MATHS NOTES

FORMULAS / TRICKS / IMP EXAMPLES

PROFIT AND LOSS FORMULAES AND TRICKS
 Cost Price - The price at which article / commodity is purchased.
 Selling Price - The price at which an article / commodity is sold.
 Market Price - The printed price or price printed on article / commodity

 Profit = S.P – C.P (Profit happens when S.P is greater than C.P)

 Profit or Gain % = Profit / C.P X 100 % = (S.P – C.P )/ C.P X 100 %

 Loss = C.P – S.P (Loss happens when C.P is greater than S.P)

 Loss % = Loss / C.P X 100 = (C.P – S.P )/ C.P X 100

 Calculation of S.P when Profit % (P) and C.P (CP ) are given
S.P = {(100+P)/100} X CP
Similarly Calculation of S.P when Loss % (L) and C.P (CP) are given
S.P = {(100-L)/100} X CP

 Calculation of C.P when Profit %(P)and S.P (SP) are given

C.P = {100/ (100+P)} X SP
Similarly when Loss% (L) and S.P are given
C.P = {100/(100-L)} X SP

 When a dishonest dealer claims to sell his goods at CP but he uses a wrong weight
which is lesser than the real weight.
Gain% = ( True weight – Wrong weight ) X 100
Wrong Weight

 Calculation of total Gain % when shopkeeper sells an article at a profit of x% and

uses a weight which is y% less
Total Gain % = % Profit (x) + % less in weight (y) X 100
100 - % Less in weight(y)

 When a seller sells goods at a loss on C.P and uses less weight
Profit or Loss % = % Less weight - % Loss X 100
100 - % Less weight
 When there are two successive profits of a % and b % then the net percentage
( a + b + ab/100 )

 When there is a profit of a % and loss of b % then the net profit or loss %
{ a – b – ab/100 }
In this formulae if the overall sign is positive then there is profit if it is vice versa
then there is loss

 When A sells goods to B at a profit of x % and B sells to C at a profit of y %. If finally

C pays Rs ‘P’ then cost price for A =

 If two items are sold at same price one at a profit of x % and another at a loss of
y%, then percentage profit or loss made on overall transaction is

 If two items are sold at same price and profit and loss % are equal , let’s say ‘x’ then
overall is a loss
Overall loss % = x2 / 100

 If two articles are sold at equal prices, the first one is sold at profit of x% and
whereas the second one at a profit of y% and the sum of cost price of two articles is
‘A’. Then

C.P of article at a profit of x% = A x

Similarly it can be calculated for other article.

 If two articles are sold at equal price, the first one is sold at a loss of x% and other
one at a loss of y%, and the sum of the cost price of two articles is A then

C.P of article at a loss of x% = A x

 If two articles are sold at equal prices, the first one is sold at a profit of x% and
whereas the second one at a loss of y%, and the sum of the cost price of two
articles is A. Then

C.P of article at a profit of x% = A x

Similarly C.P of article at a loss of y% = A x

 When an article is sold for Rs x the profit is equal to the loss if it is sold for Rs y then
the cost price is
C.P =

 When an article is sold for Rs x then the profit is ‘n’ times the loss incurred when it
is sold for Rs y then
C.P =

 Hypothetical Situation question:

A person sells an article at a profit of 20%. If he had bought it at 20% less and sells it
for Rs 6 more he would have gained 60%. Find the cost price and selling price?

Trick:- Lets C.P be ‘x’

Now he sells an article at 20% profit so S.P = 1.2x
Now consider hypothetical situation.
Statement 1 = if he had bought it for 20% less means new C.P = .8x
Statement 2 = Sell it for Rs 6 more. New S.P = 1.2x + 6
Statement 3 = He would have gained 60% . It means
1.2x + 6 = 1.6 (.8x)
1.2x + 6 = 1.28x
6 = 0.08x
75= x = C.P
 PERCENTAGE FORMULAES AND TRICKS
 Percentage and Fraction relation

Fraction Their Percentage Fraction Their Percentage

1 100 % 1/7 14.28%
1/2 50 % 1/8 12.5%
1/3 33.33% 1/9 11.11%
1/4 25% 1/10 10%
1/5 20% 1/11 9.09%
1/6 16.67% 1/12 8.33%

 Two successive percentage changes and their overall effect

First percentage change Second percentage change Overall percentage change
Increase of a% Increase of b% Increase ( )
Increase of a% Decrease of b% ( )
If overall +ve then increase
If overall –ve then decrease
Decrease of a% Decrease of b% Decrease ( )

Increase of a% Decrease of a% Decrease ( )

