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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Wind energy status in India: A short review

Atul Sharma a,∗ , Jaya Srivastava b , Sanjay Kumar Kar b , Anil Kumar c
a
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli 229316, UP, India
b
Department of Management Studies, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli 229316, UP, India
c
Department of Energy, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Renewable energy represents an area of tremendous opportunity for India. Energy is considered a prime
Received 30 March 2011 agent in the generation of wealth and a significant factor in economic development. Energy is also essen-
Received in revised form 8 November 2011 tial for improving the quality of life. Development of conventional forms of energy for meeting the
Accepted 9 November 2011
growing energy needs of society at a reasonable cost is the responsibility of the Government. Limited
fossil resources and associated environmental problems have emphasized the need for new sustainable
Keywords:
energy supply options. India depends heavily on coal and oil for meeting its energy demand which con-
Renewable energy
tributes to smog, acid rain and greenhouse gases’ emission. Last 25 years has been a period of intense
Wind energy
Wind energy generation in India
activities related to research, development, production and distribution of energy in India.
Wind-farm Though major energy sources for electrical power are coal and natural gas, development and promotion
of non-conventional sources of energy such as solar, wind and bio-energy, are also getting sustained
attention. The use of electricity has grown since it can be used in variety of applications as well as it can
be easily transmitted, the uses of renewable energy like wind and solar is rising. Wind energy is a clean,
eco-friendly, renewable resource and is nonpolluting. The gross wind power potential is estimated at
around 48,561 MW in the country; a capacity of 14,989.89 MW up to 31st August 2011 has so far been
added through wind, which places India in the fifth position globally. This paper discusses the ways
in which India has already supported the growth of renewable energy technologies i.e. wind energy
and its potential to expand their contribution to world growth in a way that is consistent with world’s
developmental and environmental goals. The paper presents current status, major achievements and
future aspects of wind energy in India.
© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
2. Worldwide status of wind energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
3. Wind energy potential in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
4. Wind energy programme in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
5. Wind energy status in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
6. Steady market growth for wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
7. Indian wind energy policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
8. State-level wind power growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
8.1. Tamil Nadu (6286.02 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
8.2. Maharashtra (2400.05 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
8.3. Gujarat (2337.31 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
8.4. Karnataka (1773.25 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
8.5. Rajasthan (1678.62 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
8.6. Madhya Pradesh (275.89 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
8.7. Andra Pradesh (199.15 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 535 2704 238; fax: +91 535 2211 888.
E-mail addresses: atul [email protected] (A. Sharma), [email protected] (J. Srivastava), [email protected] (S.K. Kar), [email protected] (A. Kumar).

1364-0321/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.018
 Author's personal copy

1158 A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164

8.8. Kerala (35.30 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

8.9. West Bengal (1.10 MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
9. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164

