Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.

in

Chapter 1: The Discipline of Computing

Abacus: Considered as the first computer for basic arithmetical calculations.
Difference Engine: In 1822, Babbage invented this machine that could perform arithmetic
calculations and print results automatically.
Analytical Engine: Developed by Charles Babbage, the ‘Father of Computer’. The Engine had
a ‘Store’ (memory) and a separate ‘Mill’ (processor). Agusta Ada King, the first programmer
in the world wrote instructions for this machine.

Generations of Computers:

Von Neumann architecture:

The mathematician John Von Neumann designed computer architecture. It consists of a
central processing unit (CPU) containing arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU),
input-output unit and a memory for storing data and instructions.

Chapter 2: Data Representation and Boolean Algebra

Different Number Systems:

1 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Number Conversion procedure:

Number representation methods: (i) Sign and magnitude representation (ii) 1’s complement
representation (iii) 2’s complement representation.
Character Representations
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses 7 bits to represent a
character. Another version ASCII-8 uses 8 bits.
Unicode: Originally used 16 bits which can represent up to 65,536 characters. Unicode can
represent characters in almost all written languages of the world.
Boolean operations: The operations performed on the Boolean values 0s and 1s. The
operations are OR (Logical Addition), AND (Logical Multiplication), NOT (Logical Negation).

Logical OR gate Logical AND gate Logical NOT gate

Chapter 3: Components of Computer System

Processor: CPU is referred to as the processor. It is responsible for all computing and
decision making operations. It coordinates the working of a computer. It has ALU, CU and
registers as components.
Important registers inside a CPU:
Accumulator, Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Buffer Register (MBR), Instruction
Register (IR), Program Counter (PC).
Ports: Used to connect external devices. VGA, PS/2, USB, HDMI, Ethernet are examples.

2 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

RAM: Random Access Memory, Volatile, CPU can directly access it.
Measuring units of memory:
Binary Digit = 1 Bit 1 MB (Mega Byte) = 1024 KB
1 Nibble = 4 Bits 1 GB (Giga Byte) = 1024 MB
1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 TB (Tera Byte) = 1024 GB
1 KB (Kilo Byte) = 1024 Bytes 1 PB (Peta Byte) = 1024 TB
e-Waste: Electronic waste may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic
equipment, entertainment devices, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators.
e-Waste disposal methods: Re-use, incineration (combustion process in which the waste is
burned in incinerators at a high temperature), recycling, (the process of making new
products from a product that has originally served its purpose) and land filling.
System software: The components of system software are Operating system, Language
processors and Utility software.
Operating system (OS): A set of programs that acts as an interface between the user and
computer hardware. It controls and co-ordinates the operations of a computer.
Function of OS: Process management, memory management, file management, device
management, security management and command interpretation.
Language processors: These are the system programs that translate programs written in
high level language into machine language. Eg: Interpreter (converts a HLL program into
machine language line by line) and Compiler (translates a program written in high level
language into machine language).
Free and Open source software: Gives the user the freedom to use, copy, distribute,
examine, change, and improve the software. GNU/Linux is a free and open source operating
system. Firefox, Libre Office are also examples.
Four freedoms for free and open source software:
Freedom 0, Freedom 1, Freedom 2, Freedom 3

Chapter 4 – Principles of Programming and Problem Solving

Stages of problem solving: (i) Problem identification (ii) Preparing algorithms and flowcharts
(iii) Coding the program using programming language (iv) Translation (v) Debugging (vi)
Execution and Testing and (vii) Documentation
Algorithm: It is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.
Flowchart: The pictorial representation of an algorithm.

Flowchart Symbols: Start/Stop Input / Output Process Decision

Flow lines Connectors

Debugging: The process of detecting and correcting the errors in a program. The following
types of errors are corrected.