 If the price of a commodity increases by a% then the reduction in consumption so

that total expenditure does not change
x 100 %

 If the price of a commodity decreases by a% then the increase in consumption so

that total expenditure does not change
x 100 %

Note – Above two formulas can be applied to multiplication of two numbers where one
number is increased/decreased by a% then how much other needs to be decreased /
increased so that overall product doesn’t change.
 If a certain no. ( Let’s say population ‘P’) increases at the rate of ‘R’ percent per
annum, then
1. Population after n years = P(1+ R/100)n
2. Population before n years = P/ (1+R/100)n

 If A is x% more than B, then B is less than A by = x 100%

 If A is x% less than B, then B is more than A by = x 100%

 If a man spends x% of his income on food, y% of remaining on rent and z% of

remaining on cloths. If he has Rs ‘R’ remaining, then total income of man is
SIMPLE AND COMPUND INTEREST FORMULAS AND TRICKS

 Simple Interest (SI) =

Total amount (A) = P + SI = P( 1 + )

Where P= Principal amount

R= Rate of interest
T= Time period

 If the interest is compounded then

CI = P(1 + )n

Here R= rate of interest per annum and n = number of years

 If the interest is compounded half yearly then

CI = P (1 + )2n

= P (1 + )2n

Here actual rate of interest is R/2 as the interest is compounded half yearly and
actual value if n is 2n as rate of interest is applied two times in a year.

 Similarly if interest is compounded quarterly then

CI = P (1 + )4n

 If the rates of interest are R1%, R2% and R3% for the 1st , 2nd and 3rd year
respectively, then
CI = P (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )

 Difference between CI and SI for 2 Yrs when principal and interest are same
Diff = P )2
 Difference between CI and SI for 3 Yrs when principal and interest are same
Diff = PR2(300 + R)
1003

 Difference between CI and SI for 4 Yrs when principal and interest are same

Diff = P )2{6 + 4 + )2}

 Annual EMI ‘E’ that will discharge a debt of Rs. ‘D’ in time ‘T’ years @ R% (Simple
Interest ) is
E=

 Annual EMI ‘E’ that will discharge a debt. Of Rs ‘D’ in time ‘T’ yrs. @ R% (
Compound Interest) is
2 3
D = E{ + + + ………-

Note - Here no. of terms in bracket is equal to time period ‘T’

 BOATS AND STREAMS FORMULAS AND TRICKS
 Upstream - When boat or swimmer moves against the current
If the speed of the boat or swimmer is ‘x’ kmph and the speed of the stream is ‘y’
kmph then
Speed of boat or swimmer upstream = x – y

 Downstream – When the boat or swimmer moves in the direction of the current
If the speed of the boat or swimmer is ‘x’ kmph and the speed of the stream is ‘y’
kmph then
Speed of boat or swimmer downstream = x + y

Important points to remember – When the speed of boat or swimmer is given then
it means speed in still water

 When downstream speed and upstream speed are given then

Speed of boat or swimmer in still water = ½ (Downstream speed + upstream speed)

 When downstream speed and upstream speed are given then

Speed of stream or current = ½ (Downstream speed - upstream speed)

 When the distance covered by boat in downstream is same as the distance covered
by boat upstream. The speed of boat or swimmer in still water is ‘x’ and speed of
stream/current is ‘y’. Then ratio of time taken in going upstream and downstream
Time taken upstream/time taken downstream =

 A boat goes downstream to a point in T1 hours and returns upstream covering

same distance in T2 hours. If the speed of stream is ‘y’ then speed of boat in still
water
Speed of boat in still water = y )

 Calculate the distance between two places if boat’s speed in still water is ‘x’ and
stream speed is ‘y’ and it takes ‘T’ hours to row to a place and come back
Distance = T ( x2 – y2 )
2x

 Calculate distance if speed of boat in still water is ‘x’ and speed of stream is ‘y’ and
it takes ‘T’ hours more in upstream than to go downstream for the same distance
Distance = T ( x2 – y2 )
2y
 If the boat covers same distance upstream and downstream and speed of boat in
still water is ‘x’ and speed of stream is ‘y’ calculate average speed
Average speed = Speed upstream x speed downstream
Boat speed in still water

Note : Average speed is independent of distance between the places.