1. Introduction Global capacity of wind power installations grew by 35,652 MW

in 2010, a 22.46% increase on the 158,738 MW installed at the end
In the old economy, energy was produced by burning of 2009 [2]. This brings total installed wind energy capacity up
hydrocarbons-oil, coal, or natural gas-leading to the carbon emis- to 194,390 MW. China (42,287 MW), U.S. (40,180 MW), Germany
sions that have come to define our economy. The world today (27,214 MW), Spain (20,676 MW) are ahead of India (13,065 MW)
is facing a major environmental crisis. Global warming, erratic which is at the fifth position. Table 1 shows the cumulative installed
weather patterns, rising fossil fuel prices, oil insecurity and con- capacity of the top 10 countries. The wind capacity worldwide
cerns about climate change have cast a shadow over the future of reached 194,390 MW, after 158,738 MW in 2009, 120,291 MW in
coal, oil and other conventional sources of energy. As a result a 2008, 93,820 MW in 2007, 74,052 MW in 2006, and 59,091 MW
new energy economy is emerging. This new economy harnesses in 2005 as shown in Fig. 1 since 1996 to 2010 [3]. For the first
the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat time, more than half of all new wind power was added out-
from within the earth itself. Fossil fuel energies exhaust natural side of the traditional markets in Europe and North America. The
resources and are mostly responsible for adverse environmental shift was driven mainly by the continuing boom in China, which
impacts leading to climate change. On the other hand, renewable installed 16,482 MW in 2010 and now claims global leadership with
energies in general, and wind energy in particular, produce signif- 42,287 MW of wind power. Overall, the annual 2010 wind mar-
icantly lower environmental impacts than conventional energies. ket was down for the first time in 20 years, shrinking by 7.27%
India is blessed with plenty of alternate energy sources such as from 38,610 MW in 2009, due largely to slowdowns in the U.S. and
solar, wind, hydro and biomass. India occupies the fifth position in Europe.
the world, after China, U.S., Germany and Spain in generation of
wind power. India is perceived as a developing country, but it is 3. Wind energy potential in India
developing at a pace that is not matched by many others. Although
we have seen an impressive increase in installed capacity addition, The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by
from barely about 1350 MW at the time of independence (1947) the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at around 45 GW,
to about 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new generation and was recently increased to 49.13 GW [4]. This was adopted by
capacity is required in the next seven years. The importance of the government as the official estimate. The C-WET study was based
renewable energy was recognized in the country in the early 1970s. on a comprehensive wind mapping exercise initiated by MNRE,
India has today many large programmes for renewable energy. Sev- which established a country-wide network of 1050 wind monitor-
eral renewable energy systems and devices are now commercially ing and wind mapping stations in 25 Indian States. The assessment
available. The development of wind power in India began in the shows that India’s total wind potential is 48,561 MW, with Kar-
1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. nataka, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh as the leading states up to
Indian government policy framework in wind energy generation 31st August 2011 [4,5]. This effort made it possible to assess the
is extremely investor-friendly, and an attractive tariff and regu- national wind potential and identify suitable areas for harnessing
latory regime provide a strong foundation for the growth of the wind power for commercial use, and 216 suitable sites have been
sector. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has recently taken identified. Table 2 shows the wind energy potential and installation
the decision to introduce generation-based incentives, a scheme up to 31st August 2011 within India. However, the wind measure-
whereby investors will receive a financial incentive per unit of elec- ments were carried out at lower hub heights and did not take into
tricity generated over ten years. The decision to incentivize the account technological innovation and improvements and repow-
generation of power will create a level playing field between for- ering of old turbines to replace them with bigger ones. At heights
eign and domestic investors, and hopefully this will catalyze more of 55–65 m, the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association
investments in this field by large independent power producers and (IWTMA) estimates that the potential for wind development in
foreign investors.

Table 1
2. Worldwide status of wind energy Top 10 cumulative installed capacity 2009–2010 [2,3].

Wind is the centerpiece of the energy economy. It is abundant, Rank Country MW (2009) MW (2010) % (2010)

low cost, and widely distributed; it scales up easily and can be 1 PR China 25,805 42,287 21.8
developed quickly. Oil wells go dry and coal seams run out, but 2 US 35,086 40,180 20.7
3 Germany 25,777 27,214 14.0
the earth’s wind resources cannot be depleted.
4 Spain 19,160 20,676 10.6
China overtook U.S. as the world leader in wind power in 2010, 5 India 10,926 13,065 6.7
according to a new annual report by the Global Wind Energy Coun- 6 Italy 4849 5797 3.0
cil. Over the past decade, China’s installed wind capacity has grown 7 France 4574 5660 2.9
exponentially, from just 300 MW in 2000 to 42,287 MW last year, 8 UK 4245 5204 2.7
9 Denmarka /Canadab 3465 4009 2.1
and now accounts for 21.8% of the world’s total wind power capac-
10 Portugala /Denmarkb 3357 3752 1.9
ity. In 2010 China installed more turbines than U.S. while U.S. wind Rest of world 21,494 26,546 13.7
industry built 5115 MW of wind power last year, which was about Total top 10 137,244 1,67,844 86.3
half of 2009’s record pace, according to the American Wind Energy World total 158,738 1,94,390 100
Association (AWEA). However, AWEA said U.S. industry entered a
Rank in 2009 year.
b
2011 with more than 5600 MW under construction [1]. Rank in 2010 year.
 Author's personal copy

A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164 1159

250000

200000 194390

Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW)

158738

150000

120291

100000 93820

74052

59061
47620
50000 39431
31100
23900
17400
13600
6100 7600 10200

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year

Fig. 1. Global cumulative installed wind capacity 1996–2010.

