age a ADVANCES IN VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 523 ‘ON Could be ei q iso on $n) 250 0F 625 line format and accordingly display © ew 3.) te OF 625 tine pattern. Such techniques will in consider a TV standards which are being evolved and this ‘able improvement in the picture quality. cans digital processin, i le Ty ig of TV signals both at the transmitter are first cieslahg shown in Fig. 20.8. The analog camera and sound signals are ni ‘0 digital form a the transmitter. Similarly D/A converters Teceiver to change video and audio signals Ver, digital television is yet to be effective : hnological problems and replacement cost of millions ctuipment At the studios and transmitters. Similarly, the tens atleast provided vag. et smuo8 TV receivers will need to be discarded or Therefore, the wit converter equipment tll these are finally phased out. Baer Lie existing TV transmitters are continuing to process the video vedio signals in the analog form. These, on modulation and radiation are picked. from elisa the final stages of the Rew to analog form. H. in this form bee - Howe aus ; Of the exist e Of certain tect Acd-Up aS such by the receiver antenna, The analog tuneréin the Otherwise digital receiver converts themito the IF form as in a conventional . conversion to digital form ig done at this ie IF stage. The rest Teceiver that has digital circuit blocks processes the signals as such Teceiver. The of the V's and 0's Analog TV ‘Analog to Transmission signal gital o Shan from the converter modulator camera carrier TRANSMITTER F Demodulator ee (frequency signal converter) carrier RECEIVER Fig. 20.8 Elements of a digital TV System ‘Scanned with CamScanner530 COLOUR TELEVISION and in the end D/A converters convert them to analog form for feeding the video and audio signals to the picture tube and loudspeaker respectively. The converter is the large bandwidth vrason for not using digital means at the needed for this, more so for the UHF channel RF signals. Video Signal Quantisation For digital processing, the analog. TV. signal is first converted to digital form as illustrated in Fig. 2 ‘alled quantising of analog signal eres aefearaplediat avery veel Tate 10 Cb discrete levels with the magnitude of each quantum representing the amplitude of analog signal at the instant of time at which it 1s sampled. It has been practically verified that sampling of the analog video signal at 256 levels is suffi 1t to allow from the original analog the reproduced signal to be almost undetactable signal, Each sample as shown in Fig. 20.9 is represented by a digital code (0,1). An eight bit code (word) is necessary as 28 corresponds to 256 levels. Since the digital code is a binary one, & ‘sample of say 8 units is represented as (00001000) wher sented as (00010011). In one of the proposed cod) black level corresponds to 64 (code 01000000) an: de 1100100) as labelled in the figure. teas a sample of 19 units is repre ing scheme for TV signals, dd peak white to level 204 (co innit (LEVEL256) 001100 (LEVEL204) 01000000 (LEVEL 64) 00000000 — Bays pees Fig. 20.9 Quantisation of analog signals into discrete digital levels. In the all digital system, the digi i Is digital signal is transmitted using YEMEN (eT as shown in Fig. 20.8. While doing so, another bit Se cc a a word code as needed to extract clock information f ETEOL COATS . receit es mc tf sete 1tiS then converted to a Baton f ae eee y several digital ICs to eure eat suce and chfominance information. Scanned with CamScannerecHNOLOGY 1 “These a : ; ae ie converted to analog form and matrixed (0 obtain Ry Or y cae “Asimnilar procedure is adopted for quantising the audio sign processing it both at the transmitter and In the receiver ADVANCES IN VIDEO T eee ne ne Oe priced TV sets a number of sec ee che pats various functions However, ° ailable will have the following me! picutre quality and sound reproduction. ' ng are already having Complete digital arms of overall (1) Reduced Ghost and Aeroplane Flutter By employing digital processing techniques, partial oF near total filtering out of ghost signals is possible. Similarly, ‘tigital means enable beiter synchronization and hence, aeroplane flutter or interference from electrical applialices is Suppressed. (2) Reduced 50 Hz Flicker The capability of digital ‘TV sets to store entire pictures ct allow faster rescanning of each picture on the screen ‘and thus flicker is near eliminated. (3) Pseudo-High Resolution ‘The picture storage capability