NYSML-ARML

CONTESTS

197 3\342\200\224 1985

\316\227

+
(1 \317\200 2! 3! 4! 5!

MU ALPHA THETA

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERSOF MATHEMATICS

 NYSML-ARML

CONTESTS

1973-1985

Edited by

Harry D. Ruderman

MU ALPHA THETA
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERSOF MATHEMATICS
 Copyright \302\251
1983, 1987 by
Mu Alpha Theta
601 Elm Avenue, Room 1102

Norman, Oklahoma 73019

All rights reserved

SecondEdition

ISBM0-940790-51-3 (Mu Alpha Theta)

ISBN 0-87353-247-3 (NCTM)

Printed in the UnitedStates of America

(Second Printing 2007)

 Contents

Preface \316\275

Introduction 1

1973 NYSML 3
1974 NYSML 8
1975NYSML 12
1976 NYSML 16

1976 ARML 25
1977 NYSML 34
1977ARML 41
1978 NYSML ._ 50

1978 ARML 57
1979 NYSML 64
1979 ARML 70

1980 NYSML 77
1980 ARML 83
1981 NYSML , 91

1981 ARML 99
1982 NYSML 108
1982 ARML 120

1983 NYSML 128

1983 ARML 138
1984 NYSML 150

1984 ARML 159

1985 NYSML 171
1985 ARML 182

\342\200\242
\302\267
\302\267
HI
 Preface

On behalf of NYSML, ARML, and, I am sure, Mu Alpha I want to

Theta,
express appreciationto NCTM for taking on the task of publishing NYSML-
ARML Contests1973-4985.
This second edition also includes to the previous one; they were
corrections
submitted by Leo Levine, Noam Elides, and Bruce Henkin. Noam submitted
the greatest number as well as some alternative solutions.
The committee responsible for the questions from 1983 to the present
consistedof Gilbert Kessler, Larry Zimmerman, and Harry D. Ruderman
(chair).
We are gratefulto Neil Shell and Eugene Levine for their significant
contributions in reviewing the questions.

Harry D. Ruderman

Preface to First Edition

Two different mathematics competitions are represented. First, the New York
State Mathematics League (NYSML), which began in 1973, and is a league of
all the leagues the state. Many in of the problems during the first two years of

this competition by capable contributors

were donated different parts of from

the state. However, these were presented through the variousleagues, and

since the authors' names were not mentioned, unfortunately, can give no we

credit to these people. Second, the Atlantic RegionMathematics League

(ARML), which began in 1975. and is an interstatecompetition a very

covering

large area of the country.

During the earlyyears of bothleagues, Norman Schaumberger and Dr.
Dr.

Erwin Just contributed the Power Questionsto bothcompetitions. The

studentsfound them most stimulating, and we wish to extendourspecial to thanks

them for their contributions. The Short Answer Questions,as as the Team well

Questions and the Relay Questions for both leagues, authored, for the were

most part, by Steve Conrad.In addition, wrote the Power Question

Steve for a
number of years. He did exceptional job in anall these areas, and we are

\316\275
vi PREFACE

grateful to him for his numerous,well-madequestions. In recentyears, Irwin

Kaufman and Harold N. Shapiro authored all the questionsforbothleagues.
They gave of their time unstintingly and added luster tothe already fine quality
of the questions.
In addition to the above,the following people also contributed either to the
writing of the questions,ortothe review and editing of the questions: Ira Ewen,
Samuel Greitzer, Eugene Neil Levine, whoShell, and Abraham Schwartz,
have helped polishthe questions to final form. Harry Ruderman
their warrants
our special appreciation, not for reviewing and editing
merely questions of both
leagues from the beginning, very but, in particular, because of his exceptional
job in collecting editing these
and
questions for this publication.
Finally, we would liketo Harold Huneke
thank and Mu Alpha Theta for the
publicationof this booklet.

Alfred Kalfus

A word about the solutions given here, which

appear at the end of each
complete contest. Almostallofthesolutions are those provided by the authors
of the problems.Thereisnoclaim that the solutions are the most elegant either
in presentationor substance. In fact, some solutions are left incomplete.
of the
But rather than
spend endless time on completeness, elegance, and polish, it
was thought wiser to get on with the job of makingwhat we have more readily
available to an increasing body of interestedstudents, and teachers,

mathematicians. The blame for any inaccuracies and errors on me. must fall

It seems
only appropriate to say here that Al Kalfusdeservesmost, not all, if

of the credit for starting the NYSML and ARML competitions, and nurturing
them along until they are now strong and ongoing traditions.

Harry D. Ruderman
Editor and Coordinator
 Introduction

Every year numerous requests are received for copies of the questions
presentedat the annual meets of the Atlantic Region Mathematics League
and the New York State Mathematics League. Teachers and students on the
junior high level, the high school level, and the college levelfrom all partsof
the country
and from as far away as France, Hungary, Scandinavia,Yemen,
Australia,and have Singapore requested copies of these questions. To
satisfy this constant
demand, we are publishing this book.
The publication of this collection of questions is alsoa symbol of many
achievements. It represents the establishment of numerous mathematics
leagues,contests, a nd fairs
throughout the very large geographical area
involved in the meets at which these questions were posed.
Many
dedicated teachers gave many hours of their free time to foundand
foster these local competitions. Yet these local competitions represent only
the firststageof a structure of inter-scholastic mathematics competition that
is emerging in our country.Thenextstageis by the New York exemplified

State Mathematics League, a league of allthe in the state. leagues

At an annual meet, each local leagueis represented an all-star team by

composed of those IS students achieved the best scores for the year in
who

Thequestions
their respectivecompetitions. for presented
the first ten years
at these annual meets are to be in the following found pages. Since they
were prepared to challengethe students in the state, best you, too, should
find them challengingfun.
However, though statewide, and even interstate competitions, such as the
New
England Mathematics League, involving all six of those states,are now
functioning, another, much more encompassing stage has been createdin
mathematicscompetitions. The Atlantic Region Mathematics League was
formed with the collaboration of the New York State Mathematics League,
the New England Mathematics League, and leagues Jersey, from New

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. It has proved so popularthat it

continues to grow each year, and presently encompasses the Atlantic coast
states from South Carolina to Maine, as well as Virginia, West
Michigan.
Illinois, and Texas. In 1982 over 800 studentsand teachers attended the

annual meet.
Such a broad coverage of statesis truly noteworthy because this
competition is not presented to studentsschools,or in a
in their own
school. nearby

The purpose Atlantic Region Mathematics League is to

of the together bring

the leading mathematics students of each state in one centralplace, where

1
2 INTRODUCTION

they may meet one another, socialize,and compete,and then, in the

presence of their peers, receive recognition, awards, and accolades they so well

deserve. In the past, each state has sent from one to six 15-member all-star
teams (usually the winners of local or statewide competitions). The students
and coaches arrive at the host university Friday afternoon or evening,
on a
may partake in sports from Frisbee to swimming in the university pool, and

attend and listen to guest speakersin the evening.

a social Friday night the
students are housed in the university dormitories,and after breakfast
Saturday morning, the various competitions continue, with a break for lunch,till3
p.m. when the awards program is held. Representatives of our sponsors,
suchas the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, the Mathematical
Association of America,Mu Alpha Theta, and the National Association of
Mathematics Supervisors are in attendanceto present
awards generously
donated by these organizations.
Despite the trepidations of thosewho blanched at the sizable expenses,
the travel arrangements, the dormitoryanddining arrangements, and a host
of other logistical problems,the AtlanticRegion Mathematics League is now
in its eighth year and steadilyexpanding. Theexcitement generated
at these

annual meets, the encouragement given our most promisingstudents,the

creationof an atmosphere charged with mathematics, is most gratifying to

all of us who work in this field.

Perhaps,in the near future, a greater, grander stage will be achieved\342\200\224the

formation of a National Mathematics League. It seems only a matter of

time.
Meanwhile, enjoy the problems given in these pages. Remember, they

were posed not to stump you, but to provoke your mathematical ingenuity,
to guide you to clever tricks and new methods of attack, to open new facets
of topics to the uninitiated, and to offer you the unique joy that only the
solving of a problem truly challenging can bring. We would most welcome
the receipt of moreelegant solutions to any of the problems, and will
certainly give the author due recognition in any future editionsof this
publication.

Alfred Kalfus, President

New York State Mathematics League
Atlantic Region Mathematics
League
 1973 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICSLEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, A set S of distinct integers each of which is

greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 100 is given.

1. If S consists of 51 elements,is it possible that no element

of S is the sum of two distinct elements of S? Explain.
2. If S consists of 52 elements, prove that
(a) the largest element of S is the sum of two distinct
elements of S, and

(b) the smallest element of S is the difference of two distinct

elements of S.

3. If S consists of 69 elements, prove that at least one element

of S is the of 3 distinct elementssum of S.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 3 minuter. A man and his grandson have the same birthday. For
6 consecutivebirthdays the man is an integral number of times as
old as his grandson. How old is each at the 6th of these
birthdays?

2. 4 minutZA. In the figure at the

right, AB \302\253
16, \"BCl AD, Z-ABC -
/.BCD - \317\207 and /_CBD \302\253
y. Find CD

if \302\273
\317\207 sin\"1(2/3) and \302\253
\321\203

sin\"\"1 (1/3)\302\267 Answer may be left

in irrational form but if a
fraction, the denominator must be rationalized.

3\302\267 t minuter. Solve the system of equations: jxz+y2+x

+ y2 + ++
\317\207 y\302\2538

(x2xy + +
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 I

4 muw&QJb. Circle \320\236 is inscribed in

square ABCD, and AB - 10. Inside
square ABCD circle 0* is tangent I
\302\260

to sides AB and \302\245c and to circle 0.

0\302\273

Find the radius of circle 0*. Answer

3
4 1973 NYSML

may be left in irrational form, but, if a fraction, denominator

must be rationalized.

5\302\267 3 minu\302\243&6. Find 3 integers that form a geometric progression if

their sum is 21 and the sum of their reciprocals is 7/12\302\273

6\302\267 4 minut&6. Two bottles of equal volume contain alcohol and water,
the ratios of the amount of alcohol to the amount of water being
3:1 and 2:1. The contents of the two are mixed. What will be the
new ratio of alcohol to water?

7. 5 rrujuutto. Each side of an equilateral triangle equals 12/J.

After the 3 altitudes drawn, a trisection
are point is located
along altitude
each nearer the vertex from which that altitude is
drawn. These 3 trisection points are vertices of a triangle. If
the area this of triangle is \320\232/\320\227,with \320\232 rational, find K.

RELAY 1.

1. How many apples can be bought for $2.55if 5 apples cost 42.5c?

2. TNYWR is the number of inches between fence posts (their centers).

The fence posts enclose a triangular region 201 x20f x 10'. How
many posts will be needed?

3. TNYWR is the missing term in the sequence -10, -4, 6, , a.

Find the value of a.

4. TNYWR is the number of inches in the perimeter of a trapezoid with

3 equal sides. If the longer base is find the 14\320\271, length of the
shorter base.
5. TNYWR is the value of loggia4*). Find the value of a.

RELAY 2.

lj What is the maximum number of points formed by the intersection

^ of 4 straight lines?
2. TNYWR is the value of a in N \302\273
5.Ox 10
a-2 \302\267If N is squared
and the result written in scientific notation, the result is
2.5x10 . Find the value of b.
3. TNYWR is the number of seconds it takes a certain clock to strike
7, beginning with the sound of the first stroke and ending with
the sound of the last stroke\302\267 How many seconds will it take that
clock to strike 9?
TNYWR means \"the number you will receive.\"
1973 NYSML 5

4. TNYWR is the value of a in ax2 + 32x -12-0. Find the larger

root.

5\302\267 TNYWR is the value of m in (9m)n \302\253

N where \302\253
\316\267 3/2. Find the
value of \316\234 In simplest form.

1973 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

1. Let S \342\226\240
{50, 51, 52, \302\267\302\267\302\267,
100}. S has 51 elements with no two

elements adding to a third.

2. (a) Let S- s2,

{\316\222\317\207,
\302\267\302\267\302\267,
s$2}; sa
<
s\302\243
< \302\267\302\267\302\267
<
s$2;
\302\253
\316\244

- i \302\253 W
1,2,\342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\242.51};
- {1, 2, 3, 100}.
\302\267\302\267\302\267, As |s| - 52
{s52 s\302\261|

while |t| \302\253

51, and S U \321\201
\316\244 w, it follows that S and \316\244must

have at least 3 elements in common. Call them a, b, c. For some

i, a \302\267
s.^
52
- s..i If a ^ s.
i then we have a \302\253
s
52
- s.
i or
sr#k
52
* a s.
\302\267+
i and we are finished. If a \302\253
s.
i then use the veryJ
same argument for b or \321\201 to show that s \302\253
b + s. or s \342\226\240

+
\321\201 s. for some i.
(b) Let *
\316\234 {s + \316\262.| i - 2,3,\302\267\302\267\302\267,52}. Suppose fl
\316\227 S * \316\257. Then

]M U S| \302\273
51 + 52 \302\253
103. However, |\320\274U s| < max (M) - min (S) + 1
- s * s
s
1+ 1 which is a contradiction.
** s + + 1 <
~ 101,
1 52 52

Hence, \316\240
\316\234 S fi 0 and so for some i and 1, sl + s.I \342\226\240
s. or
j
8i
\" ' V
s5
3. Let M\302\253{s + s + s | i \302\253
3,4,\302\267\302\267\302\267,69}. Then |\320\274|
\302\253
67. But

|S| \302\253
69. If \316\234 S
\320\237 - 0 then |M U
S|
- 67 + 69 - 136. However,

|M U S| * max (\316\234)
- min (S) + 1 - s, + s
1 2
+ sea - 9
\342\202\254
s1
+ 1 < s
2
+
s +1.
\342\202\2549
Also, s 1 -< 32 so s2 <
\" 33 and 8
69
< 100. Hence,
|M U S| 33
\320\271 + 100 + 1 \342\226\240
134, a contradiction. Hence, \316\234 S
\320\237 \316\246
\317\206

and so \316\234 and S must have a common element. Hence, for some i,
J1 we must have s + s + s.i m
sA with i > 2.
\316\271 2 j

To Short Answer Questions.

1\302\267 Let the consecutive ages of the man be x, x-fl, x +
\302\267\302\267\302\267, 5 and
the corresponding ages of his grandson y, y + 1, + 5.
\302\267#\302\267,\316\263 As
+
\317\207 a is a multiple of + a for a \342\226\240
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 so is
(x + a) - (y
+ a) or -
\317\207
\321\203

\321\203 is also a multiple of \321\203

+ a. If
\321\203
* 2 then -
\317\207 \321\203 or
-
\317\207 2 is the L.C.M. of {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

which is 420 so -
\317\207 2 \302\273
422 and \302\273
\317\207 424, hardly possible. If
y\302\253l, x-y\302\253x-l and -
\317\207 1 is the L.C.M. of {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6} which is 60, then *
\317\207 61 and the man and his grandson are
66 and 6\302\267
 6 1973 NYSML

2. Let \302\253
\321\201 AB and d \342\226\240
CD. Then

. TD tan
\320\222\320\242
\321\210
\321\203 AT
\321\217
cot tan
\317\207 \321\203
m
sin \317\207 sin \317\207 sin \317\207

sin
\321\201 cot
\317\207 tan
\317\207 \321\203
cot
\321\201 tan
\317\207 \321\203
sinx

But it is given that sinx - 2/3 and sin \342\226\240

\321\203 1/3. It then
follows that cosx - /1 - 4/9 - /F/3 and tan \302\253
\317\207 (2/3) /(/5/3) - 2//5.
Similarly, cosy -VI - 1/9 \302\253
/8/3 and tany - (l/3)/(/?/3) \302\253

1//8. Recall \302\253

\321\201 AB - 16. Hence, d - 16(/5/2)//IT - 2/\320\250.

3. Let +
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 u and xy
- v. The equations become u - 2v + u \342\226\2408

and +
\316\275 u \302\253
5 or \302\253
\316\275 5 - u. So u2 - +
10 2u u + \302\253
8 or u2 +
3u - 18 -
0 or (u + 6)(u
- 3) - 0. Then (u,v) - (-6,11) or (3,2)
(-6,11) yields: +
\317\207 -\302\273
\321\203 -6 and xy - 11. These are the sum and

product of the roots for z2 + 6z + 11 \302\2730. Its roots are -3 i/2\".

\302\261

The corresponding values for \321\203 are -3 + i/7. (3,2) yields +

\317\207
\342\226\240 and
\321\203 3 xy \342\226\240
2. These are the sum and product of the roots for
z2 - 3z + 2 \342\226\240
0 with roots 2 and 1. The solution set for the
problem is:

{(1,2), (2,1), (-3 + i/I, -3 - i/I), (-3 - i/I, -3 + i/I)} .

\302\251
OB \302\253
\316\264/2. So, 5/\316\243 \302\253
5 + 2r + r/5\" - r where r is the radius of

circle 0'. The radius r \302\253

15 - 10/\316\243.

Let r Let x/r be the first

be the common ratio. their term. As

sum is 21, x(l/r - 21 (l/x)(l/r + 1 + r) - 7/12.

+ 1 + r) and

Hence, 21/x 7x/12 or 36 Substituting 6 \302\253_x2 and \302\253

\317\207 \302\2616. *
\317\207

yields that r or .5 and the progression is either 3, 6, 12

\302\253
2

or 12, 6, 3. -6 leads to imaginary values for r and

Using
\342\226\240
\317\207

imaginary values for the the progression that is restricted terms of

to integers.
Let the volume of each be 12. Then the amount of alcohol and water
in the first bottle is 9 and 3, for the second bottle, 8 and A. When

mixed together, the ratio becomes (9 + 8):(3 + A) or 17:7.

7. In an equilateral triangle the altitudes are also mediansso their

point of intersection is located 2/3 of the from a vertex to way

the opposite side. If a side - 12/J,

\302\253
then an altitude 18 (see adjacent
figure). Hence, PQ
- 18, PR - 12, RQ
- 6.
The trisection points form an equilateral
triangle with each side half the side 12/3\"
12/3\". Using the formula for the area of

an equilateral triangle, we get

(6/3)2/3/A \302\253
27/3 -\320\276 \302\253
\320\232 27 .

\320\242\320\276
Relay l.

