Sampling

Population – is a complete collection of all elements

(scores, people, measurements) to be studied.
Sample – is a portion/sub-collection of elements drawn
from a population.
Sampling – is the process of careful selection of
members of a sample to study and make
generalizations about a population.
Types of Random Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
It is a method of sampling where each member of
the population has an equal chance of being selected
as a part of the sample. Most common techniques are
lottery method and by using printed tables of random
numbers .
Types of Random Sampling
1.a. Lottery Method
Each element of the population is assigned a unique
number. Numbers are written on pieces of paper with
identical size and shape. These pieces of paper are then
folded and placed in a bowl or box where they are
thoroughly mixed together. Without looking, the
researcher picks the required number of folded pieces of
paper. All the elements bearing the numbers picked by
the researcher become elements of the sample.
Illustrative Example 1:
A researcher wants to study the effects of social media
on Grade 11 students in Manila Mathematics High
School. He wishes to use the simple random sampling
technique in choosing the members of his sample. If
there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how
many students must take if he wishes to use the lottery
method?
Illustrative Example 1:
Solution:
1. Determine the number of students that should be in
the sample. Use the Slovin's formula.
Illustrative Example 1:
Solution;
2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In
this problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000
students.
3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same
size and shape. Fold the pieces of paper.
4. Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.
5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces
of paper from the bowl or box.
Types of Random Sampling
1.b. Table of Random Numbers
Each element of the population is assigned a unique
number. Selected elements are generated using table of
random number.
Illustrative Example 2:
A Grade 11 student wants to make a study on the
opinions of Grade 8 students concerning the use of the
Filipino language in the teaching of mathematics. There
are 510 Grade 8 students. She wants to interview only
10% of the Grade 8 students in the school where the
study is to be conducted. If you were the student, how
are you going to do it by using a Table of Random
Numbers?
Illustrative Example 2:
Solution:
1. Multiply 510 by 10% to obtain the members of the
sample.

The number of students is a three-digit number;

therefore, assign a three-digit number to each of the 510
students.
Illustrative Example 2:
Solution:
2. Randomly select a starting number from the table. If
the table of random numbers contains 5-digit numbers,
consider only the last 3 digits, since the total number of
students in the study is 510 which is a three-digit number.
Move down columns selecting the appropriate number.
Illustrative Example 2:
Solution:
Illustration:
52467 - 1 (1st member of the sample)
16386 - 2 (2nd member of the sample)
14534 - (omit since 534 > 510)
23610 - (omit since 610 > 510)
45217 - 3 (3rd member of the sample)
Types of Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
It is a sampling technique in which every kth
element of the population is selected until the desired
number of elements in the sample is obtained.
The value of k is calculated by the formula,
𝑁
𝑘=
𝑛
where: k = sampling interval
N = population size n = sample size
Illustrative Example 3:
In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample
containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling
technique?
Illustrative Example 3:
Solution:
1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the
250 students.
2. Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size
250 by the sample size 71.
Illustrative Example 3:
Solution:
4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0
and k + 1 by simple random technique. The numbers
that are between 0 and k + 1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This
chosen value is called as the random start.
5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use
2 as the starting number.
Illustrative Example 3:
Solution:
6. Select every 4th student from the sampling frame
starting from the 2nd student.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16...

The numbers of the samples will then be 2, 6, 10, 14,

18, ...
Types of Random Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
It is a sampling technique in which the population is
first divided into strata and then samples are randomly
selected separately from each stratum.
Illustrative Example 4:
You want to interview 200 students in your school to
determine their opinion on the new school uniform. How
are you going to choose your sample by using stratified
sampling if there are 1,200 students in G7; 1,100
students in G8; 1,050 students in G9; 940 in G10; 900 in
G11, and 810 in G12.
Illustrative Example 4:
Solution:
1. Subdivide the population into several strata. In this
problem, subdivide the population into year levels. Then,
make a table similar to the following:
Illustrative Example 4:
Solution:
POPULATION NUMBER OF STUDENTS SAMPLE
N = 6,000 PER STRATUM n = 200
Grade 7 1,200
Grade 8 1,100
Grade 9 1,050
Grade 10 940
Grade 11 900
Grade 12 810
Total 6,000
Illustrative Example 4:
Solution:
a. G7: d. G10:
(1,200/6000) x 200 = 40 (940/6000) x 200 = 31.333 or 31

