IRC:22-2015

Standard Specifications
and Code of Practice for
Road Bridges

Section VI

Composite Construction
(Limit States Design)
(Third Revision)

Published by:

INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

Kama Koti Marg,
Sector-6, R.K. Puram,
New Delhi-110 022
January, 2015

Price : ` 800/-
(Plus Packing & Postage)
IRC:22-2015

First Published : October, 1996

Reprinted : March, 1971
Reprinted : February, 1974
Reprinted : November, 1977 (Incorporates Amendment
No. 1, February, 1977)
First Revision : October, 1986
Reprinted : March, 1991 (Incorporates Amendment
No. 1, March, 1991)
Reprinted : September, 1998
Reprinted : July, 2001
Reprinted : November, 2002
(Incorporates Amendment No. 2, November, 2002)
Reprinted : October, 2005
(Incorporates Amendment No. 3, January, 2003)
Second Revision : September, 2008
Reprinted : October, 2009
Third Revision : January, 2015

(All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication shall be reproduced,

translated or transmitted in any form or by any means without the
permission of the Indian Roads Congress)

Printed by India Offset Press, Delhi

1000 Copies
 IRC:22-2015

Contents

S. No. DescriptionPage No.

Personnel of the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee i - ii

Introduction 1

600 General 2

601 Limit State Method of Design 9

602 Material 10

603 Design for Ultimate Limit State 10

604 Design for Serviceability Limit 22

605 Design for Fatigue Limit 25

606 Shear Connector 36

607 Composite Columns 47

608 Filler Beam Decks for Bridges 60

609 Precast Slab on Steel Beams 63

610 Construction & Erection 66

611 Testing Method 67

612 Fire Resistance 68

613 Maintenance 68
Annexure-I Moment of Resistances 69

Annexure-II Location of Plastic Neutral Axis in Composite Column 78

Annexure-III Materials and Properties 81

 IRC:22-2015

PERSONNEL OF THE Bridges Specifications

and Standards Committee

(As on 8th August, 2014)

1. Das, S.N. Director General (Road Development), Ministry of Road

(Convenor) Transport & Highways, New Delhi
2. Tawade, D.O. Addl. Director General, Ministry of Road
(Co-Convenor) Transport & Highways, New Delhi
3. Chief Engineer (B) S&R Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi
(Member-Secretary)

Members

4. Agrawal, K.N. DG(W), CPWD (Retd.) Ghaziabad

5. Alimchandani, C.R. Chairman & Managing Director, STUP Consultants (P)
Ltd., Mumbai
6. Arora, H.C. Chief Engineer (Retd.), MORT&H, New Delhi
7. Bagish, Dr. B.P. C-2/2013, Vasant Kunj, Opp. D.P.S., New Delhi
8. Bandyopadhyay, Dr. N. Director, Stup Consultants (P) Ltd., New Delhi
9. Bandyopadhyay, Dr. T.K. Joint Director General (Retd.) INSDAG, Kolkata
10. Banerjee, A.K. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
11. Banerjee, T.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
12. Basa, Ashok Director (Tech.) B. Engineers & Builders Ltd.,
Bhubaneswar
13. Bhasin, P.C. ADG (B), (Retd.), MoRT&H, New Delhi
14. Bhowmick, Alok Managing Director, Bridge & Structural Engg. Consultants
(P) Ltd., Noida
15. Bongirwar, P.L. Advisor, L&T, Mumbai
16. Dhodapkar, A.N. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
17. Ghoshal, A. Director and Vice President, STUP Consultants (P) Ltd.,
Kolkata
18. Joglekar, S.G. Vice President, STUP Consultants (P) Ltd. , Mumbai
19. Kand,, C.V. Chief Engineer (Retd.), MP, PWD Bhopal
20. Koshi, Ninan DG(RD) & Addl. Secy., (Retd) MOST, New Delhi
21. Kumar, Ashok Chief Engineer (Retd.), MoRT&H, New Delhi
22. Kumar, Prafulla DG (RD) & AS, MoRT&H (Retd.), New Delhi
23. Kumar, Vijay E-in-Chief (Retd.) UP, PWD,
24. Manjure, P.Y. Director, Freyssinet Prestressed Concrete Co. Mumbai

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IRC:22-2015

25. Mukherjee, M.K. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi

26. Nagpal, A.K. Prof. IIT, New Delhi
27. Narain, A.D. DG (RD) & AS, MoRT&H (Retd.), New Delhi
28. Ninan, R.S. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
29. Pandey, R.K. Chief Engineer (Planning), MoRT&H, New Delhi
30. Parameswaran, Chief Scientist (BAS), CRRI, New Delhi
Dr. (Mrs.) Lakshmy
31. Raizada, Pratap S. Vice President (Corporate Affairs). Gammon India Ltd.,
Mumbai
32. Rao, Dr. M.V.B. A-181, Sarita Vihar, New Delh
33. Roy, Dr. B.C. Senior Executive Director, M/s. Consulting Engg. Services
India (Pvt.) Ltd., Gurgaon
34. Saha, Dr. G.P. Executive Director Construma Consultancy (P) Ltd.,
Mumbai
35. Sharan, G. DG (RD) & Spl. Secy (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dellhi
36. Sharma, R.S. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
37. Sinha, N.K. DG(RD) & SS, (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
38. Subbarao, Dr. Harshavardhan Chairman & Managing Director, Construma Consultancy
(P) Ltd. Mumbai
39. Tandon, Mahesh Prof. Managing Director, Tandon Consultants (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi
40. Thandavan, K.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
41. Velayutham, V. DG (RD) & SS (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi
42. Viswanathan, T. 7046, Sector B, Pocket 10, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
43. The Executive Director (B&S) RDSO, Lucknow
44. The Director and Head, (Civil Engg.), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

Corresponding Members
1. Raina, Dr. V.K. Consultant (World Bank)
2. Singh, R.B. Director, Projects Consulting India (P) Ltd. New Delhi

Ex-Officio Members
1. President, (Sunil Bhowmik), Engineer-in-Chief,
Indian Roads Congress PWD (R&B), Govt. of Tripura
2. Honorary Treasurer, (S.N. Das), Director General (Road Development),
Indian Roads Congress Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
3. Secretary General,
Indian Roads Congress

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 IRC:22-2015

Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Road

Bridges Section VI : Composite Construction
(Limit States Design)

INTRODUCTION
The first Bridge Code in Limit State Philosophy published by IRC in 2008 formatted as a
“Stand alone” document with minimum reference to other bridge codes. IRC:24, the basic
code for Steel Road Bridges in limit state philosophy was prepared in line with BIS publication
IS:800-2007 (General Construction in Steel Limit State Method) was published in 2010.
IRC:24 was extensively revised in January 2014. IRC:112, Code for Concrete Road Bridges,
in Limit State Method was published in 2011. IRC Technical Committee for Steel and Composite
Structures (B-5) felt the need for a through revision of IRC:22 to make it compatible with the
revised version of IRC:24 for Steel Road Bridges and IRC:112 for Concrete Road Bridges.
The present revised version is a result of such an endeavour.
The personnel of the Steel and Composite Structures Committee (B-5) is given below:
Ghoshal, A. Convenor
Basa, Ashok Co-Convenor
Ghosh, U.K. Member Secretary
Members
Bagish, Dr. B.P. Mohanty, G.R.
Banerjee, T.B. Parameswaran Dr. (Mrs.) Lakshmy
Baul, Saibal Purakayastha, D.
Bhattacharya, A.K. Roy, Dr. B.C.
Bhattacharya, D Singh, A.
Chopra, A.K. Singhal, U.
Ghosh, Prof. Achyut Sood, V.B.
Guha, Arijit Subbarao, Dr. H.
Kalyanaraman, Dr. V. Tandon, Prof. Mahesh
Kumar, Sudhanshu Venkatram, P.G.
Vijay, Late P.B.
Corresponding Members
Bhowmick, A. Singh, R.B.
Ex-officio Members
President, (Bhowmik, Sunil), Engineer-in-Chief,
Indian Roads Congress PWD (R&B), Govt. of Tripura
Honorary Treasurer, (Das, S.N.), Director General
Indian Roads Congress (Road Development), Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways
Secretary General,
Indian Roads Congress

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IRC:22-2015

The B-5 Committee finally approved the draft document in its meeting held on 12.4.2014 for
placing before the BSS Committee. The Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee
(BSS) approved the draft document in its meeting held on 8th August 2014. The Executive
Committee in its meeting held on 18th August 2014, approved the same document for placing
it before the Council. The IRC Council in its 203rd meeting held at New Delhi on 19th and
20th August 2014, approved the draft revision of IRC:22-2014 “Standard Specifications and
Code of Practice for Road Bridges” Section VI Composite Construction (Limit States Design)
for publishing.

600 General
600.1 Scope
This code is applicable to simply supported as well as continuous bridges and supporting
column systems, with Steel-Concrete Composite Construction. The code is based on Limit
States Method of Design.
600.2 Type
This code is restricted to steel-concrete composite construction where steel girders are
used as primary members and cast-in-situ reinforced concrete and/or pre-cast concrete slab
with necessary in-situ concrete as deck slab. Wherever appropriate, the provisions of this
code may be applied to steel-concrete composite elements/components of other types of
bridges.
600.3 Terminology
Accidental Load: The load not normally expected in design life but has major impact if it ever
occurs, such as ramming of a ship or barge against piers or accidents caused by ramming
of vehicles on Bridge Piers of Wall Type, columns or the frames built in the median or in the
vicinity of the carriageway supporting the superstructure.
Composite Action: Integral action of primary supporting steel member and supported
concrete deck, with or without limited slip at their interface, to ensure greater strength and
rigidity. In composite columns, it is the integrated action between steel and its encasement or
in fill concrete. Shear transfer is to be ensured through use of mechanical devices known as
shear connectors in composite beams.
Design Loads: The applied loads multiplied by the load factors.
Design Service Life: The time period during which the structure or its components should
satisfy the design objectives and functions.
Detail Category: Designation given to a particular detail to indicate the S-N curve to be used
in fatigue assessment.
Differential Shrinkages: It is entirely due to shrinkage of concrete from the time composite
action comes into effect. When the coefficient of thermal expansion varies significantly
between steel and concrete (concrete with limestone or granite aggregate), it also includes
the difference in thermal strain between the steel and concrete. Differential shrinkage may
lead to increase in stresses and is more pronounced in continuous girders.
Fatigue: Damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress, leading to progressive cracking
of a structural element.

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Fatigue Limit State: The state of failure through fatigue damage due to repeated application
of loads.
Fatigue Strength: Stress range that can be endured by a category of detail, depending upon
the number of cycles.
Flexible Shear Connectors: Consists of studs, channels etc. welded as in Fig. 1 to steel
member to develop integral action and deriving resistance to shear through the bending of
connectors, without permitting the slab to lift from girder flange through anchorage action.

Fig. 1 Typical Flexible Shear Connectors

Hybrid Section: A fabricated steel section with a web that has a specified minimum yield
strength lower than that of one or both flanges.
Initial Dead Load: The combination of weight of steel structure and the portion of concrete
deck that are supported by the steel structure alone before the development of full composite
action with concrete reaching 75 percent of its 28 days strength.
Limit State: The load state beyond which the structure is incapable of performing its desired
function.
Loads: Applied forces as mentioned in IRC:6-2014 that the structure is subjected during its
life time.
Load Factors: The factors multiplied with the loads or their combinations to obtain design
loads, while checking performance under various limit states.

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IRC:22-2015

Rigid Shear Connectors: Consist of bars, angles, channels, tees welded to steel member
to develop composite action, as in Fig. 2, deriving their resistance to shear from concrete
bearing on the vertical face. They exhibit negligible deformation under shear transfer. These
are not recommended for adoption.

Fig. 2 Typical Rigid Shear Connectors

(Ls Indicates Lane of Shear (Type)
Service Limit: The loading state beyond which the structure or its components becomes
incapable of performing its intended function; due to excessive deformation or deflection or
vibration.
Serviceability Loads: The actual loads on the structure against which the serviceability of
the structure has to be checked.
Shear Connectors: These are the mechanical attachments to steel members to transfer
interface shear to develop composite action and are composed of various types, viz. rigid
shear connectors, flexible shear connectors etc.
S-N Curve: Curve, defining the relationship between the numbers of stress cycles to failure
(Nsc) at a constant stress range (Sc), during fatigue loading on parts of a structure.
Strength Factors: The factors that divide the specified strength to obtain design strength;
while assessing the safety under limit states of strength.
Stress Range: Algebraic difference between two extremes of stresses in a cycle of loading
at a location in a member.
Superimposed Dead Load: The dead loads added subsequent to concrete hardening of
deck slab that are resisted by composite action.

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 IRC:22-2015

Transient Load: The loads that are assumed to be varying over a short time interval like
vehicular live load with dynamic effect, pedestrian load, braking and tractive forces, temperature
effects, wind loads on structure and vehicles, earthquake loads, vehicular centrifugal forces,
accident loads such as vehicular collision loads, etc.
Ultimate Limit State: The state at which the structure fails and loses its integrity leading to
its collapse.

600.4 Symbols
The symbols, other than those used for load categorization as per Clause 601.3, are as
follows:
A Area
As Area of structural steel cross section
Asl Area of structural steel cross section in tension
Ac Gross area of concrete
Aec Area of concrete effective in compression
Ast Area of steel reinforcements
Af Area of each flange of steel section
Ae Effective cross sectional area
Aν Shear area
B Centre-to-centre distance between girders and is equal to transverse span of inner
girder
b Outstand/width of the plate elements
b e Effective width of flange between pair of bolts
beff Effective width of concrete flange
bf Width of the structural steel flange
D Overall depth of girder/diameter of the steel cross section
d Depth of web, Nominal diameter of bolts/rivets/studs
d2 Twice the clear distance from the compression flange of angles, plates or tongue
plates to the neutral axis
dc vertical distance between centroid of concrete slab and centroid of steel beam
ds Overall depth of concrete slab
d o Nominal diameter of the pipe column or the dimensions of the column in the
direction of depth of the base plate
E, Es Modulus of elasticity of structural steel
Ecm Secant Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Est Modulus of elasticity of reinforcements

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Fw Design capacity of the web in bearing

f Actual normal stress range for the detail category
fc Actual axial compressive stress in concrete at service load
fck Characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
fctk Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
ff Fatigue stress range corresponding to 5 × 106 cycles of loading
ffd Design fatigue normal stress range
ffeq Equivalent constant amplitude stress
ff max Highest normal stress range
ffn Normal fatigue stress range
ft Tensile strength of reinforcements
fo Proof stress
fyk Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fu Characteristic ultimate tensile stress
fup Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the connected plate
fy Characteristic yield stress of steel
fyp Characteristic yield stress of connected plate
fyw Characteristic yield stress of the web material
h Depth of the section
hy Distance between shear centre of the two flanges of the cross-section
I Moment of inertia of the member about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
frame
Ic Moment of inertia of concrete (assumed uncracked) about axis of bending for
column
Ico Moment of inertia of composite section
Ifc Moment of Inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis of the steel
beam
Ift Moment of Inertia of the tension flange about the minor axis of the steel beam
Is Moment of inertia of steel section about axis of bending for column
Ist Moment of inertia of reinforcement about axis of bending for column
Ix Moment of inertia about the major axis
K L Effective length of the member
KL/r Appropriate effective slenderness ratio of the section
KL/ry Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the minor axis