1. - 255/8.5
255/(\320\2202.5/5) - 30.
1973 NYSML 7

2. \302\25316+4-20.
2\317\2101\317\2072+1\317\2101

3. Assume differences increase by 4. Then a e 20 + 18 \342\226\240

38.

4. (38 - 14)/3 \302\273

8.

5. A* - 3e -*\342\226\272A - 32 - 9.

To Relay 2.

(ip 6 (3 + 3 - 6).

2. N2 - (5x \316\231\316\237*)2
- 2.5x 109, b - 9.

3. ^-=-^- - 9 \" *
\302\253* 6x - 72 -* -
\317\207 12.
9 \317\207

4. 12x2 + 32x - 12 - 4(3x2 + 8x -

3) - 4(3x - l)(x + 3) \302\253
0. The
larger root is 1/3.

5. (91/3)3/2 - 91/2 - 3.
 1974 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION. A set S consists of 14 integers, not necessarily

different, having the. property that whenever any one of the integers.is
deleted from the set, the remaining 13 integers can be partitioned into
three subsets in such a manner that the subsets have equal sums.

a) Prove that each member of S is divisible by 3.

b) Is it possible that some member of S is not equal to zero?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 mivwxXQJb. The 2-digit numeral AB, with \316\221 0,

\316\246 represents a
prime if the numeration base is 8, 10, or 12. Find AB.

2. 4 mLnuutZA. Let f(x) \302\253

x2 + 4x. For what values of \317\207 is f (f (x))
= f (x)?

3. 6 muiuutQA. In acute triangle ABC, AH and AM are respectively an

altitude and a median. The bisector of LA cuts in
\320\222\320\241 D. The

inch lengths of AB, AC, and MD are respectively 11, 8, and 1.

Find the inch length of MH.

4. 5 nUnuttA. After traveling 1% hours at a constant rate a train

suffers a breakdown. The repair takes h hour and then the train
continues at 4/5 of its former rate. It arrives at its destination 3 hours
late. Find the ratio of the length of the entire trip, in miles, to
the starting rate, in mph.

6 minatU. Two concentric circles are such that a chord of the

larger, 36 inches long, is trisected by the smaller. sum of The the radii
of the two circles is also 36 inches. Find the inch-length of the
radius of the larger circle.

6\302\267 6 minuZQjb. Find all possible sets of 4 consecutive integers such

that the sum of the cubes of the smallest three is the cube of the
4th.

RELAY 1.

1. A skater makes a figure 8 in the form of a 6-foot diametercircle,

8
1974 NYSML 9

temally tangent to an 8-foot diameter circle. What is the number

of feet in the distance skated in one traverse? Give answer to the
nearest foot.

2. TNYWR is the number of degrees in one base angle of isosceles an

triangle. Find the number of degrees in the vertex angle.

3. TNYWR is the perimeter of an isosceles triangle. If the base is 40

units long, what is the number of units in oneof the equal sides?

4. TNYWR is the area of a rhombus. If one diagonal is 13 units long,

what is the length of the other diagonal?

5. Let \302\253
\320\252 TNYWR. Express 3/27 - 54b + 36b2 - 8b3 as an integer in
simplest form.

RELAY 2.

1. 6 horses eat 6 bales of hay in 6 hours. At the same rate, how long
will 3 bales of hay last 3 horses?
2. TNYWR is the greatest number of digits in any numeral (in standard
decimal notation) representing an integer. What is the greatest
number of different integers that can be represented?
3. Let TNYWR be represented by a. (a + l)2 can be written in the

form b x1012. Find the value of b.

4. TNYWR is the number of shaded, non-overlapping (disjoint)
triangular regions formed by the sides and diagonals of a regular pentagon
How many unshaded such regions are there?

5. Let \302\253
\316\267 TNYWR. Find the nth term of the geometric sequence:
2a \302\267
8
\302\267
T28
' \302\267\302\267\302\267

1974 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question,

a) ,a
Call the integers a12 , a and
\302\267\302\267\302\267,
Ik
let S be their sum. The
hypothesis requires that there exist b for i \342\226\240
1, 2, 14
\302\267\302\267\302\267,

such that S - \342\226\240 for i * 1, 2, 14. This that

aj 3b
A \302\267\302\267\302\267, implies

XJ1XCS
-
a\302\261)
-
3^ b\302\261
or that 14S - S - 13S - 3 ^ b\302\261.
The

last equality implies that S is divisible by 3\302\267 Set S \302\253

3k.
From S - a. \302\253
3b we obtain that 3k - a. \302\253
3b. or that a. \302\253

3(k - b ). This establishes that a. is divisible by 3, for all i

 10 1974 NYSML

b) From part (a) it follows that a /3, a /3, a

\302\267\302\267\302\267,/3 are integers\302\267

But then it readily follows that this set new of 14 integers has the
same property as the original set S. Using the very same argument
for this new set implies that a /9, a /9, \302\267\302\267\302\267, are also
\320\2601\321\206/9

integers. A repetition of this argument shows that for arbitrary

posit \320\272 \320\272
itive integers k, we have that a,/3 , a /3 , a /3
\302\267\302\267\302\267, are all
integers\302\267 The only way this can happen is for all the a. to be 0.

To Short Answer Questions,

1. First note that <

\320\222 8. Moreover, \316\222 0,
\316\246 2, 4, 6, for the number

is even and more than 2, so not a prime. \316\222 3,

\317\206 for in base 12 the
number will be a multiple of 3, and so not a prime\302\267 \316\222 5,
\317\206 for in
base 10, AB is a multiple of 5. Hence, \302\267
\320\222 1 or =
\320\222 7. The re-
maining possibilities for AB are: 11, 31, 41, 61, 71, 17, 37, 47,
67. The numbers 21, 51, 27, 57 are multiples of 3 while 77 is a
multiple of 7 all in base 10, and so are not prime, All the remain-
ing in base 8 are
numbers composite except for 37 which is prime in
all three bases.
fix) - x2 + 4x. f(f(x)) - (x2 + 4x)2 + 4(x2 + 4x) - x2 + 4x. If
x2 + 4x * 0 we get the solutions 0, -4. The solutions to x2 +
4x + 4 \342\226\240
1 are -1, -3. Hence the only values are: -4, -3, -1,0.
3. (See figure to right.) As AD is

the bisector of Lk> CD : DB -

8 : 11. Let CD \342\226\240
8a and DB \302\253

11a for some number a. As

CM
*
MB, CM * MB - 9.5a (or
19a/2). Now DM \302\253
1.5a. It is
given that DM \302\253
1. Hence, 1.5a\302\253

1 so a = 2/3. Then CD - 16/3

and DB \342\226\240
22/3. Let \316\262
\317\207 HD.

Then 82 - (16/3 - x)2 \302\253

AH2 -

ll2 - (22/3 + x)2. The x2 term falls out leaving a linear equa-
tion and thus HM * 1 + \317\207 2.25\302\267

4. Let d \302\253
distance traveled after the breakdown, and 5r \342\226\240
original
rate. Then d/5r + 3 \342\226\240
d/4r + \320\254 so d \302\253
50r. The ratio requested
is then
d + 1.5(5r) 50r + 7.5r
\321\210 -11.5
5r 5r f
(See figure at the right.)
fe)
R2 - 18' - 62 -* R2 - r2 288

(R + r)(R - r) - 288
We are given that R + r \302\253
36, so
1974 NYSML 11

R - \302\273
\320\263 8\302\273 and R = 22.

6. Let -
\317\207 1, x, +'
\317\207 1, x + 2 represent the 4 consecutive
integers. Then

(x
- l)3 + x3 + (x + l)3 - + (x 2)3

3x3 + 6x - x3 + 6x2 + 12x+ 8

x3 - 3x2 - 3x - 4 - 0

(x - 4)(x2 + 1) + \317\207 - 0
The only real solution is =
\317\207 4. The only set of 4 consecutive
integers is {3, 4, 5, 6).

To Relay 1.

1. 6\317\200+ - 14\317\200 \320\253

8\317\204\317\204 14(22/7)
= 44.

2. +
\317\207 44 + 44 \302\253
180 ^ -
\317\207 92.

3. 40 + +
\317\207 -
\317\207 92 -*> \302\253
\317\207 26.

4. Area - (1/2) (d, xd ) -> 26 - .5(13x) -*\302\273 \302\253=

\317\207 4.

5. (27 - 54b + 36b2 - 8b3)l/3 - 3

- 2b. But b - 4. We then get
3 - 8 - -5

To Relay 2.

1. 1 horse eats 1 bale in 6 hours. 6.

2. 999,999 positive integers + 999,999 negative integers + 1 (zero)
equals 1,999,999integers.
3. (1,999,999 + l)2 - (2.000.000)2 - 4* 1012 -*\342\226\272b = 4.

4. There are a total of 10 non-overlapping

triangles formed by sides and
diagonals. We are given that 4 of them are shaded. Hence, 6 are
unshaded (see figure below).

5. The common ratio is \320\263'^\320\260. So the

6th term is 2a2(2\"*a)s - 2~19a3

 1975 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, Among the straight line segments connecting each pair
of sevenpoints in the plane, prove that at least three have different
lengths.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

lw 5 minutbb. In triangle RST the inch-lengths of RS, \"ST, and

\302\251

RT are, respectively, 16, 24, and 20. If SlT and SM are,

respectively, the angle-bisector and the median from S, the number

of square inches in the area of triangle BSM is k/7. Find the

value of k.
2. 3 minutQA. Solve for all real values of x:
-\302\243
(x)(\342\204\226)

3. 4 minutQA. Into how many regions is 3-dimensional space partitioned

by the planes determined by the~faces of a tetrahedron?
4. 4 minuter. Solve for all real value(s) of x:

2\302\253 \302\253
2 + x<2k)
\316\245 log
k\302\2530

where the base of the logarithm is always 10.

5. 4 tnimUto. Each side of triangle ABC has a length of two units. A

circle with center at A and a radius of one unit cuts AB at M.

BP is a tangent to the circle with \316\241as the point of contact of

the tangent and \316\241 falls outside of triangle ABC. Find the area of
the region bounded by BP, BM, and the minor arc MP to the
nearest hundredth.

6\302\267 5 minuteA. Express the following sum as a quotient of two integers:

15
2
J2 (n - l)(n + 1)

12
1975 NYSML 13

RELAY 1.

1. The diagonal of a rectangle is 169 cm. long and one side is 156 cm.
long\302\267 Find the number of centimeters in the length of the other side\302\267

2. TNYWR is the number, of good eggs in each carton of 6 dozen eggs

shipped to a supermarket\302\267 If the market buys 1000 cartons of eggs
at 84 cents per dozen, how many dollars do they lose on the bad eggs?
3. Let TNYWR be b. A student adds (1/35) + (1/14) and gets a/b, a
fraction which is not in lowest terms. Find the value of a.

4. TNYWR is the maximum of square inches in tha area of a triangle

number
whose base may vary between 7 inches and 11 inches in length,
inclusive. What is the maximum integral number of inches in the heightof
this triangle?

5. Let TNYWR be a. How many integers divisible by a are there

between a and a2 ?

RELAY 2.

1. A certain race track is 3.81 miles long and has a flat part and a
high-speed banked part* The flat part is 0.06 miles longer than
twice the length the of banked part. Find the length of the flat
part to the nearest hundredth of a mile.

2. When written as a fraction and reduced to lowest terms, TNYWR can be

\321\201\320\260
expressed in the form a /b , where a and \321\201 are prime integers.
Find the value of c.
3. TNYWR is the number of fruit trees to be set out in a rectangular

plot. Each tree must be at least 10 feet any other from tree and at
least 10 feet from any edge of the plot. Find the number of square
feet in the area of the plot with the smallest area.
4. TNYWR is number of marchers
the in a parade. Twelve of these are
majorettes who march separately. The remainder are divided into 9

equal sections with 12 marchers abreast in each section. How many

columns per section are there?

5. Let TNYWR be a. Find the larger root of 12x2 - 137x+ 5a - 0.

1975 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
Orient the points so that all points are above or on the horizontal
segment determined by two points; call them A and B. Assume that the
segments have at most two different lengths. We seek to force a
contradiction.

With AB as base there are five triangles (possibly with the inclu-
 14 1975 NYSML

sion of degenerate triangles) which are determined by the five vertices

remaining. But because of our restriction on the lengths the sides of

according to our assumption, at most four non-coincidenttriangles can

exist with AB as base; calling the two lengths b and a, the

possible triangles are b, b, b; b\302\273a, a; b, a, b; and b9 b, a. The

fifth triangle would have to be one of these\302\267 As a consequence, at

least two of the five triangles with AB as base are coincident. This
implies that at least two of the seven given points coincide, the
contradiction we were seeking.

To Short Answer Questions.

\316\230
(See adjacent figure.) \"Let
=
\317\207 RD where SD is the
altitude from S. Then SD =

162 - x2 - 242 - (20 - x)2.

for \317\207 we \342\226\240
2.
Solving get \317\207

Angle-bisector SB divides
the side it is drawn to in the
ratio of the included sides;
let \302\253=
\317\201 DB. Then

_16 * 2 + \317\201
6.
24 18 - \317\201

Area of SBM
\316\224 - Area of SDM
\316\224 - SDB
\316\224 - 8)/2
(\320\261/7\321\205
- (6/7~x 6)/2
6/7 = k/7. So -
\320\272 6.

2. /\317\2073 \302\253
\317\207 \317\207
/\317\207 so by inspection one solution is 1.
1+3/x
\316\247 \316\262
X
x-1 > 1 + 3/x - -
\317\207 1 -*> - 2x
\302\253\342\226\272
x2 - 3 - 0
x = -1, 3.
The solution set \302\253
{1, -1, 3}.

3. The regions are opposite the faces, edges,vertices, and the inside
region: 4+6+4+1-15.

4. 2*1 - 2 - 2(2*\302\260
- 1) (log x)(l + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 239)
- -e - \302\253
100.
(log x)(2l,\302\260 1) 2 log \317\207 and \317\207

5. Area I \302\253
Area of BAP
\316\224 - Area of Sector \320\220\320\240\320\234

.5/3 - \317\200/6
- .5(1.732) - 3.142/6 - .866 -
.523 = .34 to nearest tenth.

6.
(n - l)(n + 1) -
\316\267 1 +
\316\267 1
1975 NYSML 15

15 .l 15 .
*
\320\243
- \320\243
n \" * n + X
n=2 Jl

+ + + + + -L\\ +1
\316\271 _L _L = 329
<1+i i \317\200>-(\316\271 16; 2\"l5'l6 240

To Relay 1.
1. 1692
- 1562 - 132(132 - 122) - 132x52. So side - 13x5- 65.

2. The number of bad eggs per 6 doz. \342\226\240

72 - 65 \302\253
7. The loss is 7x 7\317\202
- 49c per carton. 1000 \317\207
49c
\342\226\240
$490.

3. 1/35 + 1/14 - 49/490 ~> a - 49.

4. 49 = .5x 7xh -* h \302\253

14.

5. The integers are selected from 14, 15, 14x14

\302\267\302\267\302\267, excluding the
end terms. They are 14 \317\207
2, 14x3, 14x 13
\302\267\302\267\302\267, so 12 integers is
the answer.

To Relay 2.

1. Let the number of miles in the banked part. Then

+
\317\207 2x + .06 = 3.81 - 3x - 3.75 -
\317\207 1.25
2x + .06 - 2.50 + .06 2.56.

2. 256/100 - 64/25 \302\253

26/52 \342\226\240
\342\226\240*\302\267
\321\201 6.

3. (See figure at right.) Area \342\226\240

40'\317\207 30' -
1200 sq. ft.
40'
4. 1200 - 12 - 1188, 1188/9
- 132, 132/12 \302\253
11

5. 12x2 - 137x + 5(11) - 0 -*\342\226\272

(12x
- 5)(x - 11)-0.
The solution set is {11, 5/12}. The larger
root is 11.
 1976 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, A plane is tu>6\302\243lla\302\243td by regular hexagons when the

plane is the union of congruentregular hexagonal closed regions which
have disjoint interiors, as is illustrated on the hexagonal \"graph

paper\" with which each team has been provided.

Define a tcutttce, pOAJtt of this tessellation to be any vertex of any

of the hexagons.
Prove that no four lattice points of a regular hexagonal tesselation
of the plane can be the vertices of a regular 4-gon (square). This
theorem may be called the 4-gon conclusion.

16
1976 NYSML
17

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. Write an EQUATION expressing a explicitly in terms of b and \321\201

if

1 + \316\273.\316\273, x+y-b, J x2+y2-c2,

x \321\203 a

and if a, b, c, x, and \321\203 are positive numbers.

2. Three consecutive positive integers are raised, respectively, the to

first, second, and third powers; the resulting integers are added then

together. This sum is a perfect square principal square root

whose

is the sum of the original three consecutive integers.-\302\267 Find the

largest of the three original integers.

3. Find all real values of \317\207 for which /4xz + 12x + 9 - 2x + 3.

A. Planar region R consists of an equilateral triangle ABC and its
interior. Five points are selected at random from region R and
the distance between each pair of these five points is calculated.
If the inch-length of a side of triangle ABC is 2, then \316\267 of these
calculated distances is less than or equal to one inch. Find the
minimum value of n.

5. All solutions of the equation cos 4x \302\253-\320\246 can be expressed in the

form (kn \302\2611)\321\202\320\263/6, where \316\267 is any integer. Find the value of k.
6. Al and Bill, two
gamblers, played a series of
inveterate The games\302\267

first playedwas $1, the second for $2, for so on, the stakes and

being doubled for each successive After eight games, Al had game.

won $31 more than Bill. If there no tied games, which games did were

Al win? In writing your answer, write the ordinal numbers (such as

first, second, etc.) of the games Al won.

7. In triangle ABC, LB is obtuse and AB > An

\320\222\320\241. angle bisector of

an exterior angle at A meets at

\320\222\320\241 D; an angle bisector of an
exterior angle at \320\222meets AC at E. If AD \302\253
AB - BE, find
mLBAC.

8. A square is inscribed in a circle, and then that part of the interior

of the circle which is not also interior to the square is shaded. A

circle is then inscribed in the square, and a square is inscribed in

this second circle; that part of the interior of the second circle
not also interior to the second square is shaded. If this process
is continued ad infinitum, express,in reduced form, that fraction
of the interior of the original circle that is shaded.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 rrunutbb. A regular dodecahedron is a polyhedron whose 12 faces are

congruentregular pentagons. An interior diagonal of this polyhedron
is a diagonal which is not wholly contained in one of the faces. A
18 1976 NYSML

regular dodecahedron has 30 edges and 20 vertices. How

many interior
diagonals does it have?