oF the digital system enables the sO called ‘pseudo-high resolution. In this mode the set linearly interpolates between the scan Iines of @ picture and produces a second set of scan lines between those of the original set. This provides the appearance of @ high resolution veice as many Lines, yet only the ‘conventional low resolution Ficoming signal is used. Not ‘only does this make the received picture appear much sharper but it greatly Improves TY pictures projected Over large screens. Such an improvement iss However, valid for motionless objects because when ‘objects move, the cnterpolation is no longer accurate, This can cause blur put a motion-detection Pereuit can be added to overcome this difficulty by altering the interpolation for moving objects. 1p Prcwwre-tnePicture IPD ig aatn digival signal storage faci possible fo see two programmes from different stations at tbe +r ne time. The second channel picutre is usually one-fourth of the main picture and can be shifted in any one corner of the sereent. The two pictures ‘can be interchanged i-€. swaped if desired just with the flick of a button. Such & provision is commonly known as ‘P-I-P” facility. (5) Slow motion action ‘When a digital Ty set is coupled to a video cassette recorder (VER), h ‘i the user to vic ion ii snes ostore maa ‘allows jew the action in slow moti imine onto the screen several times to freeze the cae ach frame can be scant interpol jon capability can also be used to zoom-in on a portion of the Scanned with CamScanner532 COLOUR TELEVISION (6) Improved reception in fringe areas i ae ‘The new chips that have been developed reduce noise along with digital processing. Thus the quality of picture in poor reception areas improves at little addition cost. 20.8 Digital TV Receiver “The block schematic of the ITT digital transmission set (receiver) is shown in Fig. 20.10. A quick look at the schematic reveals that the input signal is fest demodulated in the conventional manner and IF signals from the IF amplifier (upper left) are fed to the audio and video codec chips, which Convert the analog signals into digital and pass them along to the audio and Video processor units. These units are controlled by the Central Control Computer (centre left) which receives inputs from the user via a keyboard or an infra-red detector and preamplifier, driven by signals from a remote- controlled infra-red emitter. Processed signals from the video and audio processor units are fed back through the converter, converted into analog, nd then fed to the audio amplifier and speakers or to the RGB amplifiers ‘and electron guns. An additional chip—the deflection processing unit, asateca featres [ey Fig. 2010. Block diagram of the ITT digital processing s,s ital television receiver employing VLSI chips for Scanned with CamScanner< ADVANCES IN vIDEO TECHNOLOGY 593 ‘Ontrols the de leflec Synchronization berm ae ih points the electron beams and maintains f Engineering tea the signals and the two sweeps. ‘Or the video luminosity; has shown that 8 bits of resolution are needed deflection signals ae signal, 6 bits more for colour, 13 bits for the the sound signal, (whi control'sweep of the electron beam, and 14 bits for vided). Digitization ich is, however, ata much lower frequency than the Stated earlier at Could theoretically occur before demodulation but as WOuld be nest above bitrates a sampling rate of nearly 1 siahertz applications and hens This at present is not economical for consumer mag OR, the imperative need to provide demodulation before onversion, The di ee i Dre ee of the signal is performed by six main chips assisted features. The chi rt a digital amplifier and a control unit for additional OD Vans ee nosy VLSI) are 2x unde: ag wide Codec consisting mainly of analog-to-digital and digital-to- werters for the video signal. (2) Video Processor unit that processes the analog video signal. (3) Deflection Control Unit for synchronization of sweep signals. @. Bie Codec which performs the same functions for the audio signal as a video codec unit. (5) Audio Processor that processes the analog audio signals. (6) Central Control Unit which is a microcomputer that controls pro- cesses according to user's settings. Video Codec “The block diagram ofthe video codec (MAA2100) is shown in Fig 20:11. tis a3.D bipolar VLSI chip which takes signals from the IF stage and then aris erts them into digital in the analog(o-dgital converter. It then feeds the signal to the video processor. “The processed