SHORT QUESTION BANK KEE-101T/201T

SET-1

D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS

Q1. What are the respective values of internal resistances of ideal voltage and current source? Is it possible
to convert each other?

A1. Rin = 0 for ideal voltage source, Rin = infinite for ideal current source.

No, it is not possible to convert ideal source.

Q2. Draw the characteristics of ideal and practical sources (voltage source & current source). Also explain
their properties.

A2. Ideal voltage source: having constant output voltage at any value of output current.

. Ideal current source: having constant output current at any value of output voltage.

Q3. Explain the following with example:

Linear & nonlinear element Active & passive elements Unilateral & bilateral element.

A3. Linear element: Linear relation between voltage and current. Ex: Resistor, inductor, capacitor.

Non-Linear element: Non-linear relation between voltage and current. Ex: diode, transistor.

Active element: These enhance the energy level. Ex: Transistor, current & voltage source.

Passive element: This does not enhance the energy level. Ex: Resistor, inductor, capacitor.
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 Unilateral element: V-I characteristic is changed w.r.t. changing terminals. Ex: diode, transistor.

Bilateral element: V-I characteristic does not change w.r.t. changing terminals. Ex: R, L, C.

Q4. Name the circuit laws on which mesh method and nodal method are respectively based.

A4. KVL for mesh analysis and KCL for nodal analysis.

Q5. If resistance of each branch is 3 ohms in a delta connected load, what would be the resistance of each
branch in its star equivalent?

A5. 1 ohm ( RY = RΔ / 3)

Q6. Calculate the value of current in 10 Ω of fig.1.

A6. 1 Amp.

Q7. Calculate the value of Rth between terminal a-b in fig.2.

A7. RL = Rth = 7.629 Ω

Q8. Write the statement of Thevenin’s Theorem.

A8. Thevenin’sTheorem: According to this theorem “A linear, bilateral, complex circuit consisting of
active and passive elements can be converted into a simple Thevenin’s equivalent circuit w.r.t. load
terminals”. Thevenin’s equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth and a series resistance
Rth.

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉ℎ
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅ℎ + 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿

Q8. Write the statement of Norton’s Theorem.

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A8. Norton’s Theorem: According to this theorem “A linear, bilateral, complex circuit consisting of active
and passive elements can be converted into a simple Norton’s equivalent circuit w.r.t. load terminals”.
Norton’s equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN and a series resistance RN.

𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 =
𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁 + 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿

Q9. Explain the duality between Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem.

A9.

Vth = IN * RN, Rth= RN IN = Vth / Rth, RN =Rth

• It is also an example of source transformation.

Q10. Write the statement of Super-position theorem and its limitations.

A10. Super-position Theorem: According to this theorem “In a linear, bilateral circuit consisting of active
elements (two or more) and passive elements, the resultant response (V or I) in any element is the
algebraic sum of all the responses (V or I) in that particular element by keeping one source active at
a time and all other sources are replaced by their internal resistances”.

Limitations: It is not applicable for non-linear circuit.

: It is not applicable for power measurement.

Q11. Name the circuit laws on which mesh method and nodal method are respectively based. A network is
found to have a total of seven branches and four junctions. Which method is preferred for solving the
network?

A11. Mesh- KVL, Nodal- KCL Nodal method is preferred.

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 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS ANLYSIS OF 1Ø AC CIRCUITS
Q1. Define the form factor and peak factor / crest factor of an ac circuit.

A1. Form Factor = rms value / avg value , peak factor = max value / rms value.

Q2. Write the power expression for purely inductive and capacitive circuits?

A2. Instantaneous power, p = -VI sin2wt (purely inductive)

p = VI sin2wt (purely capacitive)

*Average power for both the circuits are zero.

Q3. What do mean by bandwidth? Give the relationship between bandwidth, resonant frequency & quality
factor.

A3. Bandwidth: it is the frequency range between half power frequencies. B.W. (Δ f) = f2 –f1, Qr = fr /Δf

Q4. A series circuit has R=10-ohm, L=0.01 H and C=10µF.Calculate the Q-factor of the circuit.
1 𝐿𝐿
A4. Qr =3.16 (Qr = √ )
𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶

Q5. Explain Q factor in Series and Parallel resonance condition respectively.