Calculation of upstream and downstream speed is already mentioned
above.
 TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE FORMULAS AND TRICKS

 Distance = Speed X Time

 When distance is constant

S1T1 = S2T2

Similarly when time is constant

D1 = D2
S1 S2

Similarly when speed is constant

D1 = D2
T1 T2

 Average speed = Total distance

Total time taken

 When same distance is covered at speed ‘x’ and ‘y’ then

Average speed =

 Relative speed
When two bodies move in the same direction with speed S1 and S2
Then Relative speed = S1 – S2

When the two bodies move in the opposite direction then

Relative speed = S1 + S2

 When two bodies move in the opposite direction with speed S1 and S2 then time
taken by them to cover distance D between them is
T= (Relative speed is S1 + S2 which will reduce distance between them)

Similarly if they are moving in the same direction then

T=

 When two persons A and B with speed S1 and S2 start at the same time from P and
Q towards each other and after crossing they take T1 and T2 hrs in reaching Q & P
respectively then
 =

 If a person P starts from A and head towards B and another person Q starts from B
and head towards A and they meet after time ‘T’ then
T=
Here T1 = Time taken (after meeting) by P to reach B
Similarly T2 = Time taken (after meeting) by Q to reach A

 If two trains of length L1 and L2 are travelling in the same direction with speed S1
and S2 Then time taken by faster train to cross slower train
T=

Note: To cross slower train, faster train need to cover L1 + L2 distance and relative
speed is S1 – S2 as they are both travelling in the same direction

 If two trains of length L1 and L2 are travelling in the opposite direction with speed
S1 and S2 Then time taken to cross each other is
T=
 TIME AND WORK FORMULAS AND TRICKS
 If a person can do a piece of work in ‘n’ days/ hours then that person’s one day’s/
hour’s work = 1/n

 If a person’s one day’s/ hour’s work = 1/n , then he will complete the work in ‘n’
days/ hours.

 If first person is ‘n’ times efficient than second person then work done by first
person : second person = n : 1
 If the ratio of number of men required to complete a work is m : n then the ratio of
time taken by them will be n : m.
 If persons can do W1 work in D1 days working T1 hours in a day and M2 Persons can
do W2 work in D2 days working T2 hours in a day then the relationship between
them is

 If A can do a piece of work in ‘x’ days and B can do the same work in ‘y’ days then
(A + B)’s one day work-

Time taken by (A + B) to complete the work –

If ‘n’ persons (more than two) are there then their one day’s work =

Where x1,x2, x3 …………… represents the number of days taken by them to complete
the work.

 If A & B can complete a work in ‘x’ days and A alone can finish that work in ‘y’ days
then number of days required by B to complete the work–

 If A & B can do a piece of work in ‘x’ days, B & C can the same work in ‘y’ days and A
& C can do it in ‘z’ days, then working together A,B & C can do that work in–
 If A can do a work in ‘x’ days and B can do work ‘y’ % faster than A, then B will
complete the work in -

 If A takes ‘x’ days more to complete a work than the time taken by (A + B) to do the
same work and B takes ‘y’ days more than the time taken by (A + B) to do the same
work then (A + B) do the work in √xy days

 If A & B each alone can do a piece of work in ‘x’ and ‘y’ days respectively. Both
begin together but –

I. A leaves the work ’n’ days before its completion, then total time taken for
completion of work :

II. B leaves the work ’n’ days before its completion, then total time taken for
completion of work :

 If A & B do a piece of work in ‘x’ and ‘y’ days respectively. Both begin together but
after some days, A leaves off & the remaining work is completed by B in ‘n’ days.
Then the time after which A left is given by
 PARTNERSHIP FORMULAS AND TRICKS
 When the period of investment is same for each of the partner then profit or loss is
divided in the ratio of their investment
= or

Similarly for multiple partners

Investment of A: Investment of B: Investment of C = Profit Of A: Profit of B: Profit of
C or = Loss of A: Loss of B: Loss of C

 If two partners A and B have invested their money M1 and M2 respectively for
equal period of time and their total profit is P then their share of profit
Profit For A =

Profit for B =

Similarly same can be used for loss if there is total loss.

 If the period of investment is different then the profit or loss is divided in the ratio
of their monthly equivalent investment
( Monthly equivalent investment shows how much money is invested for how many
months so if 1 Cr is invested for 8 months then monthly equivalent investment
would be 1Cr x 8 Months which decides the profit or loss to be divided)
= or or

= or

Similarly this can be applied for more than two or multiple partners

 If two partners A and B have invested their money M1 and M2 for period T1 and T2
respectively and their total profit is P then share of profit is calculated by

Profit for A =

Profit for B =
Similarly this can be done for more than two or multiple partners.
 AVERAGE FORMULAS AND TRICKS

 Average =

Sum of all the elements/items = Average x No of elements

 Average of a group consisting of two sub groups A and B having average ‘a’ with no.
of items ‘m’ and average ‘b’ with no. of items ‘n’ respectively. Find the total
average of the main group
Average =

Now this way we can calculate average of a group consisting of multiple sub
groups.