India is around 65–70 GW [6]. The World Institute for Sustainable Ministry was re-christened as the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, India (WISE) considers that with larger turbines, greater Energy (MNRE) [7].
land availability and expanded resource exploration, the potential India has been a pioneer in the commercial use of wind energy in
could be as big as 100 GW. Asia. The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s,
and has progressed steadily in the last few years. MNRE is ded-
icated to expanding contributions of renewable energy in all of
4. Wind energy programme in India India’s end-use sectors and undertakes policy and planning activ-
ities to that end. MNRE also supervises national-level renewable
Energy ‘self-sufficiency’ was identified as the major driver for energy institutes such as the Solar Energy Centre and the Centre
new and renewable energy in the country in the wake of the two for Wind Energy Technology. The Indian Renewable Energy Devel-
oil shocks of the 1970s. The sudden increase in the price of oil, opment Agency (IREDA) provides financial support and innovative
uncertainties associated with its supply and the adverse impact on financing for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects with
the balance of payments position led to the establishment of the funds from the Indian government and multilateral lending agen-
Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in the Depart- cies. IREDA also administers the central government’s renewable
ment of Science & Technology in March 1981. The Commission energy incentive programs. Other government institutions with
was charged with the responsibility of formulating policies and direct responsibilities that extend into renewable energy include
their implementation, programmes for development of new and several units under the Ministry of Power, the Planning Commis-
renewable energy apart from coordinating and intensifying R&D sion, and the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change [7,8].
in the sector. In 1982, a new department, i.e. Department of Non- The short gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the
conventional Energy Sources (DNES), that incorporated CASE, was increasing reliability and performance of wind energy machines
created in the then Ministry of Energy. In 1992, DNES became the have made wind power a favored choice for capacity addition in
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES), the world’s India. It is estimated that 6000 MW of additional wind power capac-
first ministry committed to renewable energy. In October 2006, the ity will be installed in India between 2010 and 2012, taking the total
installed capacity beyond 15,000 MW [9,10].
National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL) was among first which
Table 2 developed a 4.9 m diameter conventional multi-vane wind mill in
Wind energy potential in India according to C-WET [4,5].
mid 1960s thereafter sail-type windmills under a project initiated
State Gross potential (MW) Total capacity (MW) till 31.08.11 by NAL during 1976–1977. The Wind Power Programme in India
Tamil Nadu 5530 6286.02 was initiated towards the end of the Sixth Plan, in 1983–84. The
Maharashtra 4584 2400.05 programme aims at survey and assessment of wind resources, set-
Gujarat 10,645 2337.31 ting up demonstration projects, and provision of incentives to make
Karnataka 11,531 1773.25
wind electricity competitive. The programme is being implemented
Rajasthan 4858 1678.62
Madhya Pradesh 1019 275.89 through the State Nodal Agencies, Field Research Unit of Indian
Andhra Pradesh 8968 199.15 Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM-FRU) and Center for Wind
Kerala 1171 35.30 Energy Technology (C-WET). The IWTMA has played a leading role
West Bengal – 1.1 in promoting wind energy in India.
Orissa 255 –
Currently, India has over 21,125.38 MW of installed renew-
Others 3.2
able power generating capacity [11]. Installed wind capacity is
Total 48,561 14,989.89
the largest share at over 14,989.89 MW, followed by small hydro
 Author's personal copy

1160 A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164

Fig. 2. Wind power growth in India (MW).