b. G8: e. G11:
(1,100/6000) x 200 = 36.667 or 37 (900/6000) x 200 = 30

c. G9: f. G12:
(1,050/6000) x 200 = 35 (810/6000) x 200 = 27
Illustrative Example 4:
Solution:
POPULATION NUMBER OF STUDENTS SAMPLE
N = 6,000 PER STRATUM n = 200
Grade 7 1,200 40
Grade 8 1,100 37
Grade 9 1,050 35
Grade 10 940 31
Grade 11 900 30
Grade 12 810 27
Total 6,000 200
Types of Random Sampling
4. Cluster or Area Sampling
It is a sampling technique in which the population is
divided into clusters. From these clusters, a random
sample of clusters will be drawn. All the elements from
the sample clusters will make up the sample.
Illustrative Example 5:
Suppose a researcher wants to study the effect of a
certain teaching methodology among the students
coming from a particular town. Since there are many
schools in the town, it will be very inefficient and
impractical to consider all the schools in the study.
Instead, the researcher will randomly choose a few
schools and then, the students in these schools will be
surveyed.
Definition of Terms
Parameter – a measure that describes a population
and usually denoted by Greek letters.
Statistic– a measure that describes a sample
and usually denoted by Roman letters.
MEASURE STATISTIC PARAMETER
MEAN 𝑥 μ
VARIANCE s2 σ2
STANDARD DEVIATION s σ
Population Mean
It is the mean of the entire population and
represented by μ. This is computed using the formula:
𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁
Illustrative Example 6:
The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast food
restaurant are 12, 10, 11, 15, 12, and 14. Treating these
data as a population, find the μ.
Illustrative Example 6:
Solution:
NUMBER x
1 12
2 10
3 11
4 15
5 12
6 14
Σx = 74
Population Variance
It is the sum of the squared deviations of each
datum (x) from the population mean (μ) divided by the
population size (N) and represented by σ2. It is
computed using the formula:
2
𝑥 − 𝜇
𝜎2 =
𝑁
Population Standard Deviation
It is the square root of the sum of the squared
deviations of each datum (x) from the population mean
(μ) divided by the population size (N) and represented
by σ. It is computed using the formula:
𝑥−𝜇 2
𝜎=
𝑁
Illustrative Example 7:
The following are the ages of the 8 Math teachers at
Archimedes Secondary School 30, 34, 32, 38, 28, 36,
40, 31. Compute the population variance and population
standard deviation.
Illustrative Example 7:
Solution:
TEACHER Age x-μ ( x - μ )2
1 30 30 - 33.625 = -3.625 13.140625
2 34 34 - 33.625 = 0.375 0.140625
3 32 32 - 33.625 = -1.625 2.640625
4 38 38 - 33.625 = 4.375 19.140625
5 28 28 - 33.625 = -5.625 31.640625
6 36 36 - 33.625 = 2.375 5.640625
7 40 40 - 33.625 = 6.375 40.640625
8 31 31 - 33.625 = -2.625 6.890625
Σx = 269 Σ( x - μ )2 = 119.88055
Illustrative Example 7:
Solution:
TEACHER Age x-μ ( x - μ )2
1 30 30 - 33.625 = -3.625 13.140625
2 34 34 - 33.625 = 0.375 0.140625
3 32 32 - 33.625 = -1.625 2.640625
4 38 38 - 33.625 = 4.375 19.140625
5 28 28 - 33.625 = -5.625 31.640625
6 36 36 - 33.625 = 2.375 5.640625
7 40 40 - 33.625 = 6.375 40.640625
8 31 31 - 33.625 = -2.625 6.890625
Σx = 269 Σ( x - μ )2 = 119.88055
Sample Mean
It is the mean of all the values randomly selected
from the population and represented by x. It is
computed using the formula:
𝑥
𝑥=
𝑛
Sample Variance
It is the sum of the squared deviations of each
datum (x) from the sample mean (𝑥) divided by the n - 1
and represented by s2. It is computed using the formula:
2
𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
Sample Standard Deviation
It is the squared of the sum of the squared
