DC Test

 The stator resistance R1 can be considered equal to its dc value. Thus, it can be
measured independently of the rotor impedance.
 In such a test, a dc power supply is connected to two of the three terminals of a wye-
connected induction motor.
 The current in the stator windings is adjusted to the rated value, and the voltage
between the terminals is measured.
 Since the current flows through two of the wye-connected windings, the total
resistance in the path is 2R1. Hence,
𝑽𝒅𝒄 𝑽𝒅𝒄
𝟐 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟏 =
𝑰𝒅𝒄 𝟐𝑰𝒅𝒄
 Usually, the calculated R1 has to be corrected for the skin effect and the temperature of
the windings during the short-circuit test. Therefore, the ac resistance is found by
multiplying the dc resistance by a factor which varies from 1.2 to about 1.8, depending
on the frequency and other factors.

A 10 kW, 400 V, 4 pole delta-connected squirrel cage induction motor gave the following
test results:
No-load test: 400 V, 8 A, 826 watts.
Blocked-rotor test: 90 V, 35 A, 1350 watts.
The d.c. resistance of the stator winding per phase measured immediately after the blocked
rotor test is 0.6 Ω. Derive the equivalent circuit parameters.
Solution.
From the no-load test we have:
Io=8 A cos 𝜑 = = = 0.0451 𝜑 = 87.415
√ ∗ ∗ √ ∗ ∗
I02 2
Stator Cu loss = 3 R1 = 3 × (8/√3) × 1.5*0.6 = 576 W
∴ stator core loss = 826 − 576 = 250 W
Core loss = 3 G0 V2
𝑃 /3 250
𝑮𝒄 = = = 0.00052
𝑉 3 ∗ 400
𝑹𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝛀
𝐼 8/√3
𝑌 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟓 mho
𝑉 400
𝐵 = 𝑌 −𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 0.0115
Xm= 87.0456
From the short circuit test we have:
Vsc = 90 V, Isc = 35 A, Wsc = 1350
Zsc = Vsc / Isc= 90/(35/√3)= 4.4538
Psc= 3 Isc2 R01
1350= 3*(35/√3)2 R01 R01= 1350/352= 1.102 Ω
𝑋 = 𝑍 − 𝑅 = √4.4538 − 1.102 = 4.316 Ω
𝑋
𝑥 = 𝑥 = = 2.158 Ω
2

Crawling
 It has been found that induction motors, particularly the squirrel-cage type, sometimes
exhibit a tendency to run stably at speeds as low as one-seventh of their
synchronous speed Ns. This phenomenon is known as crawling of induction motor.
 This action is due to the fact that the a.c. winding of the stator produces a flux wave,
which is not a pure sine wave. It is a complex wave consisting of a fundamental wave,
which revolves synchronously and odd harmonics like 3rd, 5th, and 7th etc. which
rotate either in the forward or backward direction at Ns / 3, Ns / 5 and Ns / 7 speeds
respectively.
 As a result, in addition to the fundamental torque, harmonic torques are also
developed, whose synchronous speeds are 1/nth of the speed for the fundamental
torque i.e. Ns / n, where n is the order of the harmonic torque.
 Since 3rd harmonic currents are absent in a balanced 3-phase system, they produce no
rotating field and, therefore, no torque. Hence, total motor torque has three components
:
I. the fundamental torque, rotating with the synchronous speed Ns
II. 5th harmonic torque* rotating at Ns / 5 speed and
III. 7th harmonic torque, having a speed of Ns / 7.
 Now, the 5th harmonic currents have a phase difference of 5 × 120º = 600º = − 120º in
three stator windings. The revolving field, set up by them, rotates in the reverse
direction at Ns / 5. The forward speed of the rotor corresponds to a slip greater than
100%. The small amount of 5th harmonic reverse torque produces a braking action and
may be neglected.

 The 7th harmonic currents in the three stator windings have a phase difference of 7 ×
120º = 2 × 360º + 120º = 120º. They set up a forward rotating field, with a synchronous
speed equal to 1/7th of the synchronous speed of the fundamental torque.
 If we neglect all higher harmonics, the resultant torque can be taken as equal to the
sum of the fundamental torque and the 7th harmonic torque, as shown in Fig. 35.25. It
is seen that the 7th harmonic torque reaches its maximum positive value just before
1/7th synchronous speed Ns, beyond which it becomes negative in value.
Consequently, the resultant torque characteristic shows a dip which may become very
pronounced with certain slot combinations.
 If the mechanical load on the shaft involves a constant load torque, it is possible that
the torque developed by the motor may fall below this load torque. When this happens,
the motor will not accelerate upto its normal speed but will remain running at a speed,
which is nearly 1/7th of its full-speed. This is referred to as crawling of the motor.
Cogging or Magnetic Locking
 The rotor of a squirrel-cage motor sometimes refuses to start at all, particularly when
the voltage is low. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the number
of rotor teeth and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor teeth.
That is why this phenomenon is sometimes referred to as teeth-locking.
 It is found that the reluctance of the magnetic path is minimum when the stator and
rotor teeth face each other rather than when the teeth of one element are opposite to the
slots on the other. It is in such positions of minimum reluctance, that the rotor tends to
remain fixed and thus cause serious trouble during starting. Cogging of squirrel cage
motors can be easily overcome by making the number of rotor slots prime to the
number of stator slots.