A5. Q factor: as voltage magnification for series resonance circuit. Qr = VL / V

Q factor: as current magnification for series resonance circuit. Qr = IC / I

Q6. Calculate the resistance of a 200V, 100W bulb.

A6. R = 400 ohm (P= V2/R for purely resistive circuit)

Q7. Draw the resonance curve for series and parallel resonance condition

Series resonance curve Parallel resonace curve

Q8. In an ac circuit the supply voltage and current is given as:

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 v = 200 sin 314t and i = 5sin (314t – 60o) Find the real, reactive and apparent power in the circuit.
200 5
A8. P = Vrms Irms cosØ = √2 √2
cos(60) = 250 W

200 5
Q = Vrms Irms sinØ = √2 √2
sin(60) = 433 VAr

200 5
S = Vrms Irms = √2 √2
= 500 VA

Q9. A resistance of 10 ohm in parallel with a pure inductance of 100 mH is connected to a 250 V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate impedance and power factor.

A9. R=10 ohm, XL = 2ΠfL = 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 100 x 10-3= 31.4 ohm

𝑅𝑅 ×𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗L
Z= 𝑅𝑅+𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= 9.07 + j 2.89 =9.51 (17.5O) , COSØ= COS (17.50) = 0.9537

Q10. What are the disadvantages of low power factor?

𝟏𝟏
A10. I = P/ V cosØ I α 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇

High current, higher losses, low efficiency, higher conductor size.

Q11. Show the effect of resistance change on bandwidth and quality factor of R-L-C series resonant circuit.

A11.

Q12. The unit of L/CR is………………..

A12. Ω.

Q13. Draw Power triangle.

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Q14. Why a series resonant circuit is called an accepter circuit and parallel resonant circuit as rejecter
circuit?

A14. Because in Series resonance: circuit accepts current at resonance frequency (I=Imax at f=fr)

Parallel resonance: circuit rejects current at resonance frequency (I=Imin at f=fr)

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS, 1Ø TRANSFORMER

Q1. Define mmf, flux density, magnetic field intensity and reluctance.

A1. MMF: Force required for the flow of flux. . MMF=NI, unit (AT)

FLUX DENSITY (B): Magnetic field lines passes through a unit area. B=Ø/A, unit (Wb / m2 or Tesla)

FIELD INTESITY (H): MMF per unit length. H=mmf / l or B / µ unit (AT/m)

RELUCTANCE (S): It opposes the flow of magnetic flux. S=l /µA, unit (AT/Wb)

Q2. Write expression for Hysteresis and Eddy current loss.

A2. PH = Kh Bmax1.6 f v watt, PE = Ke Bmax2 f2t2v watt.

Q3. Write the condition for the maximum of efficiency of transformer.

A3. Cu loss = Iron loss

Q4. A 1 phase transformer is rated as 25kVA, 600/200V, 50Hz. Calculate the impedance of the load in
ohms to fully load the transformer when connected to (a) 600V side (b) 200V side.

A4. I = kVA rating x 103 / E , Z = E/I

(i) Z= E2 / kVA rating x 103= 6002/ 25000 = 14.4 ohm

(ii) E= 200 V , Z= E2 / kVA rating x 103= 2002/ 25000 = 1.6 ohm.

Q5. Write the merits, demerits &typical application of an auto transformer.

A5. Merits: Cu saving, compact size, variable output, higher efficiency

Demerits: higher short circuit current, no isolation between primary and secondary.

Applications: VARIAC, interconnection of power system.

Q6. Calculate coefficient of coupling for two coils having self-inductances of 60mH and 80mH. The mutual
inductance between them is 40mH.

A6. K= M /√(La Lb) = 0.577

Q8. An electromagnet has an air gap of 4 mm and flux density in the gap is 1.3 Wb/m2. Determine the
amperes-turns for the gap.
𝐵𝐵 1.3
A8. AT= Hg Lg = µ𝑂𝑂 Lg = 4 𝛱𝛱 ×10−7 (4 * 10-3) = 4140 AT.

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Q9. Determine the emf induced in a coil of 4.19 * 10-4 Henry when a current of 5A is reversed in 60
milliseconds.

A9. L= 4.19 * 10-4H, di = 5 – (-5) =10A, dt = 60 * 10-3 sec

emf induced = L di / dt = 0.0698 V (in magnitude).

Q7. What will happen if we give dc supply to transformer?