deviations of each datum (x) from the sample mean (𝑥)
divided by the n - 1 and represented by s2. It is
computed using the formula:
𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑠=
𝑛−1
Illustrative Example 8:
The following are the scores of 8 randomly selected
students in Grade 10: 7, 8, 12, 15, 10, 11, 9, and 14.
Compute the sample mean, sample variance, and
sample standard deviation.
Illustrative Example 8:
Solution:
NUMBER x x-𝒙 ( x - 𝒙 )2
1 7 7 - 10.75 = -3.75 14.0625
2 8 8 - 10.75 = -2.75 7.5625
3 12 12 - 10.75 = 1.25 1.5625
4 15 15 - 10.75 = 4.25 18.0625
5 10 10 - 10.75= -0.75 0.5625
6 11 11 - 10.75 = 0.25 0.0625
7 9 9 - 10.75 = -1.75 3.0625
8 14 14 -10.75 = 3.25 10.5625
Σx = 86 Σ( x - 𝒙 )2 = 55.5
Illustrative Example 8:
Solution:
NUMBER x x-𝒙 ( x - 𝒙 )2
1 7 7 - 10.75 = -3.75 14.0625
2 8 8 - 10.75 = -2.75 7.5625
3 12 12 - 10.75 = 1.25 1.5625
4 15 15 - 10.75 = 4.25 18.0625
5 10 10 - 10.75= -0.75 0.5625
6 11 11 - 10.75 = 0.25 0.0625
7 9 9 - 10.75 = -1.75 3.0625
8 14 14 -10.75 = 3.25 10.5625
Σx = 86 Σ( x - 𝒙 )2 = 55.5
Illustrative Example 8:
Solution:
NUMBER x x-𝒙 ( x - 𝒙 )2
1 7 7 - 10.75 = -3.75 14.0625
2 8 8 - 10.75 = -2.75 7.5625
3 12 12 - 10.75 = 1.25 1.5625
4 15 15 - 10.75 = 4.25 18.0625
5 10 10 - 10.75= -0.75 0.5625
6 11 11 - 10.75 = 0.25 0.0625
7 9 9 - 10.75 = -1.75 3.0625
8 14 14 -10.75 = 3.25 10.5625
Σx = 86 Σ( x - 𝒙 )2 = 55.5
Definition of Terms
Sampling Distribution – probability distribution that
describes the probability for each mean of all the
samples with the same sample size (n)
Sample Size – the number of members in the sample.
The number of samples of size n that can be drawn
from a population of size N is given by 𝑁𝐶𝑛 (without
replacement)
𝑁!
𝑁𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑁, 𝑛 =
𝑁 − 𝑛 ! 𝑛!
Illustrative Example 8:
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5.
How many sample of size 3 can be drawn from this
population?
Illustrative Example 8:
So, there are 10 samples of size 3 that can be drawn
from the given population.
SAMPLES
(2, 4, 9)
(2, 4, 10)
(2, 4, 5)
(2, 9, 10)
(2, 9, 5)
(2, 10, 5)
(4, 9, 10)
(4, 9, 5)
(4, 10, 5)
(9, 10, 5)
SAMPLING can be done in two ways: with or without
replacement
*For sampling with replacement, any datum chosen
from the population to form the sample is returned to the
population so that it has a chance of being chosen again.
The size of the population remains the same.
*For sampling without replacement, indicates that
once a sampling unit is chosen, it has no further chance
of being chosen. In this case, size of the population is
reduced as each sampling unit is chosen.
Finding the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Illustrative Example 9:
Sampling with Replacement
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
a. Compute the population mean.
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
b. Compute the population variance.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
𝑥−𝜇 = 18
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
𝑥−𝜇 = 18
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 with
replacement and their corresponding means.
Observation Samples 𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample
𝒙
means. Observation
1
Samples
2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample
Observation Samples 𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
means. 1 2, 2 2.0
𝒙
−3 9
𝒙

2 2, 5 3.5 −1.5 2.25

3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution
Observation Samples 𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
of sample means. 1 2, 2 2.0 −3
𝒙
9
𝒙