2. 5 minutZA. Express, in simplest form, the quotient:

+
\317\207 x2 + x3 + x14 + x5 + x6 + x7
x\"3 + x~* + +
\317\207\"5 +
\317\207\"6 +
\317\207\"7 +
\317\207\"8 \317\207\"9

3. 4 minute*. For how many different positions of point P, in the

plane of triangle ABC, will triangles PAB, PBC, and all
\320\240\320\220\320\241

be the boundaries of regions which have equal areas?

4\302\267 5 nUmvtQA. It is rumored that the city fathers of Reno, Nevada (the
\"biggest little city in the world\") plan to hold the \"biggest little
lottery in the world\" by awarding thirteen million dollars in prizes
in honor of the bicentennial. These prizes are to be strictly in
powers of $13, $1, $13, $169, namely, $2197, $28561, $371293, and
$4826809. If eachof the prizesis to be awarded fewer than 10
times (and possibly not at all), and if the entire thirteen million
dollars is to be given out, how many $169 prizes will be awarded?

5. 5 mLnutzo. Find all orderedpairs of real numbers (x,y) such that

x2 \316\262
1 and log(x2y3) - 7 .
1\320\276\320\262(^\321\215)

\320\2617)
5 minuteA. In triangle ABC, the respective inch-lengths of AC,

and
\320\222\320\241, AB are 3, 4, and 5.\" If AB, and
\320\222\320\241, AC are,

respectively, the perpendicular bisectors of CX, AY, and BZ, find the
number of square inches in the area of the region bounded by triangle
XYZ.

RELAY 1,

1\302\267 Find the number of lattice points, both of whose coordinates are
even, which are interior to or on the boundary of the rectangular
region which is bounded by the graphs of the equations \302\273
\317\207 0,
\342\226\240
\321\203
-
\317\207 24 and - 34.
\316\237, \321\203

2. TNYWR is the inch-length of the altitude to base AC of isosceles

triangle ABC. If the inch-length of the median to is

\320\222\320\241 195, find
the number of square inches in the area of triangular region ABC.

3. Find the largest prime factor of TNYWR.

4. TNYWR is the value of \320\272 in the equation 4x2 - 4kx + 165 - 0. Find

the smaller root of this equation, expressing your answer in the form

a/b, where a and b are relatively prime positive integers.

1976 NYSML 19

5. TNYWR is a number of the form a/b, where a and b are relatively

prime positive integers. In how many distinct points does the graph
of \321\203
* a sin bx cross the x-axis in the interval -2\317\200 < <
\317\207 2\317\200?

RELAY 2.

1. If /m3 + m3 + m3 + m3 + m3 - 25, find the value of m.

2. Of the teachers in a certain school, there were 22 single women and

18 Jaguar owners. If TNYWR were the number of single women teachers

who owned Jaguars, what was the number of teachers who could be
classified as single women or Jaguar owners?

3. Froma point interior to an equilateral triangle,

\316\241 perpendiculars
to the three sides respective inch-lengths of 15/J,
have 20/T, and
k/3. If - k, find the number of inches in the length
TNYWR one of

side of the triangle.

A. TNYWR is the number of square inches in the area of a trapezoidal

region in which one base is 16 inches longer than the other base\302\267 If
the distance between the two bases is 7 inches, find the inch-length
of the shorter base.
5. TNYWR is the degree-measure of the angle formed by a tangent and a
secant drawn to a circle from the same external point. If the ratio
of the lengths of the arcs two intercepted by this angle is 14:11,
find the degree-measure the of smaller of the two intercepted arcs.

1976 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
Create an equilateral triangular tessellation of the plane by

subdividing each hexagonal region into six congruent equilateral triangular

regions, each of which we will call a b&bic tKianQidjaA KZQlon. We will
now proceed by contradiction. First, somepreliminary theoremsare
needed.

Suppose ABCD is a square whose vertices are lattice points of the

triangular tesselation. (Since this introduces additional lattice points

into the plane,this is one generalization of our original problem.) Let
us call a (straight)line which is a union of sides of basic triangles a
t\302\243A6QJiZation tinz% Let the length of a side of a basic triangle be 1.
Let AB \302\253
s.

LEMMA 1. There exists a triangle AXB, exterior to square ABCD,

where AX and XB are unions of sides of basic triangles. A similar
result establishes the existence of triangles BYC, CZD, and DWA,
each exterior to square ABCD.

PtLOofi. By taking any two pairs of parallel, non-coincident

tessellation lines, two through A and two through B, these lines will
determine a parallelogram AXVBX, with triangle AXB exterior to square
ABCD.
20 1976 NYSML

LEMMA 2. Square ABCD has an integral area.

\316\262 let XB \342\226\240 with \320\272 and m
VKOO&. Let \320\272 and
\316\221\316\247 m, integers
Since m Z_AXB is either 60 or 120, the Law of Cosines establishes that
the value of s2 is either k2 + m2 - km or k2 + m2 + km, an integer
in either case.
LEMMA 3. The area of triangle AXB is km/3/4, with a similar
result for triangles BYC, CZD, and DWA.

Viooi. The area of \302\253

\316\224\316\221\316\247\316\222
J$kmsin60\302\260 or 4km sin 120\302\260.

THE 4-G0N CONCLUSION, The 4-gon ABCD cannot exist.

?K00^. Assume that square ABCD did exist. Using lemmas 1-3, the
area of region R (i.e., AXBYCZDWA) - s2 + (n/?/4), where \316\267 is an
integer. However, the interior of region R contains an integral number
of basic triangles, since each side region of R is a union of sides of
basic triangles. Thus, its area must be N/374, where N is an integer
and N > n. Thus, s2 (N
-
\342\226\240\302\273
n)/5/4. But s2 is an integer by Lemma 2.
Since no positive rational multiple of /3\" is an integer, we have a
contradiction.

To Team Questions.

1. From the first equation, we have that xy \302\253

a(x + y) \342\226\240
ab, or 2xy=
2ab. Upon squaring each side of the secondequation,we find that
x2 + y2 + 2xy \302\253
b2. Using the above results, and using the third
equation, this becomes c2 + 2ab \342\226\240
b2, from which it follows that
a = (b2 - c2)/2b.

2)3 - (3n + This

(n +
- 3) - 0. 3)2.
We are given than +
\316\267 (n + l)2 +
simplifies to 2n2 -
n3 - 2nz
-3
3n - (n)(n + l)(n Thus,
-
\316\267 3,
the integers are 3, 4, and 5, and the largest integer is 5.

3. Recall that |x| by definition, and that /\317\2072* \302\253

\317\207 if and

only if \317\207 is nonnegative. Since /4x2 + 12x + 9 - |2x + 3|, and

since |2x + 3| - 2x + 3 if only if and 2x + 3 is nonnegative, we

must solve 2x + 3 > 0. The solution is >

| \317\207
{\317\207 -3/2}.

4. Dirichletfs pigeonhole principle, loosely

stated, says that if +
\316\267 1 pigeons are
placed in \316\267 pigeonholes, one of the pigen-
holes will contain at least two pigeons.
Dividing region R into 4 subregions
whose boundaries are the congruent
equilateral triangles formed by connecting the
midpoints of ABC (see figure), \316\224 we can
locate 4 of the points (one 5 in each of
the subregions) such that the distancebe-
1976 NYSML 21

tveen any two of the points is more than 1 inch. Using the principle
stated above, the 5th point falls into one of the subregions already
occupied by one of the other points. 4 But, the distance between any
two points in one of the subregions is less than or equal to 1 inch.
The answer to the question is seen to J>e 1.
5\302\267 If cos4x \302\253
-*$, then 4x - 2\317\200/3 + or
2\317\200\316\267 4\317\200/3 + and
2\317\200\316\267,
\302\253
\317\207

\317\200/6 + \317\200\316\267/2or +
\321\202\320\263/3
\317\200\316\267/2. Clearly, one solution is given by \316\262
\317\207

\317\200/6 + \317\200/2
\302\253 +
\320\272\321\202\320\263/6
\317\200/6, from which we see that \302\253
\320\272 \302\2613. That this is
generally correct is now easily verified.

6. Al must win game 8 (for $128), since the sum of the stakes of games
1-7 is only $127. A \"transfer\" of $15 from the $127 remaining will
put Al $31 ahead of Bill. Of the possibilities that exist, only 1 +

2 + 4 + 8 \342\226\240
15. Thus, Al won the first 4 games and the 8th game.

7. In below, let mZ-BAC - mZ-BEC - \316\230. Then mZ-FBE - -

2\316\230
figure
and also - 4\316\230\302\273
mZ-ADB. But, mZ_DAB *
mZ_EBC, mZ-DBA (180\316\262- \316\270)/2

and - + +
4\316\270 -
4\316\270 180\302\260 -\316\277 -
\316\270 12\302\260.
(180\302\260 \316\270)/2

8. Calculating, the shaded region has

an area which, by similarity
considerations, must be the sum of an
infinite geometric progression (see
adjacentfigure). Clearly,
-
the
first term is \317\200\316\2232 2r2. The
common ratio is the square of the ratio
of the diameter-lengths of the first
two circles, which is (/2\316\223/2)2 - 1/2.
Summing the infinite geometric
progression, the ratio (shaded area)/(circle's area) is equal to
-
(\317\200\316\2232 2r2)/*s 2\317\200- 4
\"
\320\247\320\240- \317\200
22 1976 NYSML

To Short Answer Questions.

20
1. There are (
2
)
- 190 line segments connecting any two vertices.

Since each of the 12 faces has 5 diagonals, and since there are 30
edges, the total number of interior diagonals equals 190-60-30
= 100.

2. By the definition of division, a/b \302\253c if and only if b is the

unique number for which a \302\273
be. Thus, the problem is to find an
expression, which when multiplied by the denominator, is equal to the
numerator. Inspection, preferably after viewing the denominator
written in reverse order, reveals this expression to be x10.
Multiplying the denominator by x10 gives the numerator.
3. In the adjacentfigure, for \316\241

interior to \316\224
ABC, the only possibility
is the centroid of \316\224
ABC, the point
.
\316\241 For \316\241 exterior to ABC,
\316\224 \316\241

may be any of the three vertices of

a parallelogram whose other three
vertices are those of ABC.
\316\224 This is so
because a diagonal of a parallelogram
divides the parallelogram into two ^2 \320\241
Pi*
equal-area regions. These are the
points P2, P3, P^. It is interesting to note that A, B, and \320\241

are the midpoints of the sides of \316\224\316\2412\316\2413\316\2411+,

and that the centroid of
this triangle is The
\316\241\317\207.
answer is 4.

4. When written in base 13 the number thirteen million is written

2902210.
The third digit from the right represents the number of $169 prizes
awarded, 2.

5. Be careful not to think that log x2 * 2 log x. Thatfs true only

if \317\207 is positive. For \317\207 a real number, log x2 \342\226\240
2 log|x|. The
easiest approach is to
(and safest) treat the system as a system of
two \"linear\" equations:
log x2 - log y3
- 1 ,
log x2 + log y9
- 7 .
Solving, log x2 \302\2534 and log y3 \342\226\240
3, from which x2 \302\253
101* and
y3 - 103. Thus, \317\207- 100 or -100, and \321\203
-
10, generating the
two solutions: (100, 10) and (-100, 10).

6J (See figure on next page.) Since AYZC the

=\320\233\320\220\320\222\320\241, altitude from
\320\241 to ZY has the same length as the altitude from \320\241 to AB.
Hence, having
\316\224\316\247\316\245\316\226, the same \"base\" length as ABC
\316\224 (AB \342\226\240
YZ),
and having an altitude to the base which is 3 times as long as in
\316\224ABC, has an area 3 times the area of \316\224
ABC, namely, 18 square
inches.
1976 NYSML 23

\317\200\316\263

A ' *

To Relay 1.

1. There are 18 rows of 13 lattice points each, making the total number

of lattice points 234.

2. In figure at right, since the altitude is

also a median, a right triangle whose
hypotenuse has length 130 of and one

whose legs has length 78 is formed near

the base. This is a 3-4-5 right triangle,
and 2(104)AC \302\253 * 208, making the area
of triangle ABC equal to 24336.

3. 24336 \302\253
2U32132, and the largest prime
factor is 13.
4\302\267 4x2 - 52x + 165 - (2x - 11)(2x - 15) \302\273
0. The smaller root is 11/2.
5. The number of intersections is 9
(see figure).

To Relay 2,
1. \342\200\242Sn5\"- 25 \302\253*\342\226\272
m3 125 m 5.

2\302\267 Since 13 Jaguar owners were not single women, the number of teachers
classifiable as either single women or Jaguar owners must have been
22 + 13 - 35.
3\302\267 (See figure below.) Letting 8 denote the side-length of the
equilateral triangle, we have, by areas,
24

\\ sa + *$ sb + h sc \316\262
% sh ^

h-a+b+c\302\273 15/3 + 20/3 + 35/3

- 70/3,
where a, b, and \321\201denote the given
lengths and h denotes the length of
an altitude. Thus\302\273 the length of one
side of the equilateral triangle is
140.
4. 140 -
4(7) (2x + 16) m> \302\253
\317\207 12.

5. 12 \342\226\240
%(14x
- llx) \302\273
-\317\206 \317\207 8 llx
-*\342\226\240 - 88.
 1976 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION. We shall define a cZobzd polygonal Kigion to be the

union of a simple convex polygon and its interior.
Given a simple convex n-gon P, with consecutive vertices ,
\316\241\317\207
\316\241
, \302\267\302\267\302\267,
Pn,
and designated interior points X t
\316\2472,
\302\267\302\267\302\267,
X^.

Intuitively, a ZbAjCLngu&cutioyi of the closed polygonal region determined by \316\241

is a subdivisionregion into a set of of the

t small triangles \316\244

with disjoint interiors, and with vertices that are either the

interior
designated points or the vertices of P, as illustrated below*.

\317\201,
1 \316\232
\320\272\316\265,
1 \317\201,
\320\246 \317\201,
1 \316\241^
\320\272\316\225,
1 \320\240\321\214
k

I. Call a line segment which is a side of a triangle in T, but is not

also a side of the n-gon P, an into/Lion tint Atgmznt. Prove that
the number of interior line segments is independent of the method of

triangulation.

II. Prove that t and \316\267 are both odd or are both even.

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. AB-LBF and line FM_L BF. Points C, D, and \316\225 are on segment
BF such that AB \302\253 \302\253
CD
\320\222\320\241 \302\273
DE \302\253
EF - 1. AC, AD, and AE each

extended meet FM in points I, H, and G, respectively. Write

(IH, HG, GF) as an ordered triple of real numbers.

2. A two-digit number written in base 5 is 6 more than a number written
in base 4 having these two digits reversed. Express the sum of the

*
If this intuitive description is ambiguousto you, a very formal
definition follows.

Formally, a t/i^ngulatlon of the closed polygonal region determined by

\316\241 is defined to be a set \316\244 of t closed triangular regions such that
1) Each vertex of an element of \316\244 is either one of the P. or one
25
 26 1976 ARML

base 5 number and the base 4 number in base 10.

3. Write the equation in the form ax2 + bx + \342\226\240

\321\201 0, where a, b, \321\201

are relatively prime integers, whose roots are those of x2 - 2x +

5*0 each increased by the reciprocal of the other.
\316\223\316\275
4. If f(x) \302\253
A + Be and f(0) - 70, f (10) \302\253
60 and f(30) - 50,
find the numerical value of limit f(x).
x-* *>

\316\267

If \302\253 a formula for g(k).

g(k) Jn ~
5. -= find
J \317\204:
^
,
k-1
6. In triangle ABC, CD is a median, DF J_ AC at point F, mZ-A \342\226\240

30\302\260, AC = 10 and AB = 12. The radius of the circle inscribed

in triangle BDF has length m/m/(m + /s). Write the ordered pair
of reals (m,s), assuming that m and are
\316\267 integers.

7. If 10 men, among whom are Joe and John, stand in a row, find the
probability that there are 3 or more men between Joe and John. Leave
your answer as a reduced rational number.

8. f(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than 3. If f(l) =

2,
f(2) = 3 and f(3) - 5, find the remainder when f(x) is
divided by (x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3).
9. Cx: + y2 andx2
C2: (x - 2)2 + \342\226\240
1 y2
\302\253
16 are the equations of
two circles in the plane. Find the locus of the centers of all
circles externally tangent to C\302\261
and internally tangent to .
\320\241

Answer in the form Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F * 0 where A, B, C, D, E,

F are relatively prime integers.
\342\200\224<
>B
10. Moving along this grid in the
directions north and east only,
how many distinct paths are
there from A to B? Notice North t
that one segment is missing. A\342\200\224

East\302\267

of the X..
2) Every point in the closed polygonalregion by determined \316\241 falls

into exactly one of the following categories:

A) If it is not one of the or one of the , then \316\241. X

i) it is an interior point of exactly one element of T, or

ii) it is a boundary point (other a vertex) of than

exactly two elements of T, or

iii) it is a point of (other than \316\241 a vertex) and it is
also a point of exactly
boundary one element of T.
B) If it is one of the P. or one the of X , then it is a
vertex of at least one element of T; and whenever it
belongs to any element of T, it serves as a vertex of that
element.
 1976 ARML 27

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 minuteA. For all real values of \317\207 for which it is defined,

f(x) = cot ^x - cot \317\207 can be written in terms of the sine function
as
-,
*W '
\316\275 sin kx
(sin ^x) (sin x)
#

Find the value of k.

2. 5 Find
\321\202\320\253\320\270\320\233\320\276\320\273. the sum of all positive proper fractions (not
necessarily in lowest terms) whose numerators are positive integers and

whose denominators are' positive integers 100.

\302\243 That is, find the
sum of the following series:

3^| 5 In convex
\320\263\321\210\321\214\320\270\320\233\320\260\320\233\321\210 quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals intersect
\302\251 at point E. If the areas regions of CED,
\320\222\320\225\320\241, and DEA are 6,
8, and 12 square meters respectively, find the number of square meters
in the area of region AEB.

