1KHL020347-Aen

REB500 / REB500sys Edition February 2005

CT requirements for REB500 / REB500sys

Application Note
  2005 ABB Switzerland Ltd
Baden/Switzerland

2nd Edition

Version 7.20 and higher

All rights with respect to this document, including applications for patent and registration of other in-
dustrial property rights, are reserved. Unauthorized use, in particular reproduction or making avail-
able to third parties without our explicit consent in writing is prohibited.

The use is only allowed for the purpose laid down in the contract.

This document has been carefully prepared and reviewed. Should in spite of this the reader find an
error, he is requested to inform us at his earliest convenience.

The data contained herein purport solely to describe the product and are not a warranty of perform-
ance or characteristic. It is with the best interest of our customers in mind that we constantly strive to
improve our products and keep them abreast of advances in technology. This may, however, lead to
discrepancies between a product and its “Technical Description” or “Operating Instructions”.
REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

Contents

1. Introduction.................................................................................................2

2. Terms / Abbreviations.................................................................................2

3. Symbols......................................................................................................2

4. Requirements on current transformers .......................................................3

4.1. Type of current transformers (protection core) ...........................................3
4.2. Requirements for the current transformer ratio...........................................4
4.2.1. Busbar protection .......................................................................................4
4.2.2. Distance protection.....................................................................................4
4.2.3. Transformer differential protection..............................................................4
4.3. Conditions for the current transformer requirements ..................................5
4.3.1. Busbar protection .......................................................................................5
4.3.2. Distance protection.....................................................................................6
4.3.3. Transformer differential protection..............................................................6
4.4. Accuracy limiting factor...............................................................................6
4.4.1. Determination of the accuracy limiting factor (n).........................................6
4.4.2. Calculation of the effective accuracy limiting factor (n’) [universally valid
CT calculation]............................................................................................8
4.5. Required accuracy limiting factor for REB500 / REB500sys (CT
performance check)....................................................................................8
4.5.1. Busbar protection .......................................................................................8
4.5.2. Distance protection.....................................................................................9
4.5.3. Transformer differential protection............................................................10
4.5.4. General remarks for the CT performance check ......................................11

5. Calculation example .................................................................................12

5.1. Data per bus section.................................................................................12
5.2. Data per bay.............................................................................................12
5.3. Calculation-check .....................................................................................13

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 ABB Switzerland Ltd 1KHL020347-Aen REB500/ REB500sys

1. Introduction
The operation of any protection scheme is influenced by distortion in the measuring quantities. The
currents to the protection device are distorted, when the current transformer is saturated. In most
cases it is not possible to avoid current transformer saturation for all fault conditions, therefore
measures are taken in the protection schemes of REB500/REB500sys to allow for current trans-
former saturation while maintained proper operation. REB500/REB500sys can allow for relatively
heavy current transformer saturation, but not unlimited. The demands on the current transformers
and the appropriate calculation checks are the main constituents of this document. Furthermore, the
most common CT types used for protection applications, the corresponding CT standards and the
conversion of the characteristic values from one type to another are illustrated.

2. Terms / Abbreviations
BBP Busbar Protection

Z> Line Protection -> Distance protection function

DIFTRA Transformer Differential Protection

CT Current Transformer

HMI Human-Machine-Interface

BS British Standards

ANSI American National Standards Institute

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

1-ph-g Single phase to ground fault

3-ph Three phase fault

3. Symbols
χ Electrical conductivity
ΤN Power system time constant for a busbar fault or a fault close to the busbar
ΤZ1 Power system time constant for fault at zone-1 reach
A Cross section of the current transformer wiring
B Magnetic induction
fN Fundamental frequency
IBAmax Maximal load current
IKSmax Maximal fault current for a busbar fault or a fault close to the busbar
IKS Z1max Maximal fault current for a fault at zone-1 reach
INprim CT nominal current primary side
INsec CT nominal current secondary side
l Length of the current transformer wiring (single length from main CT to REB500 bay unit)
n CT nominal over current factor (related to a CT 5Px)
n’ CT ‘effective’ over current factor
n10P CT nominal over current factor (related to a CT 10Px for the conversion to 5Px see Table 2)
PB Total burden connected to the CT
PBG Sum of the burden of all connected devices
PE CT losses
PN CT rated power
RBG Sum of the burden resistors of all connected devices
Rct CT resistance of the secondary winding
Uk CT knee-point voltage
UN Nominal voltage (phase to phase) on primary side

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 REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

4. Requirements on current transformers

4.1. Type of current transformers (protection core)

The following table specifies the most common current transformer protection cores and their practi-
cability for REB500/ REB500sys.