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KL/rx Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the major axis
L Actual span of girder
LC Effective span of cantilever for overhang
Lo Length between points of zero moment (inflection) in the span
L1 End span of continuous girder
L2 Interior span of continuous girder
L3 End span of continuous girder adjacent to cantilever span/overhang
L4 Length of overhang or cantilever span
M Bending moment
Mv Reduced bending moment due to effect of shear force
Mcr Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling
M e Elastic moment capacity of the section
Mf Design plastic resistance of the flange alone for steel section
Mp Plastic moment capacity of the section
Mu Design bending strength
My Factored applied moments about the minor axis of the cross-section
M x Factored applied moments about the major axis of the cross-section
m Modular ratio
mdl Modular ratio (long term)
mll Modular ratio (short term)
NSC Number of stress cycles
P Design axial force
Pcr Elastic buckling load
P p Plastic resistance of encased steel column section or concrete filled rectangular or
square column section
q Shear stress at service load
Rh Flange stress reduction factor for hybrid section
r Appropriate radius of gyration
ry Radius of gyration about the minor axis
rx Radius of gyration about the major axis
S Spacing
S l Spacing of shear connectors for longitudinal shear due to flexural force
S r Spacing of shear connectors due to bending moment
t Thickness of element/angle, time in minutes

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tf Thickness of flange of steel section

tp Thickness of plate
tw Thickness of web of steel section,
V, Vν,VL Factored applied shear force
Vd, Design shear strength
Vp Plastic shear resistance under pure shear
W Total load
X Distance from centre-line of edge girder to edge of slab
x e Depth of elastic neutral axis of composite section from centroid of steel section
xu Depth of neutral axis at limit state of flexure from top of concrete
Ze Elastic section modulus
Zp Plastic section modulus
Zpc, Zpcn Plastic section modulus of concrete about its own centroid and about the neutral
axis of the composite section respectively
Zpr, Zprn Plastic section modulus of reinforcement about its own centroid and about the
neutral axis of the composite section respectively
Zps, Zpsn Plastic section modulus of structural steel section about its own centroid and about
the neutral axis of the composite section respectively
yg Distance between point of application of the load and shear centre of the cross-
section
α Imperfection factor
α c Strength coefficient of concrete
δ Steel distribution ratio
χ Stress reduction factor due to buckling under compression
χm Stress reduction factor,χ, at fym
χLT Stress reduction factor for lateral torsion buckling of a beam
γ Unit weight of steel
γc Partial safety factor for material (concrete)
γf Partial safety factor for load
γ m Partial safety factor for material (structural steel)
γm0 Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling (structural steel)
γm1 Partial safety factor against ultimate stress (structural steel)
γfft Partial safety factor for fatigue load
γmft Partial safety factor for fatigue strength
γmv Partial safety factor against shear failure

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 IRC:22-2015

γmw Partial safety factor for strength of weld

γs Partial safety factor for material (reinforcements)
ε Yield stress ratio, (250/fy)1/2
λ, λr Non dimensional slenderness ratio
= 2
f y (KL / r ) / π2 E = f y / f cc = Py / Pcc
λe Equivalent slenderness ratio
µ Poisson’s ratio
µc Correction factor
η1, η2 Coefficients
η10, η20 Coefficients
τ Actual shear stress range for the detail category
τf Fatigue shear stress range
τfd Design fatigue shear stress range
τfmax Highest shear stress range
τfn Fatigue shear stress range at NSC cycle for the detail category

601 LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN

601.1 General
Normal elastic method is valid for analysis of the structure after considering load history,
sequence of concrete casting and development of composite strength. In case of propped
construction, most of the initial dead load is resisted through girder-prop system and the main
girder remains basically unstressed at that stage. In case of un-propped construction the steel
girders alone has to carry the initial dead load and is consequently stressed. The necessary
distinction has to be made in the analysis. In ultimate limit state, however, this distinction
is not necessary while checking for flexural strength. For design of steel components and
concrete deck, stipulations of IRC:24-2010, IRC:112-2011 and this code may be applied.

601.2 Limit States

Structural safety has to be assessed for each of the limit states as mentioned below:
601.2.1 Serviceability Limit State
Is the state at which any of the following conditions occur
i) Stress in structural steel has reached the prescribed limit
ii) Deflection reaches the prescribed limit
iii) Concrete crack width reaches the prescribed limit

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iv) Slip at the interface between steel and concrete exceeds permissible limits
v) Vibration becomes excessive specially at overhanging foot or cycle paths
601.2.2 Fatigue Limit State
Is the state at which stress range due to application of live loads, reach prescribed limit,
corresponding to the number of load cycles and detail configuration.
601.2.3 Ultimate Limit State
Is the state when under the worst combination of factored loads the structure or its components
either reach design strength and collapse or becomes unstable. Both stability and strength
need to be checked under Ultimate Limit State.

601.3 Design Actions and their Combinations

For Load Combinations and Load factors IRC:6-2014 shall be referred to.

601.4 Material Strength & Partial Safety Factor for Material (γm)
Partial safety factors for materials as mentioned below in Table 1 are to be used for
assessment of strength:
Table 1 Material Safety Factors (γm,)
Partial Safety Factor γm
Ultimate Limit Serviceability Limit
Structural Steel against Yield Stress 1.10 1.00
Structural Steel against Ultimate stress 1.25 1.00
Steel Reinforcement (γs) against Yield Stress 1.15 1.00
Shear Connectors against Yield Stress 1.25 1.00
Bolts & Rivets for Shop & Site Fabrication against Yield Stress 1.25 1.00
Welds for Shop Fabrication 1.25 1.00
Welds for Site Fabrication 1.50 1.00
Concrete (γc) For Basic and Seismic Combinations 1.50 1.00
Concrete (γc ) For Accidental Combinations 1.20 1.00
Note: Partial safety factors are not only given for fy and fck but also for fu

602 MATERIAL

The Materials and their properties are given in Annexure-III.

603 DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

A typical composite girder system is as shown in Fig.3 below. The neutral axis may be
in the concrete slab, or in top flange of steel section or in the web of the steel sections.
[Note: reference to Annexure–I is given in Clause 603.3.1, where it is more appropriate].

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Fig.3 Typical Composite Girder

603.1 General
Distribution of moments and shears due to application of factored loads may be analyzed by
elastic theory assuming concrete to be un-cracked and unreinforced.
Negative moments over internal supports as calculated above should be checked against
section strength assuming steel girder acting integrally with concrete (considering un-cracked
and un-reinforced). If the flexural tensile stress in concrete thus calculated exceeds the tensile
strength of concrete, fctk,0.05 as given in Table 6.5 of IRC:112-2011 then,
i) a new analysis neglecting concrete (but including reinforcements) over 15
percent of span on either side of supports should be done to check the
strength,
ii) provided adjacent spans do not differ appreciably, positive maximum
moments in the adjacent spans should be increased by 40 fct/fck percent for
checking of strength without decreasing support moment (fct = tensile stress
in uncracked concrete flange). This provision gives partial recognition to the
philosophy of plastic design.
Bottom flange of girder in negative moment zone should be adequately braced against lateral
buckling.
603.1.1 Sectional Classification of Girder
The section strength at ultimate limit state should be considered on their ability to resist
local buckling before full plastic strength is developed. In this respect the sections may be
classified as
Class – 1 or Plastic: Cross-sections which can develop plastic hinges and
have the rotation capacity required for failure of the
structure by formation of a plastic mechanism.
Class – 2 or Compact: Cross-sections which can develop plastic moment of
resistance but have inadequate plastic hinge rotation
capacity for formation of a plastic mechanism due to
local buckling.

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Class – 3 or Semi-compact: Cross -sections in which the extreme fibers in compression

can reach yield stress, but cannot develop the plastic
moment of resistance due to local buckling.
Class – 4 or Slender: Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally,
even before reaching yield stress. This code does not
deal with these types of section.

603.1.2 General Rules for Sectional Classification of Composite-Section

1. A composite section should be classified according to the least favourable
class of steel elements in compression. The class of a composite section
normally depends on the direction of the bending moment at that section.
2. A steel compression element restrained by its connection to a reinforced
concrete element may be placed in a more favourable class, after ensuring
its improved performance due to the above connection.
3. Plastic stress distribution should be used for section classification except at
the boundary between Class 2 and 3 where the elastic stress distribution
should be used taking into account sequence of construction and the effects
of creep and shrinkage.
4. For classification, design values of strength of materials should be taken.
Concrete in tension should be neglected. The stress distribution should be
established for the gross Cross-Section of the steel web and the effective
flanges.
5. Welded mesh should not be included in the effective section unless it has
sufficient ductility to withstand fracture when embedded in concrete,
6. In global analysis for stages of construction, account should be taken of the
class of steel section at the particular stage considered.
603.1.3 Classification of Composite Section without Concrete Encasement
1. A steel compression flange which is restrained against buckling by effective
attachment to a concrete flange by shear connectors may be assumed to be
in class 1 if the spacing of the connector is in accordance with 606.9.
2. Other steel flanges and webs in compression in composite girders should
be classified on the basis of width to thickness ratios (width and thickness
of individual elements shown in Fig.5) and proneness to local buckling.
Accordingly sections are categorized in three groups as indicated in
Table 2.
3. Cross-sections with webs in Class 3 and flanges in Class 1 or 2 may be treated
as an effective cross-section in Class 2 with an effective web in accordance

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with Fig. 4. The proportion of the web in compression should be replaced

by a part of 20ε.tw adjacent to the compression flange, with another part of
20ε.tw adjacent to the plastic neutral axis of the effective cross-section.

Fig. 4 Effective Class 2 Web

603.1.4 Types of Elements
1. Internal elements are elements attached along both longitudinal edges to
other elements or to longitudinal stiffeners connected at suitable intervals
to transverse stiffeners, e.g., web of I-section and flanges and web of box
section.
2. Outside elements or Outstands are elements attached along only one of
the longitudinal edges to an adjacent element, the other edge being free to
displace out of plane e.g., flange overhang of an I-section, stem of T-section
and legs of an angle section.
3. Tapered elements may be treated as flat elements having average thickness
as defined in BIS publication, IS:808-1989 (Reaffirmed 2004), titled, “Indian
Standard Dimensions for Hot rolled Steel Beam, Column, Channel and Angle
sections.
The limiting width to thickness ratios of elements for different classifications of sections are
given in Table 2 based on end conditions of elements as shown in Fig. 5.
Table 2 Limiting Width to Thickness Ratios

Class of Section
Compression Element Ratio Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Plastic Compact Semi-Compact
Rolled section b/tf 9.4ε 10.5ε 15.7ε
Outstanding element
of compression flange Welded section b/ tf 8.4ε 9.4ε 13.6ε

Compression due to
Internal element of b/ tf 29.3ε 33.5ε
bending 42ε
compression flange
Axial compression b/ tf Not applicable

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Neutral axis at mid-depth d/tw 84ε 105ε 126ε

105.0ε
If r1 is negative: d/tw
1 + r1
Web of an 84ε 126.0ε
I-H-or box Generally 1 + r1 1 + 2 r2
section c 105.0ε
If r1 is positive : d/tw but ≥ 42ε 1 + 1.5r1 but ≥ 42ε

but ≥ 42ε

Axial compression d/tw Not applicable 42ε

Web of a channel d/tw 42ε 42ε 42ε

Angle, compression due to bending b/t 9.4ε 10.5ε 15.7ε

(Both criteria should be satisfied) d/t 9.4ε 10.5ε 15.7ε

Single angle, or double angles with the b/t 15.7ε

components separated, axial compression (All d/t Not applicable 15.7ε
three criteria should be satisfied) (b+d)/t 25ε

Outstanding leg of an angle in contact back-to-

back in a double angle member
d/t 9.4ε 10.5ε 15.7ε
Outstanding leg of an angle with its back in
continuous contact with another component

Stem of a T-section, rolled or cut from a rolled

D/tf 8.4ε 9.4ε 18.9ε
I-or H-section

Circular hollow tube, including welded tube

D/t 42ε2 52ε2 146ε2
subjected to moment

Circular hollow tube, including welded tube

D/t Not applicable 88ε2
subjected to axial compression

Notes:
a elements which exceed semi-compact limits are to be taken as slender
b ε = (250/ fy )1/2
c Check webs for shear buckling in accordance with 603.5.3.2 (2) when d/t > 67 ε. Where, b is the width
of the element may be taken as clear distance between lateral supports or between lateral support
and free edge, as appropriate, t is the thickness of element, d is the depth of the web, D outer diameter
of the element, Refer Fig. 3.1,Section 603.2.1.
d Different elements of a cross-section can be in different classes. In such cases the section is classified
based on the least favorable classification.
e The stress ratio r1 and r2 are defined as

r1 = r2 =

14
 IRC:22-2015

Fig. 5 Dimensions of Sections

603.2 Effective Width of Concrete Slab

For strength calculation of composite girders, effective width beff1 of deck slab on either side
of the girder should satisfy (Ref: Fig. 6a).

15
IRC:22-2015

beff1 =  ... 3.1

Therefore the total effective width beff (Ref: Fig. 6a) of deck slabs should be restricted to the
limits as indicated below in Eq. 3.2 and Eq. 3.3:
603.2.1 Effective Width of Simply Supported Girder
1. For inner beams

beff =  ... 3.2

For equal spacing of the girders i.e. B1 = B2 = B

beff =  ... 3.3

Where,
L = Actual span of the girder
L o = The effective span taken as the distance between points of zero
moments (Lo = L for simply supported girders)
B = Equal Centre to centre distance of transverse spans of inner slabs
(See Fig. 6a).
2. For outer edge beams
beff =  ... 3.4

Where,

Fig. 6a Effective Widths for Composite Beams

603.2.2 Effective Width for Continuous Girder

The effective width for continuous girder shall be calculated on the same lines as discussed
in Clause 603.2.1 above. The effective span L0 for span moment and support moment for

16
 IRC:22-2015

continuous girders will be as given illustrated by Fig. 6b below.

Fig. 6b Value of L0 for Continuous Beam

The effective span for outer spans is 0.8 times the actual span. L0 = 0.8L1
The effective span for inner spans is 0.7 t imes the actual span. L0 = 0.7L2
The effective span for intermediate support is 0.25 times the sum of the width of the adjacent
spans. L0 = 0.25(L1 + L2) or 0.25 (L2 + L3)
Reinforcements placed parallel to the span of the steel beam within the effective width of
concrete slab at the continuous support will only be effective in analyzing the hogging moment
capacity of the composite girder at the continuous support.
603.2.3 Effective Cross-Section for Strength Calculation – In calculating the strength of
the cross section of the composite girders the following should be considered:
For Positive moment - Concrete in effective width to be included but not the
reinforcements.
For Negative Moment - Concrete to be neglected but longitudinal reinforcement within
effective width are to be included.