4. 3 mbiutOA, There is one card in a hat and it is equally likely that

this card is an ace or a king. An ace is put into the hat, the hat
is shaken to mix the two cards about, and one card is picked blindly
from the hat. The card drawn is an ace. With this additional
information, what is the probability, now, that the card originally placed
in the had was an ace?

5. 5 numit&6. In a rectangular coordinatesystem whose axes have scales

with 1 cm. as the unit length, triangle ABC has vertex A at (0,3),
vertex \320\222 at (4,0), and vertex \320\241 at (x,5). If 0 < \317\207< 4, and
if the area of triangular region ABC is 8 square centimeters, find
x.

6. 6 minut&A. Three of the elements in the solution set of the

simultaneous system
x+y k \321\205+\320\243
\321\205\321\210 \302\273
\321\203 \321\203 \302\253\317\207

are ordered pairs of integers (x,y). Find these ordered pairs.

7. 5 minutCA. In a circle whose diameter is 6 cm. long, AB is a chord
and \316\241 is the point on AB for which AP \302\253
4 cm. and PB \302\253
1 cm.
As point X moves along minor arc AB from A to B, endpoint \316\245

of chord XPY moves from \320\222 to A along major arc BA. When XY

is its maximum length, XP \302\253 cm.

\320\272 Find k.

8. 5 minute*. The sum of the five positive integers x, y, z, w, and

u is equal to their product. If x<y<z<w<u, find the

product xyzwu.
28 1976 ARML

RELAY 1.

1. The sides of a triangle respective have

centimeter-lengths of 7%, 11,
and x. Find the smallest possibleintegral value of x.

2y Find the number of square meters in the area the of region bounded
by an isosceles right triangle, the meter-length of whose shortest
median is TNYWR.
\321\206

3. The face value of a collection of quarters and dimes is $3.25. If

TNYWR is the total number of these coins, find the number of quarters\302\267

A. Find the smaller root of the equation 10x2 -f

px
- 18 \302\253
0 if the
value of \317\201 is TNYWR.

5. In the equation 625xn \302\253(25x2)2n, the value of \316\267 is TNYWR. Find

the larger real value of \317\207which satisfies this equation.

RELAY 2.

1. When a car A crossed the finish line in a certain race, car \320\222was

still 2 miles from the finish line. Both cars traveled the same route
and started at the same time. If car finished A the race in 40
minutes, traveling at an average speed of 87 mph, then the averagespeed
of car \320\222 for these 40 minutes was \317\207mph. Find x.

2. The meter-lengths of the legs of a right triangle are 288 and TNYWR,
respectively. Find the meter-length of the hypotenuseof this triangle
3. The number of square centimeters in the area of a region bounded by
an isosceles trapezoid is TNYWR. The bases of this trapezoid have
respective lengths of 12 cm. and 28 cm., and the perimeter of this
trapezoid is \317\207 cm. Find x.

4. In an arithmetic progression, the first term is 8 and the fourth term

is 26. If the value of \316\267 is TNYWR, find the sum of the first \316\267

terms of this progression.

5. One of the prime factors of TNYWR is between 25 and 50. Find the
largest prime factor of TNYWR.

1976 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
First, note that the sum of the measures of the angles of the t triangles
is expressibleas either I80t or as (m)(360) + (n - 2)(180).
Equating these two expressions, we find that t \342\226\240
2m + -
\316\267 2.

I. Let us calculate the number of interior line segments, t. Each of

the t triangles sides. has 3 Each interior line segment is a side
of the ttwotriangles, of and each side of the n-gon is a side of
 one of the t
triangles. Thus, 3t - 2t + n, with each side of the
equation representing the total number of sides of all t triangles
(with segments which' are sides of two triangles being counted once
for each triangle). Thus, 2l - 3(2m + \316\267- 2) - n, and I - 3m +
-
\316\267 3, a number which is dependent solely on m and n, not on the
method of triangulation.

II. Recall from above that t 2m + -

\316\267 2. Clearly, whenever \316\267 is even
(odd), t is even (odd).

To Team Questions.

-(See adjacent figure.) AABC

~
ACFI,
AB - \302\267
1
\320\222\320\241 -\316\246 CF - 3 - FI.
Similarly, FH - 1, FG - 1/3, so IH - 2,
GH \302\253
1 - 1/3 \302\253
2/3. The answer is
(2, 2/3, 1/3).
- 6 +
AB5 BA4
5A+B\302\2536+4B+A
AA - 3B - 6
\342\202\254
\320\220,\320\222 {1, 2, 3} -\302\253\342\226\272
A 3, -
\320\222 2.
+ + \342\226\240
28 (answer), I
32e 5 23\342\200\236 17io
*\342\231\246 \"\342\200\236
\316\234

3. \317\2072- 2x + 5 = 0. Roots are: 1 + 2i, 1 - 2i. 1/(1- 2i)* (1 + 2i)/5,

1 + 2i + (l + 2i)/5 =
6/5 + (12/5)i. New roots are 6/5 \302\261
(12/5)i.
Sum of roots is 12/5; product is 180/25- 36/5. Answer:

5xz - 12x + 36 0.
Cx IOC
f (x) = A + Be \". Let u - e . Then:
f(0) \302\253
70 -> A + B-70 -*>
50-A-B-20, 60 - A \342\226\240
\320\222-10
f(10) \302\253
60 -*\302\273 A + Bu \302\253
60 -*> u - (60-A)/B
f(30) \302\253
50 -*\342\226\272
A+'Bu9-50 -*\302\267 A + B[(60-A)/B]3 - 50
\320\233 (60 - A)3 \302\253
B2(50 - A) - B2(B - 20)
(B
-
10)3 - B2(B - 20)
B3 - +
\320\227\320\236\320\2222300B - 1000 - \320\2223- 20\320\2222

10\320\2222 - 300\320\222 + 1000 - 0 \342\226\240* -

\320\222 15 \302\261
5/F, -
\320\220 55 5/5
\316\252

60 - \320\220 5 5/F
\302\261 1 */5
\302\261
~
\302\267\320\270
\342\200\242 \342\200\224
\320\257\320\232
\320\222
15 5/5
\302\261 3 \302\261/5

If negative sign is used,

1 -
\321\210
\320\270 '- \320\256\320\241
\320\265 < 0 whi
3 -- /5
1 + /5 In u
\342\200\242
\302\267 u \302\253 < 1 \302\253> -
\320\241 0 -> 0 < \320\265 < 1
3 + /5 10

\320\241\321\205 / \320\241\\\321\205
\321\210lim
\342\200\242 \320\265 \302\253
\316\212.
lim (e ) - 0 \302\253\320\276 lim f(x) 55 - 5/F (answer) .
X-* \302\273 \320\276\320\276
\320\245-*\302\267 \316\247-+-00
 1976 ARML

\316\267 \316\267-1
\316\267 \316\267 \316\267-1
= - g(k) \"
l (\320\272)
\320\222 - 2
\320\227\320\277
I g(k) I g(n) - 2
\320\227\320\277
- 5
\320\227\320\277
\320\272=1 \320\272=1 \320\272=1

-2 -2
- (answer)
- - 8 (\320\272) - -
(\320\227\320\277 2) (\320\227\320\277 5) (\320\227\320\272 2) (\320\227\320\272 5)

In figure at right, DF \342\226\240

3, mZ_FDB =

120\302\260, FB2 - 9 + 36 + 2(h) (3)(6) - 63

by Law of Cosines. Radius of inscribed
circle equals
2 (Area) 3\302\2536\302\253sinl20\302\260 9/?
Perimeter 9 + /63 9 + 3/7
3/3
3 + /7
(m,s) (3,7) (answer)

There are 90 ways - 10*9 for two men to choose positions. In 42 of

these ways they will be 3 or more spaces apart. Answer is 42/90 \320\262

7/15. Also:
42 x 8! _\" 42_ \" _7_ '
10! 90 15

Let P(x) - Q(x)(x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3) + ax2 + bx + c. Substitution

gives
2= a + b + c!
3 - 4a + 2b + cj 4
5- 9a + 3b + \321\201
J
J

The answer is *$x2

-
2$x + 2 or (x2 - +
\317\207 4)/2

(See figure at right\302\267)

Observe: P= (x,y), PF -r+lf

PF,2 - 4 - r, PF,12+ PF0 5.
The locus is an ellipse,
center (1,0), foci (0,0),
(2,0), with a - 5/2,
b \302\273
/\316\252\316\223/2,
\342\226\240
\321\201 1. The
equation is

(x -
l)2, \"*\342\226\240
\320\2432
- 1.
25/4 21/4

The polar equation is

\317\204
21 *
10 - 4 cos \316\270

Multiplying out, or converting the polar form, yields

84x2 + 100y2- I68x - 441 - 0 .
1976 ARML 31

10. There are 11!/(6\316\257\302\2675!) ways to go from A to \320\222without a missing

segment.
11! 11\302\26710\302\2679\302\2678\302\2677
-
11\302\2673\302\2672\302\2677 462 .
6! 5! 5\302\2674\302\2673\302\2672

There are

MM iM 80
(3! 3!jl3!j
paths from A to \320\222which cross the missing segment. The answer
is 462 - 80 - 382.
To Short Answer Questions.

1. f(x) \302\267
cot Jfix - cot \302\253
\317\207 cos 4x/sin*sx - cosx/sinx, and this equals
slnx cosbjx - cos sin
\317\207 \320\247\321\205 sin^x __ , \302\267\321\207

sin sin
\317\207 Jjx sin sin
\317\207 *sx

2. Sum - b(l + 2
\316\271
+ 3 + 4 + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ 99) - 2475.

3.) (See figure to right.) METHOD I. Since

CE is a common base for triangles \320\222\320\225\320\241

and \320\241ED, their areas are in the same

ratio as their altitudes (from \320\222 and

D, respectively). Since the same is

true for regions and
\316\222\316\225\316\221 DEA, we have
the proportion 6/8 \342\226\240
x/12, or m
\317\207 9.

METHOD II. The product of the areas of

any two triangular regions which are
\"opposite\" each other about \316\225 is given by
[bad sin -
(\317\200 \316\270)][hbe sin -
(\317\200 \316\270)]

or by
[h ab sin 6][4cd sin \316\230]
both of which are equal to b;abcdsin26, which means that the products
of these areas are equal, and 8x \302\25372 or \342\226\240
\317\207 9.

4. METHOD I, Imagine two hats, one containing two aces and one
containing one ace and one king. Since the selection of an ace makes it
twice as likely to have been from the hat with two aces, it is 2 to
1 that there ace in the was an hat originally, making the required
probability equal to 2/3.
METHOD II. (Tree diagram approach.)
Let A the known ace put
be
\320\220\321\201\320\265
\320\240(\320\220\321\201\320\265)\302\

into the hat. Then see the

diagram to right. The King was not \320\240(\320\220)-\320\247

drawn; the card drawn is an ace.

Hence the probability that the King \316\241
(King) \321\210\\

upper branch of the tree

represents what happened is
\320\240(\320\220)\302\253*

+
\320\272 \320\272 2 .
*m
+
\320\272 +
\320\272 \320\272 3
 32 1976 'ARML

(See adjacent figure\302\267) Using areas,

we have that
8* (Trapezoid AODC) + ADCB - \316\224\316\224\316\237\316\222
C(x,5)
8 - 4x + *s(4 - x)(5) - 6
8 =
3x 4
4p+
A(0,3)
X \320\266
\"^

6. Since x+y and

x+y
\320\243 \321\203 x\302\273

m \321\210
(\321\203\321\205+\321\203}\321\205+\321\203
\321\203\320\247 ^ y(x+y)2 yi*#
Four possibilities now exist.
\302\253
\321\203 0 is impossible from the first 0(0,0) B(4,0)
equation, \302\253
\321\203 \302\2611 \321\212> (x,y)
- (1,1)
or (1,-1). (x + y)2 \302\253
4 -> +
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 \302\2612. The first case -* =
\317\207

\321\2032(from the second of the original equations) and, then, +

\317\207 -
\321\203
2 \320\243+
\342\226\240> \342\226\240
\320\243 2f from which \321\203
* -2 or \342\226\240
\321\203 1. Thus,
-
(\321\205,\321\203) (4,-2), (1,1), (1,-1).
The second case - which **\342\226\272
\317\207
\321\203\"2, gives rise to y3 + 2y2 + 1 \302\273
0,
an equation which has no rational solutions\302\267

(See figure to right.) XY is maximum

length when it is a diameter. Using
the diagram and the notation used in it,
(4)(1) = (6 - k)(k),
from which \302\253
\320\272 3 - /b

1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5 = (1)(D(1)(2)(5) \302\253

10\302\267 Another possible solution is:

1 + 1+ 1+ 3+ 3 \302\253
(D(l)(l)(3)(3) \302\253

9\302\267 In general, for \316\267 positive

integers whose sum equals their product,

let - n, 2,
-' -\"-
and a.
ax \"2 -i
for i > 2. Then, both the sum and
the product will equal 2n.

To Relay 1.

1. Since 11 - 7b \316\262
3%,
\302\253
\317\207 4.

\316\217 The shortest median is the median to the hypotenuse,which is also the
altitude to the hypotenuse. Since the hypotenusehas length 8 and the
altitude to the hypotenuse has length 4, the area equals 16.
3. The equation is: 25q + 10(16 - q) \302\253
325, from which q - 11.

4. Since 10x2 + llx - 18 \302\253

0 - (x + 2)(10x - 9), the smaller root
is -2.
5. Since 625/x2 \302\253
l/(25l#x8)\302\267 we have 256 - x~6 and \302\253
\317\207 \302\2611/25. The

larger real value of \317\207 is thus 1/25.

1976 ARML 33

To Relay 2.

1. Since (2/3)(87) \302\253

58 and 58 - 2 = 56, the slower car's average
was \302\253
speed (3/2)(56) 84 mph.

2. Notice that 288 and 84 are both divisible by 12. Thus, the required
triangle is similar to a right triangle whose legs are 7 and 24. The
answer is (12)(25) - 300.
3. Since the median of the trapezoid is 20, its altitude is 15. Now,
dropping altitudes from the upper vertices to the lower base creates
a rectangle and two 8-15-17 right triangles. The perimeter is thus
17 + 17 + 12 + 28 = 74.

4. Since 8 + 3d \302\253
26, d \302\253
6. Now, 8 + (73)(6) - 74th term. Hence,
the sum is

+ 446) - (37)(454) \302\253

16798 .
-y-(8

5. Presuming the fourth person handed you (37)(454), the answer is

clearly 227.
 1977 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION. Suppose that there are exactly two distinct ordered
triples of positive integers, (\317\207, ,
\321\203 \316\266
) and
(x2, y2, z^)
which
satisfy the equations
+ + - + + - \316\267
,
\317\207\317\207
\321\203\320\263 x2
\316\266\317\207 y2 z2
x, 1 + 50y, + lOOz \302\253x + 50y + lOOz * \320\272
1 12 2 2

I. Determine, with proof, the least value of \316\267 for which this is
possible.

II. If \302\253
\316\267 175, determine, with proof, the ordered triples
and
yxt
(\317\207\317\207\302\267\316\266\317\207) (x2, y2, z2)
(a) for which \320\272 is a minimum, and
(b) for which \320\272 is a maximum.

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. A Wall stock market analyst sold his monthly

Street stock market
newsletter 500 subscribers
to at the price of $10an issue. He
discovered that for each 25c increase in the monthly price of his
newsletter, he would lose two subscribers. For what price should he sell
each issue to bring in the greatest total monthly gross income?
2. Find the orderedtriple of real numbers (a, b, c) which satisfies
a(x - l)(x 1) + b(x + - l)(x - 3) + c(x + l)(x - 3)
\302\253
12x - 20 .

3. There is only one right triangle with integral sides in which the
hypotenuse Is 15 units long. How many right triangles with integral
sides have one leg which is 15 units long?
A. For how many real values of \317\207 does

\316\262
\317\207 2 sin \317\207
log

5. The quadrisection points of a line segment are the 3 points on the

segment which partition the segment into congruent 4 segments. In
square ABCD, E, F, G, and \316\227 are the quadrisection points of
AB, \320\226?, CD, and DA nearest \320\220, \320\222, \320\241, and D, respectively.

34
 What fractional part of the area of square ABCD is the area of the
region bounded by AF, BG, CH, and DE?

6. Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) which satisfy

x2 + y2 \302\253
2xy and x2 + y2 \302\253
6x + 6y
- 12 .
7. For the purposes this problem, suppose that the probability
of that
a person's birthday falls in given month is What, then, any 1/12\302\267

is the probability that each person in a group of 12 was born people

in a different month?

8. -In acute triangle ABC, \320\222\320\241

\302\253a, AC \302\253
b, and AB \342\226\240
c. If

a* + +
\320\252* c* - 2c2 (a2 + b2)
of
find the degree-measure angle C.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS,

1. 5 minuter. Find all positive values of \317\207which satisfy

-\320\227\321\205-8
^ 7
X > X .

2\302\267 4 rninutOA. As a sales gimmick, a merchant began measuringwith a

yardstick that was \317\207 inches too long. If this reduced his profit from

50% of his cost to 20% of his cost, find x.

3. 5 minutQJb. Parallelogram ABCD is drawn in the first quadrant of the
rectangular coordinate plane. .-Perpendiculars dropped from A and \320\241

to the x-axis have respective lengths of 7/3 and 29/3, while

perpendiculars dropped from points \320\222 and D to the x-axis have
respective lengths of 7/4 and k/4. Find the value of .
\320\272

4. 6 minutQA. If 0\302\260< <

\317\207 180\302\260, find the degree-measures of all angles
\317\207 which satisfy
sin 6x + cos 4x \316\262
0 .

5. 5 minute*. If A, B, and \320\241 represent digits, and if the seven-digit

base 10 number

N - 6666ABC
is the square of an integer, find N \302\267

6\302\267 5 mtnut&b. If i represents the imaginary unit, find the orderedpair

of real numbers (a,b) for which a + 4i and b + 5i are the roots
of

x2 - (10 + 9i)x + (4 + 46i) - 0.

36 1977 NYSML

RELAY 1.

1. In a triangle, the lengths of the sides are 3, 25, and 26,

respectively. Find the length of the altitude to the shortest side.
2. The perimeter of a regular hexagon is TNYWR and the area of the
hexagon is k/T/24 . Find \320\272
\302\267

3. Let \302\253
\320\272 TNYWR. Find the value of \317\201 for which

2x3 + llx2 - px - \320\272

is divisible by +
\317\207 3-.

