Related Literature

Around the world, governments are responding to the unprecedented circumstances related to
the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic. In many countries and regions, authorities have placed
restrictions on their citizens movements and have increased guidance on the basic hygiene required to
reduce the spread of the virus. The primary aim of this activity is to reduce the reproduction number of
COVID-19 by limiting contact between groups of people as much as possible. Many government and
healthcare authorities have provided guidance on the key symptoms associated with the disease. One of
the key symptoms is an increased body temperature or fever. (How thermal cameras can help prevent
the spread of COVID-19) https://www.omdia.com/~/media/informa-shop-window/tmt/whitepapers-
and-pr/how-thermal-cameras-can-help-prevent-the-spread-of-covid-19.pdf

There are several activities and approaches being applied to help reduce the reproduction rate
of COVID-19. These include self-isolation methods such as working from home, improved basic hygiene
such as increased hand washing and the deployment of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce
the prospect of infection. (How thermal cameras can help prevent the spread of COVID-19)
https://www.omdia.com/~/media/informa-shop-window/tmt/whitepapers-and-pr/how-thermal-
cameras-can-help-prevent-the-spread-of-covid-19.pdf

Thermal screening is only effective in the identification of febrile symptomatic cases. However,
not all cases of COVID-19 present with fever and a substantial proportion are asymptomatic (never
symptomatic); approximately 25% of symptomatic cases never develop a fever. Moreover, some cases
may evade detection due to mild clinical symptoms or other confounders, such as the use of antipyretic
medicines. Therefore, fever screening may not identify a large proportion of potentially infectious cases.

Thermal cameras can play a part in this coordinated approach. These cameras provide thermal
imaging for body temperature solutions which can quickly and accurately identify people with elevated
body temperatures, one of the key symptoms of COVID-19. These solutions can provide organizations
with an additional layer of protection to their facility from increased exposure to the coronavirus.
(How thermal cameras can help prevent the spread of COVID-19)
https://www.omdia.com/~/media/informa-shop-window/tmt/whitepapers-and-pr/how-thermal-
cameras-can-help-prevent-the-spread-of-covid-19.pdf

The Non-contact Infrared Thermometers (NCIT) were introduced in some international airports
or other gathering areas such as bus or railway stations to prevent the spread of Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), NCIT work by the heat emitted by any organic body can be detected in the
infrared radiation spectrum through a remote sensor and transformed into color images on a monitor,
targeted body area scanned by the detector also plays a role, because of physiological differences in
vascularization and consequently in heat distribution, detection of fever by NCIT can be affected by
three types of factors such as the consumption of hot beverages or alcohol, pregnancy, menstrual
period or hormonal treatments can increase the external skin temperature. Despite these constraints,
there are several advantages in using NCIT to screen fever at international airports. NCIT save time
(temperature is displayed within a few seconds) and reduce close contacts with infected individuals. (D
Bitar, A Goubar, J C Desenclos, 2009) Department of infectious diseases, Institute de Veille Sanitaire,
Saint Maurice, France.
Related Study

The study of Prof H Y Chiou College of Public Health Taipei Medical University (2005) found out
that fever is almost always present in SARS patients. Detection of fever has become an essential step in
identifying patients who may have contracted SARS for isolation and workup before they transmit the
disease to other patients or hospital staff as a result every hospital conduct an screening in patients’
body temperature. To reduce the risk of nosocomial cross infections by replacing the Traditional tools to
measure the body temperature are through the mouth and ear canal the TMU-WFH (Taipei Medical
University Wan Fang Hospital) introduced the infrared thermography (Telesis Spectrum 9000MB digital
infrared thermal imaging [DITI] system) as a mass-screening tool to identify febrile entrants, the findings
in the study said that the temperature error would become larger when those high fever patients were
under sweating phase. The DITI system may produce false negative detection and have decreased
sensitivity in fever screening. By setting the temperature of the thermographic fever screening flow
chart at 37.5°C, that is lower than the criteria of SARS (38°C), to make sure all high fever (>38°C) patients
could be detected by the DITI system. To review sensitivity and specificity in the DITI system screening,
they could find all false negative cases with body temperature lower than 3 8°C. The thermographic
screening of body temperature is also safer than conventional methods.

The study of Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) (2020) revealed that Thermal
screening is limited to detecting febrile cases and therefore will not identify those who are symptomatic
but afebrile, or those who are asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic. Factors that alter (increase or
decrease) temperature act as confounders, reducing the accuracy of screening. Evidence pertaining to
the use of thermal screening for respiratory infections at points of entry to identify and isolate infected
cases is limited. Most of the evidence relates to other pandemic settings (MERS and influenza A (H1N1)
2009), with uncertain applicability to COVID-19, given potential differences in the incubation periods and
proportion of cases that present with fever. Low certainty evidence from a single cross-sectional study
conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that thermal screening is ineffective in limiting the
spread of COVID-19 due to the presence of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic cases. Thermal screening
is resource intensive and, due to a high proportion of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic cases, results in
low detection rates. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the cost-benefit of such
measures, therefore it is insufficient to support the use of mass thermal screening at airports to
effectively identify cases and limit the spread of COVID-19.
 Installed Advanced Thermal Alarm Scanner
for Recording and Contact Tracing

Design and Procedure of Hardware and

Performance of Device in Given Parameters

Stand by Powe Effective Distance of Accurate Organization

Conceptual Framework