FACULTY: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT: BUSINESS STUDIES

PROGRAM: DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

INSTRUCTOR NAME:

NAME OF STUDENT: MWALYAJE FRANK S.

REGISTRATION NUMBER: NS0751/0136/2017

TYPE OF ASSIGNMENT: INDIVIDUAL

SUBMISSION DATE: 21/12/2O20

QUESTION:

Describe the four wireless communication (transmission) media as applied in computer

networking
A computer network is a logical or physical interconnection between two or more computers
such they could communicate with each other. The process of transferring data between
computers is known as data communication. The data and information can be transmitted over
significant distance through computer network. The communication of data and information over
significant distance is known as telecommunication. The following are the media wireless
communication applied in computer networking.

A Cellular network or Mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called
cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.
In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to
avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell.

more explanation about Cellular Networks

● When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area.

● This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to
communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the
network, via base stations.

Advantages of Cellular networks:

● It is flexible enough to use the features and functions of almost all public and private networks.

● It has increased capacity.

● It consumes less power.

● It can be distributed to larger coverage area.

● It reduces interference from other signals.

Disadvantages of Cellular networks:

 It offers less data rate compare to wired networks such as fiber optics, DSL etc.
  Macro cells are affected by multipath signal loss.
 The capacity is lower and depends on channels/multiple access techniques employed to
serve subscribers.
 As the communication is over the air, it has security vulnerabilities.
 It requires higher cost in order to setup cellular network infrastructure.
 The wireless communication is influenced by physical obstructions, climatic conditions
and interference from other wireless devices.
 The installation of antennas for cellular network require space and foundation tower. This
is very cumbersome and requires both time and effort.

WI-IFI, is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-
speed Internet access. A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for “wireless
fidelity,” however Wi-Fi is a trademarked phrase that refers to IEEE 802.11x standards.

Wi-Fi originated in Hawaii in 1971, where a wireless UHF packet network called ALOHA net
was used to connect the islands. Later protocols developed in 1991 by NCR and AT&T called
Wave LAN became the precursor to the IEEE 802.11 standards.

The Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 and currently owns the Wi-Fi registered trademark. It
specifically defines Wi-Fi as any “wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based
on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards.”

HOW DOES WI-FI WORK?

Wi-Fi networks have no physical wired connection between sender and receiver. Instead, they
function by using radio frequency (RF) technology a frequency within the electromagnetic
spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna,
an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.

The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an access
point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and use to establish a connection
to the network. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and
devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters.

Advantage of Wi-Fi

 Wi-Fi is wireless LAN, It is one of the important technologies of the computer

networking, It allows the users to connect to the internet technology without the wires, It
allows the router to be cordless also, The network is connected through an access point
for internet and it is connected to a USB Port
 Wi-Fi is used for different purposes such as data transmission and wireless
communication, With using a Wi-Fi connection whenever possible will most often result
in faster, more reliable internet access, and It is cheap.
 Expandability, Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of clients with
the existing equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would require additional
wiring
 Mobility, With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet
even outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer
their customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost


Disadvantage of Wi-Fi

 . Security, to combat this consideration, wireless networks may choose to utilize some of
the various encryption technologies available. Some of the more commonly utilized
encryption methods, however, are known to have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary
can compromise.
 Range, the typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment is on
the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a
larger structure. To obtain additional range, repeaters or additional access points will
have to be purchased. Costs for these items can add up quickly.
 Reliability, like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are
subject to a wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects that are
beyond the control of the network administrator.
  Speed, the speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-54 Mbps) is far slower than
even the slowest common wired networks (100Mbps up to several Gbps). However, in
specialized environments, the throughput of a wired network might be necessary.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile
devices over short distances using UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical
radio bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs). Also It
is a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology and is used for exchanging data over
smaller distances. This technology was invented by Ericson in 1994. It operates in the
unlicensed, industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz to 2.485 GHz. Maximum
devices that can be connected at the same time are 7. Bluetooth ranges up to 10 meters. It
provides data rates up to 1 Mbps or 3 Mbps depending upon the version.