A. In triangle ABC, mZ_B \302\253

38 and mLc \342\226\240
40. A circle is inscribed
in triangle ABC and the
points of contact are connected to form
triangle PQR. If the degree-measure of the largest angle of triangle
PQR is \316\270
t and if *
\320\272 TNYWR, find the value of -
\320\272 .
\316\270

5. Let -
\320\272 TNYWR. If the largest prime factor of 1,000,027 is p,
find the value of +
\317\201 \320\272.

RELAY 2.

1. The area and perimeter of a triangle are numerically equal. Find the
length of a radius of the circle inscribed in this triangle.
2. Let s
\320\272 TNYWR. Jf \317\207 and \321\203 are positive integers, find the least
value of \317\207 which satisfies

3. Suppose TNYWR \302\253

k, a missing digit. Then, when the fraction
k0180
18108
is reduced to lowest terms, the denominator will be the one digit
number x\302\267 Find x.

4. If \302\253
\320\272 TNYWR, find the least positive integer greater than 1 which,
when divided by any element of the 3-element set S \302\253{2, 3, 4, 5} -
{k}, leaves a remainderof 1.
5. If the numbers whose product is TNYWR were removed from the solution
set of (x + 7)(x + 5)(x + 3) (x
-
8)(x - 10) (x - 11) - 0, what would
be the product of the remaining elements?

1977 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

I. It is given that x2
+
50ya
+ \342\226\240
100\316\266\317\207 x2
+
50y2
+ 100z2 and xa +
1977 NYSML 37

\321\203
+ \316\266- \317\207+ \321\203 + .
\316\266
Subtracting the second of these equations from
the first\302\273 we find that

- - - .
49(y2
99(\316\266\317\207 yx)
z2)
Since 49 and 99 have no common prime factor, \316\266- \316\266\342\226\240
49a and

- \321\202
99a, for the same integral value of a\302\267 If a \302\253
0, then
y2 \321\203\320\263

the ordered triples would be identical. Without loss of generality, we

may assume that 2! > z2\302\273
from which a > 1. Since \316\266fe 1\302\273 it

follows that > 50. Similarly, since > 1, it follows that >
z1 \321\203\320\263 y2
100. Finally, since > 1,
\321\205\320\273 we have *
\316\267 \317\207 +y +z > 1 + 100 +
1 \342\226\240
102. Thus, the minimum value of n, generated by the condition
a \342\226\240
1 and by the ordered triples (51,1,50) and (1,100,1), is
102.
II. We already know that
zx
~
z2
\316\262
*9a and that \321\203
-
\321\203
\342\226\240
99a. If a -
2, then y2
-
\321\203
- 198, and
y2
> 199. Since *
\316\267 175, this is

impossible. Therefore, a \302\273

1. Thus, it follows that
\" \320\250
49 aTld \" \" \"'
Zl Z2 \320\2432 \320\2431

Since (y - )
\321\203
- (\316\266
- \316\266
) \317\207 -
\302\253 \317\207
, it follows that
- - 50.
x2
\317\207\316\261

a) To minimize k, minimize \316\266

\316\266\317\207,
, ,
\321\203 and y (consequently
maximizing x and ).
\317\207 Since \316\266- \316\266\342\226\240
49 and \321\203
-
\321\203
\342\226\240
99,

set z2
\302\253
1, \302\253
1, \302\273
50, and \302\253
100. Then, \317\207 \302\253
124,
\321\203\320\263 \316\266\317\207 y2
x2
\342\226\240
74, and the required ordered triples are (124,1,50) and

(74,100,1).

b) To maximize k, minimize \317\207

, \317\207
, ,
\321\203 and y (consequently
maximizing \316\266 and Since \317\207 - - 50 and \321\203
-
\321\203
\302\253
99,
z2). x2
set \302\253
1, *
1, \317\207 \342\226\240
51, and \342\226\240=
100. Then, \316\266- 123,
x2 \321\203
y2
\316\266 \302\25374, and the required ordered triples are (51,1,123) and

(1,100,74).

To Team Questions.

1. Let 4x represent the dollar rise the issue price. Then, in (10 +
kx)(500 - 2x) - income and +
\342\226\240
-*$x2 \321\203
+ 5000. The \342\226\240
\321\203 \320\2565\321\205
graph
of this last equation is a parabola maximum point occurs whose when
=
\317\207
105, a result which can also be achieved differentiation. by

Hence, the rise in price is $26.25 the resulting issue and price
is $36.25. -\342\200\224

2. Let the given expression be represented in the form f(x) \302\253

12x - 20\302\267
 1977 NYSML

It follows that f(1) - -4c \302\253

-8, and =
\321\201 2, f(-l) \302\253
8b \302\253
-32, and
b - -4, f(3) \342\226\240
8a \302\253
16, and a \302\253
2. The ordered triple is (2,-4,2).

Representing the lengths of the sides of the right triangle as a, b,

and (with > a and
\321\201 \321\201 >
\321\201 b), we find that
- b2 i2 \302\253
225 \302\253
32\302\2675:

Thus, since all sides have integral lengths, we can write

(c - + b)
\320\252\320\243(\321\201
- 1 \302\267
225 -> (c,b) - (113,112)
-3-75 -> (c,b) - (39,36)
* 45
5\302\267 \302\253> (c,b)
- (25,20)
* 9 \302\267
25 -* (c,b) - (17,8) .
Since there are no other solutions, the number of triangles is

Consider the graphs of the related

functions (see adjacent figure). \320\243

Since log^l6 \342\226\240

2, there are no y-log^x
intersections after \342\226\240
\317\207 16 \302\253*
5.1irf

since >
\317\207 16 *\342\226\240>
logux > 2 >
2sinx. Thus, the number of

solutions is 5.

Application of the Pythagorean = 2 sin

Theorem will give a solution.
\317\207
More

generally, as can be seen from the

diagram to right, and as would be
true if ABCD were any
G
parallelogram, the answer is
\320\253

9 \302\261
\316\227
9 + 4(4\302\267 4) 17

Algebraically, the first equation \\t

can be rewritten as (x
-
y)2
* 0,
L
from which \317\207
\302\253
\321\203. Substituting \316\265
/F
this result into the second \320\201
\321\214
equation,

\317\2072- 6x + 6 \342\226\240*
0 ,

and the two solutions are (x,y) - (3 + /\320\227, 3 + /3), (3 - /\320\227. 3 - /\320\227).

This can also be solved graphically.

Since there are 12! favorable cases and there are 1212 total cases,
the required probability is 12!/1212.
the law of cosines, 2ab cos -
\320\241 a2 + b2 - c2. Squaring this
By

result, we have

4a2b2cos2C \302\253
ak + b* + c* - 2c2(a2 + b2) + 2a2b2.
Thus,

4a2b2cos2C - 2a2b2 -\342\226\272 cos2C \302\253 \302\267

\316\227

Since \320\241 is an acute angle, mLc \302\253

45 (or 45\302\260).
1977 NYSML 39

To Short Answer Questions,

1\302\267 Multiplying each side of this inequality by the positive number x8,
we find that
-\320\227\321\205
^ 15
X > X

Taking the positive cube roots of each side of this inequality,

ve have (after noting the cases)
-\317\207
^ 5
\317\207 > \317\207,

To solve this last inequality, there are two cases to consider:

Case I. If \317\207> 1, then we must solve -x >

5, for which there
are no solutions in this domain.
CaseII. If 0 < <
\317\207 1, we must solve -x < 5, which is true for
all \317\207 satisfying 0 < <
\317\207 1.

2\302\267 Letting the merchant's cost be c, it follows that (36)(1.5c) =

(36 -f x)(1.2c). Solving, we find that =

\317\207 9.

3. The lengths of the perpendiculars are, simply, the y- respective

coordinates of the points A, C, B, and C. Since the midpoints
of AC and BD are the same point, the y-coordinates of the
midpoints of AC and BD are equal. Since (1/2)[7/3 + 29/3] \302\253

(1/2)[36/3]
\302\253
6 and (1/2)[7/4 + k/4] \302\253
(1/8)[7 + k], we know that
7+ \316\262
\320\272 48 and *
\320\272 41. It is also possible, using properties of
trapezoids, to establish this result by the methods of synthetic
geometry.

4. Since sin 6x + cos 4x \302\253

0, sin (5x + x) + cos (5x - \317\207)
\316\262
0.
Expanding this last equation,
sin 5x cos +
\317\207 cos 5x sin +
\317\207 cos 5x cos +
\317\207 sin 5x sin \317\207

- (sin5x)(cosx + sinx) + (cos 5x) (sin \317\207

+ cos \317\207)

* (sinx + cosx)(sin5x + cos 5x) \316\2620.

From this last equation, either sinx \342\226\240
-cos \317\207 or sin 5x \342\226\240
-cos5x.
In the first case, tan \317\207\342\226\240
-1 and *
\317\207 135\302\260. In the second case,
tan5x \302\253
-1, and 5x - 135\302\260 + 180ke. Thus, \302\253
\317\207 27\302\260 + 36ke (for \320\272

a non-negative integer less than 5). The five solutions are therefore
27% 63\302\260, 99\320\265, 135\320\265, and 171\302\260.

5. Since /6666000 2581.9,

\302\273 it follows that N > 2581. Further, since
25832 \302\253
6671889 and 25822 - 6666724, the only answer is 6666724.

6. Using the theorems about the sum and the product of the roots,
(a + 4i) + (b + 5i) \342\226\240
10 + 9i ^ a + b \302\253
10 ,

and

(a + 4i)(b + 5i) - 4 + 46i - -*> ab 20 = 4, 5a + 4b - 46 .

The solutions (a,b) of the system a + b \342\226\240
10, ab * 24 are (6,4)
 40 1977 NYSML

and (4,6). The only one of these two which also satisfies 5a + 4b \342\226\240

46 is (6,4). Alternatively, the quadratic formula produces the

result

10 + 9i /3
\302\261 - 4i
) \316\262
\317\207 \302\267
2

and since \302\261/3

- 4i - \302\261(2
-
i), (a,b) \302\253
(6,4), as before.

To Relay 1.
1\302\267 Using Hero's formula for the area of a triangle, the area is 36. Hence,
the altitude to side of length 3 is 2x36/3 \302\25324.

2. One side of the regular hexagon is 24/6 = 4.' Its area is 6(42/J/4) *
24/T- k/3V24 -> -
\320\272 576.

3. Using the value of \320\272 and the fact that the polynomial has the value
0 when \302\253
\317\207 -3, we get -54 + 99 - p(-3) - 576 \302\2530 or 3p \302\253
531,
so \302\253
\317\201 177.

-
4\302\267 \316\270 71; -
\320\272 71 * 177 - 71 - 106.
5. 1,000,027 \302\253
1003 + \320\2273- (100 + 3)(1002 - 100 \317\207
3 + \320\2272)
\302\253
103\321\205 9709 =

103 \317\207
7 \317\207
19 \317\207
73; +
\317\201
-
\320\272 103 + 106 - 209.

\320\242\320\276
Relay 2.

1. Area \302\253
Perimeter => pr/2 = \317\201
^ \342\226\240
\320\263 2.

2. The least value of \317\207 for which \317\207 is a positive integer and 2x/
(x - 2) is also a positive integer is 3; \316\262
\317\207 3.

J#
30180 2x2x3x5x503 5_. X\"J-
.
18108 \320\2622\321\2052\321\205\320\227\321\205\320\227\321\205503\320\2263*

4. S - {2, 3, 4, 5} - {3}- {2, 4, 5}. The smallest number is 21.

5. When the roots -7 and -3, whose product is 21, are removed we are
left with the roots -5, 8, 10, and 11 having the product -4400.
 1977 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION,

1. Let S be an integer. Prove that S cannotbe expressedas the sum

of two or more consecutive positive odd integers if
(a) S is a prime\302\273

(b) S is twice an odd integer.

2\302\267 Prove that if an integer greater than 1 is neither a prime nor twice
an odd integer, then it can be expressedas the sum of two or more
consecutive positive odd integers.
3. Classify all integers which have precisely one representation as a
sum of two or more consecutive positive odd integers.

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. In an English-speaking village of 2029 inhabitants, at least \317\207 of

the residents have the same (two-letter) initials. Find the least
possible value of x.

2. Find the remainder that results when

(x + l)5 + <x + 2)* + (x + 3)3 + (x + 4)2+(x + 5)

is divided by +
\317\207 2.

3. The 3 altitudes of acute scalene triangle ABC intersect at P. If

AB \342\226\240
x, CP - y, and d represents the length of the diameter of
the circle circumscribedabout triangle ABC, write an EQUATION
expressing d explicitly in terms of \317\207 and y.

4. Find all real values of \317\207 which satisfy

(x+1)2' 16
\342\226\240
X X

5. Three distinct points are, independently, randomly selected on a

circle. Find the probability that the triangle having these three points
as vertices is an obtuse triangle.

6. Find all real values of \317\207 which satisfy

1 6
+ * \316\212
L #
+
\317\207 1 +
\317\207 5

41
 42 1977 ARML

7. In an isosceles trapezoid, the length of eachleg is 3, the length of

each diagonal is and
7\302\273 the length of the longer base is 8. Find the
length of the shorter base.

8\302\267 The number 915 is a 3-digit number the sum of whose digits is 15.
Using only the non-zero digits, how many different positive 3-digit base
10 numerals (none of which uses the same digit more than once in its
3-digit base 10 representation) can be formed which have a digital sum

of 15?

9. Find all real values of \317\207which satisfy

X
2log-x*2 0
\342\226\240
8 .

10. The union of the infinity of line segments , \316\241

\316\241\317\207\316\241
\316\241
, PP.
\302\267\302\267\302\267,

is called the zaj$-zolqJLLnz (i. When drawn in the rectangular

coordinate plane, each point \316\241 of U is on the x-axis if and only if \316\267

is odd, and is on the graph of \321\203 \342\226\240 -

(\317\207 2)2 if and only if \316\267 is

even. Furthermore, the degree-measure of the angle between any two

segments of U which share a common endpoint is 60. If P1 is at the

origin, find the length of U from \316\241 to the point P, whose
coordinates are (2,0), if mL?^^?^
\302\253
60.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 miviutZo. In a polar coordinatesystem, the midpoint of the line

segment whose endpoints are (8, 5\317\200/12) and (8, is
-\320\227\321\202\320\263/12) the point
(rt0). If r > 0 and -\317\200< <
\316\270 \317\200, find the ordered pair (r,6).

2. 5 minuteA. On the Annual High School Mathematics Contest, there are

30 questions. every For question a student answers, (s)he receives
5 points for a correct answer, but loses 1 point for an incorrect
answer. The student neither receives nor loses points for any question
left unanswered. Find the probability that an integer randomly
selected from {x | 0
< <
\317\207 150} represents a score which is
unattainable on this contest.

3. 5 minutto\302\267 In the rectangular coordinate plane, find the length of

the graph of

-
|x
+ -
\321\203
l|
+
||x| x| + ||\317\207
\342\200\224
11
+ -
\317\207
l|
\302\253
0 .

4. 5 minutZA. Find all ordered pairs of integers (x,y) which satisfy

x2 + 4x + y2 \342\226\240
9 .

5. 5 minutZA. Find the area of an equiangular octagon, the lengths of

whose sides are alternately 1 and /2\\

6. 5 tntnuteA. Find the numerical value of

1977 ARML 43

sin 18\302\260cos 12\302\260 + cos 162\302\260 cos 102\302\260

#
sin 22\302\260cos 8\302\260+ cos 158\302\260 cos 98\302\260

7. 5 mumZoA. Express\302\273 in simplest form, the value of

~ ~ +
/4 /7 /\316\244 /7\"

8. 5 mimvt\302\2436. If >
\317\207 1 and if
- y,
(logx128)(log12816)
determine the value of log2X256, expressing your answer as a
quotient of two linear polynomials in \321\203whose leading coefficients are
relatively prime positive integers.

RELAY 1.

1. The least value of satisfying + (1/x) 85/18\317\207 \317\207 \342\226\240 is a/b, where
a and b are relatively prime positive integers. Find b.

2. If \316\262
\316\267 TNYWR, find the number of terms in the expansion of
+
(\317\207 y)n .

3\302\267 Let TNYWR * the number of different committees of two people that can
be chosen from a group of \320\272 people. Find k.

4. Let \302\253
\320\272 TNYWR. Find the value of
lo8k3
.\320\272 A
+
.
\320\272
4 k*
.
sin-\321\203-

5. Let -
\320\272 TNYWR. Find the positive root of
kx* - k2x + x3 - \342\226\240=
\320\272 0 .

RELAY 2.

1. Find the base of the numeration system in which

232 - (2)(114) .
2. If \302\253
\320\272 TNYWR, find the unit's digit of
135k

3. Let \342\226\240
\320\272 TNYWR\302\267 Find the positive difference between the sum of the
first 5k positive even integers and the sum of the first 5k
positive odd integers.

4. Let =
\320\272 TNYWR. The lengths of the bases of a trapezoid are 2k and

20. The median of the trapezoid intersects the diagonals of the trap-
44 1977 ARML

ezoid at points A and \320\222 respectively. Find AB.

ID Let *
\320\272 TNYWR. Through the point on a radius of a circle which

is 1/5 of the way from the circle to the center, a is chord drawn
perpendicular to the radius. If the length of this is chord 6k,
find the length of a radius of this circle.

1977 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

1. (a) Assume

\316\267

- (2k - 1)
\316\241 I
k=m+l

Then

\316\267 m
-
\317\201 I (2k - 1) - I (2k - 1)
k=l k\302\253l

\302\253
n2 - m2 \302\253 -
(\316\267 m) +
(\316\267 m) .

Therefore, -
\316\267 m * 1 and +
\316\267 m \342\226\240
p. Since \316\262
\316\267 m + 1, we have a
contradiction since
\316\267

\316\241
-
I (2k - 1)
k*m+l
then yields \317\201
s 2n - 1 which is not the sum of two or more
consecutive odd integers.