 If the average of ‘m’ quantities is ‘a’ and the average of ‘n’ quantities out of it is ‘b’
then average of the remaining group
Average =

 If in a group there is a new entrant due to which average increases then

Age/weight of new entrant = New average + No. of old members x increase in
average

 If in a group one person replaces other person due to which average age/weight of
the group increases then
Age/weight of the new person = age/weight of removed person + No of persons x
Increase in average

If in a group one person replaces other person due to which average age/weight
decreases then
Age/weight of the new person = age/weight of removed person - No of persons x
deacrease in average

 If in a class there is a group of passed candidates and failed candidates then

No of passed candidates =

No of failed candidates =
 Average of first n natural numbers =

 Average of square of first n natural numbers =

 Average of cubes of first n natural numbers =

 RATIO AND PROPORTION
 Proportion

a:b∷c:d
Product of Means = Product of Extremes
a×d = b×c

 Third Proportion
a:b :: b:x
Here x is Third Proportional
Third proportion of a and b which is x = b2/a

 Fourth Proportion
a:b∷c:x
Here x is Fourth Proportional
x ( fourth proportion of a,b and c ) = (b×c)/a

 Mean Proportional
a:x∷x:b
Here x is mean Mean Proportional
Mean Proportion of a and b is given by x = √ab

 When two numbers are in the ratio a : b and their sum is x, then the two numbers
are given by

and

Similarly this can be done with as many no. as possible.

 When the ratio between the two numbers is a : b & x is added to both of them and
after the addition the ratio becomes c : d. Then the two numbers are given by

 When the ratio of two numbers is a : b, then number which should be added to
each numbers to make the ratio c : d is
 The incomes of two persons are in the ratio a : b and their expenditures are in the
ratio c : d. If saving of each person is S, then their incomes are given by

and
And their expenditures are given by

and

 When two items A & B of quantities q₁ & q₂ with cost price c₁ & c₂ respectively are
mixed to get a mixture C having cost price Cm then.
=

Cm = C1q1 + C2q2
q1 + q2
 ALGEBRA FORMULAS AND TRICKS
ALGEBRA IDENTITIES
 a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
 (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
 (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
 a3 + b3 + c3- 3abc = (a + b+ c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc)
 (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
 (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ; (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
 (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
 a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
 a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
 (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
 (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
 (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4)
 (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4)
 a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
 a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
 if a + b + c=0; then a3 + b3 + c3 =0
 x2+ x(a + b) + ab = (x + a) (x + b)
 ab (a + b) + bc (c + b) + ca (c + a) = (a + b)(b + c) (c + a)
 a2(b + c ) + b2 (c + a) + c2 (a + b)+ 3abc = (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
 a2(b - c ) + b2 (c - a) + c2 (a - b) = (a – b)(b – c) (c – a)
 If n is a natural number, an – bn = (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b+…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
 If n is even (n = 2k), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +…+ bn-2a – bn-1)
 If n is odd (n = 2k + 1), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +…- bn-2a + bn-1)
 (a + b + c + …)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + … + 2(ab + ac + bc + ….
 Laws of Exponents
(am)(an) = am+n
 (ab)m = ambm
(am)n = amn
 If x + 1/x = a then x2 + 1/x2 = a2 – 2
 If x + 1/x = a then x3 + 1/x3 = a3 – 3a
 If x + 1/x = a then x4 + 1/x4 = a4 – 4a2 + 2
 If x + 1/x = a then x5 + 1/x5 = a5 – 5a3 + 5a
 If x + 1/x = a then x6 + 1/x6 = a6 – 6a4 + 9a2 – 2
 If x - 1/x = a then x2 + 1/x2 = a2 + 2
 If x - 1/x = a then x3 - 1/x3 = a3 + 3a
 If x - 1/x = a then x4 + 1/x4 = a4 + 4a2 + 2
 If x - 1/x = a then x5 - 1/x5 = a5 + 5a3 + 5a
 If x - 1/x = a then x6 + 1/x6 = a6 + 6a4 + 9a2 + 2
 If x + y + z = 1, 1/x+1/y+1/z = 1 and xyz = 1, then x3 + y3 + z3 is also equal to 1
 If ab + bc + ca = 0 then
1/(a2-bc) + 1/(b2-ac) + 1/(c2-ab) = 0

 If x + y + z = 0 then
x2/yz + y2/xz + z2/xy = 3

 If x/y + y/x = 1
Then x3 + y3 = 0

 If x/y + y/x = -1
Then x3 - y3 = 0

ALGEBRA – QUADRATIC EQUATION

 General Quadratic equation will be in the form of ax2+bx+c = 0

 The values of ‘x’ satisfying the equation are called roots of the equation.

 The value of roots, p and q = -b √

2a
 Sum of the roots = p+q = -b/a

 Product of the roots = p*q = c/a

 If c and a are equal then the roots are reciprocal to each other

 If b = 0, then the roots are equal and are opposite in sign.