A7. Constant (not varying) flux is generated, No induced EMF, No output and risk of burning of winding.

Q8. Why transformer rating is given in kVA not in kW.

A8. Because power factor of transformer is dependent on the type of load we connected, which may
resistive, inductive or capacitive.

Q9. A transformer has a primary winding of 600 turns and secondary winding of 150 turns. If the current
of secondary winding is 60A at 0.8 pf and primary current is 20A at 0.707 pf lagging, then find the
no load current of transformer and its phase angle with respect to the supply voltage.

A9. Cos Ø = 0.8, Ø= 36.86o . Cos Ø = 0.707, Ø= 45o I2 = 60∟- 36.86o I1=20∟- 45o

I0= I1- I1’ = I1=20∟- 45o - 60∟- 36.86 (150/600) = 5.59∟-66.83o

Q10. Calculate voltage regulation of a single-phase transformer having ohmic drop of 1.5% and leakage
reactance drop of 5% at 0.8 pf lagging.

A10. % VR = (I2Req2 Cos Ø + I2Xeq2 Sin Ø) x100 / E2

%VR = %R Cos Ø + %X Sin Ø= (1.5 x 0.8) + (5 x 0.6) = 4.2%

Q11. What are the characteristics of an ideal transformer?

A11. No winding resistance i.e., the secondary windings have zero resistance. It means that there is no
ohmic power loss and no resistive voltage drop in an ideal transformer.
No Magnetic leakage i.e., there is no leakage flux and all the flux set up is confined to the core and
links both the windings.
No iron loss i.e., hysteresis and eddy current losses in transformer core are zero.
Zero magnetizing current i.e. the core has infinite permeability and zero reluctance so that
magnetizing current is required for establishing the requisite amount of flux in the core.

Q12. Draw the Hysteresis curve. Explain and mark saturation, residual magnetism coercive force and
retentivity of material.

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Q13. What is Lenz’s law?

A13. The direction of induced emf is such that the current produced by it sets up a magnetic field opposing
the flux.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Q1. What is back emf? Give its importance.

A1. Back EMF: EMF induced in the armature winding of dc motor which opposes the supply voltage.

Importance: limit the starting current, speed regulation.

Q2. Which motor is used in elevators, lifts, electric locomotive and why?

A2. D.C series motor, because of high starting torque. T α Ia2

Q3. Explain the slip.

(Ns−Nr)
A3. Slip, 𝑠𝑠 = Ns
in per unit

Q4. Which type of armature winding is used in dc machine for high current and low voltage or vice versa
application?

A4. Lap winding (High I Low V), A=P Wave winding (High V Low I), A=2

Q5. Give the applications of d.c. series and shunt motor.

A5. DC series motor: elevators, cranes, hoists, electric locomotives.

DC shunt motor: Fans, blowers, centrifugal pump, reciprocal pump, conveyers.

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Q6. What would be happened if field winding of dc shunt motor is abruptly opened?

A6. Flux is zero, back emf becomes zero and speed of motor is dangerously high.

Q7. A 3Ø, 50Hz induction motor is running at a speed of 1440 rpm when it delivers rated output. Calculate
the Number of pole and value of slip.

A7. P=4, S=4%.

Q8. Why 3 phase induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed?

A8. At synchronous speed, the relative speed (Ns-Nr) becomes zero hence no emf, no current and no
torque will exist in rotor conductors.

In 3-Phase Synchronous motor, Magnetic locking is occurred in between stator and rotor poles.

Q9. Why in 3 phase synchronous machine rotor winding is placed on stator and field winding is placed on
rotor?

A9. Advantages: easy cooling, less rotor weight, less rotor inertia, higher speed, less slip rings.

Q10. Give the applications of synchronous machine and 3 phase induction motor.

A10. Synchronous machine: Power factor improvement, voltage regulation.

3Ø Induction Motor: Printing machine, flour mills, crushers, winding machine, cranes.

Q11.Why 3phase synchronous machine is called a doubly excited machine?

A11. Because at stator ---armature winding – 3 phase ac supply exist.

At rotor--- field winding – dc supply exists.

Q12. Write the applications of various 1-Ф Induction Motor.

A12. Resistance start (Phase split) method: blowers, grinder, lathes (1/20 to 1/2 Kw)

Capacitor start method: Conveyer, Grinder, air conditioners, compressors (upto 6 Kw)

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run method: Conveyer Grinder, air conditioners, compressors (upto 6 Kw)

Permanent Capacitor method: Ceiling fan.

