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6 - Set Membership and Set Containment

The document defines set membership, containment, and related concepts. Set membership is denoted by the symbol ∈ and means an element is in a set. Set containment, denoted by the symbols ⊆ and ⊂, refers to one set being fully or partially included in another set. A proper subset ⊂ means one set contains all elements of another set plus at least one additional element. The size or cardinality of a finite set is the number of distinct elements it contains and is denoted by the symbol |S|. Venn diagrams use circles and regions to represent relationships between sets.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
166 views30 pages

6 - Set Membership and Set Containment

The document defines set membership, containment, and related concepts. Set membership is denoted by the symbol ∈ and means an element is in a set. Set containment, denoted by the symbols ⊆ and ⊂, refers to one set being fully or partially included in another set. A proper subset ⊂ means one set contains all elements of another set plus at least one additional element. The size or cardinality of a finite set is the number of distinct elements it contains and is denoted by the symbol |S|. Venn diagrams use circles and regions to represent relationships between sets.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPIC

Set Membership
Set Containment.
SET MEMBERSHIP

Definition

We use the symbol ∈ ("is an element of")

to denote a set membership. We define x ∈ A

("x is an element of A ") if and only if x is a

member of a set A.
Example

Let A = {1,3,5,7,9}

Here

1 ∈ A, 3 ∈ A, 5 ∈ A; 7 ∈ A, 9 ∈ A

but

2 ∉ A, 4 ∉ A, 6 ∉ A; 8 ∉ A, 10 ∈ A
SET CONTAINMNET
Subset

We use the symbol ⊆ ("is a subset of") to

denote a set containment. We say that "Set A is

a subset of Set B" denoted by the symbol A ⊆

B, if and only if every element of set A is an

element of set B.
Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {2,3,1,4}

Here

A ⊆ B is true

and

B ⊆ A is true
Proper Subset

We use the symbol ⊂ ("is a proper subset

of") to denote a set containment.


We say that "Set B is a proper subset of

Set A" denoted by the symbol B ⊂ A, if all

elements of B are in A but A contains at least

one element that is not in B.


Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}
C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

here

A ⊂ B is true, because all elements in A can be


found in B. And B has an element that cannot
be found in A.
Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}
C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

B ⊄ A is true
Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}
C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

B ⊂ C is true
Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}
C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

A ⊂ C is true
Example

A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3,4,5}
C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

A ⊂ U is true
B ⊂ U is true
C ⊂ U is true
Size of the Set
Let S be a set. If there are exactly n

distinct elements in S where n is a nonnegative

integer, we say that S is a finite set and that n

is the cardinality of S. The cardinality of S is

denoted by |S|.
Remark: The term cardinality comes from the

common usage of the term cardinal number as

the size of a finite set.


Example

Let A be the set of odd positive integers less


than 10,

then

|A| = 5.
Example

Let S be the set of letters in the English


alphabet,

then

|S| = 26.
Example

Because the null set has no elements,

it follows that

|∅| = 0.
Venn Diagram
Sets can be represented graphically using

Venn diagrams, named after the English

mathematician John Venn, who introduced

their use in 1881.


In Venn diagrams the universal set U,

which contains all the objects under

consideration, is represented by a rectangle.

(Note that the universal set varies depending

on which objects are of interest.)


Inside this rectangle, circles or other

geometrical figures are used to represent sets.

Sometimes points are used to represent the

particular elements of the set. Venn diagrams

are often used to indicate the relationships

between sets.
Example

Draw a Venn diagram that represents V, the set

of vowels in the English alphabet.


Solution:

We draw a rectangle to indicate the

universal set U, which is the set of the 26 letters

of the English alphabet. Inside this rectangle we

draw a circle to represent V . Inside this circle

we indicate the elements of V with points.


NEXT WEEK:

MIDTERM
EXAM

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