projects at 3153 MW. The Eleventh Plan calls for grid-connected overall power generation capacity. By 2012, the Indian govern-
renewable energy to exceed 25 GW by 2012. During the last finan- ment is planning to add an extra 14 GW of renewable sources. In
cial year i.e. 1st April 2010 to 31st March 2011, India added its 10th Five Year Plan, the Indian government had set itself a tar-
2349.50 MW of wind capacity for a total installed capacity of get of adding 3.5 GW of renewable energy sources to the power
14,156.39 MW, which is represented a 19.90% annual growth rate. generation mix. In reality, however, nearly double that figure was
The most recent data available at the time of writing this paper achieved. In this period, more than 5.4 GW of wind energy was
shows that India’s wind capacity totalled 14,989.89 MW at the added to the generation mix, as well as 1.3 GW from other renew-
end of 31st August 2011, which represented 70.96% of India’s able energy sources. The target set for the period from 2008 to 2012
total renewable energy capacity. India’s robust domestic market was increased to 14 GW, 10.5 GW of which is to be new wind gen-
has transformed the Indian wind industry into a significant global eration capacity. The MNRE estimates that there is a potential of
player. Fig. 2 is showing the year wise installation of wind energy around 90,000 MW for power generation from different renewable
since 1999 to August 2011. energy sources in the country, including 48,561 MW of wind power,
14,294 MW of small hydro power and 26,367 MW of biomass [13].
5. Wind energy status in India The potential areas for generating power through wind mills
are in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Gujarat,
India’s rapidly growing economy and population leads to relent- Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya
lessly increasing electricity demand. The IEA predicts that by 2020, Pradesh. As of 31st August 2011 the installed capacity of
327 GW of power generation capacity will be needed, which would wind power in India was 14,989.89 MW mainly spread across
imply an addition of 16 GW per year. This urgent need is reflected Tamil Nadu (6286.02 MW), Maharashtra (2400.05 MW), Gujarat
in the target the Indian government has set in its 11th Five Year (2337.31 MW), Karnataka (1773.25 MW), Rajasthan (1678.62 MW),
Plan (2007–2012), which envisages an addition of 78.7 GW in this Madhya Pradesh (275.89 MW), Andhra Pradesh (199.15 MW), Ker-
period, 50.5 GW of which is coal [12]. ala (35.30 MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) as shown in Table 2 also.
With an installed capacity of 21,125.38 MW, renewable energy Table 3 shows the year wise installation of wind power in India
sources (excluding large hydro) currently account for 6% of India’s since March 2005 to 31st August 2011, while Table 4 shows the

Table 3
Year wise installed capacity in India [14,15].

State Up to March 02 March 03 March 04 March 05 March 06 March 07 March 08 March 09 March 10 March 11 Up to 31st
August 11

Andhra Pradesh 93.20 93.20 99.40 121.20 121.65 122.45 122.45 122.45 136.05 191.45 199.15
Gujarat 181.40 187.60 216.50 268.00 352.60 636.55 1252.91 1566.51 1863.61 2176.41 2337.31
Karnataka 69.30 124.90 209.80 411.30 555.10 821.05 1011.35 1327.35 1472.75 1726.85 1773.25
Kerala 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.50 27.00 27.80 35.30 35.30
Maharashtra 400.30 402.30 408.50 457.30 1002.40 1487.70 1755.85 1938.85 2077.75 2316.85 2400.05
Madhya Pradesh 23.20 23.20 23.20 29.50 40.90 57.30 187.69 212.79 229.39 275.89 275.89
Rajasthan 16.10 60.70 178.50 284.80 358.07 469.97 538.92 738.52 1088.52 1525.22 1678.62
Tamil Nadu 877.00 1010.60 1381.80 2057.30 2914.85 3492.75 3873.42 4304.52 4906.72 5904.12 6286.02
West Bengal 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Others 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20

Total 1666.80 1908.80 2524.00 3635.70 5351.87 7094.07 8757.39 10,242.29 11,806.89 14,156.39 14,989.89
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A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164 1161

Table 4
Year wise capacity addition in India [14,15].

State Year-wise installed capacity addition (MW) Total

a
Up to Mar.02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 -11 Capacity (MW)

Andhra Pradesh 93.2 0 6.2 21.8 0.45 0.8 0 0 13.6 55.4 7.7 199.15
Gujarat 181.4 6.2 28.9 51.5 84.6 283.95 616.36 313.6 297.1 312.8 160.9 2337.31
Karnataka 69.3 55.6 84.9 201.5 143.8 265.95 190.3 316 145.4 254.1 46.4 1773.25
Kerala 2 0 0 0 0 0 8.5 16.5 0.8 7.5 0 35.3
Maharashtra 400.3 2 6.2 48.8 545.1 485.3 268.15 183 138.9 239.1 83.2 2400.05
Madhya Pradesh 23.2 0 0 6.3 11.4 16.4 130.39 25.1 16.6 46.5 0 275.89
Rajasthan 16.1 44.6 117.8 106.3 73.27 111.9 68.95 199.6 350 436.7 153.4 1678.62
Tamil Nadu 877 133.6 371.2 675.5 857.55 577.9 380.67 431.1 602.2 997.4 381.9 6286.02
West Bengal 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1
Others 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2