3 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Syntax errors: The errors occur when the rules or syntax of the programming language are
not followed.
Logical error: It is due to improper planning of the program's logic.
Run time error: These errors occur unexpectedly when computer becomes unable to
process some improper data.

Chapter 5: Introduction to C++ Programming

Tokens: The fundamental building blocks of the program. Five types of tokens – Keywords,
Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators and Operators.
Keywords: The words (tokens) that convey a specific meaning to the language compiler.
Identifiers: These are the user-defined words. Variables, labels, function names are
identifiers.
Rules for naming identifiers: The first character must be a letter or underscore ( _ ). White
space and special characters are not allowed. Keywords cannot be used. Eg: Num, a2b, _var
Literals: Four types – Integer literals, Floating point literals, Character literals and String
literals.
String constant: A sequence of one or more characters enclosed within a pair of double
quotes is called. Eg: “Hello friends”, “123” etc.
Punctuators: Some special symbols that have syntactic or semantic meaning to the
compiler.
Operator: A symbol that tells the compiler about a specific operation.

Chapter 6: Data Types and Operators

Fundamental data types: Also known as basic data types. Five fundamental data types -
char, int, float, double and void.
Variable: Identifier of memory location. Syntax for declaration: data_type variable;
Eg: int a; float b; Example for variable initialisation: int n=10;
Variable has two values: l- value (address), r-value (content).
Operators: The tokens or symbols that trigger computer to carry out operations. Classified
into three –unary, binary and ternary.
Arithmetic operator (+, -, *, /, %), Relational operator (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=), Logical operator
(&&, ||, !), Assignment operator (=), Increment operator (++), Decrement operator (--),
Conditional operator (? :).
Modulus operator (%): Also called as mod operator. It gives the remainder value during
arithmetic division.
Expressions: Combination of operators and operands. Each expression returns a value.
Three types of expressions – arithmetic, relational and logical.
Statements: Declaration statement, input statement, output statement.
Cascading of I/O operators: Multiple use of input or output operators in a single statement.
Eg: cin>>a>>b; cout<<a<<b;
Type conversion: Conversion of the data type of an operand into another type. Done in two
ways: implicitly and explicitly.

4 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Type promotion: It is the implicit type conversion is performed by C++ compiler internally.
Type casting: It is the explicit type conversion and is done by the programmer.
main() function: An essential function in every C++ program. The execution starts at main()
and ends within main().
Structure of C++ program:
#include<iostream.h>  Pre processor directive to include header file
using namespace <std>  To use cin and cout independently
int main()  Essential function in C++ program
{
statements;  Program statements
return 0;  To end the program
}

Chapter 7: Control Statements

if statement if – else statement

Syntax: Syntax:
if (test expression) if (test expression)
{ {
statement block; statement block 1;
} }
Here the test expression represents a else
condition. If the test expression is, a {
statement or a block of statements statement block 2;
associated with if is executed. }
If the test expression evaluates to True,
only the statement block 1 is executed.
If the test expression evaluates to False
statement block 2 is executed.
When we write an if statement inside another if block, it is called nesting.
else if ladder
Syntax:
if (test expression1)
statement block 1;
else if (test expression2)
statement block 2;
.....................
else
statement N;

switch statement
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case constant_1 : statement block 1;
break;
case constant_2 : statement block 2;
break;
:
5 Joy John’s CS Capsule
Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in
:
case constant_n-1 : statement block n-1;
break;
default : statement block n;
}

Looping (Iteration) Statements

Four elements of a loop: Initialisation, Test expression, Update statement, Body of the loop
while statement
It is an entry-controlled loop. The condition is checked first and if it is True the body of the
loop will be executed. The syntax of while loop is:
initialisation of loop control variable;
while(test expression)
{
body of the loop;
updation of loop control variable;
}

for statement
It is also an entry-controlled loop in C++. All the three loop elements (initialisation, test
expression and update statement) are placed together in for statement. The syntax is:
for (initialisation; test expression; update statement)
{
body-of-the-loop;
}

do...while statement
In the case of for loop and while loop, the test expression is evaluated before executing
the body of the loop. Its syntax is :
initialisation of loop control variable;
do
{
body of the loop;
updation of loop control variable;
} while(test expression);

break V/s continue

6 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Chapter 8: Arrays
Arrays are used to store a set of values of the same type under a single variable name.
The syntax for declaring an array in C++ is as follows.
data_type array_name[size];

