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Conversion of Units

The document provides information on converting between different units of pressure, resistance, and power used in ventilation systems. It also includes formulas for calculating the efficiency of fans, density and specific gravity of gases, developing the required pressure for a booster fan, and the effects of arranging resistances in series and parallel. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate concepts around calculating ventilating pressure loss in mine shafts.

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Anurag Tripathy
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
343 views

Conversion of Units

The document provides information on converting between different units of pressure, resistance, and power used in ventilation systems. It also includes formulas for calculating the efficiency of fans, density and specific gravity of gases, developing the required pressure for a booster fan, and the effects of arranging resistances in series and parallel. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate concepts around calculating ventilating pressure loss in mine shafts.

Uploaded by

Anurag Tripathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conversion of units

• Conversion -
Units of pressure- mm of wg to pascal
• Pressure= Pa = pascal= It is the SI ( Systeme
Internationale d’ Units- International System of units)
unit of pressure which is equal to newton (N) per
square metre written as N/m2 or Nm-2 .
• If the pressure is indicated in mm of w-g, you may
convert it into Pa by multiplying with 9.8.
• I mm of w-g means the weight of 1mm of water
exerting pressure at its bottom= hρg pascal
• = (1/1000)x1000x9.8 pascal= 9.8 pascal
• 1mm=(1/1000)m
• ρ= density of water= 1000kg/m3
Units of resistance
• Unit of resistance is Ns2m-8 in S I unit. It is also
termed as gaul.
• Unit of resistance is also indicated in weisbach
when pressure is in mm of wg and Q in m3/s.
weisbach is used in Germany. In Russia, they
call unit of resistance as kilomurg.
• 1 weisbach= 1 kilomurg = 9.8 Ns2m-8. = 9.8
gaul.
Air horsepower conversion
• Air power = P Q watt. ( when P is in pascal and Q
in m3/s).
• Air Power = (PQ/1000) kW.
• Air power = PQ/746 British horse power
• Air power = PQ/736 Metric horse power
• (in above cases P is in pascal and Q in m3/s).
• When P is in mm of water gauge,
• Air horsepower = PQ/76 British h.p
• Air horsepower = PQ/75 m Metric h.p.
Overall efficiency of a fan
• Overall efficiency of fan = (PQ/1000)/(31/2 Vx I
x cosΦ where P is in pascal, Q is in m3/s, V in
kilovolt, I is in amps, and cosΦ is the power
factor.
Density of air
• Density of air means its mass per unit volume =
kg/m3 .
• Taking composition of air as 20.95% O2, 0.03%
CO2, 78.09% N2 and 0.93% Argon and other inert
gases, the molecular mass of air
• = (20.95x 32+ 0.03 x 44+ 78.09 x 28 + 0.94 x 40)/
100
• 1 mole of air will weigh 28.955 kg.
• (molecular masses of O2, CO2, N2 and Argon is 32,
44, 28 and 40 respectively).
Density of air
• Specific gravity of any gas = density of the gas
or mixture of gases/ density of air at the same
temperature and pressure.
• = molecular weight of the gas/ molecular
weight of air
• Specific gravity of CO2= 44/28.955=1.52
(heavier than air when more than 1).
• Specific gravity of H2S= (2+32)/28.955= 1.174
ie heavier than air
Pressure and Position of Booster fan
• For installation of a booster fan, the pressure to be
developed and place of installation have to be decided.
• (a) Pressure to be developed- Pressure to be developed
by a booster fan can be determined on the basis of
increase in quantity of air required as follows-
• Let Q= quantity of air passed by the main fan in the
split
• Qn=Increased quantity of air required
• P= Pressure produced by the main fan
• Pn= Increased pressure required to pass Qn.
• Since, P ∝ Q2, therefore, Pn/P= Qn2/Q2 , Pn = P (Qn/Q)2
• Pressure to be developed by the booster fan, ie Pn-P is
thus known.
Pressure and Position of Booster
fan…contd
• (b) position of the fan- Best position of the fan in
close proximity of neutral line, that is, the
shortest line joining the intake and the return
across which, when the booster fan is running,
there will be no difference in pressure.
• Now, pressure difference across neutral line (due
to the main fan) Pd= ((Pn-P) x P)/Pn
• The position of this pressure difference can easily
be found out by pressure survey of the district.
Pressure and Position of Booster
fan…contd
• Let P1 and P2 respectively be the pressure
difference between the intake and the return
at A and B (distance l1). Then P1-P2 is the
pressure drop for length l1, so the distance l2
of the neutral line from A, where pressure
difference due to the main fan would be Pd, is
given by the expression, (P1/(P1-P2)) x Pd.
Effects of series and parallel
resistances
• Combined resistance of splits of equal resistance Rs in
parallel is given by
• 1/R1/2= 1/Rs1/2 + 1/Rs1/2+………n terms
• 1/R1/2= n/Rs1/2
• R= Rs/n2
• Combined resistance of n splits of equal resistance R in
series = nR. If these n splits are arranged in parallel,
their combined resistance comes to only R/n2 .
• R series/R parallel = n R /(R/n2)=n3
•
Effects of series and parallel
resistances…contd
• Thus the resistance of n airways arranged in
series is n3 times the resistance of the same
number arranged in parallel. The significance
of this can be realised by a simple example
that the resistance of 3 roadways in series is
27 times the combined resistance of the same
roadways arranged in parallel.
Mechanical efficiency, static efficiency
and total efficiency of a fan
• Efficiency of a fan is the ratio of its output to input. The
output of a fan is its ‘air power.’ The input may be
taken as (a) power given to the fan-shaft (b) power
given by the driving motor or engine.
• Where fan shaft h.p is considered as the input, the
efficiency is called the mechanical efficiency of the fan
or simply fan efficiency ,
• Mechanical efficiency= Air h.p/fan shaft h.p.
• If the fan is direct coupled , B.H.P of the motor may be
taken as fan shaft h.p but if it is driven by belt,
efficiency of the fan should be taken into
consideration.
Mechanical efficiency, static efficiency
and total efficiency of a fan…contd
• When power given to the motor or engine is
considered as the input, the efficiency is called overall
fan efficiency= Air power/power input to motor
• Air power= P x Q x 10-3 kW
• = (Hρg) Q 10-3
Where, H- head generated by the fan in m

