7/7/2021

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Engineering
University of Turkish Aeronautical
Association (UTAA)
Lecture-1
Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 1 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

General Introduction to Heat Transfer

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 2 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 1
 7/7/2021

Textbooks

• Incropera, F.P., and DeWitt, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat

and Mass Transfer, 5th Ed., (2002), John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York.
• Kreith, F., and Bohn, M.S., (2001), Principles of Heat
Transfer, 6th Ed., Harper and Row.
• Chapman, A.J., Heat Transfer, 4th Ed, (1984), Macmillan
Pub Co Ltd, London.
• Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, 7th Ed. (1992), McGraw-Hill
Book Co Inc, New York.
• Yunus Cengel, Afshin Ghajar-Heat and Mass Transfer_
Fundamentals and Applications-McGraw-Hill (2014)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 3 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that
may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference.

Modes of heat transfer

1- Conduction
2- Convection
3- Radiation

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 4 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 2
 7/7/2021

In any real process, two or three modes of heat transfer

operate in parallel.
There are many examples in engineering and everyday life
of heat transfer processes:

 Making coffee

 Convection ovens

 Building insulation

 Power generation

 Manufacturing, e.g., steel furnaces

 Aerospace, e.g., heat shields

Thermal management

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi MEC 321 Heat Transfer

1- Conduction Heat Transfer:

When the proportionality constant is inserted,

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 6 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 3
 7/7/2021

where:

q : is the heat-transfer rate in Watt

:is the temperature gradient in the direction of the heat flow.

K :is the thermal conductivity of the material.

In .S.I system unit k (w\/m.oC)

In .English system unit k (Btu/hr.ft.oF)

1(Btu/hr.ft.oF) =1.7307 (w/m.oC)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 7 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Table 1-1 lists typical values of the thermal conductivities for several materials to indicate
the relative orders of magnitude to be expected in practice.

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 8

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 4
 7/7/2021

Example 1
One face of a copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400◦C, and
the other face is maintained at 100◦C. How much heat is
transferred through the plate?
Let the thermal conductivity for copper is 370W/m·◦C at 250◦C.
Solution

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 9 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

2-Convection Heat Transfer

Tw T

To express the overall effect of convection, we use Newton’s law of cooling:

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 10 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 5
 7/7/2021

Where:
q : is the heat-transfer rate.
A :is the surface area.
h :is the convection heat transfer coefficient.
In .S.I system unit h (w/m2.oC)

In . English system unit h (Btu/hr.ft2.oF)

1(Btu/hr.ft2.oF) =5.6782 (w/m2.oC)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 11 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Example 2
Air at 20◦C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250◦C. The
convection heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2·◦C. Calculate the heat
transfer.

Solution

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 12 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 6
 7/7/2021

3- Radiation Heat Transfer

Energy or heat transported by electromagnetic waves the maximum flux (W/m2 ) at which
radiation may be emitted from a surface is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law

q = σAT4 For black or perfect radiators

Where: σ is the proportionality constant and is called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant with
the value of 5.669×10−8 W/m2 .K4
T the absolute temperature of the surface.

For non black "gray surface"

q = σAT4
Where:  is the emissivity 0   1
when two bodies exchange heat by radiation, the net heat exchange

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 13 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Example 3
Two infinite black plates at 800◦C and 300◦C exchange heat by radiation. Calculate
the heat transfer per unit area.
Solution

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 14 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 7
 7/7/2021

Example 4
Assuming that from plate in Example 2 is made of carbon steel (1%) 2 cm thick , k
=43W/m.oC and that 300 W is lost the plate surface by radiation, calculate the inside
plate temperature.
Solution

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 15 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Example 5
An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm long. The
wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure, and the current is
increased until the water boils. For this situation h=5000 W/m2.C, and the water
temperature will be 100◦C. How much electric power must be supplied to the wire to
maintain the wire surface at 114C?
Solution

The heat transfer is therefore

and this is equal to the electric power that must be applied.

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 16 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 8
 7/7/2021

Example 6
A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5 cm is maintained at a temperature of
50C in a large room where the air and wall temperature are at 20C. The surface
emissivity of the steel may be taken as 0.8. Using hair= 6.5 W/m2.C calculate the
total heat lost by the pipe per unit length.
Solution
The total heat loss is the sum of convection and radiation. The surface area is πdL, so the
convection loss per unit length is

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 17 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 18 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 9
 7/7/2021

STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION IN ONE DIMENSION

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Consider a wall as shown, we know that the rate of heat transfer through
the wall increases when:
• The temperatures difference between the left and right surfaces increase,
• The wall surface area increases,
• The wall thickness reduces,
• The wall is change from brick to aluminum.

If we measure temperatures of the wall from left to right and plot the
temperature variation with the wall thickness, we get:

Heat conduction
through a wall.

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 18 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Relative to the heat flow direction, the slope of the temperature line is negative
as the temperature decrease with the heat flow direction. Therefore, the relation
can be written as:

(2.1)

This relation is known a Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

General conduction equation based on Cartesian Coordinates

A control volume for deriving

the three-dimensional Conduction
equation in Cartesian Coordinates.

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 19 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 10
 7/7/2021

Apply the first law of thermodynamics to the element, we get:

Rate of energy conducted into the system:

(2.2)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 20 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Rate of energy conducted out off the system:

(2.3)

Rate of energy generated inside the system:

(2.4)

Rate of energy stored inside the system

(2.5)

By combining equations 2.2 to 2.5, then:

(2.6)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 21 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 11
 7/7/2021

Where α is called thermal diffusivity of material (m 2/sec):

(2.7)

Note that the thermal conductivity (k) represented how well a material conducts
heat, and the heat capacity represents how much energy a material stores
per unit volume. The larger the diffusivity, the faster the propagation of heat into
the medium. A small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat is mostly
absorbed by the material and a small amount of heat will be conducted further.

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 22 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Heat transfer through a wall :

For this case, the process is steady-state, no

internal heat generated, and one dimensional heat
flow, therefore equation 2.6 can be simplified as:

(2.8)

By integrating equation 2.8:

(2.9)

(2.10) Steady-state temperature

distribution within a plane wall.

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 23 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 12
 7/7/2021

and we know at x = 0, T = T1, and at x = L, T = T2, therefore:

at x = 0

at x = L

then we have:

(2.11)

by differentiating equation 2.11 and applying to a Fourier’s law of heat

conduction, the heat transfer rate through the wall is then obtained from:

(2.12)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 24 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

If we define a conductive thermal resistance as:

(2.13)

Then equation 2.12 may be written as:

(2.14)

This equation is analogous to the relation for electric current flow:

(2.15)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 25 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 13
 7/7/2021

Based on this analogy, the system can be drawn schematically as:

Conductive thermal resistance

Composite wall (materials in series) :

Heat transfer rate through material 1

(2.16)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 26 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Heat transfer rate through material 2

(2.17)

Heat transfer rate through material 3

(2.18)

As the system is steady-state and no internal heat generated, the heat flows enter
and exit each layer are equal. Therefore:

(2.19)

Then, by combining equations 2.16 to 2.18:

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 27 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 14
 7/7/2021

(2.20)

Composite wall (material in parallel)

Composite wall in a series/parallel arrangement

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 28 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

If it is assumed that each layer has a uniform temperature:

(2.21)

(2.22)

The overall thermal resistance of layer 2 is:

(2.23)

Therefore, the heat transfer through this wall is:

(2.24)

(2.25)

Dr/ Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 29 MEC 321 Heat Transfer

MEC 321 Heat Transfer

Dr. Mohamed Salem Elmnefi 15