Total (MW) 1666.8 242 615.2 1111.7 1716.17 1742.2 1663.32 1484.9 1564.6 2349.5 833.5 14,989.89
a
1st April 2011 to 31st August 11.

year wise capacity addition in India within the financial year i.e. sector. The government does not want to focus its energies on actu-
1st April to 31st March with the current year installation up to 31st ally setting up wind power projects. Instead it wants to concentrate
August 2011 [14,15]. only on R&D, developing small projects in remote areas and setting
up demonstration projects.
6. Steady market growth for wind Wind energy power projects are capital intensive and hence
investors have to be provided continuous support. The average pay
Wind energy is continuing to grow steadily in India. India’s back period for wind power projects is 25 years. However the bright
capacity additions of more than 5000 MW between 2007 and 2010 side to this scenario is that unlike other sectors technology changes
are shown statewise in Table 2. The states with highest wind power very slowly in this area, hence manufacturers do not have to worry
concentration are Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, about technological obsolence.
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. While, the largest Keeping all these considerations in mind the government has
gains were seen in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat only. Tamil Nadu in formulated a strategy of providing incentives to private manufac-
south India has set itself apart from the other states with a total turers in this sector. The Indian Government is giving income tax
installed capacity of 6286.02 MW, or 41.94% of India’s total installed holidays, concessional custom duty/duty free import and accel-
capacity, as of 31st August 2011. This is beginning to change as other erated depreciation, to investors in this field. The various State
states, including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Karnataka, Governments are providing support in the form of energy buy back,
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh start to catch power wheeling and banking facilities, sales tax concession bene-
up, partly driven by new policy measures. As a result, wind farms fits, electricity tax exemption and capital subsidy.
can be seen under construction all across the country, from the The government has also come up with a Generation Based
coastal plains to the hilly hinterland and sandy deserts. The Indian Incentive (GBI) Scheme. The features of the scheme are as follows
government envisages the addition of 2 GW/annum in the next five [17]:
years. Wind power capacity of 13,912.89 MW was added in the last
twelve years, taking the total installed capacity to 14,989.89 MW 1. The GBI Scheme is applicable only for those power producers
on 31st August 2011, up from 1077 MW at the end of 1999. This who do not avail of the accelerated depreciation benefits under
represents 70.96% of India’s total renewable energy capacity [7,11]. the Income Tax Act.
“Indian Wind Energy Outlook 2009” published in September 2. All grid integrated projects of capacity of more than 5 MW are
2009 in by the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) and IWTMA eligible for this scheme. The project has to be synchronized with
[16] examined the potential of wind power in India up to the year the grid and certified by the utility.
2030 and found that the technology, re-powering, untapped off- 3. Wind site has to be validated by C-WET.
shore potential and furthering wind resource assessment could 4. Electricity generated from the project should be sold to the grid.
play a key part in the nation’s effort to provide energy to its ever 5. The MNRE will provide the GBI of Rs. 0.50 per unit for a period
growing demand in an economy which will boom and at the same of ten years to the eligible project promoters through IREDA.
time combat climate change. The report explains how wind energy This scheme is currently valid for wind farms installed before
can provide up to 24% of the India’s power needs by 2030 while 31 March 2012. This incentive shall be in addition to the tar-
attracting $10637.12 million in investment every year and creating iff determined by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission
213,000 ‘green collar’ jobs in manufacturing, project development, (SERC).
installation, operation, maintenance, consulting etc. At the same 6. The IREDA will disburse the generation based incentive to the
time, it would save a total of 5.5 bn tons of CO2 in that timeframe and generator on half yearly basis through e-payment.
would generate 5.5 bn carbon credits amounting to $80 bn. Wind 7. Not applicable for those who have set up capacities for captive
energy, as a power generation technology, greatly aids in offsetting consumption, third party sale, merchant plants.
carbon (CO2 ) emissions from burning of fossil fuel for generating 8. The component of the scheme will be reviewed when projects
electricity. aggregating to 49 MW which are estimated to generate around
0.9 billion units of electricity will get registered by IREDA.
7. Indian wind energy policy
The scheme will be reviewed in the last year of the 11th Plan
In keeping with its aim of having a holistic, sustainable energy and if the response is good this scheme can be further upgraded.
policy the government of India is encouraging investment in non- The SERCs in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Madhya
conventional energy sources. In the 11th Plan the government has Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal
proposed a financial outlay of $44.79 million on R&D in wind energy have announced preferential tariff for purchase of power from
 Author's personal copy

1162 A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164

Table 5
India’s largest wind power facilities (10 MW and greater) [15].

