Class Notes

Class: XII Topic:

EXPERIMENT NO.10
➢ AIM OR OBJECTIVE: To find the value of 𝑣 for different values of 𝑢 in case of a concave mirror and to find
the focal length by plotting graph between 𝑢 and 𝑣.
➢ APPARATUS USED: An optical bench with three uprights (central fixed uprights, two outer uprights with
lateral movement), a concave mirror holder, 2 optical needles and a half metre scale.
➢ THEORY OR FORMULA USED : The relation between u, v and f for a concave mirror is
1 1 1 1 𝑢+𝑣 𝑢𝑣
= + = = => 𝑓 =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢𝑣 𝑢+𝑣
Where,
• f = focal length of concave mirror
• u= distance of object needle from pole of concave mirror
• V = distance of image needle from pole of concave mirror

➢ RAY DIAGRAM

➢ PROCEDURE :
o To determine rough focal length
• The concave mirror is mounted in the mirror holder.
• Image of a tree or a building is obtained on a white painted wall to get a sharp image with the help
of concave mirror.
• The distance between the mirror and the wall is measured, which gives the Rough focal length of
mirror.
o To determine the value of 𝒗 for different values of 𝒖
• The holder with concave mirror is clamped in a fixed upright and kept at 50 cm mark.
• The mirror is so adjusted that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the optical
bench
 • Object needle and image needle is mounted in laterally movable uprights.
• The object needle distance is kept nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough focal length of the mirror.
• Height of object needle is adjusted so that its tip lies on a horizontal line through the pole of the
mirror.
• Now adjust the height of image needle so that its tip is seen in the line with the tip of image when
seen with right open eye.
• The position of image needle is adjusted and tip to tip parallax is removed.
• The position of the index mark on the base of the image needle upright is noted.
• Similarly the position of the index mark on the best of object and lens upright is also noted.
• The observations are recorded.
• Object needle upright is moved 1 cm towards the mirror to get second observation.
• Similarly by changing the position of object needle total six observations are taken and recorded in
observation table.

➢ OBSERVATION :
Rough focal length of the given concave mirror =………………………..cm
S.No. Position of PO= 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑣 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑢𝑣
𝑓= (𝑐𝑚)
Concave Object O Image 𝐼 𝑢 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑢+𝑣
mirror P (cm) (cm)
(cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

➢ GRAPH :
(to be drawn and pasted on the left side of observation table)
➢ CALCULATIONS :
(Show the calculation for focal length for each observation and mean focal length)
(Leave some space)
➢ RESULT :
➢ Focal length of a given convex lens from calculation f =…………………………cm
➢ Focal length of a given convex lens from (u-v) graph f = …………………………cm

➢ PRECAUTIONS :
• Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the pole of the mirror.
• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm away from the
needle
• The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only e real inverted image is formed
➢ SOURCES OF ERROR :
• The uprights the may not be the vertical.
• Parallax removal may not be perfect.
 EXPERIMENT NO.11
➢ AIM OR OBJECTIVE: To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
➢ APPARATUS USED: An optical bench with four uprights (two fixed uprights in middle, two outer uprights
with lateral movement), a convex lens (less focal length), a convex mirror ( more focal length), two lens
holders, 2 optical needles and a half metre scale.
➢ THEORY OR FORMULA USED : The relation between u, v and f for a concave mirror is
1 1 1 1 𝑢+𝑣 𝑢𝑣
= + => = => 𝑓 =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢𝑣 𝑢+𝑣
Where,
• f = focal length of concave mirror
• u= distance of object needle from pole of concave mirror
• V = distance of image needle from pole of concave mirror
➢ RAY DIAGRAM

➢ PROCEDURE :
o To determine rough focal length
• The convex lens is mounted in the lens holder.
• Image of the tree or the building is obtained on a white painted wall to get a sharp image with the
help of convex lens.
• The distance between the lens and the wall is measured which gives the Rough focal length of lens.
o To determine the value of 𝒗 for different values of 𝒖
• Convex lens with holder is clamped in a fixed upright and kept at 50cm mark.
• The lens is adjusted such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the optical
bench.
• It is fixed in this position throughout.
• Convex mirror with holder is clamped in a fixed upright and placed near the convex lens keeping
reflecting surface of the mirror towards the lens.
 • Height of the mirror is adjusted to make its pole lie on the horizontal line through the optical centre
of lens.
• The mirror is adjusted such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the optical
bench.
• An object needle is mounted in an upright having lateral movement and it is placed other side of
the convex lens.
• It is placed at a distance nearly 1.5 times of the Rough focal length of the lens.
• The height of the object needle is adjusted to make its tip lie on the horizontal line through the
optical centre of the lens.
• Now adjust the position of object needle so that real inverted image is formed just above the
object needle.
• Position of convex mirror is noted.
• Keeping object needle and lens position fixed, convex mirror is removed.
• Now the position of image needle is adjusted and tip to tip parallax is removed.
• Position of image needle is noted.
• Object needle is moved away from the lens through 1cm and all steps are repeated with mirror to
get different sets of readings.
• All the observations are recorded in observation table.
➢ OBSERVATION :
Rough focal length of the given convex lens =………………………..cm
S.No. Position of Radius of curvature (R) Focal length
Convex mirror P Image 𝐼 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑃𝐼 (cm) 𝑅
𝑓 = (𝑐𝑚)
(cm) 2
1.
2.
3.
➢ CALCULATIONS :
Mean value of focal length = ……………………………..
➢ RESULT : the focal length of the given convex mirror = ………………………cm
➢ PRECAUTIONS :
• Tips of the object and image needles should be at the same height as the pole of the mirror.
• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm away from
the needle
• The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only real, inverted image is formed.
• Convex mirror should be placed close to the convex lens.
➢ SOURCES OF ERROR :
• The uprights may not be vertical.
• Parallax removal may not be perfect.
• Focal length of lens may not be small.

(This sheet is prepared from home)