Constants

  Electric  flux  for  uniform  field   φ = EA cosθ  

Magnitude  of  electron  charge   e = 1.60 × 10 C   −19
Gauss’s  law   Q
Coulomb’s  constant   k = 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 / C2   φnet = inside  
ε0
Permittivity  of  free  space   1
ε0 = = 8.85 × 10 −12 C2 /(N ⋅ m 2 )   Electric  field  due  to  a  line  of   λ
4π k charge  of  infinite  length   ER = 2k  
Permeability  of  free  space   R
µ0 = 4π ×10−7 Tim/A   Electric  field  on  the  axis  of  a   kQz
Mass  of  electron   me = 9.11 × 10 −31
kg   charged  ring   Ez = 3/2  
 
( z + a2 )
2

Equations  from  121   Electric  field  on  the  axis  of  a  

σ ⎡⎢ ⎛ R 2 ⎞ ⎤⎥
−1/2

Kinematic  equations   vx = v0 x + ax t   charged  disk   Ez = sign(z) 1 − ⎜1+ ⎟  

  2ε 0 ⎢⎣ ⎝ z 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
vav x = 12 ( v0 x + vx )  
Electric  field  due  to  an   σ
  Δx = x − x0 = vav x t = 1
(v0 x + vx ) t   Ez = sign(z)  
2 infinite  plane  
 
2ε 0
Δx = 12 ax t 2 + v0 x t  
Electric  field  due  to  a  thin  
  1 Q
vx2 = v02x + 2ax Δx   spherical  shell   Er = r>R
Kinetic  energy   4πε 0 r 2  
K = 12 mv 2  
 
Newton’s  second  law   Fnet = ma   Er = 0 r < R
 
Newton’s  third  law   F12 = − F21   Electric  field  due  to  a  solid  
1 Q
  sphere   Er = r≥R
Electrostatics   4πε 0 r 2
Coulomb’s  Law    kq q  
F12 = 12 2 r̂12   1 Q
r Er = r r≤R
 12 4πε 0 R 3
Electric  field    F
E =   Potential  difference   ΔU
b
 
q0 ΔV = Vb − Va = = − ∫ E ⋅ dl  
Electric  field  due  to  point    kq q0 a
charge   EiP = 2 i r̂iP   Potential  due  to  a  point   kq
riP charge   V= (V = 0 if r = ∞)  
Electric  field  due  to  a  system  
  r
EP = ∑ EiP   Potential  due  to  a  system  of  
of  points   kq
 i point  charges   V = ∑ i (V = 0 if ri = ∞)  
Dipole  moment   p = qL   i ri
Torque  on  a  dipole   τ = pE sin θ   Electric  field  from  potential     ⎛ ∂V ∂V ∂V ⎞  
E = −∇V = − ⎜ iˆ + ĵ + k̂ ⎟
Potential  energy  of  a  dipole   U = − pE cosθ + U 0   ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Electric  field  for  continuous    kr̂ Potential  on  the  axis  of  a   kQ
charge  distribution   E = ∫ 2 dq  
r
uniformly  charged  ring   V= (V = 0 if z = ∞ )  
 z + a2
2

Electric  flux  
φ = ∫ E ⋅ n̂ dA  
S
Potential  on  the  axis  of  a   ⎛ ⎞ Series  capacitors   1 1 1 1
uniformly  charged  disk   R2 = + + + ...  
V = 2 π kσ z ⎜ 1+ 2 −1⎟⎟ (V = 0 if z = ∞)  
⎜ Ceq C1 C2 C3
⎝ z ⎠
Electric  field  inside  dielectric  
Potential  due  to  an  infinite   V = V0 − 2 π kσ x (V = V0 if x = 0 )    
plane  
Potential  due  to  a  thin   ⎧ Capacitance  with  dielectric   C = κ C0  
spherical  shell  
kQ
⎪ r>R  
r
⎪
V = ⎨
kQ
(V = 0 if r = ∞ )   Resistance  and  current  
⎪ Electric  current  
r≤R  
⎪⎩ R
Potential  due  to  a  solid   ⎧ Current  –  microscopic  view  
sphere  
kQ I = qnAvd  
⎪ r≥R  
⎪ r   Current  density   J = qnvd  
V = ⎨
kQ ⎛ r 2 ⎞
(V = 0 if r = ∞ ) Resistance  
⎪ 3  
2R ⎜⎝
− ⎟ r ≤ R
⎪ R 2 ⎠
⎩ Resistivity,  ρ  
Potential  due  to  an  infinite   ⎛ R ⎞  
line  of  charge   V = 2k λ ln ⎜⎜ ref ⎟⎟ V = 0 if r = Rref  
( )
⎝ r ⎠ Ohm’s  law   V = IR, for R = constant  
Power   V 2  
Electrostatic  potential   1 n
energy  for  point  charges   U= ∑ q V   P = IV = I 2 R =
2 i=1 i i R
Parallel  resistors   1 1 1
Potential  energy  of  a   1
U = QV   = + + ...  
conductor   Req R1 R2
2
  Series  resistors   Req = R1 + R2 + ...  
Capacitance  
Capacitance   Discharging  a  capacitor   −t
Q   Q(t) = Q0 e τ  
C=
V Charging  a  capacitor   ⎛ −t ⎞
Isolated  spherical  capacitor   C = 4πε0 R   Q(t) = Qf ⎜1− e τ ⎟  
⎝ ⎠
Parallel  plate  capacitor   Time  constant   τ = RC  
 
