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120 views7 pages

PDF Asme VIII Div2 DD

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Calcgen Engineering
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER

ANAL
NALYSIS
YSIS OF COMPONENTS
IN   VIII-2

8.1 INTRO
INTRODUCTION
DUCTION
Section VIII-2 requires stress analysis of vessel components when explicit design formulas are not given.
This includes flued-in heads, head-to-shell junctions, expansion joints, thermal stresses, and stresses
stresses in com-
com-
ponents due to loads other than pressure. In performing the stressstress evaluation,
evaluation, the designer must determine
the maximum stress at a given point or location. When computer programs such as ANSYS and NASTRAN
are used to determine the stress, the output usually consists of the total combined stress
stress at a given point. This
stress must then
then be separated into its components
components of membrane, bending, and peak stresses. stresses. This is neces-
neces-
sary in order to compare each of these components to a corresponding allowable stress given in VIII-2 VIII-2 or to
properly establish an allowable
allowable fatigue
fatigue life. In this chapter only
only stress categories,
categories, stress concentrations,
concentrations, com-
binations of stresses, and fatigue evaluation
evaluation are discussed in accordance
accordance with the definitions and require-
ments of VIII-2.

8.2 STRESS CATEGORIES


CATEGORIES
Stress in any component and location is classified by VIII-2 as one of three categories—primary,
categories—primary, secondary
secondary,,
and peak stresses. Primary
Primary stress, such as hoop stress in a cylinder
cylinder due to internal
internal pressure, is developed
developed by
the imposed loading and is necessary to satisfy the laws of equilibrium. It is not self-limiting in that gross
distortion or failure of the structure will occur if its value substantially exceeds the yield stress. This primary
stress is divided into two subcategories in VIII-2. They are primary membrane and primary bending stresses.
The longitudinal and circumferential stresses in a cylinder due to internal pressure are classified as primary
membrane stress. The primary membrane stress is again subdivided into two categories in VIII-2. They are
referred to as general primary membrane and local primary membrane stresses. Examples of these primary
stresses are given in Table 8.1. Primary bending stress in VIII-2 refers to such items as the bending of a flat
cover or a dished head due to internal pressure.
Secondary stress is developed when the deformation of a component due to applied loads is restrained by
other components. Secondary stress is self-limiting in that local yielding can redistribute the stress to a tol-
erable magnitude without causing failure. An example of secondary stress is the bending stress that devel-
ops at the attachment of a body flange to the shell. This attachment is referred to as a gross structural
discontinuity. Other examples of gross structural discontinuity are given in Table 8.2. Another example of 
secondary stress is certain thermal stresses. These are referred to as general thermal stress. A typical exam-
ple of this stress is the longitudinal bending stress that occurs along a vessel skirt due to temperature gradi-
ents along the length of the skirt. Other examples of general thermal stress are given in Table 8.3.

233
234 Chapter 8

TABLE 8.1
PRIMARY STRESS CATEGORY

The third category of stress defined in VIII-2 is peak stress. Peak stress is so local that it does not cause
any noticeable distortion in a component, but it may cause fatigue cracks or brittle fracture. Examples of 
peak stress are notch concentrations; local hot spots; local structural discontinuity, as defined in Table 8.2;
and local thermal stress, as defined in Table 8.3
VIII-2 establishes limits for the three stress categories discussed so far. These limits are given in Table 8.4.
The rationale for these limits are given in various publications (see such references as ASME, 1968; ASME,
1969; and Jawad and Farr, 1989). VIII-2 also lists the stress categories for some commonly encountered load-
ing conditions and vessel components. These are given in Table 8.5.

Example 8.1

Problem
A cylindrical shell with a flat cover, see Fig. E8.1, is subjected to an internal design pressure of 800 psi and
an internal operating pressure of 700 psi. The allowable stress intensity value for the material from II-D is
20 ksi. What stress intensity values should be calculated at sections a–a and b–b, and what are the allowable
stress intensities at these locations?

Solution
Section a–a
From Table 8.5, flat heads develop general primary membrane stress,  Pm, and primary bending stress,  Pb, at
the central region due to the internal design pressure of 800 psi. From Table 8.4 the allowable general pri-
mary membrane stress intensity,  Pm, is equal to S m (20 ksi). The allowable primary bending stress intensity,
Pb, is equal to 1.5S m (30 ksi).
Analysis of Components in VIII-2 235

TABLE 8.2
STRUCTURAL DISCONTINUITY

TABLE 8.3
THERMAL STRESS
236 Chapter 8

TABLE 8.4
STRESS CATEGORIES AND THEIR LIMITS (ASME VIII-2)

Section b–b
From Table 8.5, flat heads develop local primary membrane stress,  P L, and secondary stress,  Q, at the junc-
tion with the shell due to internal pressure. From Table 8.4 the allowable local primary membrane stress,  P L,
due to the design pressure of 800 psi is equal to 1.5 S m (30 ksi). The total allowable stress due to local pri-
Analysis of Components in VIII-2 237

TABLE 8.5
CLASSIFICATION OF STRESSES (ASME VIII-2)

NOTES:
(1) Consideration must also be given to the possibility of wrinkling and excessive deformation in vessels with large diame-
ter-to-thickness ratio.
(2) If the bending moment at edge is required to maintain the bending stress in the center region within acceptable limits,
the edge bending is classified as P b ; otherwise, it is classified as Q.
(3) Consider possibility of thermal stress ratchet.
(4) Equivalent linear stress is defined as the linear stress distribution which has the same net bending moment as the actual
stress distribution.

mary membrane plus secondary stresses (P L + Q) is equal to 3 S m (60 ksi). It should be noted that the two
stress values,  P L + Q, must be calculated at the operating pressure of 700 psi rather than at the design pres-
sure when comparing them to 3 S m, as shown in Table 8.4.
Analysis of Components in VIII-2 247

Peak Plus Secondary Stress


From Table E8.4, we combine the peak stresses for pressure, mechanical, and thermal conditions with those
of membrane plus bending stresses. This gives peak plus membrane plus bending stress, as shown below:

σr  σl  σh  σrl 

Pressure, psi –2000 2000 11,000 200


Mechanical, psi 1250 3900 –1950 –1950
Pressure plus mechanical, psi –750 5900 9050 –1750
Pressure plus mechanical plus thermal, psi –950 7900 10950 –1050

The three principal stresses become

σ1 +σ2 σh 

Pressure, psi 2010 –2010 11,000


Mechanical, psi 4930 220 –1950
Pressure plus mechanical, psi 6400 –280 9050
Pressure plus mechanical plus thermal, psi 8020 –1070 10,950

And the maximum stress intensity values are given by

Maximum Stress Intensity, psi


Pressure 13,010
Mechanical 6880
Pressure plus mechanical 9330
Pressure plus mechanical plus thermal 12,020

The maximum alternating stress is

S a = 13010/2 = 6500 psi

From Fig. 8.2, with S a equal to 6500 psi, the maximum number of cycles is > 1,000,000.

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