(b) Assume
\316\267

2r \302\273
(2k - 1) .
I
k\302\253m+l

Then, as before, 2r \342\226\240

n2 - m2. Since 2r is even, n2 and m2

must have the same parity. But then 4

| (n2
- m2), which implies
4 | 2r, a contradiction.
2. Given a positive integer we seek values of
S \317\207 and \321\203which

satisfy S - \317\207
+ (x + 2) + (x + 4) + \302\267\302\267\302\267'+
(x + 2y) with \317\207 odd. Then
5 - (y + l)(x + y). Since \317\207 is odd we set \342\226\240
\317\207 2z - 1, >
\316\266 1.
Then S * (y + l)(2z + \321\203
- that this provides 1). (We note another
proof that S cannot be a prime. Furthermore, if \321\203 is odd then
4 | S, while if \321\203 is even, S is odd. Conversely, if S is odd
then \321\203 is even. This is another proof that S 4 2r.)
(i) kbbumt S i& odd. Therefore, \321\203 is even. Set \342\226\240
\321\203 2k. Then
5 (2k + l)(2z + 2k - 1)
- from which we observe that each factor is
greater than or equal to 3. Assume S \342\226\240
uv with u and \316\275 both odd
1977 ARML 45

Set u - 2k + 1, \302\253
\316\275 2z + 2k - 1. Then -
\320\272 (u - l)/2 and
- an solution
\302\253
\316\266 (\316\275 +
\317\205 2)/2. \"We observe that acceptable (x,y)
exists if \316\275 u
\302\243 > 3. Thus\302\273 any positive odd S \302\253
uv (in which
\316\275 u
\302\243 > 3) can be expressed as a sum of consecutive positive odd
Note: x\302\253v-u+l, \342\226\240 - 1.
integers. \321\203 u

(ii) jU even. Then odd. Set \302\253 - 1, >

S \321\203 is \321\203 2k 1,
AoAU/ne \320\272

and we obtain S - (y
+ l)(x + y) - 2k(2z - 1 + 2k - 1) \302\253
2k(2z + 2k -
2) \302\253
4k(z + -
\320\272 1). Thus 4 | S. Set S \342\226\240
4n. Every such S has a
representation as the sum of 2 consecutive odd integers, namely,
(2n - 1) + (2n + 1).

3. From (2) we know that if S is odd then S \302\253

(2k + l)(2z + 2k - 1),
with 2k + 1 > 3 and 2z +2k - 1 > 3, and that the desired
representation for S is possible if S \342\226\240
uv with >
\316\275 u 3.
\302\243 We observe
that if S \302\253
pq or S \302\253
p3 p2 or q S * odd where \317\201 and are
primes with q, <
\317\201 will thenhave preciselyS one representation
and that this representation is obtainable by setting:
(a) \320\272- (p - l)/2t \302\253
\316\266 (q
- +
\317\201 2)/2 in the case S \302\253
pq;
\342\226\240 - the case S
(b) \320\272 (p l)/2, \302\253
\316\266 1 in \342\226\240
p2;
(c) -
\320\272 -
(\317\201 l)/2, -
\316\266 (\317\2012
- +
\317\201 2)/2 in the case S - \317\2013.
In all other cases of odd S, S will have more than one
representation as a sum of consecutive odd positive integers. (For example,
if S \302\253
pqr where p, q, and \320\263 are odd primes with <
\317\201 q < r,
and r < pq, then by setting (u,v) \302\253
(p, qr), (u,v) - (q, pr),
(u,v) \342\226\240
(r, pq), we obtain 3 representations for S.) If S is
even, we know from (2) that S * 4k(z + -
\320\272 1) with >
\320\272 1 and
+
\316\266 -
\320\272 1 > 1. We observe that if S - 4, S \302\253
8, or S \342\226\240
4p where

\317\201 is a there will be precisely one representationof

prime, then S

as a sum of consecutive odd integers. In the cases S - 4 and S =

8 these representations are 1+3 and 3+5, respectively, while
in the case S 4p, we must \342\226\240 have \342\226\240
\320\272 1 and +
\316\266 -
\320\272 1 = p. Thus
\342\226\240
\317\207 2p
- 1 and \316\262
\321\203 1, which gives the unique representation S \316\262

4p
-
(2p
- 1) + (2p +1). In every other case, i.e. when S \342\226\240
2 ,
>
\316\267 4 or S \302\253
4pm, m > 1, we get more that one representation
as follows:
S \342\226\240 \316\267 4. Set -
\320\272 2 and +
\316\266 -
\320\272 1 \302\273
2n~3. Then -
\317\207
(a) 2nt \320\263
\316\267\342\200\2241
2 - 3 and \342\226\240
\321\203 4 gives one representation. If we set \302\253
\320\272 1 and

z + k-l\302\2532~f we obtain x\302\2732 -

lf ye2, another
representation\302\267

(b) S \302\253
4pm,
> 1.
\321\202\320\260 Set \342\226\240 and
\320\272 \317\201
z + k-l\302\253m if m>p; set
\302\253
\320\272 m and z + k-l\302\253p if p\302\243m. In either case we obtain a
representation for S. Another representation is obtained by setting
\302\273
\320\272 1 and +
\316\266 -
\320\272 1 \302\253
pm.

To Team Questions.

1. Since 262 \302\253

676 and since 2029 3 \302\267
\342\226\240 676 + 1, the pigeon-hole
principle assures us that the minimum value of \317\207 is 4.
 1977 ARML

Call the original expression f(x). By the remainder theorem, the re-
mainder is f(-2) \302\253
7.
\320\241

Draw DAj_AB, intersecting the cir-

cumcircle at D. Then DB is a

diameter and m^-DCB \302\253

90. Also, DC || AP

(since both are J. to and

\320\222\320\241) AD ||
CP (since both are J. to AB). Hence,

AD AB \342\226\240
x, and DB I - /\317\2072+ y2.

Unless the base has the value -1, 1,

or 0, the exponents can be equated, and the solutions -5 and 3
are found\302\267 Since each of the forementioned values of \317\207 also check,
there are 5 solutions, namely, -5, -1, 0, 1, 3.
Select point A and draw the diameter through A.
The second point, B, is randomly distributed over
either semicircle. Draw the diameter through B.
If point \320\241 lies in same semicircle
the as do A
and \320\222 (as determined by the diameter through A,
with \342\226\240=
\316\241 h)9 the triangle is obtuse. If not, the
triangle is obtuseiff \320\241 lies in the same
(as
semicircle determined by the diameter through B)
as do B. Since
A and \320\222 is randomly distributed, -
\316\241 4(1) + h(h)
= 3/4.

Multiplying both sides by the positive number (x + l)2(x + 5)2 and

factoring out (x + l)(x + 5) and rearranging, we have that

(x + l)(x + 5)[x + 5 + 6(x + 1) - (x + l)(x + 5)] > 0 .

Thus, (x + l)(x + 5)(x - 3)(x + 2) >
0, provided that i
\317\207 -1 and
\317\207 -5.
\316\246 Solving on the number line, as below, \317\207 must satisfy

-5 < \317\207 -2
\320\271 or -1 < <
\317\207 3 .

+
\302\267-
\342\200\224\302\267

-5 -2 -1

Since the trapezoid can be inscribed in a circle, Ptolemyvs Theorem

can be used. Hence
8x + 9 - 49 -> -
\317\207 5 .
Other solutions are readily obtained by using the Pythagorean Theorem
or the law of cosines.
Sinceeach of the numerals 915, 924, 816, 825, 834, 726, 735, and 654

satisfy the requirements, the six permutations of the digits of each

of these 8 numerals also satisfy the requirement, and the answer is
\302\253
48.
6(8)
 1977 ARML 47

9. Taking the log (base 2) of eachside, we find that

2(log2x) (log^x)
2 log2x \342\226\240
3, from which
- ,
\302\261\320\23372
log2x
and the two values of \317\207 (both of which check) are 2\302\261/372\"

10. This problem really asks for two-

thirds the sum of the perimeters
of equilateral triangles which
lie along the \317\207-axis as described
(see figure)\302\267 Since the length
along the x-axis is one-third the
sum of the perimeters, and since
this length is 2, the answer is 4.

To Short Answer Questions.

1\302\267 Since the degree-measure of l-AOB

is 120, the diagram indicates that
the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB, are (4, \317\200/12), (See
figure below.)

(8.^)

2. There are only 10 unattainablescores: 131, 137, 136, 141, 142, 143,
146, 147, 148, and 149. Since the set | 0
< < 150} {x \317\207 contains
151 integers, the required probability is 10/151. If S is an
attainable score, 150 S
\316\226 2 0, S \302\253
5a - b, where a + b 30,
\302\243 a and
\320\252
* 0.

Since the sum of the 3 non-negative absolute-value expressions is

zero, each must individually equal zero. Since 'x + \321\203- l| * 0 \342\226\240\"*

--\317\207 + 1 > 0, I |x|

- xl - 0 -* \317\207
> 0, and -
\317\207 1 -
+ \317\207 1
\321\203

x i lt the given equation is graphically represented by the line

segment whose
endpoints are (1,0) and (0,1). The length of this
line segment is Jl.
Completingthe square, (x + 2)2 + y2 - 13. But, the only two

integral squares whose sum is 13 are 4 and 9, a fact which generates the
48 1977 ARML

8 pairs (-5,2), (-5,-2), (1,2), (1,-2), (-4,3), (-4,-3), (0,3), (0,-3)

5. As can be seen from the diagram, the
requred area can be written as 9-2
or 5 + 2 or merely 7.

Since cos 162\302\260 -cos cos 102\302\260-

1*3
- cos 78\302\260 -sin 12\302\260,
18\302\260,

cos 158\302\260
w
-cos 22\302\260, and cos -
98\302\260 \302\253 cos 82\302\260 \302\253 Pl35\302\260\"j
\316\257 1
-sin 8\302\260, the original expression can
be rewritten as til5--\302\267-\342\200\224

sin 18\302\260cos 12\302\260 \342\226\240+

cos.180 sin 12\302\260

sin 22\" cos 8\302\260 + cos 22\302\260sin 8\302\260 \320\253

&L
sin (18\302\260 + sin 30'
12\302\260)
1.
sin (22\302\260 + 8\302\260) sin 30'

7. Since the rightmost surd is larger than the leftmost surd, the
negative.
expression is
Then, representing the original expression as x,
squaringproduces
x2 \302\253
3s - /\316\276\" +35 + >/\302\243_ 2V(h)2
- h - 4 + 4 - 2(h) - 1 .
Since \317\207 is negative,
\342\226\240
\317\207 -1. Alternatively, /h-7h \342\226\240
4(Jl - 1)
and /h + /4 - 4(/2\"+ 1) implies that -
\317\207 -1.

8. The change of base theorem tells us that log b \342\226\240

log b/log a. Hence,
* 16 and
\321\203 log

logx256
\321\210 \"
21\316\2778\317\20716
\"
2y
*
log2x256 log 2x log 2\"+ log bx \317\207 h log 16 + 1
ex ex ex
Hence, log- 256 can be expressed as 2y/0sy +1) or 8y/(y + 4).

To Relay 1.
1. Solvingthe equivalent quadratic 18x2 - 85x + 18 \342\226\240
0 yields the roots
162/36 and 8/36. The smaller root is 2/9. Hence, b \302\267
9.

2. (x + y)9 has 10 terms in its expansion.

3. \317\206
- 10. Hence, -
\320\272 5.

4.
5log53 (5it/2) - 3 + 5 sin + 5 sin (ir/2) - 8.

5. 8x\" - 64x + x3 - 8 - ^ 0
-
8)
8\321\205(\321\205\321\215 + (\317\2073
-
8) - 0 ^> (\317\2073
- 8)\302\267

(8x + 1) \302\253
0. The only positive root is 2.

To Relay 2.
1. 2r2 + 3r + 2 - 2(r2 + r + 4) \342\226\240*
r 6.
1977 ARML 49

1330 has a units digit that depends on the units digit of 330 only.

Starting with the first power, the digits are: 3, 9, 7, 9, \302\267\", 1, 3,

the cycle having a length of A. The units digit will be the same as
that for 32 or 9. Also, 32 = -1 mod 10, so 3\" = 1 mod 10 and
328 s 1 mod 10 so 330 = 9 mod 10.

The difference between the first 45

even positive integers and the first

45 odd positive integers is 45 * 1 \342\226\240

me.dia.yi
45.

(See figure at the right.) Note that

the median bisects CD so a * b + \321\201

Then
90 a + b \320\233\320\277\320\273\321\200\320\247\320\263\320\276\320\253

\317\207 t+i
12 (b + c) - b a- b

X b b
Subtracting, we get
3k
\342\200\224
\342\226\240
2 -* \321\215 35. Ax 5x
\317\207

5J (See figure at the right.) (3k)2 3k

x(9x) -* 9k2 - 9x2 -> s
\317\207 \342\226\240
\320\272

35. The radius equals 5x \342\226\240

175.
 1978 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION,

1. Let \317\207 be a number such that x2 \342\226\240

5x - 2 and let
(F*)\316\267
be the
sequence 1, 5, 23, 105, 479. \302\267\302\267\302\267
in which ., -2F
F,0\302\2735P \316\267\317\204\316\220
n+z
. \316\267

(a) Prove that \302\273

\317\20711 F x - 2F . (n >
2) .
\316\267 \316\267\342\200\224\316\271

(b) Prove that

' ^5 + ^ is an even integer for each integer
[p
_ 2
>
\316\267 1. ( [\317\207] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.)
2. Prove that, for each positive integer n,
r? + ^\316\2237\316\220\316\267\316\212

is divisible by 3.

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. The symbol X is used to denote one of the digits of a numeration

system whose base exceeds the fiftieth power of 50. In this system,
X is the 3rd digit in the expansion of the fiftieth power of the
number represented by the numeral 11. Express X as a base 10
numeral.

2. Find the positive value of \317\207 which satisfies

log (x - 2) + - 2) + (x - 2) \302\253
4
log^(x3 log2

3\302\267 Triangle ABC, inscribed in a circle, has AB \302\253

15 and \342\226\240
25.
\320\222\320\241 A
tangent to the circle is drawn through B, and a line through A and

parallel to this tangent intersects at

\320\222\320\241 D. Find DC.

4. Find all integral values of \317\207 for which the expression

4n + 15n - 1
\317\207

has a positive integral value for every positive integer n.

5. Two of the roots of

50
1978 NYSML 51

(\317\2073+ +
\317\2072/\316\2528 +
6\317\207 /8) + +
(\317\207 /2) \302\253
\316\237

are a + bi and a - bi, where a and b are real numbers. Find

these two roots.

6. The only road in Circleland is circular, and all 3 inhabitants of

Circleland live on this road. The doctor lives at (4,14), the
lawyer lives at (-1,9), and the Indian Chief lives at (8,12). One
day, the Indian Chief visited the doctor. Being dissatisfied with
the results of his visit, he headed directly from the doctor to the
lawyer, traveling along the road. Find the minimum length, in units,
of his trip from the doctor to the lawyer.

7. Find all ordered triples of numbers (x,y,z) which satisfy

xy + x + y \302\253
11, xz+x + z* 17, and yz + +
\321\203
\302\253
\316\266 23.

8. The positive root of the equation

4x2 + ax + b \302\253
0

is sin 18\302\260. Find the ordered pair of numbers (a,b), assuming

that a and b are integers.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 nunuttb. In an arithmetic progression, the nth term is denoted by

If 3a the value of 9a9 .
\342\226\240
6a find
an. ,

2. 6 minuAeA. Gil is 17 years older than Sheila. If his age were

written after hers, the result would be a 4-digit perfect square. The

same statement could be made 13 years from now. Find Sheilafs present
age.
3. 5 minut\302\243&. If 0 < <
\316\270 4\317\200, find, in radians, all values of \316\270which

satisfy

'I'
1\316\270^81\316\2672\316\2708\316\257\316\267\316\270

4. 6 minutto. Upon pooling their financial resources, 5 children found

that they had just to purchase enough a used moped. The oldest child
contributed one-half the brought amount by the others together, the
second contributed one-third the amount brought by the others
together, the third contributed one-fourth the amount brought by the others
together, the fourth contributed one-fifth the amount brought by the
others together, and the youngest contributed $14.70. Find the cost
of the used moped, in dollars.

5. 6 mimitzA. In an acute triangle, the length of the segment which

connects the feet of two of the altitudes is 24, and the midpoint of this
segment is M. The length of the side of the triangle not intersected
by the segment is 26, and the midpoint of this side is N. Find MN.

6. 5 minuttb. Find the polynomial EQUATION of least degree whose

coefficients are integers which have no common prime factor, whose
leading coefficient is a positive integer, and whose roots are the recip-
52 1978 NYSML

rocals of the roots of

-
9\321\205\321\206 5x3 + 4 \302\253
0 .

RELAY 1,

1. If log1Q2 \302\253
\317\207 and 3 - y, then log 150 \342\226\240
ax + by + c. Find
log1Q
the sum a + b + .
\321\201

2. How many of the roots of (x2 - -

\317\207 9) (\317\2072
- -
\317\207 5) * 21 are integral
multiples of TNYWR?

3. The number of sides in a polygon is (10) (TNYWR). Find the number of

diagonals in this polygon.
4. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (Ax
-
7y)n is -243.
Find the value of the quotient TNYWR/n .

5. If \317\207 is a real number, the least value of |2x - l| + |x

-
2| is
n. Find the value of TNYWR + .
\316\267

RELAY 2.

1. Find the greatest common divisor of 1978 and 943.

2. In the complete factorizaion of x7 + 27X1* - x3 - 27 over the set of

polynomials with integral coefficients, the number of factors which

are linear polynomials is k. Find the value of TNYWR - .

\320\272

3. Let t - TNYWR. Find the maximum possible product of the two real
roots of
2x2 + 2tx - \302\273
\320\272 0 .

4\302\267 From a point interior to an equilateral triangle, the distances to the

sides are 5,12, and TNYWR, respectively. Find the length of an

altitude of this triangle.