Power plant Owner Location Total capacity (MWe)

City State

Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara Dist. Maharashtra 259
Cape Comorim Aban Lloyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Cape Comorim Tamil Nadu 33
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22
Gujdimangalam Gujdimangalam Wind Farm Gujdimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20
Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamda Gujarat 15
Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Ltd. Chennai Tamil Nadu 15
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14
Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Chitradurga Dist. Karnataka 14
Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd. Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Rapid Transit Corp. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 10
Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10

wind power projects. Many States have also announced renew- segment will be encouraged to set up projects and supply power to
able energy purchase obligations, which catalyses the growth in the the grid. The state has already decided to have a single window sys-
wind power generation. The Rajasthan State Electricity Regulatory tem for land acquisition process for the purpose and is working on
Commission (RERC) issued the modified tariff policy for renewables an incentive package to make it attractive to establish wind energy
during the year. As per this policy, a tariff of Rs. 4.28 per unit for projects across a vast land mass. Maharashtra is second only to
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Barmer districts and tariff of Rs. 4.50 per Tamil Nadu in terms of generating capacity [4]. In 2006–07, Gujarat
unit for other districts is available. The Tamil Nadu Electricity Reg- Fluorochemicals Ltd. commissioned a 23.1 MW wind power project
ulatory Commission also announced the modified tariff rate during at Gudhe village near Panchgani in Satara district of Maharashtra.
the year for wind power projects. The new rates are Rs. 3.39 per
unit [18]. 8.3. Gujarat (2337.31 MW)

8. State-level wind power growth The Gujarat government, which is banking heavily on wind
power, has identified Samana as an ideal location for installation
There are growing wind energy installations in a number of of 450 turbines that can generate a total of 360 MW. To encourage
states across India. Overall 214 wind farm has been installed in investment in wind energy development in the state, the govern-
India [19]. Table 5 shows India’s largest wind power facilities. ment has introduced a draft of incentives including a higher wind
energy tariff. Samana has a high tension transmission grid and
8.1. Tamil Nadu (6286.02 MW) electricity generated by wind turbines can be fed into it. For this
purpose, a substation at Sadodar has been installed. Both projects
Tamil Nadu has shown remarkable progress in the field of wind are being executed by Enercon Ltd., a joint venture between Ener-
energy utilizing almost full wind power potential with 41.94% of con of Germany and Mumbai-based Mehra group.
India’s total wind installations. With the right mix of policies, Tamil Companies like China Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power have
Nadu has also become the hub of wind energy manufacturing with pledged to invest up to Rs. 8.15 billion in different projects in
global heavyweights like Suzlon, Gamesa, Vestas all building plants Samana in Rajkot district. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP
in the State. A number of new players like Sterling Infotech and India, is investing close to $111.6 million for installing 126 wind
Lietner have also started manufacturing Wind Turbines in Tamil turbines in Samana that will generate 100.8 MW power. Tata Power
Nadu due to favorable networking effects. Tamil Nadu is the state has installed wind turbines in the same area for generating 50 MW
with most wind generating capacity: 6286.02 MW at the end of power at a cost of $70.3 million. Both projects are expected to
August 2011 [4]. become operational by early next year, according to government
Not far from Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm which the sources. ONGC Ltd. has commissioned its first wind power project
largest in Asia is located near Muppandal, supplying the villagers in Gujarat. The 51 MW project is located at Motisindholi in Kutch
with electricity for work. The village had been selected as the show- district of Gujarat. ONGC had placed the EPC order on Suzlon Energy
case for India’s $2 billion clean energy program which provides in January 2008, for setting up the wind farm comprising 34 tur-
foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind bines of 1.5 MW each. Work on the project had begun in February
turbines in the area. In February 2009, Shriram EPC bagged $15.68 2008, and the first three turbines had begun production within 43
million contracts for setting up of 60 units of 250 kW (15 MW) days of starting construction work. Power from this $68.73 mil-
wind turbines in Tirunelveli district by Cape Energy. In Tamil lion captive wind farm will be wheeled to the Gujarat state grid for
Nadu, Coimbatore and Tiruppur Districts having more wind Mills onward use by ONGC at its Ankleshwar, Ahmedabad, Mehsana and
from 2002 onwards, specially, Chittipalayam, Kethanoor, Gudi- Vadodara centres. ONGC has targeted to develop a captive wind
mangalam, Poolavadi, Murungappatti are the high wind power power capacity of around 200 MW in the next two years.
production places in both districts.
8.4. Karnataka (1773.25 MW)
8.2. Maharashtra (2400.05 MW)
There are many small wind farms in Karnataka, making it one of
The Maharashtra government is considering having Special Eco- the states in India which has a high number of wind mill farms. The
nomic Zones (SEZs) for wind energy farms where players from the state has the potential of generating 11,531 MW from wind energy,
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A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164 1163