Applicable for According to

Type Features Application area REB500/ REB500sys *) Standard
BBP Z> DIFTRA
TPX Closed core Most common type IEC60044-6

TPS Complementary to High impedance BBP IEC60044-6

class X (low leak- Also suitable for most other
age flux) protection schemes
5Px Closed core Low impedance BBP IEC60185
(old defi- (composite error Also suitable for most other successor
nition) 5%) protection schemes IEC60044-6
x = accuracy limit- (see TPX)
ing factor
10Px Closed core Low impedance BBP IEC60185
(old defi- (composite error Also suitable for most other successor
nition) 10%) protection schemes IEC60044-6
x = accuracy limit- (see TPX)
ing factor
TPY Core with anti re- Line protection with auto re- IEC60044-6
manence air gaps closure
TPZ Core with consid- Special applications (e.g. dif- IEC60044-6
erable air gaps, ferential protection of large 1 2 3
linearized core generators)
Class X Corresponding to Ref. to TPS B.S. 3938
TPS successor
(old defi-
nition) IEC60044-6
(see TPS)
Class C Corresponding to Ref. to 10Px ANSI
C100,C200, IEC accuracy C57.13-1
C400, C800 class 10P20
Table 1: Specification of CT protection cores (different standards)

Remarks for Table 1:

Applicable
Applicable, mixtures between CTs of type TPZ and other CT-types can result in a differential current
1
measured by the BBP system. This is because the phase displacement of the TPZ-CT (up to 3°). This dif-
ferential current has to be taken into account for the setting of the pick-up level of BBP differential alarm.
Applicable, the use of the linearized current transformer type TPZ results only in a turn (anticlockwise) of
2
the relay characteristic of some degrees. Possibly ABB Switzerland can be contacted for confirmation that
the actual type can be used.
Applicable, TPZ leads only to a small phase angle shift and can be used for DIFTRA, if the same type is on
3
all sides of the transformer.

*) The distance protection function Z> und transformer differential function DIFTRA is available for
REB500sys only.

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4.2. Requirements for the current transformer ratio

4.2.1. Busbar protection

The CTs of the different bays connected to a REB500 / REB500sys system can have different CT-
ratios. Any differences between the CT-ratios are compensated by appropriately configuring the set-
ting of the respective bay units (using the HMI-software).

4.2.2. Distance protection

The current transformer ratio should be selected such that the primary is about 120% of the ex-
pected full load current and the current to the protection is larger than the minimum operating value
for all faults to be detected. The minimum operating current for the distance protection in REB500sys
is 10% of the nominal current.

4.2.3. Transformer differential protection

The CT’s of the different transformer-sides connected to a REB500 / REB500sys system can have
different CT-ratios. Any differences between the CT-ratios are compensated by appropriately config-
uring the setting of the respective bay units (using the HMI-software).
The differences between the rated currents of the protected object (the transformer) and the CT’s
can be compensated by the setting factors a1,a2 and a3(a3 for three-winding and auto-transformers
only). An appropriate adjustment of these factors ensures, that a nominal current flow in the pro-
tected object will cause a nominal current in the protection relay.

The current transformer ratio should be selected so that the current to the protection is larger than
the minimum operating value. This principle must apply to all faults that shall be detected. The mini-
mum operating current of the DIFTRA-function is 10% of the nominal current.

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 REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

4.3. Conditions for the current transformer requirements

The requirements for REB500/REB500sys are a result of tests performed with a network simulation
program. The tests have been performed with a digital current transformer model.