signals are then converted back into analog by three D/A convents (one for luminance and wo for the colour-difference signal) conver alog signals are then fe ito the RGB mates, an analog ecu These pine hem o produce sina fr the ed ree, and lus letron Na coe is controled by brighnes stings passed py the control guns. Te From the user. The electron gun cifcuts on the chip can also be CO py teletext and other similar inputs. actuated BY felteeduce the hardware required and thus the ultimate tn ode! gat ofthe chip various mens have ben employed, fr complexity a 1) parallel comparators are used. The voltage of the example (Fru compared with the reference voltage in each signal is sd the cigital value assigned on this basis. Ceaieeir Mesolution, as explained earlier. 2* or 256 different comparators required. To reduce the number by SU percent, only 7 bits of would be wally used. For this the final bit is combined by increasing resolut sed in the comparators by one-half the value of the least reference votag ing every MN Horizontal sweep of the screen. In this way, j Scanned with CamScanner534 COLOUR TELEVISION nes 5 2 pte 70 16 HAasion, es Gelinas ranntea 1 rae oR) Gr 1 a t { (nalag) | rome fs | grat | | | Soir I | n video Colo ao difference MATRIX: : converter | fpemuttipterey —t] 8.1 Ok 1 As i \ ay vad white Brightness ese balance a kar Be brightness: k- “4 . CRT spot, 3 aloe te Lj plier | BAe |r| cearens a t 1 vy 8 ates oe 130 a9 Fig, 20.11 Block schematic of the video codec MAA2100 if an analog value, corresponding to a screen !uminance, is over half-way to the next higher bit, itis pushed up to that bit half the time, and the resulting luminance is perceived at half-way brighter by the viewer. In effect, the eight bit resolution is thereby retained. Video Processor The block diagram of the video processor unit is shown in Fig. 20.12. It is a N-MOS chip that takes the digitized output of the video codec and separates it into two channels—the luminance and chrominance. To the Juminance channel which encodes brightness of the Scene, the input is fed through digital filters composed of delays, adders and multipliers. One of the filters is a peaking filter, which emphasizes high frequency components, improving definition and sharpness. The signal later passess through a multiplier which sets the brightness and contrast of the picture in accordance -with the user’s settings. The chrominance channel which encodes relative weightness of the red, green, and blue electron guns consists of a bandpass — filter, an automatic colour control circuit, a comb filter and a colour decoder. en (chrominanee) the signal is amplitude-controlled by eyADVANCES IN VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 59° Phase-alternation-ine onpensation BIB20V0V «Sv SV Substrate-3V EE 160 2 HEINE IL : eee UME Pee | ce a me trap ‘Analog bus peaking Contrast multi- inter face | i Chroma Cotour-killer Phase saturation Ree f|o) rarer ||| omrter sighs r i by ft bus Tak and ' la mata ' ie | 20.12 Block schematic of the video processor MAA2200. lines that are needed in analog processing are replaced in digital processing by tiny RAMs that temporarily store the digital signal train. The digital output signal as obtained on processing from the two channels are then fed back to the video codec for D/A conversion. Ensuring Proper Colour Reception To ensure that the phase of processor clock is locked onto the phase ‘of colour signal, which is essential for proper colour reception, a phase-locked circuit in the system under discussion (ITT) compares (B-Y) signal with (R-Y) of the reference burst. The difference between them is a direct measure of the phase difference between the clock and reference signals and is used to ‘adjust the clock. Colour Control signals from the receiver's control panel are then used to bias the comparisons of the red and blue signals. The video processor also monitors the beam currents and adjusts them ‘automatically to preset levels, compensating for slow changes that take place t as the picture tube ages. The beam currents of the electron guns are sampled Continuously, and nevessiry calculations needed for adjustments are performed by the central control computer, which sends back appropriate instructions to the video codec chip. sion Processor lee deflection processor chip (MAA 2500) (see Vig. 20.10) which main= | tains synchronization of the horizontal and vertical sweeps with the incom } ing signals, acts to reduce prey) the effects of