while 1773.25 MW has been installed up to 31st August, 2011. to 12 MW capacities from its existing 6.75 MW capacity. Nakoda
Wind power projects are proposed at the few more disticts i.e. Kap- intends to purchase wind mills from a Reliance ADAG Group-
patagudda (Dharwad), Jogimatti (Chitradurga), Gokak (Belgaum floated company Global Wind Power (GWPL). These wind turbines
District), Malagatti, Hanumasagar (Raichur District), Bommanahall are produced by GWPL in partnership with Norwin Denmark.
and Hanumanamatti (Dharwad District) [20]. Nakoda will establish a power purchase contract with Madhya
Chitradurga, Gadag are some of the districts where there are Pradesh Electricity Board for supplying 112 lakh units of electricity
a large number of Windmills. Chitradurga alone has over 20,000 annually for a period of 13 years [23].
wind turbines. The 13.2 MW Arasinagundi and 16.5 MW Anaburu
wind farms are ACCIONA’s [21] first in India. Operations at the 8.7. Andra Pradesh (199.15 MW)
Anabaru wind farm (16.5 MW) commenced with 10 wind turbines
of 1.65 MW per unit. In 2007, ACCIONA installed the Arasinagundi Based on the studies conducted through wind monitoring exer-
wind farm, 13.2 MW, located in the Davangere district (Karnataka cise, it is found that the southern part of Andhra Pradesh has got
State), they have a total installed capacity of 29.7 MW and com- wind potential for setting up of wind farms. The areas in Ananta-
prise a total 18 Vestas 1.65 MW wind turbines supplied by Vestas pur, Cuddapah, Kurnool and parts of Nellore and Chittoor district
Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd. Each facility has signed a 20-year have relatively better potential sites to set up wind power projects.
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Bangalore Electricity Sup- Non Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra
ply Company for off-take of 100% of the output. Their renewable Pradesh Ltd. (NEDCAP) has established 2.25 MW wind farm project
energy production over the 10-year period stipulated will avoid the at Kondamedapally, Kurnool district and 2.50 MW wind farm at
emission of 882,400 tons of CO2 that would have been generated Narasimhakonda, Nellore district under demonstration scheme of
to produce the same volume of electricity from power genera- MNRE with a view to encourage investment and to promote wind
tion plants in Karnataka in that period of time. The company that power projects in Andhra Pradesh. NEDCAP is the single window
owns the wind farms will obtain Certifications of Emissions Reduc- clearance agency to sanction projects up to 20 MW capacities in the
tions (CERs) that it could then sell in the emissions trading market. State and so far 100.12 MW capacities of projects by 30 developers
ACCIONA Energy has also started construction work on its third at Ramagiri, Kadavakallu, Tallimadugula in Anantapur District and
wind park Tuppadahalli (56.1 MW) in India, which will come on on Tirumala Hills, Chittoor district, have been commissioned. The
stream in 2011. The new park will contain thirty-four 1.65 MW total installed capacity in A.P. is 199.15 MW as on 31st August, 2011
wind. Representing an investment of $82 million, the wind park [24].
will strengthen the company’s presence in India and increase its A wind power project is also installed in Kadavakallu of Ananth-
wind power capacity in the country to 85.8 MW. pur District in Andhra Pradesh, India promoted by M/s Hyderabad
Chemicals Limited. This project activity generates 4.5 MW from 6
8.5. Rajasthan (1678.62 MW) wind mills of capacity 750 MW each [25].

