and shear strains, Principal
strains, volumetric strain, strain measurement.
Stress-versus-strain relationships: Tensile test, 1D stress-strain behavior and idealization, Linear elasticity,
generalized Hooke’s law, Hooke’s law for isotropic materials, calculation of material constants, Hooke’s Law for
1D, 2D and 3D problems.
Axial problems: Example problems dealing with bars under uniaxial loading.
COURSE CONTENT

Bending problems: Distributed loading on a beam, resultant forces, Shear force and bending moment diagrams,
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, governing equations, boundary conditions, Examples, concept of shear center,
bending stresses in beams

Torsion problems: Deformation of a prismatic rod under torsional loading, Torsional analysis of circular,
rectangular bars and thin-walled members.

Energy method: Concept of strain energy, Castigliano’s theorem, Applications

Thermal and pressure loading, Combined loading: Thermo-elastic stresses, Cylindrical and spherical pressure
vessels, Combined loading problems

Instability and failure: Stability of elastic columns (Euler’s buckling load) and analysis of beam columns,
Theories of failure, Yield criteria, Ideal plastic solid
REFERENCES
1. L. S. Srinath, Advanced Mechanics of Solids, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill
2. S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw
Hill
3. S. P. Timoshenko and D. H. Young, (1968), Elements of Strength of Materials
4. R. C. Hibbler, Mechanics of Materials, 8th edition, Pearson

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