The setting of the current transformer model was representative for :

BBP current transformers type TPX/TPY/TPZ

DIFTRA current transformers type TPX/TPY/TPZ
TPZ leads only to a small phase angle shift and
can be used for DIFTRA, if the same type is on
all sides of the transformer.
This recommendation is also appropriate for TPY
CT’s, particularly for small basic settings of DIFTRA.
Z> current transformers type TPX

The performance was checked :

• With symmetrical fault currents / fully asymmetrical fault currents

• For phase-to-ground faults / phase-to-phase / three-phase faults

• With regard to directionality

• Z> with security to trip and overreach for Z> only

• BBP and DIFTRA 0 and 50% remanence-flux in the current transformer core.

Fault current

The current transformer requirements are based on the maximum fault current for faults in different
positions. The maximum fault current is reached for three-phase faults or ‘single phase to ground
faults’. The current for a ‘single phase to ground fault’ exceeds the current for a ‘three phase fault’
when the zero-sequence impedance in the total fault loop is less than the positive-sequence imped-
ance.

When calculating the current transformer requirements, the maximum fault current should be used
and therefore both fault types have to be considered (see Section 4.5.4.).

4.3.1. Busbar protection

The algorithms and stabilization features used in REB500 / REB500sys make the busbar protection
largely insensitive to current transformer saturation phenomena, result in a relatively low CT per-
formance needed and make it possible to share protection cores with other protection devices.

For CTs of class TPZ (linearized type), it has to be ensured that the linearity is guaranteed over the
complete range of possible short circuit currents ( means no saturation up to Iksmax). This is a gen-
eral requirement, since if a linear is applied in a protection system it is not recommended to operate
it outside the linear area.

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4.3.2. Distance protection

Remanence flux

It is difficult to give general recommendations for additional margins for remanence flux. This de-
pends on the demands of reliability and economy.

When current transformers of type TPY are used, practically no additional margin is needed due to
the anti-remanence air gap. For current transformer of the type TPX, the small probability of a fully
asymmetrical fault together with maximum remanence flux in the same direction as the flux gener-
ated by the fault has to be kept in mind for the decision of an additional margin. A fully asymmetrical
fault current will be reached when the fault occurs at zero voltage (0°). Investigations have proved
that 95% of the faults in the network occurs when the voltage is between 40° and 90°.

Cable resistance and additional load

The current transformer saturation is directly affected by the voltage at the current transformer sec-
ondary terminals. This voltage, for a ground fault, is developed in a loop containing the phase and
neutral conductor and additional load in this loop. For three phase faults, the neutral current is zero,
and only the phase conductor and additional phase load have to be considered.
In the calculation, the loop resistance should be used for phase to ground faults and the phase resis-
tance for three phase faults.

DC time constants

The requirements assume 20 to 120 msec maximum DC time constant for the network and 100%
DC offset.

4.3.3. Transformer differential protection

Remanence flux

See under 4.3.2 Distance protection item “Remanence flux”

Cable resistance and additional load

See under 4.3.2 Distance protection item “Cable resistance and additional load”

DC time constants

The current requirements were tested with DC time constants from 40 to 300 msec.

4.4. Accuracy limiting factor

The CT performance necessary for REB500/REB500sys is specified mainly by the ‘effective accu-
racy limiting factor’ (n’), which has to exceed a required (calculated) value.

4.4.1. Determination of the accuracy limiting factor (n)

The following section provides an overview about how to determine the accuracy factor for the differ-
ent CT types (different standards).