Rajasthan is emerging as an important destination for new wind 8.8. Kerala (35.30 MW)
farms; it is currently in the top five states in terms of installed
capacity. Gurgaon-headquartered Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd. is The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology
in an advanced stage of commissioning a large wind farm in Jodh- (ANERT), an autonomous body under the Department of Power,
pur district of Rajasthan. In an independent development, cement Government of Kerala, is setting up wind farms on private land in
major ACC Ltd. has proposed to set up a new wind power project various parts of the state to generate a total of 600 MW of power.
in Rajasthan with a capacity of around 11 MW. Expected to cost The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through
around $13.44 million, the wind farm will meet the power require- private developers. To start with, ANERT will establish a demon-
ments of the company’s Lakheri cement unit. As a part of its wind stration project to generate 2 MW of power at Ramakkalmedu in
power foray, the company has plans to invest $1338.8 million over Idukki district in association with the Kerala State Electricity Board.
the next five years and is targeting to produce nearly 1000 MW of Other wind farm sites include Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram
wind energy. districts. 20 MW wind energy generators also have been installed in
Kerala (Idukky, Plakkad district) with active private participation.
8.6. Madhya Pradesh (275.89 MW) It is expected that another 30 MW would be installed during the
end of this year [26].
The state has the potential of generating 1019 MW from wind The first wind farm of the state was set up at Kanjikode in
energy, while 275.89 MW has been installed up to 31st August, Palakkad district. It has a generating capacity of 23.00 MW. A new
2011. Present Rs. 3.97 p/kWh is coming down to Rs. 3.30 from the 10.5 MW wind farm project was launched with private participa-
5th year to 20th year. Through first 15 MW Wind Power Estate tion at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district [27].
developed near Dewas in Madhya Pradesh, M.P Windfarms Ltd. has
ensured hassle-free implementation as also most efficient opera- 8.9. West Bengal (1.10 MW)
tion and maintenance services to 15 different investors from all
over the country. In consideration of its unique concept, Govt. of West Bengal is implementing one of the largest programmes
Madhya Pradesh sanctioned another 15 MW project to MPWL at on Renewable Energy in India covering a broad spectrum of energy
Nagda Hills near Dewas. All the 25 Wind Electric Generators (WEGs) technologies like Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Turbines,
have been commissioned on 31.03.2008 and are under successful Improved Chulhas, Biogas Plants, Biomass Gasifier, Small Hydro and
operation [22]. Tidal Power etc. These activities are, mainly, taking place in areas
Nakoda, a polyester filament yarn firm, has announced plans where it is very difficult, cost prohibitive or almost impossible to
to commence a wind energy project in Madhya Pradesh by March supply power through conventional grid [28].
2011. The company plans to make an investment of $7.4 million on The total installation in West Bengal is just 1.10 MW as there
this project. The plant will be built at Jethana in the district of Rat- were only 0.5 MW additions in 2006–2007. Suzlon Energy Ltd. is
lam. The plant will comprise seven turbines with 750 kW capacities planning to set up a large wind-power project in West Bengal, for
each, totalling to 5.25 MW capacities. Once the new machines are which it is looking at coastal Midnapore and South 24-Parganas dis-
commissioned, the wind energy capacity of Nakoda will increase tricts. According to West Bengal Renewable Energy Development
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1164 A. Sharma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 1157–1164

Agency, the 50 MW project would supply grid-quality power. This Acknowledgements

project would be the biggest in West Bengal using wind energy.
Suzlon aims to generate the power solely for commercial purpose Authors are highly thankful to the Director Prof. J.P. Gupta, Rajiv
and sell it to local power distribution outfits like the West Bengal Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli for
State Electricity Board (WBSEB). Suzlon will invest around $55.8 providing support to carry out the work at RGIPT.
million initially, without taking recourse to the funding available
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