603.3 Analysis of Structure

603.3.1 Elastic Analysis
Design moments and shears may be calculated by normal elastic method. In case of
continuous structures with negative moments over supports adjustments may be necessary
as mentioned in Clause 603.1. Appropriate load combinations with corresponding load
factors are to be used to find out the maximum values of moments and shears.
Design strength for different sections is to be worked out on the basis of their capacity to
resist local buckling based on classification given in Clause 603.1. Design bending strength
under various stress conditions have been given in Annexure–I. The bending moments,
given in Annexure–I, are for full shear connection. Necessary correction due to partial shear
connection shall be done as also indicated in Annexure–I.
The stability of the bridge as a whole against overturning shall be ensured under ultimate
limit state as per provisions of IRC:6-2014. The bridge components shall also be safe against
sliding under adverse condition of the applied characteristic loads. Following factor of safety
shall be ensured:
● Factor of safety against Overturning - 1.30
● Factor of safety against Sliding - 1.25

17
IRC:22-2015

603.3.2 Plastic Analysis

Plastic analysis is not permitted to members subjected to impact loading requiring fracture
assessment or fluctuating loading requiring fatigue assessment. Thus, in bridges plastic
analysis is not permitted.
603.3.3 Design of structure (bending moment)
Considering local buckling, sections are to be analyzed as plastic, compact or semi-compact
as already mentioned with additional consideration.
1. Load history and development in composite action are to be taken into
consideration with appropriate values of modular ratio ‘m’ at each stage and
stresses and deflections are to be the summation of values of successive
stage.
2. Effective width of concrete may be as mentioned in Clause 603.2.
The bending moment and shear force distribution in a continuous bridge girder has to be
determined by structural analysis.
603.3.3.1 Design of structure (effect of lateral buckling on moment):
Lateral Buckling may govern the design under the following conditions:
1. At construction stage, in the top flange closer to mid span in both simply
supported and continuous girders.
2. At construction and service stage, in the bottom flange closer to support in
continuous girders.
At the construction stage the effect of lateral torsional buckling on the bottom flange in a
continuous girder shall be taken care of by considering the girder as a cantilever upto the
point of inflection from the support. After hardening of concrete, the same lateral torsional
buckling need to be checked with revised point of inflection and changed stiffness of section.
The flexural strength corresponding to lateral buckling shall be determined as per Clause I.5
of Annexure–I.
Suitable horizontal bracings or members may be provided at the bottom flange to reduce
effective length of compression flange near support. For girders which are provided with such
bracings or members giving effective lateral restraint to the compression flange at intervals
along the span, the effective lateral restraint shall be capable of resisting a force equal to
2.5 percent of the maximum force in the compression flange taken as divided equally between
the numbers of points at which the restraint in bracing members occur.
603.3.3.2 Design against vertical shear and its effect on plastic moment capacity
The factored design shear force, V, in a beam due to external actions shall satisfy
V ≤ Vd
where,
V d = design shear strength calculated as given below:

18
 IRC:22-2015

V d = Vn / γm0
γm0 = partial safety factor against shear failure (601.4)
The vertical shear force is assumed to be resisted by the web of the steel section only unless
the value for a contribution for the reinforced concrete part of the beam has been established.
The nominal shear strength, Vn may be governed by plastic shear resistance or strength of
the web as governed by shear buckling as discussed below:
1. Plastic Shear Resistance
The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear is given by:
Vn = Vp
where,

V p =  ... 3.5
where,
Av is the shear area, fyw is the yield strength of the web and partial safety factor
γm0 = 1.10.
Note: Shear area may be calculated as below: -
i) For I and Channel Section:
Major Axis Bending:
Hot Rolled = depth of section x web thickness = h.tw
Welded = depth of web x web thickness = d.tw
Minor Axis Bending:
Hot Rolled or Welded = 2 x flange width x flange thickness
ii) Rectangular Hollow Sections of Uniform Thickness:
Loaded parallel to depth (d), Av = Ad / (b + d)
Loaded parallel to width (b), Av = Ab / (b + d)
where,
A = Actual area of cross-section
b = Overall breadth of tubular section, breadth of I section flanges
d = Clear depth of the web between flanges
iii) Circular Hollow Tubes of Uniform Thickness:
Aν = 2A / π (Where A = actual area of cross section)
2. Shear Buckling Resistance
The nominal shear strength, Vn, of webs with or without intermediate stiffeners as governed
by buckling may be evaluated using one of the following methods:
a) Simple Post-Critical Method − The simple post critical method, based
on the shear buckling strength can be used for webs of I-section girders,

19
IRC:22-2015

with or without intermediate transverse stiffener, provided that the web has
transverse stiffeners at the supports. The nominal shear strength is given
by:
Vn = Vcr
where,
Vcr = shear force corresponding to web buckling
Vcr = Av. τb
where,
τ b = shear stress corresponding to web buckling, determined as follows:
When λw ≤ 0.8 τb = fyw/  ... 3.6
When 0.8 < λw < 1.2  ... 3.7

When λw ≥ 1.2  ... 3.8

where,
λw = non -dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress, given by
λw =  ... 3.9
The elastic critical shear stress of the web, tcr,e is given by:

 ... 3.10

where,
µ = Poisson’s ratio
kv = 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports
= 4.0 +5.35 / (c/d)2 for c/d < 1.0
= 5.35+4.0 / (c/d)2 for c/d ≥ 1.0
where,
c and d are the spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of the web,
respectively.
b) Tension Field Method − The tension field method, based on the post-
shear buckling strength, may be used for webs with intermediate transverse
stiffeners, in addition to the transverse stiffeners at supports, provided the
panels adjacent to the panel under tension field action, or the end posts
provide anchorage for the tension fields and further c/d ≥1.0, where c, d are
the spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of the web, respectively. In the
tension field method, the nominal shear resistance, Vn, is given by
Vn = Vtf
where,
 ... 3.11

20
 IRC:22-2015

τb = buckling strength, as obtained from 603.3.3.2 (2) (a)

fv = yield strength of the tension field obtained from

Ψ = 1.5 τb sin 2φ
φ = inclination of the tension field = tan–1
The width of the tension field, wtf, is given by:
wtf = d cosφ + (c-sc-st) sin φ
fyw = yield stress of the web
d = depth of the web
c = spacing of stiffeners in the web
τb = shear stress corresponding to buckling of web 603.3.3.2 (2) (a)
sc, st = anchorage lengths of tension field along the compression and tension
flange respectively, obtained from:

where,
Mfr = reduced plastic moment capacity of the respective flange plate
(disregarding any edge stiffener) after accounting for the axial force, Nf
in the flange, due to overall bending and any external axial force in the
cross-section, and is calculated as given below:
Mfr =  ... 3.12
where,
bf , tf = width and thickness of the relevant flange respectively
fyf = Yield stress of the flange
603.3.3.3 Reduction in bending resistance under high shear force
If V is less than 0.6Vd there is no reduction in the plastic bending resistance of the section.
When V > 0.6Vd, the bending resistance is reduced as the contribution of web to bending gets
diminished. Therefore, reduced bending capacity is given as:
1. Plastic or Compact Section
, ... 3.13
where,
β = (2 V/Vd-1)2
Md = plastic design moment of the whole section disregarding high shear
force effect considering web buckling effects
V = factored applied shear force as governed by web yielding or web
buckling.

21
IRC:22-2015

V d = design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling

Mfd = plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the
shear area, considering partial safety factor γm0
2. Semi-compact Section
Mdv = Ze fy / γm0 ... 3.14
where,
Ze = elastic section modulus of the whole section
603.3.3.4 Design against longitudinal shear
Design against longitudinal shear and strength of shear connector has to be done as in
Section 606.0.

603.4 Hybrid Sections

Use of hybrid sections are permitted, with necessary adjustment (reduction) in permissible
stresses of the flange element in the cross section with higher yield stress by reduction factor
Rh. Rh may be determined using the procedure as elaborated in Annexure–I.

604 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT

604.1 General
Normal elastic analysis is to be used for finding out design moments and stresses under
various load combinations and load factors as mentioned in Clause 601.3. Concrete is to be
assumed as unreinforced and uncracked.
604.1.1 Method of construction
The stress and strain at serviceability limit state depend on the method of construction, that
is, whether the steel beam is propped or un-propped during construction.
1. Un-propped construction :
In un-propped construction, the steel beam has to carry the construction load
including shuttering, wet concrete and its own weight. However under limit
state of collapse, the total load including transient loads shall be resisted by
the composite section.
2. Propped construction :
In propped construction both the dead and live load are resisted by the
composite section. When props are used, they should be kept in place until the
in-situ concrete has attained a characteristic strength equal to approximately
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected shortly after removal
of props.
This difference in the above two methods of construction does not, however, affect the
ultimate limit load.
22
 IRC:22-2015

604.2 Negative Moments

Negative moments over intermediate supports are to be adjusted as mentioned in
Clause 603.1.
604.3 Stresses and Deflection
For calculating stresses and deflection, the value of modular ratio, m shall be taken as,

m= ≥ 7.5 For short-term effect or loading

m= ≥ 15.0 For permanent or long-term loads (Kc = Creep factor = 0.5)

where,
Es = Modulus of elasticity for steel = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2
Ecm = Modulus of elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete (Ref: Table-III.1 of
Annexure-I)
fck = chsaracteristic cube compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2
The equivalent area of concrete slab at any stage, however shall be determined by dividing
the effective width of the concrete slab by the modular ratio,
m=
where,

Eci = Modulus of elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete at i days (i < 28 days)

Final stresses and deflection is to be worked out separately at each stage of load history with
relevant modular ratios and section modulus as discussed above and then added together.

604.3.1 Limiting Stresses for Serviceability

Limiting stresses for different stage of construction are as indicated below:
1. Concrete:
The allowable compressive stress in concrete shall be as per Clause 12.2.1
of IRC:112-2011.
2. Reinforcement Steel:
The allowable tensile stress in steel reinforcement shall be as per
Clause 12.2.2 of IRC:112-2011.
3. Structural Steel:
The concept of equivalent stress shall be adopted to determine the limiting
stress permissible for steel beam or girder.
Where a bearing stress is combined with tensile or compressive stress,
bending and shear stresses under the most unfavourable conditions of
loading, the equivalent stress, fe, obtained from the following formula shall
not exceed 0.9 fy.

23
IRC:22-2015

 En... 4.1
and
 En... 4.2
where,
fec and fet = equivalent compressive and tensile stress in steel section
fbc and fbt = actual compressive and tensile stress in steel section
fp = actual bearing stress in steel section
τ b = actual shear stress in steel section
The value of permissible bending stresses fbc about each axis, to be used in the above
formula shall be individually lesser than the values of the maximum allowable stresses in
bending about the corresponding axis.
604.3.2 Limit of Deflection and Camber
Calculated deflection of composite girder under live load and impact shall not exceed 1/800
of span of the girder.
In any case under the worst combination of dead load, super-imposed dead load, live
load and impact effects, the total deflection of the girder shall not exceed 1/600 of span.
Necessary camber may be adopted as per clause 504.6 of IRC:24-2010 to offset the effect
of all permanent loads to comply with the above requirement.
The deflection of cantilever arms at the tip due to dead load, live load and impact shall not
exceed 1/300 of the cantilever arm and the deflection due to live load and impact only, shall
not exceed 1/400 of the cantilever arm. Sidewalk live load may be neglected in calculating
deflection.
When cross bracings or diaphragms of sufficient stiffness and strength are provided between
beams to ensure the lateral distribution of loads, the deflections may be calculated considering
all beams acting together. In such cases the gross moment of inertia of equivalent section
may be used for calculating the deflection of the composite bridge girder system.

604.4 Control of Cracking in Concrete

Minimum reinforcements in terms of diameter and spacing required for crack control at top of
concrete as per Clause 12.3.3 of IRC:112-2011 is to be provided in composite girders, at the
zone of negative moment, to prevent cracking adversely affecting appearance and durability
of structure. Crack width calculation as well as limiting crack width as given in Clause 12.3.4
and 12.3.2 respectively of IRC:112-2011 may be followed subject to discretion of engineers.
For control of cracking without direct calculation, reference shall be made to the directions
provided in Clause 12.3.6 of IRC:112-2011.

604.5 Temperature Effect

For Temperature effect, Section 215 of IRC:6-2014 may be referred to.

24
 IRC:22-2015

605 DESIGN FOR FATIGUE LIMIT

605.1 General
Fatigue is to be checked under fatigue vehicular live load with impact and with the application
of appropriate load factor. Stresses are to be assessed by elastic theory and elastic properties
of the section with no adjustment for support moments.
For the purpose of design against fatigue, different details (of members and connections)
are classified under different fatigue class. The design stress range corresponding to various
number of cycles, are given for each fatigue class. The requirements of this section shall
be satisfied with, at each critical location subjected to cyclic loading, considering relevant
number of cycles and magnitudes of stress range expected to be experienced during the life
of the structure.
Definitions:

Stress Range − Algebraic difference between two extremes of stresses in

a cycle of loading at a location.
Detail Category − Designation given to a particular detail to indicate the S-N
curves to be used in fatigue assessment.
Fatigue − Damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress, leading
to progressive cracking of a steel structural element.
Fatigue Strength − Stress range capacity for a category of detail, depending
upon the number of cycles it is required to withstand during
its design life.
S-N Curve – Curve, defining the relationship between the numbers of
stress cycles to failure (Nsc) at a constant stress range
(Sc), during fatigue loading on a specific detail category of
a structure.

605.2 Fatigue Design

The standard S-N Curves for each detail category are given for the following conditions:
a) The detail is located in a redundant load path, wherein local failure at that
detail alone will not lead to overall collapse of the structure.
b) The nominal stress history at the local point in the detail is estimated/
evaluated by a conventional method without taking into account the local
stress concentration effects due to the detail
c) The load cycles are not highly irregular
d) The details are accessible for and subject to regular inspection
e) The structure is exposed to only mildly corrosive environment as in normal
atmospheric condition and suitably protected against corrosion (pit depth < 1
mm)
25
IRC:22-2015

f) The structure is not subjected to temperature exceeding 150ºC

g) The transverse fillet or butt weld connects plates of thickness not greater
than 25 mm
h) Holes in members and connections subjected to fatigue shall not be made
● Using punching in plates having thickness greater than 12 mm unless
the holes are subsequently reamed to remove material strain hardened
during punching
● Using gas cutting unless the holes are reamed to remove the material
in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
The values obtained from the standard S-N Curve shall be modified by a capacity reduction
factor µr, when plates greater than 25 mm in thickness are joined together by transverse fillet
or butt-welding, which is given by
µr = (25/tp)0.25 ≤ 1.0
where,
tp = actual thickness in mm of the thicker plate being joined
No thickness correction is necessary when full penetration butt weld reinforcements are
machined flush and proved free of defect through nondestructive testing.
Determination of stress: Elastic analysis of structure shall be done to obtain stress resultants
and any conventional stress analysis may be done to determine the stress at the location.
The normal and shear stresses on a member shall be done considering the effect of all design
actions on the members. Stress concentration due to geometry of detail may be excluded.
The stress concentration, however, not characteristic of the detail shall be accounted for in
the stress calculation.
Low Fatigue: Fatigue assessment is not required for a member, connection or detail, if
normal and shears design stress ranges f, satisfy the following conditions:
f < 27/γmft
or if the actual number of stress cycles, NSC, satisfies

NSC < 5x106

where,
γmft, γfft = partial safety factors for strength and load, respectively
f = actual fatigue stress range for the detail
Partial Safety Factor for Actions and their effects (γfft): The partial safety factor for loads
in the evaluation of stress range in fatigue design shall be taken as 1.0.
Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (γmft): The partial safety factor for strength is
influenced by consequences of fatigue damage and level of inspection capabilities.

26
 IRC:22-2015

Based on consequences of fatigue failure as defined below, the partial safety factor for fatigue
strength shall be as given in the Table 3.
● Fail-safe structural component/detail is the one where local failure of one
component due to fatigue crack does not result in the failure of the total
structure due to availability of alternate load path (redundant system).
● Non-fail-safe structural component/detail is the one where local failure of
one component leads rapidly to failure of the total structure due to its non-
redundant nature.
Table 3 Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (γmft)
Inspection and Access Consequence of Failure
Fail-Safe Non-Fail-Safe
Periodic inspection and maintenance, accessibility to detail is good 1.00 1.25
Periodic inspection and maintenance, poor accessibility for detail 1.15 1.35

605.3 Fatigue Strength

The fatigue strength for any standard details as described in Table 8 for normal or shear fatigue
stress range not corrected for the effects as described in Clause 605.2 is given below:
For Normal Stress range
When NSC ≤ 5 x 106  ... 5.1
When 5 x 106 ≤ NSC ≤ 108  ... 5.2
For Shear Stress range,
 ... 5.3
where,
ff, τf = design normal and shear fatigue stress range of the detail, respectively, for
life cycle of NSC
ffn,τfn = design normal and shear fatigue strength respectively of the detail for
5 x106 cycles as given in Table 4, 5 & 6.
Table 4 Detail Category Classification Group -1; Non-Welded Details

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

ROLLED AND EXTRUDED PRODUCTS

1) Plates and flats
2) Rolled sections
118
Sharp edges, surface and rolling flaws to
be removed by grinding in the direction of
applied stress.

27
IRC:22-2015

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
(3) & (4): Stress range calculated on the
gross section and on the net section.
Unsupported one-sided cover plate
connections shall be avoided or the effect
of the eccentricity taken into account in
103 calculating stresses.
MATERIAL WITH GAS-CUT OR SHEARED
EDGES WITH NO DRAGLINES
(5): All hardened material and visible signs
of edge discontinuities to be removed by
machining or grinding in the direction of
applied stress.