interference trom airplanes, } e ing eMmobiles and hiome appliances. In conventional vircuity guch interference aul pe mistaken for synchronizing pulses and thu can introduce flutter into f 4 a Scanned with CamScanner536 COLOUR TELEVISION of the horizontal and vertical SW in a fixed ratio- dacs rocessor de hem When such signals are received, the deflection Process?e yt noise. For the processor checks and synchronises the s¥" synchronization Feear ie focal network stations 5 ion signal. Such Jocking-in th Be non-standard signals produc by has vep-synchronizall the horizontal sweep Phase ‘against the sweeP SYD phase differences are rveraged over Severs! sweeps: THE aos ae of Poange of sweep frequency re imited to reduce he effects o E ides other Audio Chips Moje audio circuit design invONve different pr The au gs. 20-13 and 20.14). For ony thing, Ee aumiopsicen ny oe si needed channt iy as to be able « dard in hi-fi equipment: bass-t width adjusument (for different dist: emphasis. ‘Asa result of cessing channels an carry out the needed filtering 1 ut the simple tye of user adjustments U tereble balance, stereo-base- reo speakers) and de- ances between Stel has two parallel pro- the channels share to ber of adjustments available rules 0 of multiplier used in the video chips so that the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) does all the multiplications required for all the filters. The basic filter coefficients those that cannot be altered by the user are stored ina read-only memory (ROM), while the coefficients to the user's adjustments are fed into a ‘tandom-access memory trol computer. The flexi rapt controls the processing algorithms, so that ‘cd merely by change of the ROM. ts the audio chip on arithmetic-and-logic unit ‘hat erations. The num these requirement (RAM) from the con! is based on sequencer ROM the processor can be redesign Audio Codec As shown in Fig. 20.13 the audio codec ie, A/D converte uses 4 PS” “apd es pe The circuit samples a 4/5 MHz in- n pains ream and then converts this into a 16-bit stream digital identification filter takes out the a ar a the broadcast is mono, stereo, or bile ingual. as ate St pa ee Audio Processor " (Fig. 20.14) takes signal from the converter and splits it into two Scanned with CamScanneraa apvances wv woe0 TECHWOLOSY 67 aazste : | i eee + f i Pull 1 —1| Poise 6 | density }—+ Audio filter-! | J nodiutator-t Audio filter-t ieee ' Parallel Y Cae mapal eee fears ectecee i converters 1 ! multiplexer mh Bsr zea) is Taeneaton 1 1 density iter ! osu } ' i ett raat Fig. 20.13 Block di jagram of the audio codec (A/ IB Aa, 2» 2300 showing sequence D converter) MAA of operations, Dematrix Hone stereo tinguat ADC bus intertace a i e aL ste fetes | peed es 7 T T T T ‘stereo |_| Pseude- |_| Balance Putse- TR De LY tome Lens [ae tee Lewes Loa i enphsis : LL \ 1 | al 1 ' sus terface [a \ { Sire SY ' lng 4 aaa aann3i38 in the digital TY receiver Scanned with CamScanner638 COLOUR TELEVISION It then sends each signal through a series of filters that control steteg balance, tone, loudness and other necessary functions. The coefficients of filters are controlled by signals from the control computer and are based on User settings. A fast multiplier shared by all the filters‘is used for such multiplications, Central Control Unit ‘ The final main chip (see Fig. 20-10) is the central control unit (MAA-200), ivis in effect a control computer that controls other chips and translates the user's instructions from an entry keyboard or from control knobs, The control computer also stores factory alignments programmed during manufacturing and feeds them to the other chips, each time the set is turned on, The core of the control computer chip is a conventional 8-bit 8049 microcomputer, The microcomputer is supplemented by an electrically erasable programmable ROM, a timer, a control bus and circuits to decode user commands. These circuits can handle entries from up to 32 keys and from a remote control infrared emitter. The EEPROM (electrically erasble Programmable ROM) can hold tuning information for up to 30 channels, as well as preferred user settings for volume, brightness, stereo adjustments and so on. During manufacturing, adjustments can be entered into the EEPROM through a bus interface from an assembly line microcomputer. As shown in Fig, 20.10, the block labelled ‘Additional Features” enables input for facilities like teletext, video-text, TV games and home/office computer. Scanned with CamScanner