MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
19EE13101 – Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Question bank
Unit – III
MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Objective Questions:
1. Amount of deflection of the galvanometer depends on _________
a) resistance of the ratio arms
b) sensitivity
c) current flowing through the bridge
d) emf across the circuit
2. What is the relation between the sensitivity and deflection for a galvanometer?
a) directly proportional
b) inversely proportional
c) independant of each other
d) depends on the type of galvanometer used
3. The Wheatstone bridge is used for the measurement of _________
a) 1ῼ to a few megaohms
b) 1kῼ to a few megaohms
c) 1Mῼ to a few gigaohms
d) 1mῼ to a few ohms
4. When current passes through the resistances in the Wheatstone bridge what happens?
a) voltage drop occurs
b) null detector burns
c) back emf is induced
d) temperature increases due to power dissipation
5. What is the significance of measuring low resistances?
a) voltage drop across the circuit is high
b) contact and lead resistances are appreciable
c) there is no power loss
d) no current flows through the bridge circuit
6. A galvanometer is used as a _________
a) current source
b) voltage source
c) null detector
d) input impedance
7. Loading effect in electronic voltmeters is __________
a) nil
b) high
c) low
d) medium
8. Electronic voltmeters are ____________
a) measure high level signals
b) measure low level signals
c) measure medium level signals
d) don’t measure any signal
9. Indicating measurements are used for _______________
a) Static measurements
b) Dynamic masurements
c) Both static and dynamic measurements
d) None of the mentioned
10. PMMC devices in indicators create __________________
a) Stationary magnetic field
b) Rotating magnetic field
c) Electric field
d) None of the mentioned
11. Which of the following represent a function of spring in PMMC device?
a) Control system
 b) Path for current in and out of coil
c) Both control and path for current
d) None of the mentioned
12. In D.C. circuits, power is measured using ________
a) ohmmeter and galvanometer
b) ohmmeter and voltmeter
c) ammeter and voltmeter
d) ammeter and galvanometer
13. . A dynamometer type wattmeter consists of ________
a) only potential coil
b) potential and current coils
c) only current coil
d) no coils
14. When the moving coil in a Dynamometer type wattmeter deflects ________
a) pointer moves
b) pointer doesn’t move
c) current flows
d) voltage is generated
15.  When a current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field?
a) no force is exerted
b) voltage is produced
c) power is generated
d) a force is exerted
16. In the simplest form, an AC bridge consists of ____________
a) arms, source and a detector
b) arms and source
c) source and detector
d) arms and detector
17. A bridge circuit is used for the measurement of which of the following components?
a) Resistance, capacitance, and inductance
b) Diode, triode, and thyristor
c) Transistor, thermistor, and antenna
d) LED, op amp, and transducer
18. The accuracy of a bridge depends on the _________
a) null indicator
b) bridge components
c) current source
d) voltage source
19. D.C. bridges are used for _________
a) measurement of resistance
b) measurement of capacitance
c) measurement of current
d) measurement of inductance
20. A galvanometer based recorder works on the principle of ________
a) Van der Wall’s effect
b) D’Arsonval movement
c) Paschen effect
d) Azhimuthal quatum number
21. Maxwell inductance capacitance bridge can be used for _________
a) measurement of inductance
b) measurement of capacitance and inductance
c) measurement of resistance
d) measurement of voltage and current
22. One of the simplest applications of a Wheatstone bridge is ________
a) voltage measurement
b) current measurement
c) light measurement
d) power measurement
23. Measurement of energy involves _________
a) inductance and capacitance measurement
b) power consumption and time duration
c) resistance measurement and voltage drop
d) current consumption and voltage drop
24. The detector used in a high voltage Schering bridge is _________
a) tunable circuit
b) e.m.f source
c) vibration galvanometer
 d) headphone
25. In a moving iron meter, the deflection torque is proportional to?
a) Square of the current through the coil
b) Current through the coil
c) Sine of measurand
d) The Square root of the measurand

2 Marks:

1. What is measurement?
Measurement means an act or the result of comparison between the quantity and a predetermined standard.

2. Write the main static characteristics?

The main static characteristics are:
 Accuracy
 Sensitivity
 Reproducibility
 Drift
 Static error
 Dead zone
 Resolution
 Precision
 Repeatability
 Stability

3. Define static error and Reproducibility.

Static error:
Static error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of the quantity.
Static error = At – Am
Where
Am = Measured value of quantity At = True value of quantity.
Reproducibility:
It is specified in terms of scale readings over a given period of time.

