APA STYLE

What is APA? D. Parenthetical Citations—Works Without an

APA is one of many referencing styles used in academic Author
writing. APA stands for American Psychological o When a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the word
Association. The Association outlines the style in the “Anonymous.”
Publication manual of the American Psychological 1. (Anonymous, year)
Association [APA] (6th ed.). Example: Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal
activity during the summer months (Anonymous, 2007,
There are two main parts to referencing: pp. 89-96).
1. The first indicating within your assignment the sources 2. Italicize the title of a book or periodical.
of the information you have used to write your (Title of Book, or Title of Periodical, year, page number)
assignment. This demonstrates support for your ideas, Example: Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal
arguments and views. activity during summer months (New Yorker, 2007, p. 97).
Sometimes this is referred to as: citing in text, in text o In most other cases, use double quote marks around
citations or text citations the title, publication year, page number
2. The second part to referencing is the construction of a (“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number)
reference list. The reference list shows the complete Ex.: Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity
details of everything you cited and appears in an during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end of your
assignment.
Tip: Everything you have cited in text appears in your E. Parenthetical Citations—Classical Works
reference list and likewise... everything that appears 1. When using classical works such as the Greeks,
in your reference list will have been cited in text. Romans, or the Bible, a reference entry is not
required. You must only identify the version and lines
used.
In-text Citation Example: 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Edition)
A. Parenthetical Citations—One Author 2. When using very old works where the date is not
1. Reference in text (when the text as a whole needs to applicable, list the year of the translation you used.
be cited) Reference in text
o Last name (year of publication) Ex.: Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).
o Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new Not referenced in text
curricula. Ex.: The ethos, pathos, and logos . . . (Aristotle, trans.
2. Reference in text (when only part of the text, such as 1922).
an idea or a quote from a specific page, needs to be 3. If a text does not have a date, cite the author’s name
cited) followed by “n.d.”
o Last name (year of publication, page number) Reference in text (n.d.)
o Rowling (2005, p.189) Ex.: Julius Caesar argued . . . (n.d.).
3. No reference in text Not referenced in text
o (Last name of author, copyright year). Ex.: The Trojan horse . . . (Caesar, n.d.).
o The development of new curricula has been
argued before (Rowling, 2005). F. Reference List
o Used to indicate where information presented in the
B. Parenthetical Citations—More than One essay can be retrieved.
Author o Only include texts cited in the essay.
When a work has two authors, always cite both authors. o Listed alphabetically by author or title.
1. Reference in text o Reference list begins a new page, with “References”
o Last names of authors separated by “and” (year of centered at top of page.
publication) o The first line of an entry is at the left margin, and
o Rowling and Cramer (2005) argue for the subsequent lines are indented one-half inch (hanging
development of new curricula. indent).
1. No reference in text o Double-space all reference entries.
o (Last names of authors separated by an
ampersand, copyright year). Reference List— Author’s Names
o The development of new curricula has been Use last names, first initials with all authors’ names in
argued before (Rowling & Cramer, 2005). reverse order, regardless of quantity
Last name, first initial.
C. Parenthetical Citations—More than One Ex.: Griggs, B.W., Holland, R.H., & Mills, S.R.
Author
o When a work has three or more authors, always cite G. Reference List—Capitalization of Titles
all the authors the first time the text is used. o Capitalize the first word in the title and subtitle, and
Thereafter, use the first author’s last name followed any proper nouns (cities, countries, peoples’ names)
by et al. for book, article, and chapter titles
o Omit year upon third time citing source. o Capitalize the first word, all nouns, verbs, adverbs,
1. Reference in text and adjectives for names of journals
o Last names of authors separated with and before o Use no special treatment for titles of shorter works
final name, (year of publication) (poems, short stories, essays, short articles)
o Rowling, Dowling, Benis, George, and Cramer o Italicize titles of longer works (books,
(2005) argue for the development of new periodicals/journals)
curricula. o Don’t drop any words, such as A, An, or The, from the
o Rowling et al. (2005) argue . . . titles of periodicals (newspapers, magazines, journals)
o Rowling et al. argue . . .
2. No reference in text H. Reference List—Books
o (Last names of authors separated with an Three main parts: Author, title, and publication
ampersand before final name, copyright year) information
o The development of new curricula has been 1. Book with one author
argued before (Rowling, Dowling, Benis, George, o Last name, first initial. (year). Title.
& Cramer, 2005). Ex.: Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns.
o The development of new curricula has been
argued before (Rowling et al., 2005). o 2.Two to seven authors
o The development of new curricula has been o Last name, first initial., Last Name, first initial., &
argued before (Rowling et al.). Last Name, first initial. (year). Title.
o Ex.:
Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the Reference Section:
lady sings. Gaumnitz, B. R., & Lere, J. C. (2004, May). Codes
of ethics with impacts. The CPA Journal Online,
3. Eight or more authors 74(5), 64-67. Retrieved August 4, 2020 from
o Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/
name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name,
first initial., Last name, first initial., . . . Last name,
first initial. (year). Title. O. DVD / Video / Motion Picture (including
ClickView & Youtube)
I. Reference List— Journal Articles DVD:
Four major parts: author, date, article title, and Reference list:
publication information (periodical title, volume number, Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), &
and page number) Waititi, T. (Director). (2010). Boy: Welcome to my
o Last name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title of interesting world [DVD]. New Zealand:
publication, volume, pages. Transmission.