5. The area of the triangle bounded the graphs of by 3x - 2y

\342\226\240
6, 2x +
*
\321\203 32, and the x-axis is K. Find the largest prime factor of the
sum TNYWR + .
\320\232

1978 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question,
1. (a) The proof is straightforward by induction. Assume the truth for n:
xn \302\253
F -
\317\207 2F , . We must show the truth of: \317\207 \302\267
F tlx
- 2F .
\316\267 n-1 n+1 \316\267

xn+1 - F x2 - 2F . x \302\253
F (5x -2)-2F .x-x(5F - 2F .) - 2F \302\253
\316\267 n-1 \316\267 n-1 \316\267 n-1 \316\267

n+1 \316\267
1978 NYSML 53

(b) The roots of x2 - 5x - 2 are (5 \302\261

/\316\2527)/2. Then from (a) we
have a\" \302\253
Fa - 2 F . and \302\273
F
\316\262\316\267
-
\316\262 2 F . where \320\276
- (5 +

/I7)/2 and \302\267

\316\262 (5
- /T7)/2. Then on + - F +
\316\262\316\267 (\320\276 \316\262)
- 4 F , -
\316\267 \316\267-\316\271

5 F -
\316\267
4 F
n-1
,. Since each is
\316\212\316\233
i
odd it follows that \316\261+ is
\316\262\316\267

odd. But 0 < <

\320\222 1\302\273 from which it follows that 0 < \316\262< 1. This

implies that [o ] is even.

2. The roots of x2 \342\226\240
7x - 3 are (7 /37)/2.
\302\261 By induction, exactly
like for 1(a), we can show that any \317\207 which satisfies x2 - 7x - 3
-satisfies x11- F -
\317\207 3 F . in which
\316\267\342\200\224\316\271
F.* \302\2531, F, \316\266
\302\253'7;
^^
Set -
\320\276 (7 + /37)/2 and \302\253
\316\262 (7
- /\320\2677)/2.
Fn+2-7Fn+1- 3Fn+r
Then we compute [as in 1(b)] that +
\316\261\316\267 \302\253
7
\316\262\316\267 F -
\316\267
6F .. It is
\316\267\342\200\224\316\271

also easily established that F = 1

\316\267
(mod 3) and that 0 < < 1. \316\262\316\267

It follows that +
\316\261\316\267 =, 1
\316\262\316\267 (mod 3) from which it is an immediate
consequencethat [a ] is divisible by 3. A natural generalization
is to show that for any integer k, there exists a nonintegral real
number >
\316\261 1 such that for each positive integer n, \320\272
| [a ]. A

solution is a \302\267
(2k + 1 + /4k2 + l)/2.

To Team Questions.

1. Let the base of the numeration system be b. Since none of the

coefficients in the binomial expansion of the 50th power of (b + 1)
exceeds b, there is no \"carry\" required. Hence,
\302\253 \302\253
X 1225 .
(52\302\260)

Note that 11 - +
\320\252 1.
D

2. The bases of the logarithms can be rewritten, respectively, as 5, 5

\320\246
,
and 1/5* Using the change of base theorem for logarithms,
log (x
- 2) \"
2 log (x3 - 2) * log (x - 2) \321\210
\320\264
*
log 5 log 5 log 5 x

Adding together, multiplying by log 5, dividing by 2, and

simplifying, x8 - 2 - 52, from which xs \342\226\240
27 and -
\317\207 3.

3. (See figure at right.) Since the

tangent and AP are
parallel, arcs BA

and BP are congruent, as are angles

since ~
BAD and BCA. Then, AABD

ACBA, AB/BD \302\267 CB/AB and BD - 9.

Thus, DC \302\253
25 - 9 \302\253
16.

4. It is clear that 9 divides 4n + 15n -

1 when n-1. Assume 9 divides
54 1978 NYSML

lc+1 V
+ 1) -
\316\267
4 + 15\316\267 - 1 when -
\316\267 \320\272. Then, 4 + 15(k 1 \302\253
4(4K + 15k -
1) - 45k + 18 is also a multipleof 9\302\267 Since i {1,
\316\267 2} implies
that the only possible factors are 1\302\2733, and 9, mathematical induction
proves that the only valuesof \317\207 satisfying the conditions of the
problem are 1, 3\302\2739. Alternatively, use congruences.

5. The equation can be rewritten as (x + /2)3 + (x + /l) - (x + /J)\302\267

[(x + /I)2 + 1] \302\253(x + /7)(x2 + x/ff + 3) \302\253
0. Using the quadratic
formula, the two non-real roots are -/? + i, -/\316\243
- i.

6. Let D, L and I denote the doctor's, lawyer's, and Indian chief's

homes, respectively. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of

LD is \302\253
\321\203 -x + 13, while the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of DI is \302\253
\321\203 2x + 1. Solving, the center of the circle is at
(4,9) and arc LD is one-quarter of a circle whose radius has length
5. Thus, the required distance is 5\317\200/2.

7. Adding 1 to both sides of each equation,

(x + l)(y + 1) - 12,
(x + l)(z + 1) \302\253
18 ,
(y + l)(z + 1) - 24 .
Multiplyingtogether, (x + l)2(y + l)2(z + l)2 - 122\302\26762, from which
(x + l)(y + l)(z + l)- \302\26172. Dividing this result, in turn, by the
originally derived equations, the two possible triples are (2,3,5),
(-4,-5,-7).

8. Let \302\253
\321\203 18\302\260. Then cos 3y \302\253
sin 2y. From the identity cos 3y
\302\253

4 cos3y
- 3cosy, we have 4cos3y - 3 cos \342\226\240
\321\203 2 sin cos
\321\203 \321\203. Since

cosy 0,
\317\206 4 cos2y - 3 \342\226\240
2 sin \321\203, or 4 sin2y + 2sin \321\203-1 = 0. Since
\321\203
* 18\302\260 and sin \321\203 is the positive root of 4x2 + 2x - 1 - 0, it
follows that (a,b) - (2,-1). A geometric-trigonometric solution is
also possible.

To Short Answer Questions.

1. In the arithmetic progression, let the common difference be d. Since

3a3*- 6(a3+ + 3d), it follows that -18d \342\226\240
3a3, or a3
\302\253
-6d. Hence,
9ae 9(a, 6d) - 9(-6d +
\316\233 \316\233
6d) \342\226\240
\302\267
0.
\316\233 ^
Second Method; -
\320\260\320\273
\342\200\224\342\200\224\320\270\342\200\224
9 6
a^ \302\273
a -
6
\342\226\240* \342\226\240 - \302\273
0. \302\267. \302\2530.
a3 a9 2a6 a3 9a9

2. Let x2 be the larger 4-digit square and let y2 be the smaller 4-

digit square. Since \317\207 and \321\203 are 2-digit integers satisfying
x2 - y2
- 1313, it follows that (x + y)(x - y)
- 101\302\26713. Solving
- 101 and - \302\253 we find that - 44 and \342\226\240
+
\317\207 \321\203 \317\207 \321\203 13, \321\203 y2 1936.
Therefore, Sheila's age, the first two digits of this square, is 19.
3. By definition of the logarithm function, the base, *ssin29, must be

positive. For the value to be 4\302\273it also follows that the argument,
sine, must also be positive. Now, *$sin26 * sin cos
\316\270 \302\253
\316\270 sin26
1978 NYSML 55

Implies that sin9(cos6 - sin \302\253

\316\230) 0. Since sin >
\316\270 0, cos -
\316\270

sine\302\273 or tan 6 \342\226\240

1; If \342\226\240
\316\257 5\317\200/4 or 13\317\200/4, sin would
\316\270 be
negative. Thus\302\273 the values sought are \317\200/4, 9\317\200/4.

4. The oldest contributed one*third the total cost\302\267 Similarly, the

second oldest contributed one-fourth the total, the third contributed
one-fifth the total, fourth contributed the one-sixth the total, and
the youngest contributed $14.70. Let \317\207 represent the cost, in
dollars, of the moped. Then,
*
+
\302\253
*+|
-
| + + $14.70 \302\253x.

Thus, 14.70 x/20 and \317\207 $294.

5. Draw EN and DN, the medians

to the hypotenuses of right tri
angles and
\320\222\320\225\320\241 BDC,
respectively (see figure). Thus, EN

13, DN * 13, and MNj_ED.

Thus, MN \302\253
5.

6. Let the original equation be

f(x) * 0. The equation whose r oots
are the reciprocals of the root s
of f(x) \302\267
0 is the equation
f(1/x) - 0. This equation is
9/x11
- 5/x3 + 4 \302\253
0, or 4x* - 5x + 9 \342\226\240
0.

To ReTay 1,

1. 150 \321\210
2x 3* 52 \302\253
2x 3x 100/4 - 3* 100/2; log 150 \302\253
log 3 + log 100 -
+
log2\302\253-x y + 2\302\2532, so a+b + c\302\253-l + l + 2\302\2532.

2. The roots are: -1, 2, -3, 4, with 2 and 4 multiples of 2. Hence,

the answer is 2.

3. The number of sides is 20. The number of diagonals is ( 0 ) - 20

or 190 - 20 \302\273
170.

4. Setting \302\273
\317\207 1, and \321\203
- 1 we get that (-3)n \342\226\240
-243 so \342\226\240
\316\267 5.
\302\267
34.
170/5

5. The least value occurs when \342\226\240

\317\207 *$, so \342\226\240
\316\267 1.5 and the answer is
35.5.

To Relay 2.
1. 1978 * 23x86 and 943 \302\253
23x41. Hence, the GCD equals 23.

2. x7 + 27X1* - x3 - 27 - x*<xs + 27) - (\317\2073+ 27) - (\317\2073+ 27)

-
(\317\2071* 1) *
56 1978 NYSML

+
(\317\207 3)(x2
- +
\320\227\321\205
9)(\317\207 + 1)(\317\207
-
1)(\317\2072 +1). The answer is 23 - 3 \302\253

20.

3. 2\317\2072 + 40\317\207 - \302\253

\320\272 0. For the roots to be real, 1600+ 8k * 0 or
\320\272 -200
\302\243 or -k/2 100\302\267
\316\255 Hence, the maximum product equals 100.

4. The sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars from any point inside an
equilateral triangle to the 3 sides is a constant, the length of an
altitude. The answer is 5 + 12 + 100 \342\226\240
117.

5. The lines intersect at (10,12) so the altitude is 12. The x-inter-

cepts are 2 and 16 so the base of the 14. triangleis The area of the
required triangle is 12 \317\207
14/2 - 84\302\267 117 + 84 \302\253
201 \302\253
3x67. The
largest prime factor of 201 is 67.
 1978 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION. Given a line segment of length A. Describe (with proof)

a compass and unmarked straightedge construction of triangle ABC and

of points D on AB and \316\225 on so

\320\222\320\241 that AD : DE : EC \342\226\240 : I
\320\272 : m
for the case AC - 4, AB - 5, - 6,
\320\222\320\241 and k:\302\243:m\302\2532:3:4. Show
your actual construction on the first page or pages of your solution.

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. Three positive integers are in arithmetic progression. If 1 were

added to each of the two largest numbers in this progression, two

primes would result. The product of these primes with the smallest
of the original numbers would be 1978. Find the largest of the three

original numbers.

2. Find all ORDERED PAIRS of real numbers (atb) which are both the
polar and the rectangular coordinates of the same point.

3. Find the ORDERED PAIR of rational numbers (x,y) for which

27
41\302\2608\316\2206 \302\253
2X3y .

4. Find all values of >

\317\207 4 which satisfy

\316\233 - 4/x - 4 + 2 - \316\233 + 4/\317\207 - 4 - 2 .

5. In a triangle, the degree-measure of one of the angles is \316\270and the

length of the side opposite this angle is x. The degree-measure of

a second angle of this triangle is 90 + \316\230, and the length of the
side opposite this angle is y. Find the value of tan \316\270
explicitly
in terms of \317\207 and y.

6. Find all ORDERED TRIPLES of real numbers (x\302\273y\302\273z) which DO NOT

satisfy

|x-y| +l*| * |\317\207| +|y| +|i| .

7. Find the smallest integer between 100 and 999 which is equal to the
sum of the factorials of its digits.
57
 58 1978 ARML

8. Find the 4 values of \317\207 which satisfy

(x - 3)\" + (x - 5)* --8.

9. The points A(17,13), B(xlt13) and C(x2,59) are in a rectangular
coordinateplane. Find the positive value of for
\317\207\317\207
which

V[AB2 - + \320\220\320\241)2]
(\320\222\320\241
-
[(\320\222\320\241 AC)2 - AB2] \302\253
1978 .

10. In a right triangle, the length of the is 18 and hypotenuse the length
of a radius of the inscribedcircle is all integral. Find integers
which could equal the perimeter of this non-degenerate triangle\302\267

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 minuttb. The sum of the ages of all the members of a family is now

79 years. The members of this family are a husband, a wife, a

daughter, and a son. The husband is 4 years older than his wife, and the

daughter is 3 years older than the son. Six years ago, the sum of the
ages of the members of the family was 56 years. Find the present age,
in years, of the father.

2. 5 mimxtu. The real-valued functions f and g, defined by

f (x) \302\253
x2 - +
\317\207 1, >
\317\207 h and g(x) - h + /x - \\%
>
\317\207 h

are inverse to each other. Find the coordinates (x,y) of the point
in the rectangular coordinate plane at which the graphs of these two
functions intersect.
3. 5 minuter. Find the degree-measure of the least positive angle \316\270

for which

cos cos
5\302\260 20\302\260+cos 35\302\260cos 50\302\260- sin sin
5\302\260 20\302\260- sin 35c sin 50\302\260
tantJ s \302\267
sin cos
5\302\260 -
20\302\260 sin 35p cos 50\302\260+ cos sin
5\302\260 20\302\260- cos 35\302\260sin 50\302\260

4. 5 minuteA. The lengths of a triangle are 12, 15,

of the sides and 18.
A circle, tangent to the longest the shortest sides of this and

triangle, has its center on the remaining side. Find the distance from

the center of the circle to the midpoint of the side the on which

center lies.

5. 5 minutZA. The equations (x - 2)k - (x - 2) \342\226\240

0 and x2 - kx + *
\320\272

0 have two roots in common. Find the value of k.

6. 5 mimitZo. Find the sum of the infinite series

7. 5 mJimxtQJb. Find the smallest number greater than 1 whose decimal

representation differs from the decimal representation of its
reciprocal only in the location of the decimal point.
197B ARML 59

8. 5 tninwtbb. Find all ordered pairs of integers (x,y) which satisfy

\342\231\246
3x3 + 2xy
- 11 - 0 .

RELAY 1,

1\302\267 For consecutive integral values of x, a polynomial function of \317\207

has respective values -3, 1, 12, 33, 67, 117. Find the and

least possible degree of this polynomial.

2. The unnatural logarithm function (denoted lu) is defined by -tu(xy)
\342\226\240

+ \302\243u(y)] for all >

\317\207 0 and all > 0. If \302\243G(1)
- TNYWR,
\320\254&[\320\263\320\270(\321\205) \321\203

find the value of \302\243u(1978).

3. The number of integers which are divisors of 72 is k. Find the

quotient k/TNYWR.

A. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, and the product of the

lengths diagonals is 72. If
of its the product of the lengths oneof
pair of its opposite sides is find TNYWR, the product of the lengths
of its other pair of oppositesides.
5. Let \302\253
\320\272 TNYWR. Find the greatest integral value of \317\207which does
NOT satisfy

+
\342\200\242x2 2kx + k2 \302\253 +
\317\207 .
\320\272

RELAY 2.

1. Find the smallest root of (x

-
3)3 + (x + A)3 \302\253
(2x + l)3.

2. If /5 + 2/S\" were expressed as a decimalto the nearest hundredth,

the digit in the hundredth's place would be h. Find the value of the
product (TNYWR)(h).

3. Find the sum of TNYWR and the least positive value of \317\207 for which

sin (10x)\302\260
\302\253
-4.

A. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 6. In every set of \320\272

points from the

selected interior of this triangle, at least two of

the points selected are no more than 1 unit apart. This is not the
case for every such set of \320\272 - 1 points. Find the product (TNYWR)

(k).

5. The areas of three faces of a rectangular solid are 3, 6, and 8.

The volume of the solid is V. Find the product (V)(TNYWR).
60 1978 ARML

1978 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
CONSTRUCTIONS. (Refer to the diagram below.) Let AC \302\253
4. By bisections
and additions, determine segments of lengths 4t It and 2, thereby allowing
(with suitable additions) construction of triangle ABC* Locate points

D9 on AB and F on CB so that AD9 * 1 and CF \342\226\240

2. Draw a line

through F parallel to AC. With D1 as its center, draw a circular

arc of radius-length 1% intersecting this parallel at E1. The
intersection of AE1 and is
\320\222\320\241 E. The intersection of AB and the line

through E, parallel to DfEf is D. Not all minor constructions are

shown in the diagram.

PROOF. Complete the parallelogram CFE'C1. Since F^E1 || DE, AAD'E ~

AADE. Since AAEfC

\320\2259\320\2419 \320\225\320\241,
||
Since
~\320\220\320\220\320\225\320\241. two polygons whose
corresponding sides are parallel are similar if they can be partitioned into
similartriangles, ADfEfC9 ^ ADEC. Since CF \302\253
C'E1, AD1 : CF \302\253
1 : 2 \302\253

AD' : C'E\\ Finally, since AD1 : D'E1 : E9Cf * 1 : 1** : 2, AD : DE : EC \302\253

2 :

3:4. One possible different approach uses the law of cosines.

To Team Questions.

1. Since 1978 - 2\302\26723\302\26743, the progression is 2, 22, 42, and the

largest of the original numbers is 42.

2. Since (a,b) \302\273

(r,6) \302\267
(x,y),
\302\253
\317\207 r cos \316\270becomes a e a cos b and
*
\321\203
r sin \316\270becomes b \302\253
asinb. If a 0,
\317\206 then 1 \302\253
cosb, and b\302\253

asinb becomes b \342\226\240

a(0) \302\2530. If a \302\253
0, then b \342\226\240
asinb becomes
b \302\253
0. Thus, the solution set consists of all pairs (a,0).
 1978 ARML 61

3. Since

. - 161\302\2608\"'/2T-
4lo8\302\25327 (i6V\302\2608\302\27327 /27,
(x.y) - (0,3/2).
4. Since
\316\233 - 4/x - A - J (\316\233
-
4)] - 4i/x - i +4
-^(/x - 4 -
2)* - |/x\"\"^~4 - 2|
and similarly,
\316\233 + 4/x - 4 - |/x - 4 + 2| ,
we must solve |/x
- 4 +
2| - |/x - 4 -
2| \302\2534. This last equation
is satisfied by all i
\317\207 8. Alternatively, one squaring produces
- -
\317\207
|x 8| \302\2538.