MATERIAL WITH MACHINE GAS-CUT

EDGES WITH DRAGLINES OR MANUAL
GAS-CUT MATERIAL
92
(6): Corners and visible signs of edge
discontinuities to be removed by grinding in
the direction of the applied stress.

Table 5 Detail Category Classification Group - 2; Welded Details

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

WELDED PLATE I-SECTION AND

BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS
LONGITUDINAL WELDS
92 (7) & (8) Zones of continuous automatic
longitudinal fillet or butt welds carried out
from both sides and all welds not having un-
repaired stop-start positions.

Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

28
 IRC:22-2015
Table 5 (continued)

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

WELDED PALTE I-SECTION AND

BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS
LONGITUDINAL WELDS
(9) & (10) Zones of continuous automatic
butt welds made from one side only with a
continuous backing bar and all welds not
83 having un-repaired stop-start positions.
(11) Zones of continuous longitudinal fillet
or butt welds carried, out from both sides
but containing stop-start positions. For
continuous manual longitudinal fillet or butt
welds carried out from both sides, use Detail
Category 92.

WELDED PLATE I-SECTION AND

BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS
LONGITUDINAL WELDS
(12) Zones of continuous longitudinal welds
66 carried out from one side only, with or without
stop-start positions.

INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL WELDS

(13) Zones of intermittent longitudinal welds

59

INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL WELDS

(14) Zones containing cope holes in
longitudinally welded T joints. Cope hole not
to be filled with weld.
52

Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

29
IRC:22-2015
Table 5 (continued)

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE

PENETRATION)
Weld run-off tabs to be used, subsequently
removed and ends of welds ground flush in
the direction of stress. Welds to be made
from two sides.
(15) Transverse splices in plates, flats and
83 rolled sections having the weld reinforcement
ground flush to plate surface. 100 percent
NDT inspection and weld surface to be free
of exposed porosity in the weld metal.
(16) Plate girders welded as (15) before
assembly.
(17) Transverse splices as (15) with reduced
or tapered transition with taper ≤1:4.

TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE

PENETRATION)
Welds run-off tabs to be used, subsequently
removed and ends of welds ground flush in
the direction of stress. Welds to be made
from two sides.
(18) Transverse splices of plates, rolled
sections or plate girders.
66
(19) Transverse splice of rolled sections
or welded plate girders, without cope hole.
With cope hole use Detail Category 52, as
per (14).
(20) Transverse splices in plates or flats
being tapered in width or in thickness where
the taper is ≤1:4 made from two sides

TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE

PENETRATION)
Weld run-off tabs to be used, subsequently
removed and ends of welds ground flush in
59 the direction of stress. Welds to be made
from two sides.
(21) Transverse splices as per (20) With
taper in width or >1:4.but ≤1:2.5.

Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

30
 IRC:22-2015
Table 5 (continued)

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE

PENETRATION)
(22) Transverse butt-welded splices made
on a backing bar. The end of the fillet weld of
the backing strip shall stop short by greater
52
than 10 mm from the edges of the stressed
plate.
(23) Transverse butt welds as for
(22) With taper on width or thickness
<1:2.5.

TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE

PENETRATION)
37 (24) Transverse butt welds as (22) where
fillet welds end closer than 10 mm to plate
edge.

CRUCIFORM JOINTS WITH LOAD-

CARRYING WELDS
(25) Full penetration welds with intermediate
52 plate NDT inspected and free of defects.
Maximum misalignment of plates either side
of joint to be <0.15 times the thickness of
intermediate plate.

(26) Partial penetration or fillet welds with

41 (26)
stress range calculated on plate area.

(27) Partial penetration or fillet welds with

27 (27) stress range calculated on throat area of
weld.

OVERLAPPED WELDED JOINTS

(28) Fillet welded lap joint, with welds and
46 overlapping elements having a design
capacity greater than the main plate. Stress
in the main plate to be calculated on the
basis of area shown in the illustration.

Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

31
IRC:22-2015
Table 5 (continued)

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

(29) Fillet welded lap joint, with welds and

41 (29) main plate both having a design capacity
greater than the overlapping elements.

(30) Fillet welded lap joint, with main plate

33 (30) and overlapping elements both having a
design capacity greater than the weld.

(31) (32) WELDED ATTACHEMENTS (NON-LOAD

66 CARYING WELDS) LONGITUDINAL
— 1/3≤r/b WELDS
(31) Longitudinal fillet welds. Class of
59 l≤50 mm — detail varies according to the length of the
attachment weld as noted.
50<l 1/6 ≤ r/
52 (32) Gusset welded to the edge of a plate
≤100 mm b<1/3
or beam flange. Smooth transition radius (r),
37 100mm < l — formed by machining or flame cutting plus
grinding. Class of detail varies according to
33 — r/b<1/6 r/b ratio as noted.
WELDED ATTACHMENTS
(33) Shear connectors on base material
59
(failure in base material).

TRANSVERSE WELDS
(34) Transverse fillet welds with the end
of the weld ≥10 mm from the edge of the
plate.
59 t ≤ 12 mm (35) Vertical stiffeners welded to a beam
or plate girder flange or web by continuous
or intermittent welds. In the case of webs
carrying combined bending and shear
design actions, the fatigue strength shall
be determined using the stress range of the
principal stresses.
(36) Diaphragms of box girders welded to the
flange or web by continuous or intermittent
52 t < 12 `mm welds.

Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

32
 IRC:22-2015
Table 5 (continued)

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description

tf or tp ≤
37 COVER PLATES IN BEAMS AND PLATE
25 mm
GIRDERS
(37) End zones of single or multiple welded
cover plates, with or without a weld across
tf or tp > the end. For a reinforcing plate wider than
27
25 mm the flange, an end weld is essential.

WELDS LOADED IN SHEAR

(38) Fillet welds transmitting shear. Stress
range to be calculated on weld throat area.
67
(39) Stud welded shear connectors (failure
in the weld) loaded in shear (the shear stress
range to be calculated on the nominal section
of the stud).

Table 6 Detail Category Classification Group - 3 Bolts

Detail Constructional Details

Category Illustration (See Note) Description
BOLTS IN SHEAR (8.8/TB BOLTING
CATEGORY ONLY)
(40):Shear stress range calculated on the
83 minor diameter area of the bolt (Ac).
Note: If the shear on the joint is insufficient
to cause slip of the joint the shear in the
bolt need not be considered in fatigue.
BOLTS AND THREADED RODS IN
TENSION (tensile stress to be calculated
on the tensile stress area At)
(41): Additional forces due to prying effects
shall be taken into account. For tensional
bolts, the stress range depends on the
connection geometry.
27 Note: In connections with tensioned bolts,
the change in the force in the bolts is
often less than the applied force, but this
effect is dependent on the geometry of
the connection. It is not normally required
that any allowance for fatigue be made in
calculating the required number of bolts in
such connections.
Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for
which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow.

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IRC:22-2015

Fig. 7a S-N Curve for Normal Stress

605.4 Fatigue Assessment

The design fatigue strength for NSC life cycles (ffd,τfd) is given as
ffd = μr ff /γmft ... 5.4
τ fd = μr τf /γmft ... 5.5
where,
μ r = correction factor (discussed in 605.2)
γmft = partial safety factor against fatigue failure, given in Table 3.
ff , τf = normal and shear fatigue strength ranges for the actual life cycle, NSC,
obtained from Section 605.3 for the detail.
Stress limitations:
The (absolute) maximum value of the normal and shear stresses shall never exceed the
elastic limit (fy, τy) for the material under cyclic loading.

34
 IRC:22-2015

The maximum stress range shall not exceed 1.5 fy for normal stresses and 1.5 for the
shear stresses under any circumstance.

Fig. 7b S-N Curve for Shear Stress

Constant Stress range:
The actual normal and shear stress range f and τ at a point of the structure subjected to NSC
cycles in life shall satisfy.
f ≤ ffd
p ≤ τfd
Variable Stress range:
Fatigue assessment at any point in a structure, wherein variable stress ranges ffi or τfi for ni
number of cycles (i =1 to r) are encountered, shall satisfy the following;
1. For Normal Stress (f)

 ... 5.6

2. For Shear Stresses (τ)

 ... 5.7

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IRC:22-2015

Where lower case γs is the summation upper limit of all the normal stress ranges (fi) having
magnitude lesser than (µr ffn /γmft) for that detail and the lower limit of all the normal stress
ranges (fj) having magnitude greater than (µr ffn /γmft) for the detail. In the above summation all
normal stress ranges, fi, and ti having magnitude less than 0.55 µr.ffn, and 0.55 µr.τfn may be
disregarded.

605.5 Exemption from Fatigue Assessments

No fatigue assessment is required if the following conditions are satisfied:
1. The highest normal stress range ff max satisfies
ff max ≤ 27μr/γmft ... 5.8
2. The highest shear stress range τ fmax satisfies
τ fmax ≤ 67μr/γmft ... 5.9
3. The total number of actual stress cycles NSC, satisfies

NSC ≤ 5 × 106  ... 5.10

where,
ff eq = equivalent constant amplitude stress range in MPa given by

ffi, ffj = stress ranges falling above and below the ffn, the stress range corresponding to the
detail at 5 x 106 number of life cycles.

606 SHEAR CONNECTOR

606.1 Design of Shear Connectors

1. Shear connection and transverse reinforcement shall be provided to transmit
the longitudinal shear force between the concrete and the structural steel
element, ignoring the effect of natural bond between the two.
2. Shear connectors may be either of mild steel or high tensile steel irrespective
of the grade of steel used in the parent girder. Flexible shear connectors
are preferred because of their better performance. Channel, Angle and Tee
shear connectors may be of mild steel, whereas, the shear studs may be
mad of high tensile steel.
3. Shear connector shall be generally designed for full transfer of longitudinal
shear. Shear connector strength and spacing are to be checked separately for
all the limit states using appropriate factored load combinations and factored

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 IRC:22-2015

strength. All shear connectors should be capable of resisting uplift of slab from
steel section. Channel and stud shear connectors provide adequate safety
against uplift. Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to provide
sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear connection is subjected to
direct tension, in which case they should be supplemented by anchoring
devices.
4. For verification for ultimate limit states, the shear connectors provided
in terms of size and shape may be kept constant over any length where
the design longitudinal shear per unit length does not exceed the design
shear resistance by more than 10 percent. Over every such length, the total
design longitudinal shear force should not exceed the total design shear
resistance.

606.2 Longitudinal Shear

Longitudinal Shear load on connectors of composite section, whether simply supported or
continuous is to be calculated for service and fatigue limit states on the basis of elastic theory
using appropriate sectional properties based on effective widths and modular ratios as per
the load history and development of composite action.

606.3 Design Strength of Shear Connectors

Shear connectors are to be checked for ultimate limit and fatigue limit states.
606.3.1 Ultimate strength of shear connectors
Design static strengths and fatigue strengths of flexible shear connectors mainly stud
connectors and channel connectors can be determined by the following equations:
1. Stud Connectors
The design resistance, Qu of stud shears connectors shall be as given below:

Qu =  ... 6.1

where,

Qu = design strength of stud in newton (N)

γv = partial safety factor for stud connector = 1.25
d = diameter of the shank of the stud in millimeters (mm)
fu = ultimate tensile strength of the stud material ≤ 500 N/mm2
fck(cy) = Characteristic cylindrical compressive strength of concrete = 0.8 fck
hs = nominal height of stud in millimeters (mm)
Ecm = Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete (Refer: Table–III.1 of
Annexure-III)

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IRC:22-2015

2. Channel Connectors
Assuming that the web of the channel is vertical with the shear applied nominally perpendicular
to the web, the design resistance of a channel connector shall be determined as given
below:
Qn =  ... 6.2
where,
Qu = design strength of channel in newton (N)
b = length of the channel in millimeters (mm)
h = height of the channel in millimeters (mm)
While using channel shear connectors the following recommendation need to be followed.
1. The height h of the channel should not exceed 20 times web thickness or
150 mm whichever is less.
2. The width b of the channel should not exceed 300 mm.
3. The underside of the top flange of the channel should not be less than
30 mm clear above the bottom reinforcement.
4. The leg length of the weld connecting the channel to the plate should not
exceed half the plate thickness.
The design strengths of some standard shear connectors have been given in Table 7 for
easy reference.
Table 7 Ultimate Static Strengths of Shear Connectors (Qu for Different Concrete Strengths)
Type of Connector Connector Material Ultimate Static Strength in kN
Per Connector for Concrete
Strengths fck (MPa)
25 30 40 50
Stud connectors Material with a characteristic
yield strength of 385 MPa,
Nominal Diameter Overall height minimum elongation of 18%
(mm) (mm) and a characteristic tensile
25 100 strength of 495 MPa
112 125 149 156
22 100
87 97 115 120
20 100
72 80 95 100
20 75
68 76 91 100
16 75
46 51 61 64
12 65
26 29 34 36
Channels: 150 mm long (min) As per IS 2062
ISMC 125 244 259 285 307
ISMC 100 206 219 241 260
ISMC 75 166 176 194 209
Notes: 1. fck is the specified characteristic cube strength at 28 days.
2. Strengths for concrete of intermediate grade may be obtained by linear interpolation.

38
 IRC:22-2015

3. For channels of lengths different from those quoted above, the capacities are
proportional to the lengths for lengths greater than 150 mm.
4. For rolled angle and tee shear connectors, the values given for channel connectors are
applicable provided the height is at least equal to that of the channel.
5. For stud connectors of overall height greater than 100 mm the design static strength
should be taken as the values given in the table for 100 mm high connectors.
6. The above provisions of Stud Connectors are not applicable to composite slab
using profiled deck. Static strength of shear connector in such cases can be
established by experimental push-out tests.
7. The number of shear connectors given by the above table shall be distributed in
the zone between the maximum and the zero moment sections. The number of
connectors required from fatigue consideration will usually exceed the requirement
from flexural strength. However, if the flexural requirement exceeds the number
required from fatigue point of view as mentioned in Clause 606.4.2 additional connectors
should be provided to ensure that the ultimate strength of the composite section is
achieved.
8. In order to avoid undesirable slip, the maximum interface shear per unit length due
to superimposed dead load and live load under service conditions at any point in
the beam should be as specified in Clause 606.4.1.
606.3.2 Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors
The fatigue shear stress range (fatigue Strength) of shear connector shall be obtained from
Fig. 7b corresponding to the design load life cycle, NSC.
The strength shall be determined as given below:
τ f = τ fn 5 5 x106 / N SC  ... 6.3
τfn = design normal and shear fatigue stress range respectively of the detail
for 5 x106 cycles as given in Table 5.
τfn = 67 N/mm2 for stud connector (refer:- Table 5, Detail Category–67)
τfn = 59 N/mm2 for channel connector (Ref. Table 5, Detail Category–59)
[provided that the thickness of the top flange of steel girder is greater
than or equal to 12 mm and the edge distance from the end of weld to
the edge of the top flange is 10 mm.]
The nominal fatigue strengths of some standard shear connectors have been indicated in
Table 8.
Table 8 Nominal Fatigue Strengths Qr (in kN)
Type of Connectors Connector Material N = Nos. of Cycles
1 x 105 5 x 105 2 x 106 1 x 107 1 x 108
Headed Studs φ 25 fy = 385 71 52 39 28 18
Headed Studs φ 22 fu = 495 55 40 30 22 14
Headed Studs φ 20 Elongation = 18% 46 33 25 18 11
Headed Studs φ 16 29 21 16 11 7
Channel 150 long for a IS:2062 109 79 60 43 27
nominal weld of 8 mm

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IRC:22-2015

For intermediate stress cycles the values may be interpolated from log scales (i.e. the above
equation). Other connectors, if used, should have their capacities established through tests.

606.4 Spacing and Design of Shear Connectors

606.4.1 Ultimate Limit State (Strength Criteria)
Calculated shear VL at interface corresponding to vertical shear is as given below:

 ... 6.4

where,
V L Longitudinal shear per unit length
V The vertical shear forces due to dead load and live load (including impact)
separately at each state of load history.
Aec The transformed compressive area of concrete above the neutral axis of the
composite section with appropriate modular ratio depending on the nature of
load (whether short term i.e. live load, or long term i.e. dead load)
Y C.G. distance of transformed concrete area from neutral axis.
I Moment of Inertia of the composite section using appropriate modular ratio.
dl, ll Different load history condition, i.e. sustained load or composite action dead
load, transient load or composite action live load. These loads are to be
considered with appropriate load factor at this stage.