  Let D denote the discriminant, D =b2−4ac. Depending on the sign and value of D,
nature of the roots would be as follows:
1. D < 0 and |D| is not a perfect square:
Roots will be in the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are the real and imaginary
parts of the complex roots. p is rational and q is irrational.

2. D < 0 and |D| is a perfect square:

Roots will be in the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are both rational.

3. D = 0
Roots are real and equal. X = -b/2a

4. D > 0 and D is not a perfect square:

Roots are conjugate surds

5. D > 0 and D is a perfect square:

Roots are real, rational and unequal

Finding a quadratic equation:

1. If roots ‘a’ and ‘b’are given: (x-a)(x-b)=0 =>x2−(a+b)x+ab= 0

2. If sum s and product p of roots are given: x2−sx+p = 0

3. If roots are reciprocals of roots of equation ax2+bx+c = 0, then equation is cx2+bx+a

=0

4. If roots are k more than roots of ax2+bx+c = 0 then equation is a(x−k)2+b(x−k)+c = 0

5. If roots are k times roots of ax2+bx+c = 0 then equation is a(x/k)2+b(x/k)+c = 0

Signs of the roots: Let P be product of roots and S be their sum

1. P > 0, S > 0 : Both roots are positive
2. P > 0, S < 0 : Both roots are negative
3. P < 0, S > 0 : Numerical smaller root is negative and the other root is positive
4. P < 0, S < 0 : Numerical larger root is negative and the other root is positive
 NUMBER SYSTEM FORMULAS AND TRICKS
DIVISILBILTY

 Divisible by 2 – If a number ends with 0,2,4,6,8 then the number is divisible by 2.

 Divisible by 3 - If sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the number
itself, is also divisible by 3.
 Divisible by 4 – If the last two digits of any number is divisible by 4, then the
number is also divisible by 4.
 Divisible by 5 – If a number ends with 0 or 5, then it is divisible by 5.
 Divisible by 6 – If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3, then it is divisible by 6 as
well.
 Divisible by 7 - Remove the last digit, double it, subtract it from the truncated
original number and continue doing this until only one digit remains. If this is 0 or 7,
then the original number is divisible by 7. For example, to test divisibility of 12264
by 7, we simply perform the following manipulations:

1226 - 8 = 1218

121 - 16 = 105

10 - 10 = 0

Thus, 12264 is divisible by 7.

 Divisible by 8 – If the last three digits of a number can be divided by 8, then the
number is divisible by 8.
 Divisible by 9 - If sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number
itself, is also divisible by 9
 Divisible by 10 – If a number ends with 0, then it is divisible by 10
 Divisible by 11 – If (sum of its digit in odd places) is subtracted by (sum of its digits
in even places) = 0 or multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
 Divisible by 12 – If a number is divisible by 3 and 4 both, then it will also be divisible
by 12 as well.
 Divisible by 14 – If a number is divisible by 2 and 7 both, then it will also be divisible
by 14 as well.
 Divisible by 15 – If a number is divisible by 3 and 5 both, then it will also be divisible
by 15 as well.
 Divisible by 16 – A number is divisible by 16, if the number formed by the last4
digits is divisible by 16.
SUM RULES

Arithmetic Progression

 If An A.P. with first term a and common difference d is given as-

a, (a+d), (a+2d), (a+3d), .....

Then the formula to calculate its nth term will be – Tn = a + (n−1) d.

The sum of n terms of this A.P.

Sn = *2a +(n − 1) d]

Sn = (first term + last term) (When no. of terms, first and last terms are given)

 If a, b and c are in AP then ‘b’ is called the AM between ‘a’ and ‘c’
b=

Geometric Progression

 A G.P. with first term a and common ratio r is –

a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ……..

In this G.P. nth term = Tn = ar(n−1)

Sum of n terms

Sn = when r <1

Sn = when r >1

 If in a G.P first term is ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’ is less than one (but >0) and the no.
of terms are infinite then the sum is
Sn =

 If a , b and c are in GP the ‘b’ is called the GM between ‘a’ and ‘c’
b=

HARMONIC PROGRESSION

The progression a, b, c …. is called an H.P when 1/a, 1/b, 1/c is an A.P

If a, b and c are in HP then b is called the harmonic mean between a and c

So c =

Note :- All HP problems are solved by converting the same to AP first then solving the
same to get desired results in HP

Relationship between AP, GP and HP

If AM, GM and HM are the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean between ‘a’ and ‘b’
then

AM =

GM =

HM =

From these above relations we can deduce that

GM2 = AM x HM

TO TEST WHETHER GIVEN NUMBER IS PRIME OR NOT

Let the number be ‘X’. Take integer (let’s say ‘y’) greater than approximate square root of
the number ‘X’. Now divide the number X by all the prime numbers less then integer ‘y’. If
the number ‘X’ is not divisible by any of these prime numbers then the number is prime
and if it is divided by any of these prime numbers then it is not the prime number.