2 2, 5 3.5 −1.5 2.25

3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕
Illustrative Example 9:
Sampling without Replacement
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
a. Compute the population mean.
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
b. Compute the population variance.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
1 −2 4
3 0 0
5 2 4
2
𝑥−𝜇 =8
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
1 −2 4
3 0 0
5 2 4
2
𝑥−𝜇 =8
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 without
replacement and their corresponding means.
Observation Samples 𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample
means.
Observation Samples 𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4

𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample
means.
Observation Samples 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙
1 1, 3 2 −1 1
2 1, 5 3 0 0
3 3, 1 2 −1 1
4 3, 5 4 1 1
5 5, 1 3 0 0
6 5, 3 4 1 1
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 𝟐 =𝟒
Illustrative Example 9:
Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, 5.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of sample means.
Observation Samples 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙
1 1, 3 2 −1 1
2 1, 5 3 0 0
3 3, 1 2 −1 1
4 3, 5 4 1 1
5 5, 1 3 0 0
6 5, 3 4 1 1
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 𝟐 =𝟒
Illustrative Example 10:
Sampling with Replacement
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
a. Compute the population mean.
Illustrative Example 10:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample
𝒙
means. Observation
1
Samples
2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of means is
equal to the mean population.
𝜇𝑥 = 𝜇
Illustrative Example 10:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
b. Compute the population variance.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
𝑥−𝜇 = 18
Illustrative Example 10:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample
Observation Samples 𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
means. 1 2, 2 2.0
𝒙
−3 9
𝒙

2 2, 5 3.5 −1.5 2.25

3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of means is
equal to the variance of the population divided by the
sample size.
2
𝜎
𝜎2𝑥 =
𝑛
Illustrative Example 10:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝒙−𝝁
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
𝑥−𝜇 = 18
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
means is equal to the standard deviation of the
population divided by the square root of the sample size.
𝜎
𝜎𝑥 =
𝑛
Illustrative Example 10:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, 8.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 with
replacement and their corresponding means.
Observation Samples 𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
Illustrative Example 10:
Histogram
2 3.5 5 6.5 8
0.35
0.33
0.3

0.25
PROBABILITY

0.2 0.22 0.22

0.15

0.1 0.11 0.11

0.05

0
SAMPLE MEANS
4. As the sample size increases, the sampling distribution
of the means approaches a normal distribution.
Central Limit Theorem
The Central Limit Theorem states that the
sampling distribution of the mean approximates a
normal distribution with a mean of µ and a standard
σ
deviation of if the sample size N of the random
𝑛
samples is large enough.
Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Means
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade
will be less than 84?
b. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade
will be greater than 82 but less than 90?
c. What is the probability that the mean random sample
of 9 students will be less than 88?
Illustrative Example 11:
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
a. less than 84?
84 − 𝜇
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 𝑃 𝑧 <
𝜎
84 − 86
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 𝑃 𝑧 <
4
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
a. less than 84?
−2
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 𝑃 𝑧 <
4
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 𝑃 (𝑧 < −0.5)
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 0.5 - 0.1915
𝑃 𝑥 < 84 = 0.3085
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
b. greater than 82 but less than 90?
82 − 𝜇 90 − 𝜇
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 𝑃 <𝑧<
𝜎 𝜎
82 − 86 90 − 86
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 𝑃 <𝑧<
4 4
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
b. greater than 82 but less than 90?
−4 4
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 𝑃 <𝑧<
4 4
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 𝑃 (−1 < 𝑧 < 1)
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 0.3413 + 0.3413
𝑃 82 < 𝑋 < 90 = 0.6826
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
c. 9 students will be less than 88?
88 − 𝜇
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 𝑃 𝑧 < 𝜎
𝑛
88 − 86
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 𝑃 𝑧 <
4
Illustrative Example 11:
The principal of NU, claims that grade 11 students has
mean grade of 86 with a standard deviation of 4.
Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal:
c. 9 students will be less than 88?
2
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 𝑃 𝑧 <
4
3
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 𝑃 (𝑧 < 1.5)
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 0.5+0.4332
𝑃 𝑋 < 88 = 0.9332