Spacing of Shear connectors is given as SL1 =

Qu is the Ultimate static strength of one shear connector (Clause 606.3.1

and Table 7) and the summation is over the number of shear studs at one
section.
606.4.1.1 For full shear connection
The maximum longitudinal force due to bending moment is to be calculated over the shear
span from zero moment to maximum moment section and is given by
H1 = Asl . fy. 10-3/γm ... 6.5
H2 = 0.36 . fck .Aec.10  -3
... 6.6
where,
H1, H2 = Longitudinal Force due to bending (kN)
Asl = Area of Tensile Steel (mm2) in longitudinal direction
Aec = Effective area of concrete
= beff .xu (for neutral axis within the slab)
= beff. ds (for neutral axis in steel section)

40
 IRC:22-2015

The ultimate flexural strength of any composite construction is governed by either of the
aforesaid equation. Therefore, the maximum possible compressive force in the composite
beam will be governed by H, which is the smaller of H1 and H2 and sufficient connectors
should be provided to resist the longitudinal force H.

Spacing of Shear Connectors is given as SL2 =

606.4.2 Serviceability Limit State (Limit State of Fatigue)

Calculated longitudinal shear per unit length, Vr at interface due to live load and impact is as
given below:

Vr = {Vr, Aec, Y and I, are as explained above}

VR Vertical Shear difference due to maximum and minimum shear envelop

due to live load and impact
ll is live load with impact

Spacing of Shear connectors from fatigue consideration is given as SR =

Q r is the Nominal fatigue Strength one shear connector which is to be taken

from Table 8.
For Full shear connection the greatest of SL1, SL2 and SR is to be provided as the actual
spacing of the shear connectors.

606.5 Partial shear Connection

When all cross-sections are in Class 1 or Class 2, partial shear connection may be used for
girders. The number of connectors shall then be determined by a partial connection theory
taking into account the deformation capacity of shear connector. The bending resistance
of the section under partial shear connection shall be determined as per Clause I.1.2 of
Annexure–I.
Headed studs with an overall length after welding not less than 4 times its diameter and with
shank diameter not less than 16 mm and neither greater than 25 mm, may be considered
as ductile with following limits for the degree of shear connection, which may be generally
defined as, Sc = np/nf
[Where, Sc is the Degree of shear connection nf is the number of shear connectors required
for full shear connection determined for the length of a beam under consideration and np is
the number of shear connectors provided within that same length]
1. For steel sections with equal flanges:

Le ≤ 25 Sc ≥ 1 – .(0.75 – 0.03Le) Sc ≥ 0.4 ... 6.7

Le > 25 Sc ≥ 1.0 ... 6.8

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IRC:22-2015

2. For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area of three times the area of
top flange with equal flanges:

Le ≤ 20 Sc ≥ 1 – .(0.30 – 0.015Le) Sc ≥ 0.4 ... 6.9

Le > 20 Sc ≥ 1.0 ... 6.10

Where Le overall span for a simply supported girder and is the distance between
the point of zero bending moment within one span of a continuous girder.
3. For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area exceeding the area of the
top flange but less than three times that area, the limit for Sc may be determined
from expressions in (1) and (2) above by linear interpolation.

606.6 Detailing of Shear Connector

Details as shown in following sketch (Fig. 8) are to be followed.

Fig. 8a Details of Stud Connector

Fig. 8b Details of Angle/Channel Connector

Fig. 8c Longitudinal Section

Fig. 8 Details of Connector on Steel Girders
The diameter of the stud connector welded to the flange plate shall not exceed twice the plate

42
 IRC:22-2015

thickness. The height of the stud connectors shall not be less than four times their diameter or
100 mm. The diameter of the head of the stud shall not be less than one and a half times the
diameter of the stud. The leg length of the weld joining other types of connectors to the flange
plate shall not exceed half the thickness of the flange plate. Channel and angle connectors
shall have at least 6 mm fillet welds placed along the heel and toe of the channels/angles.
The clear distance between the edge of the flange and the edge of the shear connectors shall
not be less than 25 mm.
606.6.1 Precautions for separation of steel girder from concrete
To resist separation with the steel girder, top flange of stud and channel shear connectors shall
extend into the deck slab at least 40 mm above bottom transverse reinforcements and also a
minimum of 40 mm into the compression zone of concrete flange. Where a concrete haunch
is used, between the steel flange and the soffit of the slab, top flange of the stud or channel
shear connectors shall extend upto at least 40 mm above the transverse reinforcements
in the haunches, provided the reinforcements are sufficient to transfer longitudinal shear.
Where shear connectors are placed adjacent to the longitudinal edge of the slab, transverse
reinforcement provided in accordance with Clause 606.11 shall be fully anchored in the
concrete between the edge of the slab and the adjacent row of connectors.
606.6.2 Overall height of connector
The overall height of a connector including any hoop, which is an integral part of the connector,
shall be at least 100 mm with a clear cover of 25 mm.

606.7 Details of Haunches

The dimensions for haunches if provided between top of steel girder and soffit of slab shall be
as indicated in Fig. 9, the sides of haunches being located outside a line drawn at 45 degrees
from the outside edge of the base of the connector.

Fig. 9 Dimension of Haunches

606.8 Cover to Shear Connectors

The clear depth of concrete cover over the top of the shear connectors shall not be less than
25 mm. The horizontal clear concrete cover to any shear connector shall not be less than
50 mm as shown in Fig.10.

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IRC:22-2015

Fig. 10 Cover to Connectors

606.9 Limiting Criteria for Spacing of Shear Connectors

1. Where a steel compression flange that would otherwise be in a lower class
is assumed to be in Class 1 or Class 2 because of restraint provided by shear
connectors, the centre-to-centre spacing of the shear connectors in the
direction of the compression should satisfy the following:
a) Where the slab is in contact over the full length (e.g. solid slab)
SL ≤ 21+f  ... 6.11
b) Where the slab is not in contact over the full length (e.g. slab with ribs
transverse to the beam)
SL ≤ 14+f  ... 6.12
where,
tf is the thickness of the flange
fy is the nominal yield strength of the flange N/mm2.
SL is the maximum spacing of the shear connector
In addition, the clear distance from the edge of the compression flange to the nearest line
of shear connectors should not be greater than 9.t f or 50 mm which whichever is
less.
2. In all cases, shear connector shall be provided throughout the length of the
beam and may be uniformly spaced between critical cross sections. The
maximum spacing of shear connectors in the longitudinal direction shall be
limited to 600 mm or three times the thickness of the concrete slab or four
times the height of the connector (including any hoop which is an integral
part of the connector) whichever is least.
3. Minimum spacing should be such, as to allow proper concrete flow and
compaction around the connectors and for stud connectors it should not be
less than 75 mm.
606.10 Transverse Shear Check
Shear connectors transfer longitudinal shear from steel girder to slab concrete abutting
them, where from the same is transferred to the rest of the slab through transverse shear

44
 IRC:22-2015

strength of slab as well as transverse reinforcements provided. The strength and amount of
reinforcement is to be checked by the following relations.
The shear force transferred per meter length VL shall satisfy both the following conditions:
1. VL ≤ 0.632  ... 6.13
or
VL ≤ 0.232 + 0.1.Ast . f yk .n ... 6.14
where,
V L = Longitudinal shear force per unit length calculated for ultimate limit
state
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete in MPa
fyk = Yield stress of transverse reinforcement in MPa
L = Length (in mm) of possible shear plans envelop as indicated in Fig. 11
n = Number of times each lower transverse reinforcing bar is intersected by
a shear surface (i.e. the number of rows of shear connector at one
section of the beam). Generally for T-beam n = 2 and for L-beam n = 1
Ast = Sectional areas (in cm2) of transverse reinforcements per metre run of
beam

The amount of transverse steel in the bottom of the slab shall not be less than cm2/m,
where VL is in KN/m.

(c)

Fig. 11 Typical Shear Planes

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IRC:22-2015

606.11 Transverse Reinforcements

Planes, which are critical for longitudinal shear failure, in the process of transfer of longitudinal
shear from the girder to the slab, are of four main types, as shown in Fig.11. If the concrete
by itself is insufficient to take the longitudinal shear, sufficient transverse reinforcements shall
be provided to transfer longitudinal shear force from the girder to the effective width of the
slab. The area of transverse reinforcement per unit length of beam will be the sum total of all
the reinforcement (At, Ah or Ab as shown in Fig. 12 a, b and c), which are intersected by the
shear plane and are fully anchored on both the sides of the shear plane considered.

Fig. 12a Non-Haunched Beam

Fig. 12b Large Haunched Beam

Fig. 12c Small Haunched Bean

Fig. 12 Transverse Reinforcement Across Shear Planes
606.12 Total Transverse Reinforcements
The total transverse reinforcements Ast, per unit length of beam in case of shear
plane 1–1 which crosses the whole thickness of the slab will be the sum of (At + Ab)
(see Fig. 12a). Area of reinforcements At and Ab include those provided for flexure. The
total transverse reinforcements across plane 2–2 (Fig. 12a) is Ast = 2Ab and that across
plane 3–3 (Fig. 12b) is Ast = 2Ah as these planes do not cross the full thickness of the slab. In
case of shear plane 4–4 (Fig. 12c), the total transverse reinforcement is Ast = 2 (Ab + Ah).

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 IRC:22-2015

The transverse reinforcements shall be placed at locations as shown in Fig. 13. The haunch
bars shall be extended beyond the junction of bottom bars by a length equal to the anchorage
length.

Fig. 13a Stud Connector in Un-Haunched Beam Fig. 13b Channel Connector in Un-Haunched
Beam

Fig. 13c Stud Connector in Haunched Beam Fig. 13d Channel Connector in Haunched
Beam
Fig. 13 Arrangement of Transverse reinforcements

607 COMPOSITE COLUMNS

607.1 General
1. This Clause applies to columns and compression members with steel grade
conforming to IS 2062 and normal weight concrete of strength M25 to M90.
2. This Clause applies to isolated columns and compression members in framed
structures where the other structural members are either composite or steel
members.
3. The steel contribution ratio δ should fulfill the criteria:
0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 0.9 where δ is defined in section 607.6.
4. The influence of local buckling of the steel section on the resistance of the
composite section as a whole shall be considered for design.
5. The effects of local buckling may be neglected for a steel section fully
encased in accordance with Section 607.2, and for other types of
cross-section provided the maximum width to thickness ratio given in
Section 607.4 are not exceeded.
6. Composite Columns can be of two types:
a) Encased where concrete encases the steel section [Fig. 14a]

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IRC:22-2015

b) In-filled where concrete fills the hollow tubular or hollow box Section
[Fig. 14b].

607.2 Construction Particular

1. In composite columns consisting of fully encased steel sections, concrete
shall be adequately held by steel wires and stirrups and with all round cover
of at least 40 mm or one-sixth of the breadth b of the flange, over steel section
that should be unpainted but cleaned at abutting surface to ensure protection
against corrosion and spalling of concrete. Shear transfer between steel
concrete interfaces is ensured basically through bond for which calculated
shear stress at interface shall be kept limited in accordance with Table 13,
beyond which mechanical shear connectors are to be provided.
2. The cover to reinforcement should be in accordance with IRC:112-2011.

607.3 Members under Axial Compression

Standard composite sections used as columns are as shown below:

Fig. 14a Fully and Partially Concrete Encased Columns

Fig. 14b Concrete Filled Hollow Sections

607.3.1 General Design Philosophy
1. Design for structural stability shall consider second-order effects including
residual stresses, geometrical imperfections, local instability, cracking of
concrete, creep and shrinkage of concrete and yielding of structural steel
and of reinforcement.
2. Second-order effects shall be considered in any direction in which failure
might occur, if they affect the structural stability significantly.

48
 IRC:22-2015

3. Internal forces should be determined by elasto-plastic analysis.

4. Full composite action between steel and concrete shall be considered up to
failure.
5. Effects of creep and shrinkage shall be considered if they are likely to reduce
the structural stability significantly. For simplification, creep and shrinkage
effects may be ignored if the increase in the first-order bending moments due
to creep deformations and longitudinal force resulting from permanent loads
is not greater than 10 percent.
607.3.2 Design Guidelines
1. For a fully encased steel section, see Fig. 14a, limits to the maximum
thickness of concrete cover that may be used in calculation are:
Cz (max) = 0.3 h
Cy (max) = 0.4 b
2. The longitudinal reinforcement that may be used in calculation should not
exceed 6 percent of the concrete area.
3. The ratio of the cross-section’s depth hc to width bc, see Fig. 14a, should be
within the limits.

607.4 Local Buckling of Steel Section

The equations for determining the plastic resistance of an encased steel section or concrete
filled rectangular/square or circular tubular section Pp as discussed subsequently in the next
clauses is valid provided that local buckling in the steel sections does not occur. To prevent
premature local buckling, the width to thickness ratio of the steel sections in compression
must satisfy the following limits:
● for concrete filled circular tubular sections

● for concrete filled rectangular tubular sections

● for partially encased I sections

where,
and fy is the yield strength of the steel section in MPa

For fully encased steel sections, the above local buckling check is not required. However, the
concrete cover to the flange of a fully encased steel section should not be less than 40 mm,
nor less than one-sixth of the breadth, b, of the flange
Design of concrete filled rectangular tubular sections where h/t ratios exceed the local buckling
limits for semi-compact sections, should be verified by tests.

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IRC:22-2015

607.5 Short Compression Members

A compression members is termed as a ‘short compression member’ when its non-dimensional
slenderness ratio λ ≤ 0.2.
Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λ is given as

where,
Ppu is the plastic resistance of the cross-section to compression and is given
Ppu = As.fy + αc.A c. [0.80fck] + A st .f yk ... 7.1
where,
fy, yield strength of steel section.
fck characteristic compressive strength (cube strength) of the concrete
fyk yield strength of the reinforcing steel
αc strength coefficient for concrete
= 1.0 for confined concrete in tubular sections
= 0.85 for fully or partially concrete encased steel sections with lateral ties
= 0.89 for fully or partially encased concrete columns with spiral ties.
` [Note: While providing spiral ties it must be ensured that the ratio of the
volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core is not
less than 0.36(Ag/Aco–1)fck/fyk
(Ag = Gross area of section; Aco = Area of core of the helically reinforced column measured to
the outer diameter of the helix)]
Pcr is the elastic buckling load of the column

Pcr =
Where (EI)e is the effective elastic flexural stiffness of the composite column. l is the effective
length of the column, which may be conservatively taken as system length L for an isolated
non-sway composite column.
607.5.1 Encased Steel Sections and Concrete filled Rectangular/Square Tubular
Sections
The plastic resistance of an encased steel section or concrete filled rectangular or square
section (i.e. α. the so-called “squash load”) is given by
Pp = As.fy / γ m + αc.A c. [0.80fck] / γ c + A st .fyk / γs ... 7.2
where, fy, (fck), fyk and αc are as discussed earlier.
607.5.2 Concrete Filled Circular Tubular Sections
There is an increased resistance and ductility of concrete due to the confining effect of the
circular tubular section. However, this effect is significant only in stocky columns. In composite
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 IRC:22-2015

columns with a non-dimensional slenderness of ≤ 0.5 (see Section 607.6 & 607.7) or
where the eccentricity of the applied load does not exceed the value d/10, (where d is the
outer dimension of the circular tubular section) this effect has to be considered.
The plastic compression resistance of concrete filled circular tubular sections is calculated by
using two coefficients η1 and η2 as given below.