Ex – Number ‘X’ is 347. Approximate square root is ‘19’. All prime numbers below 19 are
2, 3, 5 , 7 , 11, 13 and 17. 347 cannot be divided by any of them hence it is prime number

RULES OF SIMPLIFICATION

What is VBODMAS rule?

This rule states that any expression should be solved in a proper sequence .VBODMAS is
the sequence for evaluating the expressions. Now, let us see what these letters mean -

V- Vinculum or bar (‘Bar bracket’) ‘---‘

B (Brackets)- Brackets are to be solved in the following sequence-

  Small brackets (‘Circular bracket’) ‘()’
 Middle brackets (‘Curly bracket’) ‘,-’
 Square bracket (‘Big bracket’) ‘*+’

O (of) - Operation of ‘of’ is simplified.

D (Division) - Operation of division is done.

M (Multiplication) - Operation of multiplication is done.

A (Addition) - Addition operation is done.

S (Subtraction) - Subtraction operation is done

ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ORDERS IN RATIONAL NUMBERS

Rule 1 = When the numerator and the denominator of the fractions increases by the
constant value then the last fraction is the biggest.

Ex – , , ,

Here numerator and denominator both increases by ‘1’ then the last fraction is biggest

Rule 2 = The fraction whose numerator after doing cross multiplication gives the larger
number is finally the larger fraction.

or

On cross multiplication we have 5x14 = 70 and 9x8 = 72 which means is bigger of the
two.

LCM AND HCF

 LCM of fractions =

 HCF of Fractions =

 Product of two numbers = LCM x HCF

 To find the greatest number that will exactly divide x, y and z.
Required number = H.C.F. of x, y and z.

 To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving remainders a, b and c,
respectively.
Required number = H.C.F. of (x – a), (y – b) and (z – c).

 To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving the same remainder
in each case.
(A) When the value of remainder r is given:
Required number = H.C.F. of (x – r), (y – r) and (z – r).

(B) When the value of the remainder is not given:

Required number = H.C.F. of |(x – y)|, |(y – z)| and |(z – x)|

 To find the least number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z.

Required number = L.C.M. of x, y and z.

 To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the remainders a,
b and c, respectively.
Lets take (x – a) = (y – b) = (z – c) = k (say)
Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) – k.

 To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the same
remainder ‘a’ in each case. Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + a
 MENSURATION 2D FORMULAS AND TRICKS
A
TRIANGLE

 Perimeter = a+b+c c
b

h
 Area of triangle = ½ x base x height

 If sides of triangle are a, b and c then B a C

Area = √ where S =
Here S is also called semi-perimeter (as it is half of perimeter)

 If sides of triangle a, b and c with angles between them are given

Area = ½ a b sin ( where is the angle between a and b )
Similarly this can be done with all combination of sides

 Area of triangle when all the three medians m1, m2 and m3 are given
Area = √ where S =

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

 In isosceles triangle where length of two sides is equal to ‘a’ and third sides is ‘b’
then
Perimeter = 2a+b

Height = 1/2

Area = b/4
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

 In equilateral triangle with all the sides of length ‘a’

Perimeter = 3a

Height =

Area =

If in a equilateral triangle only height ‘h’ is given then

 Area =

PARALLELOGRAM

 In a parallelogram with opposite sides parallel and equal let’s say length of sides
are ‘a’ and ‘b’, and two diagonals are ‘p’ and ‘q’ a
Perimeter = 2(a+b)
b p q b
 Area = Base x Height
a
 In parallelogram sum of square of diagonals is twice of sum of squares of sides
p2+q2 = 2(a2+b2)

 In parallelogram when adjacent sides ‘a’ and ‘b’ with angle between them is
given then
Area = ab sin

SQUARE

 Perimeter = 4a a

 Area = a2 = (diagonal)2/2 = (perimeter)2/16 a a

 Length of diagonal = a a

RHOMBUS a

 Perimeter = 4a a
a
 Area = base x height = a x h
a

 Area = ½ d1d2 (where d1 and d2 are diagonals which are perpendicular)

 Side a = ½

RECTANGLE

 Perimeter = 2(l+b) where l is length and b is breadth

d b
 Area = lxb l
 If length l and diagonal d is given then
Area = l x
a
TRAPEZIUM
h

 ½ (Sum of parallel sides ) x( perpendicular distance between parallel sides) b

½ (a+b) x h

CIRCLE

 Perimeter = 2 r = (where r is the radius and d diameter)