Eg: int num[10];

This statement declares an array named num that can store 10 integer numbers.
Array elements can be initialised in their declaration as shown in the following example:
int score[5] = {98, 87, 92, 79, 85};

Accessing array elements:

Uses the subscript within brackets along with array name. Eg: socre[1] accesses the 2nd
element of the array score.
To access all elements of the above array use the statement:
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<score[i];
Operation on arrays:
Traversal: Visiting all elements of an array. (The above code is an example)
Searching: Checking the presence of an element in the array.
Sorting: Arranging the elements in ascending or descending order.

Chapter 9: String Handling and I/O Functions

Character arrays are declared to store strings.
char name[20]; is an array that can store a string having a maximum of 19 characters.
char name[]= “Hello”; initialises the array name[] with the delimiting character ‘\0’
at 5th subscript of the array.
I/O Functions for strings:
Stream functions
Type of data Operation
(iostream.h header file)
Character cin.get() Character input
functions cout.put() Character output
String cin.getline(), cin.get() String input
functions cout.write() String output

Chapter 10: Functions

Modular programming: Dividing the entire problem into small sub tasks which are solved by
writing separate modules (sub programs).
Merits:
 Reduces the size of the program.
 Less chance of error occurrence.
 Improves reusability.

7 Joy John’s CS Capsule

 Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Type Functions Syntax / Example Operation

strlen() strlen(string) To find the length of a string.
Functions
(string.h)
String
strcpy() strcpy(string1, string2) To copy one string into another

strcmp() strcmp(string1, string2) To compare two strings.

abs() To find the absolute value of an integer.

Mathematical

abs(int)
Functions

sqrt() sqrt(double) To find the square root of a number.

pow() pow(double, int) To find the power of a number.

isupper() isupper(char) To check whether a character is in

upper case or not.
islower() islower(char) To check whether a character is in
Character Functions (ctype.h)

lower case or not.

isalpha() isalpha(char) To check whether a character is
alphabet or not.
isdigit() isdigit(char) To check whether a character is digit
or not.
isalnum() isalnum(char) To check whether a character is
alphanumeric or not.
toupper() toupper(char c) This function is used to convert the
given character into its uppercase.
tolower() tolower(char c) This function is used to convert the
given character into its lowercase.

User defined functions

The syntax of a function definition is given below:
data_type function_name(argument_list)
{
statements in the body;
return val;
}

The data_type is any valid data type of C++. The function_name is a user-defined word
(identifier). The argument_list, which is optional, is a list of parameters, i.e. a list of
variables preceded by data types and separated by commas. The body comprises of C++
statements required to perform the task assigned to the function. Function usually returns a
value and it should be of the data type of the function.

Arguments or parameters are the means to pass values from the calling function to the
called function. The variables used in the function definition as arguments are known as
formal arguments. The constants, variables or expressions used in the function call are
known as actual (original) arguments.

8 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Chapter 11: Computer Networks

Computer network is a group of computers and other computing hardware devices.
Advantages: Resource sharing, Price-performance ratio, Communication, Reliability,
Scalability.
Bandwidth: The amount of data sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time. It
is measured in bits per second (bps).
Noise: Unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that lowers the quality of data signal.
Node: Any device (computer, scanner, printer, etc.) which is directly connected to a
computer network.
Communication devices: NIC, Hub, Switch, Repeater, Bridge, Router, Gateway.
Switch: An intelligent device that connects several computers to form a network.
Bridge: A device used to split a network into different segments and interconnected.
Router: A device that can interconnect two networks of the same type using the same
protocol. It is more intelligent than bridge.
Gateway: A device that interconnects two different networks having different protocols.
Modem: It converts digital signals to analog signals and converts the analog signals back to
digital signals.
Topology: The way in which the nodes are physically interconnected to form a network.
Major topologies are bus, star, ring and mesh.

Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology

IP Address: An IP address is a unique 4 part numeric address assigned to each node on a
network for their unique identification. Each part is a number from 0 to 255.
Eg: 148.78.250.12
MAC Address: A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a universally unique address (12
digit hexadecimal number) assigned to each NIC (Network Interface Card) by its
manufacturer.

Chapter 12 – Internet and Mobile Computing

Services on the Internet: Services like WWW, e-mail, search engines, social media, etc. are
widely used throughout the globe.
Web browser: It is a software use to retrieve or present information and to navigate
through web pages in the World Wide Web. Eg: Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Opera, and Safari.
Search engines: Internet search engine websites are special programs that are designed to
help people to find information available in World Wide Web. Search engine web sites use
programs called web crawlers or spiders or robots to search the web.

9 Joy John’s CS Capsule

Computer Science - XI Downloaded from www.hsslive.in

Electronic mail or e-mail: It is a method of exchanging digital messages between computers

over Internet.
Sections of e-mail: To (Recipient Address), Cc (Carbon copy to the secondary recipients), Bcc
(Blind carbon copy to the tertiary recipients), Subject, Content, Attachments.
Advantages of e-mail: Speed, easy to use, provision of attachments, environment friendly,
easy reply to an e-mail, cost-effective, available anywhere anytime.
Types of social media: Internet forums, social blogs, micro blogs, wikis, social networks,
content communities and a lot more.
Internet forums: It is an online discussion website where people can engage in
conversations in the form of posted messages. Eg: Ubuntu Forum
Social blogs: It is a discussion or informational website consisting of entries or posts
displayed in the reverse chronological order i.e., the most recent post appears first. Eg:
Blogger.com, Wordpress.com.
Microblogs: They allow users to exchange short sentences, individual images or video links.
It offers a communication mode that is spontaneous and can influence public opinion.
Twitter.com is a popular micro blogging site.
Wikis: Wikis allow people to add content or edit existing information in a web page, to form
a community document. Wiki is a type of content management system. Eg: wikipedia.org.
Social networks: These sites allow people to build personal web pages and then connect
with friends to communicate and share content. We can share text, pictures, videos, etc.
and comment to the posts. Eg: facebook.com, linkedin.com.
Content communities: These are websites that organise and share contents like photos,
videos, etc. Eg: Youtube.com, flickr.com.
Advantages of social media: Bring people together, help to plan and organise events,
promoting business, enhance social skills.
Limitation of social media: Intrusion to privacy, addiction, spread rumours.
Computer virus: It is a program that attaches itself to another program or file enabling it to
spread from one computer to another without our knowledge and interferes with the
normal operation of a computer.
Trojan horse: It will appear to be a useful software but will actually do damage once
installed or run on your computer.
Hacking: It is a technical effort to manipulate the normal behaviour of network connections
and connected systems. Computer experts perform hacking to test the security and find the
vulnerabilities in computer networks and computer systems. Such computer experts are
often called ‘white hats’ and such hacking is called ethical hacking. Computer criminals
break into secure networks to destroy data or make the network unusable for those who
are authorised to use the network. Such criminals are called ‘black hats’. There are ‘grey hat
hackers’, who sometimes act illegally, though with good intentions, to identify the
vulnerabilities.
Phishing: It is an attempt to acquire information such as usernames, passwords and credit
card details by posing as the original website, mostly that of banks and other financial
institutions. Phishing websites have URLs and home pages similar to their original ones. The
act of creating such a misleading website is called spoofing.

10 Joy John’s CS Capsule