 ... 7.3
where,
t is the thickness of the circular tubular section, and η1 and η2 two coefficients
which account for confinement effect and are given by
η 1 = η 10 and

η 2 = η 20 + (1 – η 20)
The resistance of a concrete filled circular tubular section to compression may increase by
15 percent under axial load only when the effect of tri-axial confinement is considered. Linear
interpolation is permitted for various load eccentricities of e ≤ d/10. The basic values η10 and
η20 depend on the non-dimensional slenderness , which can be read off from Table 9.
If the eccentricity ‘e’ exceeds the value d/10, or if the non-dimensional slenderness exceeds
the value 0.5 then η1 = 0 and η2 = 1.0.
Table 9 Basic Value η10 and η20 to Allow for the Effect of Tri-Axial Confinement

= 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.3 = 0.4 ≥ 0.5

η10 4.90 3.22 1.88 0.88 0.22 0.00
η20 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

607.6 Effective Elastic Flexural Stiffness

1. Short Term Loading: The effective elastic flexural stiffness, (EI)e, is obtained
by adding up the flexural stiffness of the individual components of the cross-
section:
(EI) e = Es Is + 0.6 Ecm Ic + Est.Ist ... 7.4
where,
Es and Est are the modulus of elasticity of the steel section and the
reinforcement respectively
Ecm is the secant modulus of the concrete
2. Long Term Loading: For slender columns the effect of long-term loading
should be considered > 0.2.
If the eccentricity ‘e’ of loading is more than twice the cross-section dimension ‘D’ or e > 2D,
the effect on the bending moment distribution caused by increased deflections due to creep

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and shrinkage of concrete will be very small and may be neglected. Moreover, effect of long-
term loading need not be considered if the non-dimensional slenderness, (Ref: Section
607.6) of the composite column is less than the limiting values given in Table 10.
Table 10 Limiting Values of for Long Term Loading

Braced Non-Sway Systems Un-Braced and/or Sway System

Concrete encased cross-section 0.8 0.5
Concrete filled cross-section

Note: δ is the steel contribution ratio defined as

 ... 7.5

When exceeds the limits prescribed above and e/D < 2, the effect of creep and shrinkage
of concrete should be allowed for by adopting modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecs instead of
Ecd where Ecs is defined as follows:

Ecs = 0.75 Ecm  ... 7.6

where,
P the applied factored load
Pdd the part of the applied factored load permanently acting on the column.
The effect of long-term loading may be ignored for concrete filled tubular sections with
≤ 2.0 provided that δ is greater than 0.6 for braced (non-sway) columns, and 0.75 for
Unbraced (sway) columns.

607.7 Resistance of Member Subjected to Axial Compression

The isolated non-sway composite columns need not be checked for buckling, if anyone of the
following conditions is satisfied:
a) The axial force in the column is less than 0.1 Pcr where Pcr is the elastic
buckling load of the column
b) The non-dimensional slenderness is less than 0.2.
To check the safety of a compression member, check for buckling about each principal axis
of the composite section need to be done as below,

Now,
Pp is the plastic resistance to compression as discussed in Clause 607.3.

 ... 7.7

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Where,
 ... 7.8

= Non-dimensional slenderness ratio as discussed in Clause 607.6
α = Imperfection factor as given in Table 11 which allows for different levels
of imperfections and residual stresses in columns corresponding to
curves a, b and c
The buckling curve to be adopted for design shall be selected according to type of section
and the axis of bending as given blow:
Curve a for concrete filled tubular sections with reinforcement percentage less than 3
percent of gross cross section area
Curve b for fully or partially concrete encased I-sections buckling about the strong axis of the
steel sections (x-x axis) and for concrete filled tubular sections with reinforcement
percentage more than 3 percent of gross cross section area.
Curve c for fully and partially concrete encased I-sections buckling about the weak axis of
the steel sections (y-y axis)
Table 11 Imperfection Factor α for the Buckling Curves

Buckling Curve a b c
Imperfection Factor 0.21 0.34 0.49

607.8 Combined Compression and Bending

1. When the bending moment in the section is zero (i.e. M = 0), the permissible
compression is as given in Section 607.5 and Section 607.7. (Ref: Point A
in interaction curve shown in Fig. 15.).

Fig. 15 Interaction Curve for Compression and Uni-Axial Bending Using the Simplified Method
2. For zero compressive force in the section the plastic moment of resistance
of the cross section is given as (Ref: Point B in curve shown in Fig. 15)

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Mp = (Zps – Zpsn) fy /γm + (Zpr – Zprn) fyk /γs + αc.0.8.(Zpc – Zpcn) fck /γc ... 7.9
where,
Zps, Zpr, and Zpc plastic section modulii of the steel section, reinforcement and
concrete about their own centroids respectively
Zpsn, Zprn and Zpcn plastic section modulii of the steel section, reinforcement and
concrete about neutral axis of gross cross section respectively
While determining the plastic resistance of a section the following criteria shall be
considered:
1. The influence of transverse shear forces on the resistance to bending and
axial force should be considered when determining the interaction curve.
If the shear force V on the steel section exceeds 50 percent of the design
shear resistance Vp of the steel the influence of the transverse shear on
the resistance in combined bending and compression should be taken into
account by a reduced design steel strength (1 - β) fy/γm in the shear area
Av (β is determined as per Section 603.3.3.3.
2. Unless a more accurate analysis is used, V may be distributed into Vs acting
on the structural steel and Vc, acting on the reinforced concrete section by :

Vs =

Vc = V – Vs

where,
Mps is the plastic moment of resistance of steel section alone
Mp is the plastic moment of resistance of the entire composite section
607.8.1 Second Order Effects on Bending Moment
The second order effects on bending moments for isolated non-sway columns shall be
considered if both of the following conditions are satisfied:

i)

Where P is the design applied load, and Pcr is the elastic critical load of the composite
column.
ii) Elastic slenderness conforms to:
> 0.2
Where is the non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column.
In case the above two conditions are met, the second order effects may be allowed for by
modifying the maximum first order bending moment (moment obtained initially), Mmax, with a

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correction factor k, which is defined as follows:

k= 1.0

where,
P applied design load and
Pcr is the elastic critical load for the relevant axis and corresponding to a modified
effective flexural stiffness given by (EI)em with the effective length taken as
the composite column length
Cm equivalent moment factor given in Table 12.
Table 12 Imperfection Factor α for the Buckling Curves
Moment Distribution Moment Factor (Cm) Comment
First-order bending moments from M is the maximum bending
member imperfection or lateral moment within the column
load:: length ignoring second-order
effects
Cm = 1.0

End Moments: M or r.M are the end moments

from first-order or second-
Cm = 0.66 + 0.44 r ≥ 0.44
order global analysis.

A simplified approach in considering the value of Cm is as indicated below:

Cm = 0.85 for members whose ends are restrained against rotation
= 1.0 for members whose ends are un-restrained against rotation
(EI) e = 0.9 (Es Is + 0.5 Ecm Ic + Est.Ist)
607.8.2 Resistance of Members Subjected to Combined Compression and Uniaxial
Bending Moment
1. The section shall be checked for resistance under axial compression for both
x and y-axes.
2. The resistance of the section shall then be checked for combined axial
compression and uniaxial bending moment as described below.
The design against combined bending and axial compression is adequate when the following
condition is satisfied:
M ≤ 0.9 µ.Mp
Where M is the design bending moment, which may be factored to allow for second order
effects, if necessary, as described in Section 607.8.1(2).

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The moment resistance ratio µ for a composite column under combined compression and
uniaxial bending shall be evaluated as follows:

µ= when  ... 7.10

and
µ=1– when  ... 7.11
Where,

χc = Axial resistance ratio due to concrete =

Where, Pc = 0.8αc.fck.Ac /γc

χd = Design axial resistance ratio =

χ = reduction factor due to column buckling

607.8.3 Resistance of Members Subjected to Combined Compression and bi-axial
Bending Moment
1. The section shall be checked for resistance under axial compression for both
x and y axes.
2. The resistance of the section shall then be checked for combined axial
compression and bi-axial bending moment as described below.
The three necessary conditions to be satisfied are:

and

The interaction of the moments must also be checked using the following interaction
formula:
 ... 7.12

The moment resistance ratios µx and µy for both the axes shall be evaluated as given
below:

 ... 7.13

 ... 7.14

and

 ... 7.15

 ... 7.16

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where,
χx and χy are the reduction factors for buckling in the x and y directions
respectively.
When the effect of geometric imperfections is not considered the moment resistance ratio is
evaluated as given below:

when χd >χc

= 1.0 when χd ≤ χc

607.9 Mechanical Shear Connection and Load Introduction

Proper sharing of loads between steel section and concrete should be ensured at points of
load introduction due to load and moment reactions coming from members connected to
the ends of the column and also for loads applied anywhere within the length of the column,
considering the shear resistance at the interface between steel and concrete.
Where composite columns and compression members are subjected to significant transverse
shear, for example by local transverse loads and by end moments, provision shall be made
for the transfer of the corresponding longitudinal shear stress at the interface between steel
and concrete.
For axially loaded columns and compression members, longitudinal shear outside the areas
of load introduction need not be considered.
607.9.1 Load Introduction
Shear connectors should be provided at areas of load introduction and at areas with change
in cross-section if the design shear strength τ (Table 13) is exceeded at the interface between
steel and concrete. The shear forces should be determined from the change of sectional
forces of the steel or reinforced concrete section within the introduction length. If the loads are
introduced into the concrete cross-section only, the values resulting from an elastic analysis
considering creep and shrinkage should be taken into account. Otherwise, the forces at the
interface should be determined by elastic theory or plastic theory, to determine the more
severe case.
In absence of a more accurate method, the introduction length should not exceed 2d or L/3,
where d is the minimum transverse dimension of the column and L is the column length.
Table 13 Design Shear Strength (τ)

Type of Cross-Section τ (N/mm2)

Completely concrete encased steel sections 0.30
Concrete filled circular hollow sections 0.55
Concrete filled rectangular hollow sections 0.40
Flanges of partially encased sections 0.20
Webs of partially encased columns 0.00

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Due to the action of creep and shrinkage, no shear connection is required for composite
columns or compression members if the load application is by endplates where the full
interface between steel and concrete is permanently under compression. Otherwise the load
application/introduction should be verified as elaborated below:
1. If the cross section is partially loaded as shown in Fig. 16A, the loads may
be distributed with a ratio of 1:2.5 over the thickness te of the end plate.
The concrete stresses should then be limited in the area of effective load
introduction.
2. For concrete filled circular hollow section or square hollow section, under
partial loading as shown in Fig. 16B, for example by gusset plates or by
stiffeners, the local design strength of concrete σc under the gusset or
stiffener resulting from the sectional forces of the concrete section shall be
determined as

σc =  ... 7.17

where,
t is the wall thickness of the steel tube;
d diameter of the tube or width of the square section;
Ac is the cross sectional area of the concrete section of the column;
A 1 is the loaded area under the gusset plate (See Fig. 16);
η 0 = 4.9 for circular steel tubes and 3.5 for square sections

Fig. 16 Partially Loaded Circular Concrete filled Hollow Section

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3. For concrete filled circular hollow section longitudinal reinforcements may

be taken in to account while determining the resistance of the composite
column, even if the reinforcement is not directly connected to the end plate,
provided that the gap e.g. (Fig 16A) between the end of reinforcement and
the surface of the end plate does not exceed 30 mm.
607.9.1.1 Shear connection
When mechanical connection is introduced in the form of stud connectors to the web of
a fully or partially concrete encased steel I-section, account may be taken of the frictional
forces that develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the concrete by the adjacent
steel flanges. This resistance is assumed to be equal to µ.Qu / 2 on each flange and each
horizontal row of studs as shown in Fig. 16 and may be added to the calculated resistance
of the shear connectors. µ is the relevant coefficient of friction and be taken as 0.5. Qu is the
resistance of a single stud as per Section 606.3.
The clear distance between the flanges should not exceed the values given in Fig. 17 to
ensure the development of the frictional forces between concrete and steel flanges.

Fig. 17 Additional Frictional Forces in Composite Columns by use of Headed Studs

607.9.2 Longitudinal Shear Outside the Area of Load Introduction
1. Outside the area of load introduction, longitudinal shear at the interface
between concrete and steel should be verified where it is caused by transverse
loads and/or end moments. Shear connectors should be provided based on
the distribution of the design value of longitudinal shear, where this exceeds
the design shear strength τ. In absence of a more accurate method, elastic
analysis, considering long-term effects and cracking of concrete, may be
used to determine the longitudinal shear at the interface. Provided that the
surface of the steel section in contact with the concrete is unpainted and free
from oil, grease and loose scale or rust, the values given in Table 13 may be
assumed for τ. The value of τ given in Table 13 for fully concrete encased
steel sections applies to sections with a minimum concrete cover of 40 mm.
For greater concrete cover and adequate reinforcement, higher values of τ
may be used. Unless verified by tests, for completely encased sections the
increased value βc. τ may be used, with βc given by:

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 ... 7.18

where,
Cz is the wall thickness of the steel tube;
Cz,min diameter of the tube or width of the square section;
Ac is the cross sectional area of the concrete section of the column;
A 1 is the loaded area under the gusset plate (See Fig. 16);
η 0 = 4.9 for circular steel tubes and 3.5 for square sections
2. Unless otherwise verified, for partially encased I-sections with transverse
shear due to bending about the weak axis caused by lateral loading or end
moments, shear connectors should always be provided. If the resistance of
the structural steel section alone against transverse shear is not sufficient
to take care of the total transverse shear on the composite section, then the
required transverse reinforcement for the shear force Vc, according to 607.8
should be welded to the web of the steel section or should pass through the
web of the steel section.

607.10 Shear Check

The factored shear force in the compression members should be less than the design
shear strength of the member, which is, the sum total of the shear resistance given by
the concrete section alongwith steel reinforcements as per IRC:112-2011 and the shear
resistance given by the steel section as per Clause 603.3.3.2. The shear force shall
be distributed between the steel section and the concrete section in accordance with
Section 607.9.

608 FILLER BEAM DECKS FOR BRIDGES

Filler beam decks shall be used with its own restrictions as far as geometrical dimensions,
spacing of steel girder, section classifications and detailing.

608.1 Specific Requirements

The basic requirements for satisfactory application and adoption of filler beam decks are as
indicated below:
1. Spans may be both simply supported and continuous and shear connectors
are not required.
2. The structural steel sections may be both rolled and welded section and
should be constant throughout the entire length of the section.
3. Decks with longitudinal filler beams should comply the following conditions:
a) The steel beams shall be straight in horizontal projection.
b) The skew angle of the supports shall not be greater than 300.
c) The nominal depth h (Ref: Fig. I.5 of Annexure-I) of the steel beams
shall be minimum 250 mm and maximum 1100 mm.

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d) The spacing of webs of the steel beam shall not exceed the lesser of
[h/3 + 600] mm or 750 mm, h is the nominal depth of the steel beam.
e) The concrete cover c, above the steel beam shall satisfy the following
three conditions,
c ≥ 70 mm
c ≤ 150 mm
c ≤ h/3
f) The soffit of the lower flange of the steel beam shall not be encased.
g) A bottom layer of transverse reinforcements shall be provided which
will pass though the webs of the steel and shall be anchored beyond
the end steel beam upto the edge of concrete and should be high bond
bars. The minimum diameter of these reinforcement bars shall be
16 mm with a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
h) The concrete in the filler beam decks shall be normal-weight concrete.
4) The clear distance between the upper flanges of the steel beams should not
be less than 150 mm to allow proper pouring of concrete.
5) The minimum concrete cover for the flanges of the steel beam at the side of
the deck shall be 80 mm.
6) The surface of the steel beam shall be de-scaled.
7) The exposed surfaces of the lower flange of the steel beams shall be protected
against corrosion.

608.2 Global Analysis

1. Clause 603.1 shall be applicable for analysis of girders, both simply supported
and continuous.
2. Under serviceability limit states, deflection shall be calculated as per
Clause 604.3 using equivalent section under cracked condition.
3. In case of non-uniform application of load in the transverse direction of the
filler beam deck, after concrete hardening; the analysis shall take into account
the difference between the deflections between adjacent filler beams.
However, if it is verified that sufficient accuracy is obtained by a simplified
analysis considering one rigid cross section, the same can be done based
on the designer’s discretion.
4. The influence of shrinkage in concrete may be ignored.
5. In longitudinal bending, the effect of slip between steel beams and concrete
may be ignored.
6. In transverse bending, the presence of steel beams shall be ignored.
7. The influence of shear lag may be ignored.