2
 Area = r
Area = C2/4 where c is circumference

𝜃 r
 Length of an arc l =

 Perimeter of an arc = 2r + l

 Area of a sector =

 Perimeter of ring = 2 (r+R)

r R
2 2
 Area of ring = (R – r )
 MENSURATION 3D FORMULAS AND TRICKS

CUBE

 Lateral surface area = 4s2

 Total surface area = 6s2 s s
3
 Volume = s s

 Diagonal = s
s

CUBOID

 Total surface area = 2(LB + BH + LH) H

 Volume = LBH
B
L

RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER r

 Lateral surface area = 2 rh

2
 Total surface area = 2 r(r+h) = 2 r +2 rh h
2
 Volume = r h

HOLLOW RIGHTCIRCULAR CYLINDER R

r

 Curved Surface area= 2 rh + 2 Rh= 2 h(r+R)

h
 Total surface area = 2 h(r+R) + 2 (R2-r2)
= 2 (R+r)(h+R-r)
2 2 2 2
 Volume = R h - r h = h(R -r )

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

l
 l =r +h
2 2 2
h
 Curved surface area = rl
 Total surface area = r(r + l) r
 L2
2
 Volume = 1/3 r h H2
H1
 Relations between Radius, height and slant height
R2
= = L1

R1

FRUSTRUM OF CONE
r
 Volume = 1/3(r + R + rR)h
2 2

s
 Curved surface area = s(R + r) h
2 2
 Surface area = s(R + r) + r + R R

SPHERE
2 r
 Surface area = 4 r

 Volume = r3

HEMISPHERE
2
 Curved surface area = 2 r
2
 Total surface area = 3 r

 Volume = r3 r

QUARTER SPHERE
2
 Curved surface area = r
2 r
 Total surface area = 2 r

 Volume = r3
PRISM

 Volume = Area of Base x Height H (Height)

 Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base x Height

Base

PYRAMID

 Volume of right pyramid = 1/3 x Area of base x Height

 Lateral surface area = ½ x Perimeter of base x Slant Height
 Total surface area = Lateral surface area + Base area
 GEOMETRY FROMULAS AND TRICKS
TRIANGLE

CENTROID (Intersecting point of medians)

Note – Median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the mid point of
the opposite side
 Centroid divides medians of a triangle in ratio 2:1 A

= = =
= = = D
F
= = = G

 Area of triangle ABE = Area of triangle BCD = B C

Area of triangle CBF = ½ area of triangle ABC E

Area of triangle AGB = Area of triangle BGC =

Area of triangle GCA = 1/3 area of triangle ABC

Area of triangle AGF = Area of triangle BGE =

Area of triangle AGD = 1/6 area of triangle ABC

 Area of FGD = 1/12 area of ABC

 3 x (Sum of squares of sides) = 4 x (sum of squares of medians)

3 x (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4 x (AE2 + BD2 + CF2 )

 Area of ABC = 4/3 Area (Formed by three medians AE, BD and CF as the sides)
INCENTRE (Intersecting point of internal angle bisector)
A
∠
 ∠ BIC = 900 +
∠
∠ AIC = 900 + F E
∠ I
0
∠ AIB = 90 +

B C
D
 IE = IF = ID = Inradius =
 AD, BE & CF are angle bisectors
 IF, IE & ID are inradius
 I is the centre of Circle touching all
three sides of from inside

CIRCUMCENTRE (Intersection point of perpendicular bisectors of sides of triangle)

 ∠ BOC = 2 ∠A
∠ AOC = 2 ∠B
A
∠ AOB = 2 ∠C
 Circumradius R =
F E
NOTE- O
 If triangle is acute then circumcentre
lies inside the triangle D
 If tringle is obtuse then circumcentre B C
lies outside
 If it is right angle triangle then
circumcentre lies on the mid point of  O is the centre of circumcircle
the hypotenuse  OD, OE & OF are perpendicular
bisectors
 A

ORTHOCENTRE (Point of intersection of altitudes)

 ∠ BOC = 1800 - ∠A
 ∠ AOC = 1800 - ∠B
 ∠ AOB = 1800 - ∠C
O
 In an acute angle triangle orthocentre lies inside
Of triangle, in an obtuse angle triangle orthocentre
Lies outside while in right angle triangle B C
Orthocentre lies on vertex where there is right
Angle.