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REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

Determination of 5Px 10Px Class C Class X, TPS

accuracy limiting TPX,TPY,TPZ C100,C200,C400,C800
factor (n)
Direct determina- e.g. CT core 5P20
tion
n = 20

Corresponding with Corresponding to

other CT type IEC accuracy class
10P20 1
Conversion from e.g. CT core 10P20
10Px to 5Px
n10P =20 n10P =20
n = n 10 ⋅ 0.84 2 n = n 10 ⋅ 0.84 2

n = 16.8 n = 16.8

Conversion from Class X:

knee-point voltage
(class x,TPS) 3
U K ⋅ I Nsec
to the accuracy n= ⋅ 1 .3
limiting factor (IEC, PN + PE
5Px)

e.g. CT class X
Uk = 450 V, Insec = 1 A
PN = 20 VA, PE = 4 VA

n = 24.4

Table 2: Determination of the accuracy limiting factor (n)

Remarks for Table 2:

1 ANSI C57.13-1 With a transformer in the C100 accuracy class, for example, the ratio error will not exceed 10% be-
tween 1 and 20 times nominal secondary current if the burden does not exceed the nominal burden.
1 Ω x 5 A x 20 = 100 V (nominal burden C100 -> B-1 = 1Ω, C200 ->B-2 = 2 Ω, C400 ->B-4 = 4 Ω, C800 ->B-8 = 8 Ω)
For the determination of the CT- losses [PE], the resistance of the secondary winding related to the connected CT- ratio
should be present (The resistance for each ratio is normally indicated on the CT type-label).
According to the technical literature, the corresponding IEC60185 - accuracy class for a CT class C is 10P20. The con-
version made under Table 2 is based on this assumption.
2 The voltage U (10P) linked to the accuracy limiting factor of a CT 10Px is
above the voltage U(5P) linked to the accuracy limiting factor of a CT 5Px.
These voltages are each linked to an induction level.
Induction levels commonly used for CT manufacturing (example only):
corresponding induction level U (10P) =1.9 Tesla, U(5P) =1.6 Tesla
Usec ~ B
The conversion of the accuracy limiting factor from 10Px to 5Px can be
easily obtained by multiplication with the reversed induction level ratio U(10P)
1.6T / 1.9T = 0.84 . U(5P)
UK
Of course, the induction levels vary from one manufacturer to another.
IEC
The knee point voltage UK of a CT class X linked to the point from which 5Px
3
an increase in the voltage of 10% needs a 50% increase in the magnetiz- BS IEC
ing current is below the voltage U(5P) linked to the accuracy limiting factor Class X 10Px
of a CT 5Px. These voltages are each linked to an induction level.
ANSI
Induction levels commonly used for CT manufacturing (example only): Class
corresponding induction level UK =1.2 Tesla, U(5P) =1.6 Tesla C100-C800

The conversion of the accuracy limiting factor from Class X to 5Px can be
approx. obtained by multiplication with the induction level ratio Im
1.6T/ 1.2T = 1.3
The rated CT power [PN] is a parameter which is not used (necessary) for
the specification of a CT class X . In the conversion formula for determina-
tion of the ‘accuracy limiting factor’ [n] , any typical value [PN] of a CT class Fig. 1: CT accuracy classes, definition
5P20 can be inserted. As an alternative method, the effective ‘accuracy points
limiting factor’ [n’] can be directly calculated, without using the term [PN]
(ref. to Section 5.3).

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 ABB Switzerland Ltd 1KHL020347-Aen REB500/ REB500sys

4.4.2. Calculation of the effective accuracy limiting factor (n’) [universally valid CT calculation]

The effective accuracy limiting (n’) is derived from the nominal accuracy factor (n) of the CT protec-
tion core (see Section 4.4.1.), considering the relation between the nominal burden and the con-
nected burden.

Calculation of the effective over current factor n’:

P + PE
n' = n ⋅ N
PB + PE

Calculation of the total burden PB :

 
PB = PBG +  l ⋅ 2  ⋅ I 2
 χ ⋅A  Nsec

or if RBG is given :

 
PB =  R BG + l
⋅ 2  ⋅ I 2
 χ ⋅A  Nsec

If RCT is given instead of PE :

P E = R CT ⋅ I 2Nsec

4.5. Required accuracy limiting factor for REB500 / REB500sys

(CT performance check)

4.5.1. Busbar protection

For each bay, the performance of the current transformer has to be checked and two conditions have
to be fulfilled.