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8. The contribution of formwork supported from the bottom flange of steel

beams, which becomes a part of the permanent construction as shown in
Fig. I.5 of Annexure-I shall be ignored.

608.3 Section Classifications

The steel outstand flange of a composite section should be classified as shown in Table 3
below:
Table 14 Classification of Steel Flange of Filler Beams

Stress Distribution
with fy in N/mm2
(Compression Positive)

Class Type Limit

1 c/t≤9ε
2 Rolled or Welded c / t ≤ 13 ε
3 c / t ≤ 19 ε
A web in Class 3 which is encased in concrete may be represented by an effective web of the
same cross-section in Class 2.

608.4 Bending Moments

The permissible longitudinal bending moment or the bending strength of a filler beam has
been given in Clause I.6 of Annexure-I. Check for construction stage bending moment must
be verified. The calculations shall be done and checked as per IRC:24-2010.

608.5 Vertical Shear

The resistance to vertical shear of a filler beam girder shall conservatively be taken as the
resistance of the structural steel section alone and shall be as per procedure laid down
in Clause 603.3.3.2. However, the contribution from the reinforced concrete part between
adjacent filler beams may be taken into account if it is determined and verified as per
Section 10 of IRC:112-2011.

608.6 Minimum Reinforcement

The minimum reinforcements in the concrete section shall be as per guideline given in
IRC:112-2011.

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609 PRECAST SLAB ON STEEL BEAMS

The use of precast slab, both full depth and partial depth is allowed for composite construction
as one of the components of Composite girders.

609.1 Full Depth Pre-cast Slab

Full-depth precast concrete deck panels may be used for new bridge construction as well
as for replacement of deteriorated, concrete decks on existing bridges. This system typically
consists of precast concrete panels, placed adjacent to one another on bridge girders. The
typical requirements for these types of girders are as given below:
1. Panels shall either span the full width of the bridge deck or shall be in panels
that span between the girders. Minimum thickness of slab shall be 200 mm.
2. The panels shall be connected to the girders using shear pocket connectors,
which consist of mechanical connectors such as shear studs encapsulated in
grouted pockets. These connections cause the panels to develop composite
action with the girders.

609.2 Partial Depth Pre-cast Slab

Partial-depth precast concrete deck panels are generally thin RCC/prestressed concrete
panels that span between girders and also serve as stay-in-place forms for the cast-in-place
concrete deck. The typical geometrical and parameters which governs the use of these
panels as composite unit for the girder system are as given below:
1. Minimum thickness of the precast panels shall be 75 mm.
2. Dimensions of the pre-cast panels shall be chosen from consideration of
easy handling, ease of lifting by cranes and for catering to the construction
loads including load of wet concrete.
3. Partial-depth panels must be capable of developing sufficient composite
action with the cast-in-situ concrete to be an effective bridge deck system.
4. To ensure full bond between the cast-in-situ concrete and precast panels, it
is recommended that the top surface of the panel is intentionally roughened
before the placement of the cast-in-situ concrete. In addition, the surface
must also be cleaned by removing the laitance or other contaminates on the
surface.
5. As a composite deck system, the cast-in-situ concrete and the partial-
depth panels together create the total thickness of the slab, with the panel’s
reinforcing steel serving as the positive moment reinforcement in the
transverse direction of the bridge.
6. After the pre-cast panels are in place, the top layers of reinforcing steel shall
be placed, and the cast-in-situ concrete shall be placed on top of the
panels.

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609.3 General Design Principle

1. The pre-cast slab together with any in-situ concrete (for partial depth slab)
should be designed as continuous in both the longitudinal and the transverse
direction. The joints between slabs should be designed to transmit membrane
forces as well as bending moment and shear forces.
2. Effective width of pre-cast slab shall be calculated as per clause 603.2.
3. The design principles of composite girders involving either full depth or
partial depth precast slabs are similar to standard composite decks using
cast-in-situ reinforced concrete. The stress diagram as shown in Figs. I.1, I.2
and I.3 is applicable for positive bending moment and Fig. I.4 is applicable
for hogging moment at support under ultimate limit states as indicated in
Annexure-I.
4. Vertical shear check shall be done as per Clause 603.3.3.2.
5. For serviceability limit states, guidelines given in Section 604 and 605 shall
be followed.

609.4 Joints Between Steel Beam and Pre-cast Concrete Slab

1. Where pre-cast slabs are supported on steel beams without bedding
the influence of the vertical tolerances of the bearing surfaces shall be
considered.
2. The shear transfer between steel flange and precast concrete though
mechanical shear connector shall be designed as per Section 606 with the
following precautions:
a) If shear connectors welded to the steel beam project into the recesses
within the slabs or joints between slabs, which are filled with concrete
after erection, the detailing and the properties of the concrete shall be
such that it can be cast properly.
b) The minimum infill around the shear connectors should be at least
25 mm.
c) If shear connectors are arranged in groups, sufficient reinforcement
should be provided near each group to prevent premature local failure
in either the pre-cast or the in-situ concrete.
d) Special provision for protection against corrosion shall be adopted,
wherein, the steel flange under pre-cast slabs without bedding should
have the same corrosion protection as the rest of the steel work but
for a top coating provided after erection. Bedding with the purpose of
protecting against corrosion may be designed to be non-load bearing.

609.5 Joints Between pre-cast Members

The critical sections of members close to joints should be designed to resist the worst
combination of shear, axial force and bending caused by the ultimate vertical and horizontal

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forces. When the design of the precast members is based on the assumption that the joint
between them is not capable of transmitting bending moment (see Clause 609.4), suitable
precautions should be taken to ensure that if any crack develops, it will not excessively reduce
the member’s resistance to shear or axial force and will not lose any aesthetic value.
Where a space is left between two or more pre-cast units, to be filled later with in-situ concrete
or sometimes mortar, the space should be large enough for easy placement and adequate
compaction of the filling material, which should fill the gap completely.

609.6 Structural Connection at Joints

When designing and detailing the connections across joints between pre-cast members the
overall stability of the structure, including its stability during construction, shall be considered.
A typical Joint connection is as shown in Fig. 18 below:

Fig. 18 Typical Joint Connection for Partial Depth Precast Slab

609.6.1 Design Method
Connections should, where possible, be designed in accordance with the generally accepted
methods applicable to reinforced concrete, or structural steel.
609.6.2 General Considerations in Design Details
In additional to ultimate strength requirements the following should be considered:
1. Protection:– Connections should be designed so that the standard of
protection against weather and corrosion required for the rest of the structure
is sufficiently maintained.
2. Appearance:– Where connections are to be exposed, they should be
designed to achieve and maintain the quality of appearance required for the
rest of the structure.
3. Manufacture Assembly and Erection:- Methods of manufacture and
erection should be considered during design, and the following points should
be given particular attention.
a) Where projecting bars or sections are required, they should be kept
to a minimum and made as simple as possible. The lengths of such
projections should be not more than necessary.

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b) Fixing devices should be located in concrete sections of adequate

strength.
c) The practicability of both casting and assembly should be considered.
d) Most connections require the introduction of suitable jointing material.
Sufficient space should be allowed in the design for such material to
ensure that the proper filling of the joint is applicable.
609.6.3 Factors Affecting Design Details
The strength and stiffness of any connection can be significantly affected by workmanship on
site. The following points should be considered where appropriate:
1. Sequence of forming the joint.
2. Critical dimensions allowing for tolerances, e.g. minimum permissible
bearing.
3. Critical details, e.g. accurate location required for a particular reinforcing
bar.
4. Method of correcting possible lack of fit in the joint.
5. Details of temporary propping and time when it may be removed.
6. Description of general stability of the structure with details of any necessary
temporary bracing.
7. How far the uncompleted structure may proceed in relation to the completed
and matured section.
609.6.4 Reinforcement Continuity at Joint
Where continuity of reinforcement is required through the connection, the jointing method
used should be such that the assumptions made in analyzing the structure and critical sections
are realized. The standard methods applicable for achieving continuity of reinforcements are
lapping and butt welding of bars.

610 CONSTRUCTION & ERECTION

610.1 Fabrication and Inspection Procedure for Steel Section

Fabrication and inspection provisions of Section 513 of IRC:24-2010 should apply for steel
section.
For propped construction care is to be taken to ensure that props do not yield otherwise
adequate provisions has to be kept in design analysis. In the analysis prop stability has to be
assured through adequate bracings and proper arrangements.

610.2 Quality Control for Reinforced Concrete Construction

Section 18 of IR:112-2011 should apply to material, quality control and workmanship for
reinforced concrete portion of composite girders. Clause 18.2 or IRC:112-2011 shall be

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referred to for specifications of reinforcements and Clause 18.4 shall be referred for material
ingredients of concrete which include, cement, aggregates and water. Mixed proportions of
concrete shall be done as per Clause 18.5 of IRC:112-2011.

610.3 Transportation, Handling and Erection of Steel Section

For transportation, handling and erection of steel structure Section 514, of IRC:24-2010
shall be referred to.

611 TESTING METHOD

Testing of materials shall be done as per standard laid down norms. For testing of concrete
reference shall be made to Clause 18.5.4 & 18.6 of IRC:112-2011. For testing of steel
sections and accessories like bolts, nuts, washers, welding consumables etc. Clause 513.6 of
IRC:24-2010 shall be referred. For testing of strength, flexibility and other relevant properties
of shear connectors proper test procedures as indicated in Clause 611.1 shall be adopted.

611.1 Testing of Stud Shear Connectors

The nominal static strength of a shear connector may be determined by push-out tests.
The conditions and procedures which shall be followed while performing the tests are as
indicated below:

1. The dimensions of the standard test-piece are as shown in Fig. 19.

2. While preparing the test-piece, the bond at the steel-concrete interface should
be prevented by greasing the flanges or by any other suitable method.
3. The thickness of slab and detailing of reinforcement should be either as given
in Fig. 18 or as in the actual beams for which the test is designed.
4. The rate of application of load should be uniform and such that the failure
load is reached in not less than 10 minutes.
5. The strength of the concrete fc, at the time of testing should not differ from the
specified cube strength fck of the concrete by more than ± 20 percent.
6. Not less than three tests shall be done and the nominal static strength Pu
shall be taken as the lowest value of fck.P/fc for any of the tests, where P
is the failure loads of the connectors at concrete strength fc and fck is the
characteristic cube strength of the concrete.

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Fig. 19 Standard Push Test

612 FIRE RESISTANCE

Bridges being open structures are not generally vulnerable to failure under fire, since the
temperature does not go upto the level which may cause damage to the materials. Also
being an open structure, the fire can be extinguished easily and quickly. Fire tests on similar
open structures like parking lots where composite construction has been adopted has shown
that the structure does not undergo any material damage due to reasons indicated above.
However, bridges shall be protected from possible accidental fire caused by hazards like
lighting of stoves, lamps beneath a superstructure due to possible encroachments by road-
side food stalls or families living under the bridges. These can be achieved by cordoning
the entire area underneath the bridges either by fencing or with proper landscaping and
gardening which will further improve the aesthetics of the area.
Fire designs at specialized locations, such as proximity to oil installations or pipelines carrying
inflammable materials etc. shall be done based on recommendations given in specialized
literatures. Also adequate provisions may be made as far as possible for fire fighting equipment
to access all parts of the bridge. In case of accidental occurrence of fire in bridges it should
be mandatory for the authorities to have the bridge inspected by competent experts in order
to ascertain the health of the structure before it can be declared safe for re-use.
In addition to the above, locations in a bridge system which may be prone to accidental
occurrence of fire as discussed earlier shall be adequately provided with basic fire protection
methods as per specialist literature.

613 MAINTENANCE
For periodic inspection and maintenance of a bridge, procedures and guidelines primarily
laid down in IRC:35 may be followed along with various other stipulations mentioned in
IRC:24-2010 and IRC:112-2011.

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ANNEXURE–I

(Clause 603.3.1; Clause 608; Clause 609)

MOMENT OF RESISTANCES

I.1 Moment of Resistance of Composite Section with Plastic or Compact

Structural Steel Section (Positive Moments)

I.1.1 Bending Moment with Full Shear Interaction

The design plastic moment of resistance of a section will depend on the position of the neutral
axis. Table I.1 gives the various positive and negative bending moments of a composite
section depending upon the location of the neutral axis as shown in Figs. I.1, I.2 and I.3. For
hybrid sections appropriate yield strength shall be considered for calculation of the plastic
moments.

Fig. I.1 Stress Distribution in a Composite Beam with Neutral Axis within Concrete Slab

Fig. I.2 Stress Distribution in a Composite Beam with Neutral Axis within Flange of Steel Beam

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Fig. I.3 Stress Distribution in a Composite Beam with Neutral Axis within
the Web of the Steel Beam
Table I.1 Positive Moment Capacity of Composite Section with full Shear Interaction

Case Position of Plastic Neutral Value of xu Moment Capacity Mp

Axis

1 Within slab (Fig. I.1) xu = a As / beff Mp=As fy (dc + 0.5ds – λ. xu /2 ) /γm

beff.ds>a.As

2 Plastic neutral axis in steel Mp = fy [As {dc+0.5ds.(1 - λ)} –

flange (Fig. I.2) bf.(xu – ds ).{ xu + (1 - λ).ds }]/γm
beff.ds<a.As<( beff.ds+2a.Af)

3 Plastic Neutral axis in web Mp = fy.[ As.{dc + 0.5 ds.(1 – λ)}

(Fig. I.3) – 2Af.{0.5tf + (1 – λ/2) ds} –
beff.ds + 2a.Af < a.As tw.(xu – ds – tf) {xu + (1 – λ) ds + tf}]/γm

 ... I.1

Af = area of top flange of steel beam of a composite section.

As = cross sectional area of steel beam of a composite section.
beff = effective width of concrete slab.
bf = width of top flange of steel section.
ds = Overall depth of concrete slab
dc = vertical distance between centroids of concrete slabs and steel beam in
a composite section.
tf = average thickness of the top flange of the steel section.
tw = thickness of the web of the steel section

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xu = depth of neutral axis at ultimate limit state of flexure from top of

concrete
Mp = ultimate bending moment.
αcc = 0.67
γc = material safety factor for concrete
= 1.50 (for basic and seismic combinations)
= 1.20 (for accidental combinations)
γ m = material safety factor for structural steel = 1.10
η = 1.0 [for fck ≤ 60 MPa]
= 1.0 - (fck - 60) / 250 [for 60 < fck ≤ 110 MPa]
λ = 0.8 [for fck ≤ 60 MPa]
= 0.8 - (fck - 60) / 500 [for 60 < fck ≤ 110 MPa]
I.1.2 Bending Moment with Partial Shear Interaction
Provisions for partial shear connection is applicable either for attaining economy without
losing much in moment capacity of the composite section or in conditions where the number
of shear connectors required for full shear interactions cannot be provided due to lack of
space (i.e. required minimum spacing of shear connectors cannot be provided).

Degree of shear connection Sc is given as Sc =

np = Number of shear connectors provided for partial shear connection

nf = Number of shear connectors required for full shear connection
Fcp = Capacity of shear connectors in partial shear connection with np no. of
connectors
Fcf = Capacity of shear connectors in full shear connection with nf no. of
connectors
M = Required bending resistance of the section
Mp = Plastic moment of resistance of the composite section
Mps = Plastic moment of resistance of steel section alone
Therefore, to obtain required bending resistance M, the number of shear connectors required
(assuming all connectors have equal capacity) is given as

np =

I.2 Moment of Resistance of Composite Section with Non-Compact Structural

Steel Section (Positive moments)
Since the compression flange of non-compact steel sections buckle locally under compression
before reaching yield stress fy, the resistance of the composite section consisting of non-

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compact sections is guided by that of compact sections as above, wherein the effective width
of the compression flange is restricted to that of the compact section limiting value.