Example 1: Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998). The Youtube:

Psychology of women. Journal of the American In text citation:
Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364. (Gardiner, Curtis, Michael & Waititi, 2010).
Reference list:
Example 2: Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima Ahmed, A. (Producer), & Breitenmoser, K. (Director).
and Nagasaki. Diplomatic History, 28(3), 126-129. (2012). Job seeker Q&A: Planning your search
[ClickView DVD]. Bendigo, Australia: VEA.
J. Reference List-Newspapers and Magazine
Articles Competenz NZ. (2014, October 16). The tattooed baker
Five major parts: author, date of publication, title of [Video file]. Retrieved December 25, 2019 from
article, title of newspaper or magazine, page numbers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
o Last name, first initial. (year, month day of Gr1IaBVXkI&list=UUfkO7pVdIaH2ROyw0pzvryg
publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper or
magazine, page numbers. P. Television Series
o For magazines, the volume number is italicized, with Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers &
the issue number in parentheses after, and inserted directors). (2011). 24 hours in A & E
after the magazine title; formatted: Volume(Issue). [Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel
4.
Example 1: Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health
threat baffling for its lack of a pattern. The New Q. Thesis (print)
York Times, p. A14. Johnson, S. (2013). Style strategies (Master’s
thesis). UCOL, Whanganui School of Design,
Example 2: Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Whanganui, New Zealand.
Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-
being: Occupational health psychologists R. Thesis (online)
convene to share their research on work, stress, Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive
and health. Monitor on Psychology. 39(5), 26-29. actions in sport (Doctoral dissertation, The
University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Example 3: Crane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at Australia).
sea. Atlantic Monthly, 50-80.
o Don’t abbreviate the names of months, ever. S. Internet – no author, no date
When using information from the Internet consider
K. Reference List—Electronic Sources carefully the origins of the information. Is it credible, valid
Article accessed through a library subscription service and reliable? Sometimes it is not clear who (author) wrote
Seven major parts: author’s name, year of publication, it or when (date) it was written.
title of article and publication, volume, page numbers, Reference list:
and where retrieved. Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from
o Last name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title of http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pe
publication, volume, page numbers. Date retrieved t-therapy.htm
from where.
Example: Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings In text citation:
of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272- (Pet therapy, n.d.).
276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis Academic database.
T. Blog post
L. Journal/Magazine Article Based on a print Reference list:
source. Stefanie. (2014, October 8). What a tangled web: Website
In-text: (Bowers, 2007) versus webpage [Blog post]. Retrieved from
Reference Section: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/10/wha
Bowers, B. (2007, May/June). Are you ready to start t-a-tangled-web-website-versus-webpage.html
your own business? AARP Magazine,
23(6), 63-65. In text citation:
(Stefanie, 2014).
M. Website, no author, & no date
In-text: ("A Short Guide," n.d.)
Reference Section:
A short guide on leadership traits. (n.d.).
Retrieved July 15, 2020 from
http://www.legacee.com/Info/Leadership/
LeadershipTraits.html

N. Journal/Magazine Article from an online

database, with url
In-text: (Gaumnitz & Lere, 2004)