Condition 1

I
n' > KS max
5*I
N prim

Condition 2 (taking the primary power system time constant into account)

n' ≥ 10 → for Τ ≤ 120 ms

N

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 REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

or

n' ≥ 20 → for 120 ms < Τ N ≤ 300 ms

4.5.2. Distance protection

For each line bay utilized with REB500sys distance protection, the performance of the current trans-
former has to be checked and two conditions have to be fulfilled.

Condition 1

Line fault close to busbar (close to relay location)

6
(50Hz)
5 (60Hz)

I 4
n' > a ⋅ KS max
I a 3
N prim
2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Power system time constant TN [ms]

Condition 2

Line fault at zone 1 reach (line end)

14
(50Hz)
12 (60Hz)
10
I
KS Z1 max 8
n' > k ⋅ k
I 6
N prim
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Power system time constant TZ1 [ms]

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4.5.3. Transformer differential protection

For each transformer bay utilized with REB500sys Transformer differential protection, the perform-
ance of the current transformers on each transformer-side has to be checked and two conditions
have to be fulfilled.

Condition 1

n' ≥ 15

Condition 2

n' ≥ 3 * ( ϖ * Τ + 1)
N

For fault currents ≤ 3 * INprim , the CT’s shall not saturate

300

250
Condition 1

AND 200
Condition 2
n' 150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Power system time constant TN [ms]
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30

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 REB500/ REB500sys 1KHL020347-Aen ABB Switzerland Ltd

4.5.4. General remarks for the CT performance check

Since the short circuit currents and the network time constants can be quite different for a ‘single
phase to ground fault’ (1-ph-g) and a ‘three phase fault’ (3-ph), the CT performance test has to cover
both fault situations. A CT performance check, which is based on the ‘three phase fault’ data only is
not sufficient, if the ‘single phase to ground fault’ current and/or the associated network time constant
exceeds the ‘three phase fault’ values.

Table 3 below gives an overview about the CT performance test conditions and the associated fault
parameter to be checked for 1-ph-g and 3-ph faults.

Fault situation Single ph to ground (1-ph-g) Three phase (3-ph) Maximal value (1-ph-g) or (3-ph)

CT test condition IKSmax IKS Z1max TN TZ1 IKSmax IKS Z1max TN TZ1 IKSmax IKS Z1max TN TZ1

4.5.1. BBP Condition 1 - - - - - - - - ⌧ - - -

4.5.1. BBP Condition 2 - - - - - - - - - - ⌧ -

4.5.2. Z> Condition 1 ⌧ - ⌧ - - - - - - - - -

4.5.2. Z> Condition 1 - - - - ⌧ - ⌧ - - - - -

4.5.2. Z> Condition 2 - ⌧ - ⌧ - - - - - - - -

4.5.2. Z> Condition 2 - - - - - ⌧ - ⌧ - - - -

4.5.3. DIFTRA Condition 1 - - - - - - - - - - ⌧ -

4.5.3 DIFTRA Condition 2 - - - - - - - - - - ⌧ -

Table 3 : CT- performance check considering different fault parameters for 1-ph-g and 3-ph faults

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5. Calculation example
This is an example of a CT performance check for a REB500sys system mounted in a 220 kV-
station. The station contains three different types of CTs connected to one busbar protection system.
Such a mixture of CTs is not usual, but it discloses an illustrative calculation example. This calcula-
tion example is based on the simplified assumption, that roughly the same short circuit values are
prevail for ‘single phase to ground’ and ‘phase to phase faults’ (see topic under Section 4.5.4.).

5.1. Data per bus section

Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Bay 3
(if Line) (if Transformer)
IKSmax 39 kA
UN 220 kV
fN 50 Hz
TN 40 ms

Z> DIFTRA

BBP

Zone-1
reach

Busbar Protection zone

Bay Protection zone

5.2. Data per bay

Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3
if Line if Transformer
(both CT’s identical )
CT type - Class X C400 5P20 5P20
INprim A 2’000 1’000 2’000 2’000
IN sec A 1 5 1 1
IBAmax A 1800 900 1800 1800
IK S Z1max kA - - 20 39
Τzone 1 ms - - 27 -
PN VA 30 100 (B-4) 30 30
n - not specified 20 20 20
UK V 600 - - -
PE VA 4 15 (Rct = 0.6Ω) 1.5 1.5
l m 300 200 300 300
m
χ (copper) 56 56 56 56
Ω mm 2
2
A mm 6 6 6 6
PBG VA 3 0 3 3
BBP - Yes Yes Yes Yes
Z> - No No Yes No
DIFTRA - No No No Yes

