ASSIGNMENT: UNIT 2 & 4

Unit_2.

Section-A: Short Questions

1. The law of conservation of energy is true in the formation of interference fringes.
Briefly explain.
2. The introduction of a transparent sheet in the path of one of the two interfering
beam (in case of Young’s Double slit) simply displaces the entire fringe system through
a distance towards the side on which the sheet is placed. Justify the statement using
formulae.
3. In case of Newton’s rings, the pattern and colour of rings differ in reflected light
and transmitted light. Explain briefly.
4. If the number of rulings in the grating increases, the principal maxima become
weaker. Briefly explain using formulae.

Section-B: Medium Questions

1. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 6500 and 5200 A is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment.
(a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central
maximum for the wavelength 6500A.
(b) What is the least distance from the central maximum when the bright
fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide?
2. Light of wavelength 5000Å is incident normally on a single slit. The central
maximum spreads out at 30 on both sides of the direction of incident light. Calculate
the width of the slit.

3. (a) How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of the incident light is
5000Å and the number of lines per inch on the grating is 2620?

(b) Calculate the minimum number of lines in a grating which will just resolve
the lines of wavelengths 5890 and 5896Å, in the second order.

4. A plane transmission grating has 15000 lines per inch. Find (a) the resolving
power of the grating and (b) the smallest wavelength difference that can be resolved
with a light of mean wavelength 6000Å in second order.
Section-C: Long Questions

1. Discuss the phenomenon of interference of light due to thin films and find the
conditions of maxima and minima. Show that the interference patterns of reflected and
transmitted monochromatic light are complimentary.

2. Describe the pattern of formation of fringes in wedge shaped films.

3. How can N-slit diffraction be used in laboratory for the formation of spectra?.
What are absent spectra in the grating?
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4. Explain Rayleigh’s criterion for limit of resolution. Define resolving power of a

grating. Derive an expression for the resolving power of a plane transmission grating.

Unit-IV

Section-A: Short Questions

1. How does the variation of refractive indices of core and cladding help in
propagation of light in optical fiber.
2. What is the difference between single mode and multi-mode fiber?

Section-B: Medium Questions

1. Calculate the numerical aperture, acceptance angle and the critical angle of the
fiber from the following data μ (core) = 1.50 and μ (cladding) = 1.45.
2. Calculate the numerical aperture, acceptance angle and the critical angle of the
fiber from the following data μ (core) = 1.48 and μ (cladding) = 1.46.

Section-C: Long Questions

1. Explain acceptance angle and numerical aperture. Derive an expression for
acceptance angle.
2. Explain principle, construction and reconstruction of holography. Also give its two
applications.

SOLUTION

Unit_2

Short Questions

1. Intensity at a point in region of superposition is given by

I = a12 + a22+2a1a2cosδ, where δ = phase difference between two waves at the
point under consideration.
For maxima δ= 2nπ or path difference Δ = nλ
Imax = a12 + a22+2a1a2cosδ or I = I1 + I2+2√(I1I2)cosδ = (a1+a2)2
For minima δ= (2n-1)π or path difference Δ = (2n-1)λ/2
Imax = a12 + a22-2a1a2cosδ or I = I1 + I2-2√(I1I2)cosδ = (a1-a2)2
2 2
Iaverage = a1 + a2 = I1 + I2

Because in interference pattern, energy is transferred from position of minima to that of

maxima.
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2. If a thin transparent sheet of refractive index μ, and thickness t is introduced in

front of one slit, then entire fringe pattern is displaced along the direction of slit (in which
D β
Δy= ( β−1)t= ( μ−1 )t
the sheet is introduced) by 2d λ . Fringe width however does not
change.

3. Newton’s Rings are formed due to reflection of light rays from upper and lower
surfaces of a film, enclosed between a plane glass plate and plano-convex lens. Each
ring is a locus of points of equal thickness and is a circle.

(a) In Reflected Light. Centre of fringe is dark

2(2 n−1 )λR
Diameter of bright fringes
Dn=
√( μ ) D n ∝ √(2 n−1)
4 nλR
Diameter of dark fringes
Dn=
√( μ ) Dn ∝ √ n

(b) In Transmitted Light. Centre of fringe is bright

Diameter of bright fringes

(√ 4 nλR
Dn=
μ ) Dn ∝ √ n
2(2 n−1 )λR
Diameter of dark fringes
n
√ μ )
D= (
n √D ∝ (2 n−1)
Thus, the system of transmitted light is complementary to that of reflected light.