Shaded pole method: small instrument, hair dryer, toys, record player, electric clock (1/300 to 1/20 Kw)

Q13. Draw the various characteristics of dc series motor.

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A13.

Q14. Draw the operating characteristics of dc shunt motor.

A14.

Q15. Derive rotor frequency is slip times of supply frequency in 3Ø Induction motor.
Ns P (Ns−Nr) P fr (Ns−Nr)
A15. f = 120
… (i) fr = 120
……….(ii) ,eqn (ii) / eqn (i) = f = Ns
=s =>fr = s f

Q16. Draw V curve.

A16. It shows the effect of field current (excitation) on armature current in 3 Ф Synchronous motor.

Q17. A 3-phase induction motor have the maximum torque at a slip of 40 %. If the rotor resistance is 12 Ω,
what will be the value of rotor inductive reactance.
A17. T=Tmax when Rr = S Xr
Rr = 12Ω, S=0.4 , Xr = Rr / S =>Xr = 30Ω
Q18. What is the output expression of EMF in alternator?

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A18. Erms/phase = 4.44 Kp Kd f φ Tp

Q19. Give the comparison between Squirrel cage and Slip-ring Induction Motor.
A19.
Characteristic Squirrel cage Slip Ring
Construction Simple and rugged Needs slip rings
Cost Less More
Starting torque Less Higher
Speed control Not possible possible
Power factor Poor Can be improved
Efficiency High low

Q20. What is relationship between developed torque and supply voltage in 3-Ø Induction motor?

A20. T α V2

Q21. Why 3-Ø Synchronous motor runs only at synchronous speed?

A21. Because of Magnetic locking between stator and rotor magnetic poles.

Q22. Write the advantages of 3synchronous motor.

A22. Constant speed, higher efficiency, operating on a wide range of power factor.

Q23. Why should a dc series motor not be run without load?

A23. At no load: speed is dangerously high, may get damaged.

Q24. Write the name of different types of rotors of an alternator.

A24. Salient pole type rotor, non-salient pole type/ Cylindrical rotor.

Q25. Write the name of two motors used for constant speed applications.

A25. DC shunt motor, 3-Ф Synchronous motor.

Q26. A 50 Hz, 8-pole induction motor has full load slip of 4%. The rotor resistance and standstill reactance
are 0.01 ohm and 0.1 ohm per phase respectively. Find the speed at which maximum torque occurs.

A26. Nr = Ns (1-SMT) and SMT = Rr/Xr = 0.01/.1=0.1

Ns= 120f/P= 120*50/8 = 750 rpm, Nr = 750(1-0.1) = 675 rpm

Q27. How will you change the direction of rotation of 1-Ф Induction motor, 3-Ф Induction motor and DC
motor?

A27. 1-ФInduction Motor: By interchange the connection of Auxiliary (Starting) winding.

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 3-ФInduction Motor: By interchange any two phases (reversing phase sequence).

DC Motor: By reversing the current flow through armature or field winding.

Q28. In India the supply Frequency is 50Hz for what maximum speed an alternator can be designed.

A28. Ns= 120f / P = 120*50 / 2=3000 rpm (Minimum number of pole =2)

Q29. What is Fleming’s right hand rule and Fleming’s left hand rule? Elaborate them w.r.t. dc machine
principle.

A29. For DC Generator For DC Motor

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Q1. Write the unit of Electrical Energy.

A1. KWh (Kilo Watt Hour)

Q2. Why Earth pin is made thicker and bigger than line and neutral?

A2. To reduce the resistance of Earth Pin ( R= ρl/A) and first contact of earth pin to avoid faulty current
and damage.

Q3. Calculate the energy consumption per day, per week and per year in a house using 5 CFLs of 20 W
each for 5 hrs, 3 fans of 60 W each for 3 hrs and an iron of 200 W for 30 minutes in a day.

A3. ENERGY (KWh) / day = (5*20*5 + 3*60*3 + 1*200*.5) * 10^-3 = 1.14

ENERGY (KWh) / week = 1.14*7 = 7.98

ENERGY (KWh) / year = 1.14*365 = 416.1

Q4. What are the units of battery rating and battery backup?

A4. AH (Ampere Hour) and Hr. respectively.

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