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Relation and Function

1. The document defines an equivalence relation R on the natural numbers based on remainders when divided by 5. R partitions the natural numbers into 5 disjoint subsets. 2. The function f(x)=x/(x+1) is shown to not be one-to-one or onto on the real numbers. 3. The relation R defined on the set {1,2,3,4,5} by R={(a,b): |a^2-b^2|<8} is written out explicitly.

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Hemendra Prasanna
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40 views

Relation and Function

1. The document defines an equivalence relation R on the natural numbers based on remainders when divided by 5. R partitions the natural numbers into 5 disjoint subsets. 2. The function f(x)=x/(x+1) is shown to not be one-to-one or onto on the real numbers. 3. The relation R defined on the set {1,2,3,4,5} by R={(a,b): |a^2-b^2|<8} is written out explicitly.

Uploaded by

Hemendra Prasanna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

In the set of natural numbers N , define a relation R as follows:


n, m∈N , nRm if on division by 5 each of the integers n and m leaves the remainder less
than 5 , i.e. one of the numbers 0,1,2,3and 4 . Show that R is equivalence relation. Also ,
obtain the pairwise disjoint subsets determined by R.

Solution. R is reflexive since for a∈N ,aRa,


R is symmetric since if aRb , then bRA for a,b∈ N
Also R is transitive since for a,b,c∈ N , if aRb , bRc then aRc
Hence R is an equivalence relation in N which will partition the set N in to the pairwise
disjoint subsets. The equivalent classes are as mentioned below:
A0={5,10,15,20,25,…}
A1={1,6,11,16,21,26,…}
A2={2,7,12,17,22,27,…}
A3={3,8,13,18,23,28,…}
A4={4,9,14,19,24,29,…}
It is evident that the above five sets are pair wise disjoint and
A0 ∪ A 1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A3 ∪ A 4 =¿ i=0 ¿ 4 A i

x
2. Show that the function R → R defined f(x)= 2
,∈ R is neither one- one nor onto.
x +1
Solution: For x 1 , x 2 ∈ R , consider f( x 1 ¿=f (x2 )
x1 x2
⇒ 2
= 2
=x 1 x 22+ x1=x 2 x 12+ x 2
x +1
1 x2 +1

⇒ x 1 x 2 ( x 2−x1 )= ( x 2−x 1 )

⇒ ( x 2−x 1 ) ( x1 x 2−1 )=0

⇒ x 1 x 2=1∨x1 ¿ x 2

1
2 2 1 2 2
() = i .e .f(2)= f 1 = 2
f(x) is not one-one. f(2)= 2 =
2 +1 5
f 2 =
1 2
5 ()
2 5
()
2
+1

1
2≠ Hence f is not one-one.
2
Also f is not onto for if so then for 1∈ R ∃ x ∈ R such that f ( x )=1which gives

1
x
2
=1. But there isno such x∈the domain R , since the equationthen
x +1

x 2−x +1=0 ⟹ D=−3< 0 Therefore does not give any real value of x.
D=(−1)2−4=−3<0 ⇒ roots are not real .
There f(x) is not onto.
3. Write the relation R be defined on the set A= {1,2,3,4,5} by
2 2
R={( a , b ) :|a −b |< 8 }.

Solution: Given A= {1,2,3,4,5}, R={( a , b ) :|a 2−b2|< 8 }

R={ ( 1,1 ) , ( 1,2 ) , (2,1 ) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3 ) , ( 3,2 ) , ( 3,3 ) , ( 4,3 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 5,5 ) }

4. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N×N defined by (a,b)R
(c,d)
⇔ad(b+c)=bc(a+ d). Check whether R is an equivalence relation on N×N.
(a,b)R (c,d) ⇔ad(b+c)=bc(a+d)
Reflexivity:
(a,b)R (a,b) ⇔ab(b+a)=ba(a+b) is true
Therefore R is Reflexive.
Symmetry:
(a,b)R (c,d) ⇔ad(b+c)=bc(a+d)
(c,d)R (a,b)=cb(d+a)=da(c+b) is true by commutative of addition and multiplication on N
Therefore R is Symmetric.
Transitivity:
Let (a, b) , (c, d) and (e, f)∈ N × N
b+ c a+ d
(a, b)R (c , d) ⇔ad(b+c)=bc(a+d) ⇒ =
bc ad
1 1 1 1
⇒ + = + … … … … … (i)
b c a d
d + e c +f
(c, d) R(e, f) ⇔ cf ( d+ e ) =de ( c + f ) ⇒ =
de cf
1 1 1 1
⇒ + = + …………..(ii)
d e c f
By adding (i) and (ii) we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = + + +
b c d e a d c f

2
1 1 1 1
+ = +
b e a f
⇒ af ( b+ e )=be ( a+ f ) ⇒ ( a , b ) R( e , f )
Therefore R is transitive.
Since R is Reflexive, Symmetric and transitive therefore R is an equivalence
5. Write the smallest equivalence relation on the set A={1,2,3}

{(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
6. If set A has 3 elements and the set B has 5 elements. Then find the number of injective
functions that can be defined from A to B.
5
p3 = 60
7. Given f(x)= sinx, check if the function f is one-one in (0,π ¿.
π 2 π √3
NO since sin =sin = It is many one function
3 3 2
8. “The relation R={( a , b): a ≤ b2 } on the set of all real numbers is not reflexive.” –
Justify the above statement with an example.
1 1
For any one correct example. e . g . ≥
2 4

9. Let A be any non-empty set and P(A) be the power set of A. A relation R defined on P(A)

by X R Y ⇔ X∩Y= X, where X,Y∈ P(A). Examine whether R is


Symmetric.
X R Y  X∩Y =X => Y∩ X=X => Y R X
Hence symmetric

10. Check whether the function f: R → R given by f ( x )=x + √ x 2 is one-one or not.

F is not one-one because f (−1 ) =f ( 0)

11. If A={1,2,3} , B={4,5,6,7} and f={(1,4),(2,5), (3,6)}is a function from A to B. State


whether f is onto or not. Justify your answer.
Range={4,5,6}
Codomain= ={4,5,6,7}
Since range ≠ codomin ∴ f isnot onto

3
12. Check whether the relation R on the set {1,2,3}given by R={(1,2),(2,1)}is transitive or
not.

Since ( 1,1 ) does not belong to R therefore R is not transitive

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