Current  in  a  circuit  with  a   −t
capacitor   I (t) = I 0 e τ  
Cylindrical  capacitor   2πε 0 L  
C=  
ln(R2 / R1 )
Energy  stored  in  a  capacitor   1 1 Q2 1
U = QV = = CV 2  
2 2 C 2
Energy  density  of  an  electric   1
field   ue = ε 0 E 2  
2
Parallel  capacitors   Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...  
Magnetic  Fields   Self  inductance  of  solenoid   L = µ0 n2 A
  
Force  on  moving  charge   F = qv × B  
   Mutual  inductance   φm21   φm12
Force  on  current  element   dF = I d  × B   M= =
   I1 I 2  
Force  on  current   F = IL × B  (where  L  is  the  length  of  the  wire)  
Energy  stored  in  inductor  
Circular  motion   qvB = mv 2 / r  
Circular  motion  period    
2π m 1   Energy  density  in  a  magnetic   B2
T= = um =
qB f field  
 2µ0  
Magnetic  dipole  moment   µ = NIAn̂  
Torque  on  magnetic  dipole      Emf  across  inductor   dI
τ = µ × B   E = −L
Potential  energy  of  magnetic     dt  
U = − µ i B   Current  energizing  an  
dipole  
Hall  effect   inductor  
(
I(t) = I f 1− e−t / τ )  
I Current  de-­‐energizing  an  
VH = EH w = vd Bw = B  
nte inductor    
Field  due  to  moving  charge    µ0 qv × r̂ Time  constant  
B=  
4π r 2  
  
Biot-­‐Savart  law    µ0 I d  × r̂
dB =  
4π r 2
Magnetic  field  on  axis  of     µ 2π R 2 I  
loop   Bz = 0 3
4π 2
(
z + R2 2 )
Inside  a  long  solenoid   B = µ0 nI  
Due  to  a  straight  wire   µ0 I
segment   B=
4π R
(sin θ2 − sin θ1 )  
Inside  a  toroid   µ NI
B= 0  
2π r 
Gauss’s  law  for  magnetism   φm net = ∫ S Bi n̂ dA = 0  
 
Ampere’s  law  
∫ C Bid  = µ0 Ienc  
Magnetic  flux   φm = ∫ S Bi n̂ dA  
Magnetic  flux,  uniform  field,   φm = NBAcos θ  
with  N  turns  
Faraday’s  law   d φm
E =−
dt  
Rod  moving  perpendicular  to  
its  length  and  B  
E = Bv
 
Self  inductance   φ
L= m
I  
AC  circuits   Electromagnetism  
Generated  emf   E = E peak cos ωt   Displacement  current   dφ
I d = ε 0 e  
rms  current  
I rms = I peak 2   dt
Generalized  Ampere’s  law  
 
rms  voltage   ∫C Bid  = µ0 ( I enc + I d )  
Vrms = Vpeak 2   EM  wave   E = cB  
For  a  resistor   VR rms = I rms R   Poynting  vector    1    
S= E×B
For  a  inductor,  potential   VL rms = I rms X L   µ0
leads  current  by  90°   EM  wave  speed   1
For  a  capacitor,  potential   VC rms = I rms X C   c= = 3.0 × 108 m/s  
lags  current  by  90°   µ0 ε 0
Inductive  reactance   X L = ω L   EM  wave  energy  density   B 2 EB
Capacitive  reactance  
u = ε0 E 2 = =
1   µ0 µ0 c
XC =  
ωC EM  wave  intensity   P E B E B 
Average  power  to  a  resistor   2 I = av = 0 0 = rms rms = S
Pav = VR rms I rms = I rms ( ) R   A 2 µ0 µ0 av
 
Average  power  to  inductor   Pav = 0   EM  wave  momentum   U
and  capacitor   p=
c
Transformer   N 2  
V2 = V
EM  wave  radiation  pressure   I   E B
N1 1 Pr = = 0 0
c 2 µ0 c
Transformer  with  no  power    
V1 rms I1 rms = V2 rms I 2 rms    
losses  
LC  circuit  natural  frequency  
ω0 = 1 LC  
Impedance   2
Z = R2 + X L − X C ( )  
Phase  angle   X L − XC
tan δ =  
R
Average  power   2
2 (V app rms ) Rω 2  
( )
Pav = I rms R= 2
(
L2 ω 2 − ω02 ) + ω 2 R2
Q  factor   ω0 L
Q factor =  
R
Q  factor  for  small  R   ω
Q factor ≈ 0  
Δω