Bluetooth is used for the following:

 Wireless control and communication between mobile and hands-free headsets

 Wireless networking between multiple computers in areas with limited service
 Wireless communication with PCs and peripheral input/output (I/O) devices
 Mobile phone communication with digital enhanced cordless telecommunication (DECT)
 Identify and track object positions with the real-time location system
 Track livestock and prisoner movement
 Personal mobile security applications

Advantage of Bluetooth

 There are many advantages of using Bluetooth wireless technology. The most important
is the fact that any two devices can be connected with each other without the use of any
cables or wires. Added to that, is that using Bluetooth devices is very safe and also
convenient.
 advantage of using Bluetooth wireless technology is the safety factor. While driving your
car it is extremely dangerous to use one hand to hold your cell phone and the other for
driving. It is even illegal to do this in some countries as phoning while driving is a major
cause of road accidents. You should always leave both your hands free while driving.
Now, thanks to Bluetooth technology you can use a Bluetooth headset to receive your
 phone calls and to talk to the person on the other end of the "line". This way you can
drive safely with both hands on the steering wheel.
 Now you can get rid of the cables and wires that connect your computer to other devices.
Often you need to use cables to connect your computer with the keyboard, the mouse,
various cradles for electronic equipment such as PDAs, printers, etc. All these annoying
cords can be eliminated if you use Bluetooth enabled devices and you can have an
uncluttered and well maintained computer room with a minimum of wires lying on the
floor.

Disadvantage of Bluetooth

 Poor Security, virtually every network technology has some security built into it to
prevent hackers from accessing your data without your permission. However, Bluetooth
security is weak compared to Wi-Fi and other wireless data standards. A determined
attacker can, for example, gain access to your wireless device through a Bluetooth
connection, although he or she would have to be nearby for the attempt to work.
 Slow Data, all wireless technologies have limits on how fast they can transmit data;
generally, faster connections mean higher energy consumption. Because Bluetooth is
intended to be very energy-efficient, it sends data relatively slowly. The Bluetooth 4.0
Low Energy standard, at 26 megabits per second, is much faster than Bluetooth used to
offer and suitable for occasional syncing and small backup operations. However,
Bluetooth is not a substitute for faster technologies such as Wi-Fi and USB.
 Distance Limitations, Most Bluetooth devices, especially those that run on battery
power, are Class 2 Bluetooth devices. Class 2 devices have a range of about 10 meters, or
around 30 feet. The range limitations are meant to avoid the quick depletion of the
battery. While the Bluetooth signal will work through walls, the more objects that are in
between the devices, the less overall range the devices will have. Class 1 Bluetooth
devices have a range of about 100 meters, but the size and power consumption needed to
create a Class 1 signal means that small wireless devices could not use it and are confined
to the 10 meters of the Class 2 protocol.
SATELLITE

Satellite communication is a wireless technology having significant importance across the globe.

Satellite Communication System devices using satellite technology to communicate directly with
the orbiting satellite through radio signals, this allows users to stay connected virtually from
anywhere on the earth. Portable satellite phones and modems have powerful broadcast feature
and reception hardware than the cellular devices due to the increased range.

The satellite communication consists of a space segment and a ground segment. When the signal
is sent to the satellite through a device, the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the
receiver antenna which is located on the earth’s surface. The ground segment consists of a
transmitter, receiver and the space segment, which is the satellite itself.

Advantages of satellite

 Through satellite transmission, coverage over geographical area is quite large mainly for
sparsely populated areas.
 High bandwidth.
 Wireless and mobile communication applications can be easily established by satellite
communication independent of location.
 It is used in wide variety of applications such as global mobile communication, private
business networks, Long distance telephone transmission, weather forecasting, radio/TV
signal broadcasting, gathering intelligence in military, navigation of ships and air crafts,
connecting remote areas, television distribution etc.
 Security in satellite transmission is usually provided by the coding and decoding
equipment.
 Service from one single provider is easy to obtain and uniform service is available.
 Over long distances, it can be cheaper.
 The laying and maintenance is easy and cheap in satellite communication therefore it is
best alternative.
 During critical condition, each Earth Station may be removed relatively quickly from a
location and reinstalled somewhere else.
 Ground station sites are easy to install and maintain.
Disadvantages of satellite

 Design, development, investment and insurance of satellite requires higher cost.

 To reach the satellite from Earth, time can vary between 270 milliseconds and return
again to 320 milliseconds. This propagation delay can cause an echo over telephone
connections
 Satellites are not easy to repair and maintain.
 Some circumstances like weather or sunspots affect the satellite’s signal and can cause
interference and make proper operation of the satellite very difficult.
 It requires to be monitored and controlled on regular periods so that it remains in the
orbit, once it has been launched.
 REFERENCE
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