I.3 Moment of Resistance of Composite Section (Negative Moment) (Continuous

Girder)
Fig. I.4 shows stress distribution across a composite beam section subjected to hogging
bending moment. The steel bottom flange is in compression. Section classification shall be
done as per Table 2 as discussed earlier. For classification of the web, the distance of the
plastic neutral axis above the center of area of the steel section, must first be found.

Fig. I.4 Stress Diagram for Hogging Moment

I.3.1 Moment of Resistance for Plastic and Compact Section
The design tensile force in reinforcement is given as,
Fs = fyk. Ast/γs, Where, γs = partial safety factor for reinforcement = 1.15
fyk = Characteristic yield strength of the reinforcements
Ast = the effective area of longitudinal reinforcement within the effective width beff
of the beam.
The plastic moment of resistance for plastic and compact section is given as,

Mp=  ... I.2

Where, Zp is the plastic section modulus and γm is the material safety factor to be taken as
1.10. In the absence of any tensile reinforcements the bending resistance of the section
would be that of the steel section as given by Mp above. To allow for reinforcements it is
assumed that the stress in a depth changes from tension to compression for Plastic and
compact section. The corresponding depth for non-compact section is xe. For plastic and
compact stress distribution may be determined from

..t w = Fs ... I.3

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The locations of the neutral axis and the moment of resistance for plastic and compact section
are given in Table I.2 below:
Table I.2 Limiting Negative Moment Capacity of Composite Section with
Steel Component having Plastic and Compact Steel

Case Position of Plastic Value of Moment Capacity Mp

Neutral Axis
1 In Web Mph = Mp +Fs.Z

2 In Flange

Fb = = axial capacity of steel section ((As = area of steel section)

Ff = axial capacity of a single flange =

Note: The web shall classified as being in compression throughout

As = Cross sectional area of steel beam of a composite section.
ds = Overall depth of concrete slab
de = Effective depth of slab (Fig. I.4).
tf = Average thickness of the top flange of the steel section.
tw = Thickness of the web of the steel section

I.3.2 Moment of Resistance for Non-Compact Section

Where elastic analysis is used, creep is allowed for in the choice of modular ratio
m (= Es / Ecm). Here, at the section considered, the loading causes hogging bending moment
Me(s) in the steel member alone and Me(c) in the composite member.
The height xe of the elastic neutral axis of the composite section (Fig I.4) above that of the
steel section is given as

xe (As + Ast) = Ast  ... I.4

and the second moment of area of the composite section is

Ico = Is + As.xe2 + Ast  ... I.5

Where, Is is the second moment of area of the steel section alone.

The yield moment is mostly governed by the total stress in the steel bottom flange. The
locations of the neutral axis and the moment of resistance for non-compact section is given
in Table I.3 below:

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Table I.3 Negative Moment Capacity of Composite Section with

Steel Component Having Plastic and Compact Steel
Location of Neutral Axis Moment Capacity of Moment Capacity Me(c)
Steel Section Alone
[ fs ]

Note: The web shall classified as being in compression throughout

As = Cross sectional area of steel beam of a composite section.
Ast = Cross sectional area reinforcements within the effective width of the concrete flange.
ds = Overall depth of concrete slab
de = Effective depth of slab (Fig. I.4).
Me(s) = Hogging moment in the Steel section alone.
fs = Compressive stress in steel flange due to moment Me(s).
I s = Second moment of inertia of steel section alone
Ico = Second moment of inertia of the composite section
tf = Average thickness of the top flange of the steel section.
tw = Thickness of the web of the steel section

The bending moment Me(s) causes no stress in the slab reinforcements. In propped
construction, the tensile stress in the reinforcement may govern the design. It is given as

 ... I.6

I.4 Flange Stress Reduction Factor Rh

Flange stress reduction factor is applicable for hybrid sections using higher grade flanges
where the section is non-compact, or in other words, where plastic moment capacity cannot
be generated. In such cases permissible limiting stress for both compression and tension
shall be modified by the reduction factor Rh and shall be given as,
fn = Rh . fy /γm
For homogeneous sections, Rh shall be 1.0. The reduction factor should not be applied
to compact or plastic sections because the effect of lower strength material in the web is
accounted for in calculating the plastic moment as specified in Clause I.1.1 The value of Rh
may be ignored for calculating bending resistance of composite section considering the fact
that, for non-homogeneous section, i.e. for fabricated girder it is always advisable to consider
sections which are fully compact or plastic.

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I.5 Buckling Resistance Moment (Construction Stage)

The design buckling resistance moment of a laterally unrestrained girder under un-propped
condition during construction stage shall be taken as
M pl (buck) = χLT.M pl or Mel (buck) = χLT.Mel ... I.7
where,

 ... I.8

Now
 ... I.9
αLt = 0.21 for rolled sections
αLt = 0.49 for welded sections
The non-dimensional slenderness ratio, λLt, is given by
λLt =  ... I.10
where,
βb = 1.0 for Plastic and Compact sections
= Ze/Zp for semi-compact sections
Mcr is the elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling.
The elastic lateral buckling moment is given by

Mcr =  ... I.11

The following simplified conservative equation may be used in the case of prismatic members
made of standard rolled I sections and welded doubly symmetric I sections for calculating the
elastic critical lateral buckling moment.

Mcr = = βb Zp fcr,b ... I.12

where,
Iw = warping constant
Iy = moment of inertia about the weak axis
ry = radius of gyration of the section about the weak axis]
LLT = effective length for lateral torsional buckling
hf = Center to center distance between flanges
tf, = thickness of the flange
Effect of lateral torsional buckling on flexural strength need not be considered if λLt ≤ 0.4.

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I.6 Moment of Resistance for Filler Beam Decks

The stress distribution diagram for a standard filler beam decks is as shown in Fig. I.6.
For equilibrium, Fst = Fsc + Fcc
where,
Fst = Tensile force in the steel section below neutral axis
Fsc = Compressive force the steel section above neutral axis
Fcc = Compressive force in the concrete above neutral axis

Fig. I.5 Stress Diagrain for Filer Beam

The depth of the neutral axis is given as,
xu = H - xg
where,

xg =  ... I.13

Moment of resistance,
Mp = Fsc. Xsc + Fcc. Xcc + Fst. Xst ... I.14
[Xsc, Xcc and Xst are respectively the distance between the neutral axis of the composite girder
and the individual centre of gravities of the corresponding forces]
Note:
Af = area of top flange of steel beam of a composite section.
As = cross sectional area of steel beam of a composite section.
beff = effective width of concrete slab.

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bf = width of top flange of steel section.

tf = average thickness of the top flange of the steel section.
tw = thickness of the web of the steel section
xu = depth of neutral axis at ultimate limit state of flexure from top of concrete
B = Centre-to-Centre distance between two filler beams
= Effective width of concrete for one filler beam
H = Distance between top of concrete and bottom of bottom flange of steel girder
h = Total depth of steel girder
xg = Distance of neutral axis from bottom of bottom flange of steel beam
Mp = Ultimate bending moment.
αcc = 0.67
γc = Material safety factor for concrete
= 1.50 (for basic and seismic combinations)
= 1.20 (for accidental combinations)
γm = Material safety factor for structural steel = 1.10

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ANNEXURE–II
(Clause 607.8)
LOCATION OF PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS IN COMPOSITE COLUMN

II.1 General
Referring to Fig. II.1, it is important to note that the positions of the neutral axis for points
B and C in the interaction curve is as shown in Fig. II.1, hn, can be determined from the
difference in stresses at points B and C.

Fig. II.1 Stress Distributions for the Points of the Interaction Curve for
Concrete Filled Rectangular Tubular Sections
The resulting axial forces, which are dependent on the position of the neutral axis of the
cross-section, hn, can easily be determined as shown in Fig. II.2. The sum of these forces
is equal to Pc. This calculation enables the equation defining hn to be determined, which is
different for various types of sections.

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Fig. II.2 Variation in the Neutral Axis Positions

II.1.1 For Concrete Encased Steel Sections:

Major axis bending

Fig. II.3

1. Neutral axis in the web: hn ≤ [ h/2- tf ]

hn =  ... II.1

2. Neutral axis in the flange: [h/2-tf ] ≤ hn ≤ h/2

hn =  ... II.2

3. Neutral axis outside the steel section: h/2 ≤ hn ≤ hc/2

hn =  ... II.3

Minor axis bending

Fig. II.4

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1. Neutral axis in the web: hn ≤ tw/2

hn =  ... II.4

2. Neutral axis in the flange: tw/2 < hn < b/2

hn =  ... II.5

3. Neutral axis outside the steel section: b/2 ≤ hn ≤ bc/2

hn =  ... II.6

Note: A′st is the sum of the reinforcement area within the region of 2hn

Fig. II.5
II.1.2 For Concrete Filled Tubular Sections
Major axis bending

hn =  ... II.7

where,

py = , pck = and pst =

Note:
● For circular tubular section substitute bc = d
● For minor axis bending the same equations can be used by interchanging h and b
as well as the subscripts x and y.

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ANNEXURE-III
MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

III.1 Structural Steel

Properties of steel: The following properties shall be assumed for all grades of steel for
design purposes:
Young’s Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) = 2.0 x 105 Mpa
Shear Modulus = 0.77 x 105 Mpa
Poisson’s Ratio = 0.30
Coefficient of Thermal Evxpansion = 0.0000 117 / ºc / unit length

Requirements of Structural Steel

Unless otherwise permitted herein all structural steel shall, before fabrication comply with the
requirements of the following Indian Standards, or their latest revisions as appropriate:
IS:808 Dimensions for hot rolled steel beam, column, channel and angle
sections
IS:1161 Steel tubes for structural purposes
IS:1239 (Pt. 1) Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings: Part-I Mild
steel tubes
IS:1239 (Pt. 2) Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings: Part-2
Mild steel tubular and other wrought steel fittings
IS:1730 Dimensions for steel plates, sheets, strips and flats for general
engineering purposes
IS:1732 Dimension for round and square steel bars for structural and general
engineering purposes
IS:1852 Rolling and cutting tolerances for hot rolled steel products
IS:2062 Hot rolled low, medium and high tensile structural steel
IS:4923 Hollow steel sections for structural use
IS:11587 Structural weather resistant steels
The use of structural steel not covered by the above standards may he permitted with the
specific approval of the authority.

Other Steels
Except where permitted with the specific approval of the authority, steels for machined parts
and for uses in other than structural members or elements, shall comply with the following or
relevant Indian Standards.
IS:1875 Carbon steel billets, blooms, slabs and bars for forgings
IS:6911 Stainless steel plate, sheet and strip

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Castings and Forgings:

Steel casting and forgings shall comply with the requirements of the following Indian Standards
as appropriate:
IS:1030 Carbon steel castings for general engineering purposes
IS:1875 Carbon steel billets, blooms, slabs & bars for forgings
IS:2004 Carbon steel forgings for general engineering purposes
IS:2644 High tensile steel castings
IS:4367 Alloy steel forgings for general industrial use

Fasteners:
Bolts, nuts, washers and rivets shall comply with the following or relevant Indian Standards,
as appropriate:
IS:1148 Hot rolled rivet bars (upto 40 mm dia) for structural purposes
IS:1149 High tensile steel rivet bars for structural purposes
IS:1363 Hexagon head bolts, screws and nuts of product grade C (size range
(Pt. 1 to Pt. 3) M5 to M64)
IS:1364 Hexagon head bolts, screw and nuts products grade A & B
(Pt. 1 to Pt. 3) (size range M1.6 to M64).
IS:1367 Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fasteners
(Pt. 1 to Pt. 18)
IS:1929 Hot forged steel rivets for hot closing (12 to 36 mm diameter)
IS:2155 Cold forged solid steel rivets for hot closing (6 to 16 mm diameter)
IS:3640 Hexagon fit bolts
IS:3757 High strength structural bolts
IS:4000 High strength bolts in steel structures-code of practice
IS:5369 General requirements for plain washers and lock washers
IS:5370 Plain washers with outside dia = 3 x inside dia.
IS:5372 Taper washers for channels (ISMC)
IS:5374 Taper washer for I-beams (1SMB)
IS:5624 Foundation bolts
IS:6610 Heavy washers for steel structures
IS:6623 High strength structural nuts
IS:6649 Hardened and tempered washers for high strength structural bolts
and nuts
IS:7002 Prevailing torque type steel hexagon nuts
Welding Consumables:
Welding consumables shall comply with the following Indian standards, as appropriate:
IS:814 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of carbon and
carbon manganese steel

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IS:1395 Low and medium alloy, steel covered electrodes for manual metal
arc welding
IS:3613 Acceptance tests for wire flux combination for submerged arc
welding
IS:6419 Welding rods und bare electrodes for gas shielded arc welding of
structural steel
IS:6560 Molybdenum and chromium-­molybdenum low alloy steel welding
rods and bare electrodes for gas shielded arc welding
IS:7280 Bare wire electrodes for submerged arc welding of structural steel

Welding:
IS:812 Glossary of terms relating to welding and cutting of metal
IS:816 Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction
in mild steel
IS:822 Code of procedure for inspection of welds
IS:1024 Code of practice for use of welding in bridges and structures subject
to dynamic loading
IS:1182 Recommended practice for radiographic examination of fusion
welded butt joints in steel plates
IS:4853 Recommended practice for radiographic inspection of fusion welded
butt joints in steel pipes
IS:5334 Code of practice for magnetic particle flaw detection of welds
IS:7307 (Pt.1) Approval tests for welding procedures: Part-I fusion welding of steel
IS:7310 (Pt.1) Approval tests for welders working to approved welding procedures:
Part-1 fusion welding of steel
IS:7318 (Pt.1) Approval tests for welders when welding procedure is not required:
Part- 1 fusion welding of steel
IS:9595 Recommendations for metal arc welding of carbon and carbon
manganese steels

Wire Ropes and Cables:

These shall conform to the following or relevant Indian Standards except where use of other
types is specifically permitted by the authority.
IS:1785 (Pt.1) Specification for plain hard-drawn steel wire for pre-stressed
concrete: Part-1; Cold drawn stress relieved wire
IS:1785 (Pt.2) Specification for plain hard-drawn steel wire for pre-stressed
concrete: Part-2; As- drawn wire
IS:2266 Steel wire ropes for general engineering purposes
IS:2315 Thimbles for wire ropes
IS:9282 Wire ropes and strands for suspension bridges

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III.2 Concrete
All structural concrete shall be of minimum grade M25 and shall be cast in accordance with
stipulations mentioned in IRC:112-2011. The strengths shall be specified in terms of the
characteristic cube strengths, fck­, measured at 28 days. Stress and deformation characteristics
of various grades of concrete shall also be in accordance with IRC:112-2011. Table III.1
gives the properties of different grades of concrete.

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Table - III - 1: Properties of Concrete

Strength Class of Concrete

Strength Class M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 M 55 M 60 M 65 M 70 M 75 M 80 M 85 M 90

(fck)cu (MPa) 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

(fck)cy (MPa) 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72

fctm (MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0

Ecm (GPa) 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 41

85
Note:-
(fck) cu ---- characteristic compressive (cube) strength of concrete
(fck) cy ---- characteristic compressive (cylinder) strength of concrete, given by 0.8 times 28 days cube crushing strength of concrete
fctm ---- mean tensile strength of concrete
Ecm ---- Secant Modulus of elasticity of concrete.

The values of Ecm given above are for quartzite/granite aggregates. They should be multiplied by the following factors as given below:
Limestone = 0.9; Sandstone = 0.7; Basalt = 1.2

The values have been taken from Table - 6.5 of IRC:112-2011

IRC:22-2015
IRC:22-2015

III.3 Reinforcement Steel for Concrete

Reinforcing Steel grades used in the concrete construction should conform to IS:1786-2008.
It should be noted that the ductility of reinforcing bars will have a significant effect on the
behavior of continuous composite beam where the reinforcements provide sufficient tensile
resistance at top of the section.

__________

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