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5.3. Calculation-check
Calculation See Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Remarks
section

Determination of the accuracy limiting factors (n) and (n’)

Direct determination of n 4.4.1. - - - 20 -

UK ⋅ INsec 4.4.1. - 23 - - While calculating the ‘effective

n= ⋅ 1.3
PN + PE accuracy limiting factor’ of a CT
class X, the term containing the
nominal power PN is striked out
automatically.
U K ⋅ I Nsec P + PE
n' = ⋅ 1 .3 ⋅ N
PN + PE PB + PE

n = n10P ⋅ 0.84 4.4.1. - 16.8 - Corresponding to IEC accuracy

class 10P20
P B = P BG + 
 l 
* 2  * I 2Nsec 4.4.2. VA 4.79 1.19 4.79 -
 χ * ⋅A 

P N + P E - 89 119 100 Class x: see calculation above

n' = n ⋅ 4.4.2.
P B + PE
U ⋅ I Nsec
n' = K
⋅1 .3
PB + PE

CT performance check Busbar Protection

I - 3.9 7.8 3.9 -
KS max 4.5.1.
5* I
N prim

I - o.k. o.k. o.k. Condition 1 Check passed!

n' > KS max 4.5.1.
5*I ?
N prim

n'≥10 for ΤN ≤ 120ms ? 4.5.1. - o.k. o.k. o.k. Condition 2 Check passed!

CT performance check Line Protection

I - - - 88 Condition 1 ‘close up line fault’
a ∗ KS max 4.5.2.
I
N prim a = 4.5, since TN = 40 ms (50Hz)

I - - - o.k. Condition 1 Check passed!

n' > a * KS max 4.5.2.
I ?
N prim

I 4.5.2. - - - 72 Condition 2 ‘zone 1 line fault’

KS Z 1 max
k∗ K = 7.2, since TZ1 =27 ms (50Hz)
I
N prim
I
KS Z 1 max 4.5.2. - - - o.k. Condition 2 Check passed!
n'> k ∗ ?
I
N prim

CT performance check Transformer Protection

n' ≥15 4.5.3 - - - o.k. Condition 1 Check passed!
?

n' ≥ 3*( ϖ*Τ +1) 4.5.3 - - - o.k. Condition 2 Check passed!

N
?

Final conclusion

Results from the - The CTs installed in this station fulfill the All checks passed!
CT checks CT-requirements of the used protection
functions without any restrictions.

? Check criterion

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 IMPORTANT NOTICE!

The busbar protection REB500 / REB500sys may only be installed, operated and maintained
by trained personnel.

Experience has shown that reliable operation of our products is assured, providing the infor-
mation and recommendations contained in the Operating Instructions.

It is scarcely possible for the instructions (inclusive this application note) to cover every
eventuality that can occur when using technical devices and systems. We would therefore
request the user to notify us directly or our agent of any unusual observations or of in-
stances, in which these instructions provide no or insufficient information.

In addition to these instructions, any applicable local regulations and safety procedures must
always be strictly observed both when connecting up and commissioning this equipment.

Any work such as insertion or removal of soldered jumpers or setting resistors, which may be
necessary, may only be performed by appropriately qualified personnel.

We expressly accept no responsibility for any direct damage, which may result from incorrect
operation of this equipment, even if no reference is made to the particular situation in the
Operating Instructions.
ABB Switzerland Ltd
Power Technology Systems
Brown Boveri Strasse 6
CH-5400 Baden / Switzerland
Phone +41 58 585 77 44
Fax +41 58 585 55 77
E-mail [email protected]

www.abb.com/substationautomation

Printed in Switzerland (0502-0000-0)