4. Intensity of Principal maxima: I = A2(sin2α/α2)N2

Is 1
= 2 2
Intensity of Secondary maxima: I P 1+( N −1 )sin β
Therefore, with the increase in N, the intensity of central maxima increases but
intensity of secondary maxima decreases.

Numerical

1. (a) The position of the nth maximum is given by xn = Dn/2d

Here  = 6500A = 6.5x10-8 cm, 2d = 2 mm = 0.2 cm, D = 120 cm and n=3
x3 = 120x3x.5x10-5/0.2 = 0.117 cm

(b) The condition for least distance when the bright fringes due to
wavelengths coincide is that the difference between their orders of fringe width
should be 1.
xn = Dn1/2d = D(n+1)2/2d
Here 1 = 6500A = 6.5x10-5 cm, 2 = 5200A = 5.2x10-5 cm
From the above expression, n1 = (n+1)2
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Or nx6.5x10-5 = (n+1)x5.2x10-5  6.5xn = 5.2xn + 5.2  1.3xn = 5.2  Or n = 4

Substituting the value of n in equation above get
xn = Dn1/2d = 120x4x6.5x10-5/0.2 = 0.156 cm

2. The direction of minima in Fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit is given by α =

±mπ or (π/)e sin = ±mπ where m = 1,2,3 …..
Therefore, the angular spread of the central maximum on either side of the incident light
is sin  = /e (for n=1, the position of first minimum)
Given  = 30° and  = 5000A = 5x10-5 cm
On putting the given value, we have sin 30° = 5x10-5/e  e = 5x10-5/sin 30
 2x5x10-5/1 = 10x10-5 = 10-4 cm,
Therefore the width of the slit is 10-4 cm.

3. (a) Given that 1/(e+d) = 2620 lines/inch  e+d = 2.54/2620 cm

 2.54x10-2/2620m, =90° (for maximum order), =5000Å=5000x10-8 cm, n = ?
We know that (e+d) sin = n  n = (e+d) sin /  2.54sin90/2620x5000x10-8
 19
(b) Given 1 = 5890Å, 2 = 5896Å, d = 6Å
The average wavelength = 1 + 2/2 = 5893Å and n = 2
The RP = /d = 5893x10-8/6x10-8 = 982
Further, RP = nN  nN = 982  N = 982/2 = 491

4. Here N = 15000,  = 6000x10-8 cm = 6x10-5 cm and n = 2

(a) Resolving power of the grating = nN = 2x15000 = 30000 = 3x104
(b) The resolving power of the grating RP = /d = nN  /d = 30000  d
= /30000 = 6x10-5/30000 = 2x10-9 cm = 20x10-8 cm = 20A
Unit-IV

Short Questions

1. The refractive index of the core is more than that of cladding. A ray entering the
core at an angle larger than the angle of acceptance strikes the core-cladding boundary
at the higher angle of incidence than that of critical angle. This leads to total internal
reflection. With the phenomena of total internal reflection, the core acts as a waveguide
for the transmission of signal.
2. In case of single mode fiber, the core is kept very small and therefore only a
mono mode of transmission is permitted to pass through. On the other hand, in the multi
mode fiber the larger diameter of the core permits many modes to the passage of the
optical pulses. The losses due to dispersion is however more in case of multimode fiber.

Numerical

1. We know that the numerical aperture is given by

NA= √ (n21 −n22 )
Since n1 = 1.50 and n2 = 1.45 so
NA = √[(1.5)2-(1.45)2] = √0.1475 = 0.3840
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Acceptance angle m is given by

2 2 −1 0
θm=Sin−1 [ √( n1−n2 ) ]=Sin [ NA ]=Sin−1 [ 0 .3840 ]=22. 58
Critical angle C is given by
n2
θC =sin −1 [ ]=sin −1 [0 . 9666 ]=75 . 160
n1

2. We know that the numerical aperture is given by

NA= √ (n21 −n22 )
Since n1 = 1.48 and n2 = 1.46, so
NA = √[(1.48)2-(1.46)2] = √0.0588 = 0.242487
Acceptance angle m is given by
2 2 −1 0
θm=Sin−1 [ √( n1−n2 ) ]=Sin [ NA ]=Sin−1 [ 0 .242487 ]=14 . 03

Critical angle C is given by

n2
θC =sin −1 [ ]=sin−1 [0 . 986486 ]=80 . 570
n1