ρ- density of air (1.2 kgm-3 )


g- acceleration due to gravity
Overall mechanical efficiency= (Hρg) Q 10-3 /Power input
to fan motor in kW.
Some guidelines for using symbols etc.
in S I units
(a) Symbols do not take plural form- Pa (pascal)
and not Pas (pascals).
(b) Not full stop is placed after a symbol ie Pa
and not Pa.
(c) Full name of units even if named after
scientists do not begin with a capital letter ie
‘pascal’ and not ‘Pascal’.
(d) The symbols of units named after scientists
have initial capital letter ie Pa and not pa.
Numerical
• Q- A mine has only one development district at a distance
of 500m from the bottom of the shafts. The average size of
the roadways is 4.3 x 2.7m and the average velocity of air is
320m per minute. Find out the pressure difference at the
pit-bottom (value of K is 0.001).
• Ans- Surface area= perimeter x length
= 2(4.3+2.7) x 500= 7000 m2 , velocity= 320m/min= 16/3 ms-1
Cross sectional area= 4.3 x 2.7= 11.61m2
Pressure difference= P= KSV2/A pascal. Where K is the coefficient
of resistance in N s2m-4, S the area of the rubbing surface in m2,
V the velocity of air in ms-1 , A the area of cross-section in m2
P= (0.001x 7000 x (16/3)2)/11.61= 17.2 Pa.
Numerical
Q- The velocity of air in a 6m diameter DC shaft
300m deep is 4ms-1. Calculate-
• (a) quantity of air entering the mine per
minute
• (b) power lost to overcome the frictional
resistance of the shaft.
• (assume coefficient of friction 0.00161 mm of
wg for a velocity of 1m/s.
• Ans- (a) volume of air entering the mine=
Numerical…contd
• = (πD2x 4)/4 m3s-1
• = (22/7) x 62 = 113.14 m3s-1
• Given K= 0.00161 mm of wg= 0.00161 x 9.8 Ns2m-
4

• S= πDL= (22/7)x6x300= 5657 m3 .


• V= 4 ms-1.
• A= πD2/4= ((22/7) 62 )/4= 28.29 m2 .
• Ventilating pressure= KSV2/A=(0.00161x 5657x 42
)/ 28.29= 50.5 Pa.

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