4. Mention the functions performed by the measurement system.

The functions performed by the measurement system are
a. Indicating function
b. Recording function
c. Controlling function

5. Why the PMMC instruments are not used for A.C measurement?
When the PMMC instruments are connected to A.C the torque reverse as the current reveres and the pointer
cannot follow the rapid reversals. Hence the deflection corresponding to mean torque is zero thus making the PMMC
instrument not suitable for A.C measurements.

6. List the possible causes of errors in moving iron instruments.

i. Hysteresis error
ii. Temperature error
iii. Stray magnetic field error
iv. Frequency error
v. Eddy current error
7. State the essential torques required for successful operation of an instruments.
a. Deflecting torque
b. Controlling torque
c. Damping torque.

8. State the advantages of Moving iron type instruments

a. Less expensive
b. Can be used for both dc and ac
c. Reasonably accurate.
9. State the advantages of instrument transformers.
a. Used for extension of range
b. Power loss is minimum
c. High voltage and currents can be measured.

10. Write four applications of A.C. Bridge?

a. To measure unknown inductance.
b. To measure unknown capacitance.
c. To measure dissipation factor.
d. To measure quality factor.
e. To measure frequency.

11. Classify the instrument based on their functions.

The functions performed by the measurement system are
i. Indicating function
ii. Recording function
iii. Controlling function

12. List the functional elements of the measurement systems.

The three main functional elements of the measurement systems are:
i. Primary sensing element
ii. Variable conversion element
iii. Data presentation element

13. Write the characteristics of the measurement system.

Characteristics of measurement system are divided into two categories:
i. Static characteristics
ii. Dynamic characteristics

14. Define threshold

Threshold is defined as the minimum value of the input at which the output starts
Changing/increasing from zero.
15. Define Fidelity
Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured
quantity without any dynamic error.
16. Name the constructional parts of induction type energy meter.
i. Driving System
ii. Moving System
iii. Braking system
iv. Registering System

17. State the use of potential transformer.

 The use of potential transformer are
i. They are used for measurement of high voltage.
ii. They are used for energizing relays and protective circuits.

18. What is a bridge circuit?

A bridge circuit consists of a network of four impedance arms forming a closed circuit. A source of
current is applied to two opposite junctions. The current detector is connected to other two junctions.
It is used to measure resistance, capacitance and inductance value.

19. What are the constructional parts of current transformer?

The constructional parts of current transformer are
i. Primary winding
ii. Secondary winding
iii. Magnetic core.

20. What are the applications of Wheatstone bridge?

i. Measurement of resistance of motor windings, transformers. Solenoids and relay coils.
ii. In telephone companies to locate the cable fault.

21. What is Schering bridge? Mention its advantages.

One of the most important A.C bridge is used extensively for capacitance measurement with a low
dissipation power.
Advantages of Schering bridge:
i. The balance equation is independent of frequency.
ii. It’s used for measuring the insulating properties of electrical cables and equipments.

22. What is Maxwell bridge?

It’s used to measure both a given inductive and its series resistance by comparison to a standard
capacitance.

23. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maxwell’s bridge?

Advantages:
i. Frequency does not appears in any of the 2 equations
ii. It gives simple expression for Lx and Rx
Disadvantages:
i. It measures low Q values (1<Q<10)
ii. It requires variable standard capacitor is very expensive.
24. Define dynamic error
Dynamic error is defined as the difference between the true value of the quantity changing with time and the
value indicated by the measurement system if no static error is assumed. It is also called measurement error. It is one
the dynamic characteristics.

25. What is standard? What are the different types of standards?

A standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. The term standard is applied to a piece of
equipment having a known measure of physical quantity.
Types of Standards
 International Standards (defined based on international agreement )
 Primary Standards (maintained by national standards laboratories)
 Secondary Standards ( used by industrial measurement laboratories)
 Working Standards ( used in general laboratory)
Big Questions:

1. Discuss the construction and working principle of PMMC instrument with neat diagram.
2. Draw and explain the construction and working principle of moving iron instrument and derive the torque
equation.
3. Explain the induction type energy meter with neat sketch.
4. Elaborate the Wheatstone bridge and derive the equation.