SOME IMPORTANTS POINTS :-

 Distance between incentre and circumcentre of a triangle

where R is circumradius and r is inradius
 In equilateral triangle

CIRCLE

Properties

 The greater the chord the more closer it will be

O
To the centre of the circle/ equal chords are equally
Distant from the centre

 The perpendicular from the centre of the circle

Bisects the chord or we can say that any line segment O
Joining the midpoint of the chord to the centre is
Perpendicular to the chord. AM = MB A M B

 Equal chords always subtends equal angle at the centre A D

Of the circle or we can say that if angles subtended by
Two chords at centre are equal then chords are also equal O
D

B C
Chords AB and CD are equal ,hence ∠AOB =∠COD c
∠AOB =2∠ACB
 Angle subtended by any arc at the centre of the o
Circle is double the angle subtended by it at any
Point on the remaining part of the circle. B
A
 1 2
 Angles subtended by an arc in the same segment
Of the circle are equal. ∠1 = ∠2

 Angle subtended by the diameter is right angle 900 AB is diameter

A B

 Cyclic quadrilateral – Quadrilateral whose all

Points lie on the circumference of the circle. 1
The sum of the opposite angle of a cyclic 2
Quadrilateral is always 1800. ∠1 + ∠2= 1800

 If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced

2
Then the exterior angle is equal to the interior
Opposite angle. ∠1 = ∠2 1

 Radius is always perpendicular to tangent

 If from external points two tangents are drawn

To a circle then their length are equal.

 When two chords AB and CD intersects internally A P D

Then PA x PB = PD x PC C
B

 When two chords AB and CD intersects externally A B

Then PA x PB = PD x PC P
D
C
B
 When there is a tangent to a circle at T from an
External point P and there is a secant intersecting A
The circle at A and B then
PA x PB = PT2
T P
B
 If there is a tangent to a circle PAT touchin
At A and chord AB is made, then the angles which
This chord makes with the tangent are equal to C
The angles made by the chord in the corresponding
D
Alternate segment
∠ BAT = ∠BCA & ∠BAP = ∠BDA
P A T

 Distance between the centres of circle P T

Q
When they touch each other internally
 PQ = PT - QT

 Distance between the centres of circle

When they touch each other externally P T Q
PQ = PT + QT

 Length of direct common tangent when R1

Two circle with radius R1 and R2 have a D
Distance D between their centres R2
D

=√ –

R1
 Length of transverse common tangent
When two circle with radius R1 and R2 have D
R2
A distance D between their centres
=√
A
 If two tangents PA and PB are drawn to
A
A circle from an external point P then 3 2
P
Following relationship holds. 4 1
∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4
B
D C
 If there is a quadrilateral and a circle touches
All its sides from inside then
AB + CD = BC + AD
A
B
A
 If two circles having the same radius ‘r’ are
Such that they passes through the centre
Of other one then length of common
chord = r B

 If three circles having same radius ‘r’ are r

Touching each other externally and are
Bound by a rubber band as in figure
Then the length of the rubber band is
r r
6r + 2 r
 TRIGONOMETRY FORMULAS AND TRICKS
On application of pythagoras theoram we have
Perpendicular2 + Base2 = Hypotenuese2
H
⇒P2 + B2 = H2 P

The Trigonometric properties through this triangle: 𝜃

S.no Property Mathematical value

1 Sinθ

2 Cosθ

3 Tanθ

4 Cotθ

5 Cosecθ

6 Secθ

Basic Relation between trigonometric Identities

S.no Identity Relation

1 Tanθ

2 Cotθ

3 Cosecθ

4 Secθ

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND BASIC FORMULAS

 Sin2θ + Cos2θ = 1

 Tan2θ + 1 = Sec2θ

 Cot2θ + 1 = Cosec2θ

 Sec2θ - Tan2θ = 1

 Cosec2θ - Cot2θ = 1

 sin(A+B)=sinAcosB + cosAsinB

 sin(A−B)=sinAcosB–cosAsinB

 cos(A+B)= cosAcosB – sinAsinB

 cos(A–B)= cosAcosB + sinAsinB

 Tan(A+B) =

 Tan(A-B) =

 cos(A+B)cos(A–B)= cos2A–sin2B=cos2B–sin2A

 sin(A+B)sin(A–B)= sin2A–sin2B = cos2B–cos2A

 sin2A = 2sinAcosA =

 cos2A = 1-2sin2A = cos2A-sin2A = 2cos2A-1 =

 tan2A =
 cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA

 sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A

 tan3A =

 sinx siny= [cos(x–y) − cos(x+y)+

 cosxcosy= [cos(x–y) + cos(x+y)]

Product to sum formulas

 sinxcosy= *sin(x+y) + sin(x−y)+

 cosxsiny= [sin(x+y) – sin(x−y)+

 sinx + siny= 2sin cos

 sinx - siny= 2cos sin

Sum to product formulas

 cosx + cosy = 2cos cos

 cosx – cosy = 2sin sin

TRIGONOMETRIC NEGATIVE FORMULAS

 sin(−θ)= −sinθ
 cos(−θ)= cosθ
 tan(−θ)= −tanθ

 cosec(−θ)= −cosecθ

 sec(−θ)= secθ

 cot(−θ)= −cotθ
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