5. By the law of sines,

sine m
sin (90\302\260 + e) m
cose
*
X
\321\203 \321\203

Thus, sin /cos

\316\270 \302\273
\316\270 tan -
\316\270 x/y.

6. When xy
\342\226\240
0 or \317\207 and \321\203 are opposite in sign, equality holds.
Otherwise, \"< \"
is the appropriate symbol. The only non-solutions
are all (x,y,z) for which xy
> 0.

7. Since 3(4!) - 72, there must be at least one digit > 5. Since
7! \302\267
5040 and 6! \342\226\240
720, there must be at least one digit of 5.
Since 3(5!) - 360, there are not 3 digits of 5. If there were two
digits of 5, the hundreds' digit would have to be 2, 2! +5! + but
5! \342\226\240
242 255.
\317\206 Thus, there is just one 5, and the hundredsdigit
mustbe 1. Trial and error shows that the only solution is given by
1! + 4! + 5! - 145.
8. If \321\203
- -
\317\207 4, then (y + l)k + (y
-
l)* - -8. Expanding, y* +

6y2 + 5 - (y2 + 5)(y2 + 1) \302\253

0, and \321\203
- \302\261i/5\" or \302\261i. Therefore,
x \302\253
4 \302\261
i/5~, 4 i.
\302\261
;

9. The left side can be rewritten in the form

%/[c2-(a + b)*][(a-b)2-c2]
\302\273
4/(c + a + b) (c - a - b)(a - b -
c) (a - b + c)
\302\253 + \320\254 + \321\201-\320\260)(\320\260
+ \321\201)(\320\254 + \320\252-\321\201)
+ \321\201-\320\254)(\320\260 .
\320\246/(\320\260

Let s \302\253
*s(a + b + c). We then get %/2s\302\2532(s-a)\302\2732(s-b)'2(s - c) -
/sU - a) (s - b) (\316\262 c)
- 1978.
- This represents Hero's formula. Since
the altitude is 59-13-46, the length of the base is - 1978/23

86 and \302\267
17 + 86 \302\253
103.
\317\207\317\207

10. As seen in the diagram (next page), the perimeter is 36 + 2r. Since
the perimeter is maximized when the triangle is isosceles,
62 1978 ARML

36 + 2r 18
\302\243 + 9/2 + A3.5
9>\320\242\302\253

and for r \342\226\240

1, 2, 3, \317\201may be any one of 38, 40, 42.

18-a

To Short Answer Questions.

1. If all members of the family were alive 6 years ago, their age sum

would then have been 79-24-55. This is not the case. The only
explanation possible is that the son's present age is 5. Thus, the

daughter is 8, the mother 31, and the father 35.

2. If two functions are inverse to eachother, their graphs can

on the of \342\226\240 \317\2072- + 1 - \317\207 leads to

intersect only graph \321\203 \317\207. Solving \317\207

the expression (x,y) \342\226\240

(1,1).

3. Regrouping, the expression is seen to be equal to

cos 25\" + cos 85\320\265 2 cos 55\302\260cos 30\302\260 _

\" ~ _\302\273
\342\226\240 cot 30 -ne
\342\200\236. - *antn\302\273
tan oo -fannn\302\267
\302\253
tan 12U
sin 25 - sin 85
5\342\200\2245T8\" ~a
\342\200\224;\342\200\224\316\244\316\257\317\204\316\265
-2 cos55 sinor>* j
\321\221\320\265\320\261
30\"

4. Since D is equidistant from AB

and Sc, BD is an angle bisector.

By the angle bisector theorem,
AD
\302\267
DC \320\222\320\241

from which AD - 6 and DM \342\226\240

AM -
AD - lh - 6 - 3/2.

5. Factoring, (x - 2)[(x - 2)8 - 1] -

(x
-
2)f(x
- 3)[(x - 2)2 + (x - 2) +
1])
- (x - 2)(x - 3)(x2 - 3x + 3) -

0. Therefore, \342\226\240
\320\272 3.

6. Let the sum be S. If S - 1 + 4/3 + 9/32 + 16/38 + +

25/\320\227\321\206 \302\267\302\267\302\267,

then 3S - 3 + 4 + 9/3 + 16/32 + 25/39+ \302\267\302\267\302\267.

Subtracting, 2S - 6 +
5/3 + 7/32 + 9/33 + from which 6S \302\273
18 + 5 + 7/3 + 9/32 +
1\316\252/33 + '\302\267\302\267\302\267.
Then, 6S- 2S - 4S - 17 + 2/3 + 2/32 + 2/33 + 17 +
((2/3)/(l-l/3)) -17 + 1, or 4S - 18 and S - 9/2.
1978 ARML 63

7. -
\316\267
\342\200\224
-> \316\267 \302\273
10,
\302\267
\316\267 *
3.16227766...,
\316\275\316\212\316\237 while - - * .316227766\302\267..
^\317\212\316\277

11 - 3\317\2072 \316\271
8. Solving for \302\253
\321\203,\321\203 = so
\302\273 XI11 and x \"
\302\2613\302\267* The
\302\261^1\302\267 corresponding

ordered pairs are (1,4), (-1,-7), (11,-181), (-11, -182).

To Relay 1,

1\302\267 -3 1 12 33 67 117
4 11 21 34 50 The third differences are constant,
7 10 13 16 ' namely, 3. Hence,the degree is 3. K

3 3 3

2. Let -
\317\207 1. Then \302\243u(y)
- h (\302\243u(l) + lu(y)) -4(3 + \302\243u(y)). Solving
for \302\243u(y) we get that for every y, tu(y) m 3.

3. The integer divisors of 72 are \302\2611, \302\2612, \302\2613, \302\2614, \302\2616, \302\2618, \302\2619, \302\26112, \302\26118,

\302\26124, \302\26136, \302\26172. The number of divisors is 24\302\267 24/3 - 8.

4. Using Ptolemy's theorem, the answer is 72 - 8 * 64.

5. |x + kj
\302\253 +
\317\207 \320\272 for >
\317\207 -k. If *
\320\272 64, the answer is -65.

To Relay 2.

1. Let a \302\253 -
\317\207 3, b \302\253 +
\317\207 4. Then a3 + b3 \302\253
(a + b)3 \302\253* 0 - 3ab\302\267

(a + b). a \302\273
0 -* x\302\2533, b - 0 -* \302\253
\317\207 -4, a + b \302\253
0 -* \302\253
\317\207

-*$. The smallest root is -4.

2. /5 + 2/6 -/24/3W 1.414 1.732 + \302\253

3.146. To the nearest hundredth,
the value is 3.15. (-4)(5) \302\253
-20.

3. lOx - 210 -* -
\317\207 21. The answer is 21 + (-20) \302\273
1.

4. -
\320\272 1 * 4 \302\253
\302\253* \320\272 5. The answer is 5x1*5.

5. Let the edgesbe a, b, c. Then ab \342\226\240

3, ac \342\226\240
6, be \342\226\240
8 is one
possible assignment. Multiplying, we get (abc)2 - 144. But V *

abc. So V \342\226\240
12 and the answer is 5 \317\207
12 \342\226\240
60.
 1979 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICSLEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, Let \316\267 and \320\272be integers such that >
\316\267 3 and 1 <
<
\320\272 2n. Find all values of \320\272 for which k2 - 1 is divisible by 2n

(and prove that you have found all values).

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. The number 32,639 is the product of two primes, one of which is

roughly twice as large as the other. Find the smaller of these two primes\302\267

2. Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) which satisfy

2 1ogx \342\226\240
logx2 + logy2 .

3. The first 3 termsof an arithmetic progression are

-1 -1 , 1
/x - \302\267 \302\267 ana #
\316\271 \316\223^\316\244 /x + \316\271

When the 4th term of this progression is divided by the 2nd term, the
quotient is
+
\320\260 bv^x ,

Find the ordered pair of numbers <afb).

4. Define Sn(x) to be the sum of the nth powers of'the elements in set
X. Let A \302\253
{3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, a} and let \302\253
\320\222 {1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11,
13, b}. Find the orderedpair of numbers (a,b) for which S (A) \342\226\240

S,(B) and S fA) - S \316\257\316\222).

1 2 2

5. Find the tens9 digit of the sum

1! + 2! + 3! + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ n! + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ 1979! .

6. The value of \317\207 which satisfies

/6x + 6 - /5x - 5 \302\253

/4x + 4 - /3x - 3
is (a - -
/\316\252\316\244 /24\") /(b - /\316\2525 + /24\.") Find the ordered pair of numbers
(a,b).
7. A circle is centered at one vertex of a square of perimeter 8 and

passes through the midpoints of the two sides not containing this ver-
64
1979 NYSML 65

tex. A second circle is tangent to these two sides and is also

internally tangent to the first circle. The length of a radius of the
second circle is 4 - /a + /\320\221
-
/c\", where a, b, and \321\201are

integers. Find the product abc.

8. In circle 0 with center 0, AB is a diameter, is

\320\222\320\241 a chord, and
mZ-ABC * 60\302\267 Circle 0f (with center 0V) is tangent to each of
OB and and
\320\222\320\241 Is internally tangent to arc AC. The length of a
radius of circle 0 is R and the length of a radius of circle 0Y is
r. Write an EQUATION expressing r explicitly in terms of R.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 minutbb. Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) which

satisfy

- -
\321\203 3 and xy - 210.
log2x

2. 6 minutOA. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3, 5, and 7. A

circle is circumscribed about this triangle. Find the area of the
largest triangle that can be inscribed in this circle.

3. 5 minuttb. For how many real values of \317\207 does

cos \302\253
\317\200\317\207-r -
\317\207 -r ?

A. 6 minutbb. Find all values of \320\272 for which the positive difference
between the solutions of
5x2 + 4x + \342\226\240
\320\272 0

equals the sum of the squares of these solutions.

5. 5 minuter. In a 3-dimensional rectangular coordinate system, find the
total surface area of the solid defined by
|x| + |y| + |z| s l.
6. 5 minute*. Given that a b,
\317\206 b \317\206
\321\201, and \321\201 a,
\321\204 find the degree
of the polynomial

x 2 (x-b)(x-c) g _ (x-c)(x-a) 2 _ (x-a)(x-b) ,

(b - c)
_ D + i
(a-b)(a-c)a (b
- a)
(c-a)(c-b)c
\302\267

RELAY 1.

1. Find the units* digit in the expression of 19791979 .

2. The trinomial kx2 + 3x - 2 is divisible by the binomial -

\317\207 2. Find
the value of the product (k)(TNYWR).

3. The of the
\320\261\321\202\320\260\320\235\320\265\320\273 two values of \317\207 which satisfy
66 1979 NYSML

is \320\272. Find the value of the product (k)(TNYWR).

4. In 12 days, 12 workers can build at most 18 cabins. In \320\272 days, 8

workers can build at most 15 cabins. Find the sum +
\320\272 TNYWR.

5\302\267 The number of different ordered pairs of integers (x,y) which

satisfy x2 + y2 < 16 is k. Find the sum +

\320\272 TNYWR.

RELAY 2.

1. Find the largest integer \316\267 for which 7 is a factor of 350!.

2. A cyclist who goes from A to \320\222at 20 km/hr, then promptly returns

over the same route at 30 km/hr, will average \320\272 km/hr for the round
trip. Find the sum +
\320\272 TNYWR.

3. It is now 2 \320\276fclock. In exactly \320\272minutes, the hour and minute

hands of an accurate clock will first make a 38\302\260 angle with each other.
Find the product (k)(TNYWR).

A. The sum of all the KVxL solutions of (x2 + 4x + 6)2 \302\253

x2 + 4x + 12
is k. Find the sum +
\320\272 TNYWR.

5. Suppose f is a quadratic function for which f(0) \302\273

4, f(l) \302\267
5,
and f(-1) - f(0) + f(1). Find the sum f(2) + TNYWR.

1979 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

(All letters used here denote non-negative integers.) Since k2 - 1 *

(k+l)(k-l), if k2 - 1 is divisible by 2n, then the factors (k + 1)

and (k - 1) must be consecutive even integers.

Suppose one of these two factors were divisible by 2 (m

> 1). Since

2ma 2
\302\261 \302\253 \302\261
2(2\320\250\320\2621\320\2601), the other factor is divisible by 21 (but no
higher power of 2)\302\267

Therefore, if the product (k + l)(k - 1) is divisible by 2n, one

of the factors must be divisible by 2

Hence, either -
\320\272 1 - a \302\267
211\"1 or +
\320\272 1 - a \302\267
2n~l. Since 1 < <
\320\272

2n, either 1 < a \302\267

2n~* + 1 < 2n or 1 < a \302\267
211\"1 - 1 < 2n. In the first
case, a \342\226\240
0 or 1. In the second case, a \342\226\240
1 or 2. These values

correspond respectively to the solutions \302\253

\320\272 1, 2 +1, 2 -1, and
2n- 1.
1979 NYSML 67

To Team Questions.

1\302\267 Let the smaller prime factor be p. Then, 2p2 \302\273

32,639
(approximately). Thus, \317\201 is approximately 128. By trial and error, \317\201
*

127\302\267 (The other prime is 257.)

2. The equation given will be valid only when \317\207 is positive. For
positive values of x, the equation can be rewritten as 2 log \342\226\240
\317\207 2 log +
\317\207

log y2. Since log y2 has the value 0 if and only if \342\226\240
\321\203 \302\2611, the
solution set is i(x,y) | \317\207> 0, \321\203\342\226\240
\302\2611}

3. The common difference is *^T/(x * 1). The 4th term is

so (a,b) - (1,-2).

4. Since - - (45 + a) - (46 + \320\252), a - b \302\253

1. Similarly,
Sa(A) S&(B)

S2(A)
-
S2(B)
- 0 and a2 - b2 - 29. Solving, (a,b) - (15,14).
5. For >
\316\267 10, the last two digits of n! are 00. Add, keeping track
of only units1 and tens1 digits. Since 1! 1, 2! \342\226\240 * 2, 3! \302\267
6, 4! \302\253

24, 5! - \342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\242\316\243\316\237,
6! - \302\267*\302\26720, 7! \302\253
\302\267*\302\26740, 8! \302\253
-\302\267*20, 9! \302\253
\302\267*\302\26780,
10! *
etc.; the
\342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\24200, sum of all these factorials is The
\342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\24213,

tens' digit of this sum is 1.

6. Rearranging, (/x + l)(/5 - 2) \302\253

-
(/5\320\237) (A \320\233) . Squaring,
(x + 1)(10 - 4/S) - (x - 1).
(8 - 2/\316\2235). This equation is
linear in x. Solving, \302\253
\317\207

(9
- /\320\242\320\223-/RT)/(-l
- \320\233\320\242+\320\2337),

so \302\253
(a,b) (9,-1).

7. (In figure at right, R is the

radius of the larger circle, r that
of the smaller circle.) AB \302\253
2/2\316\223
-
R \302\253 - r. Since - r \302\273
r/3\" R /5\",
4 - /5\" + /S - /TO and abc - 400.
(Fig. for #8)

8. (See accompanying diagram.) Let

0*H \302\253
r, 0B \302\253
R -* 00'
r, \302\267
R -
-
OH \302\253
R r/J. By the Pythagorean
Theorem, (R
-
r)2 - r2 + (R - r/J)
Solving, r \302\267
2R(/J
- l)/3.

To Short Answer Questions.

1. Since (2\320\243~3)\320\243\302\253210\302\247 \321\2032

- -
\320\227\321\203

10 - (\321\203
-
5)(\321\203
+ 2) - 0 and (x,y) - (4,5), (1/32,-2).
68 1979 NYSML

2. By the law of cosines, the largest angle of the 3-5-7 triangle is a

120\302\260 angle. Thus, an equilateral triangle of side-length 7 can be
inscribed in the circle., and its area is 49/7/4.
3. From the diagram at right, the ?\342\231\246 \316\275
answer is 5.

4. Let the solutions be r and s,

with r > s. Since r + s \342\226\240
-4/5 and rs - k/5, r2 + s2 -
(r s)2
+ - 2rs - -
(16 10k)/25
and (r - s)2 - (r.+ s)2
- 4rs \302\253
\302\253
cos \317\200\317\207
(16 - 20k)/25. By the
y

conditions of the problem,

-
\342\200\242(16 20k)/25 - (16 - 10k)/25. (1,-D

Solving, -
\320\272 3/5, -12/5.

5. The solid is an octahedron each of whose faces is an equilateral

triangle of side-length /\316\212. The surface area is therefore 4/J.

6. Let the polynomialbe P. Since P(a) \302\253

P(b)
\342\226\240
P(c) \302\2531, \316\241has the
same value for three different values of x. Therefore, polynomial the

(whose degree is clearly < 2) is the constant 1, its degree is and 0.

To Relay 1.
1. We need only consider the units digit to the power 91979:
91 \302\2539, 92 \302\253
1, 93 \302\253
1,
\302\267\302\267\302\267

As the exponent is odd, the answer is 9. Also,

19791979 \316\236
91979mod 1Q =
(_!)1979 = _! = 9 mod 10 .

2. To be divisible by x-2, 4k + 6-2\302\2530 -* -

\320\272 -1. 9(-l) - -9.

3. log9x - 1/2 or 2. \302\253

\317\207 3 or 81. The smaller value is 3. \302\253
\320\272 3.
The answer is 3x (-9) - -27.

4. It takes 12x12 or 144 worker-days for 18 cabins; 8 worker-days for

1 cabin; 120 for 15 cabins. Hence, for 8 workers the
15 + (-27) -
worker-days

answer is 120/8 - 15 days or -12.

5. A simple count of ordered pairs yields 49. The answer is 49 + (-12)
\302\253

37.

To Relay 2.

1. [350/7] + 1350/49]+ [350/343]\302\25350+7+1-58.

2. Let the distance from A to \320\222 be 60a. Then the time going and com-
1979 NYSML 69

ing equals 3a + 2a - 5a hours. The average speed is then (60a +

60a)/(5a) or 120a/5a. The answer is 24+58-82.

3. The number of degrees at 2 o'clock is 60. It follows that 60 - 6k +

6k/12 \302\253
38 -* \302\253
\320\272 4. The answer is 4x82 \302\253
328.

4. Let u \302\253
x2 + 4x + 6. The equation becomes u2 \342\226\240
u + 6. So u \342\226\240
-2
or 3. When u \342\226\240
-2, the values of \317\207 are imaginary. When u \302\253
3,
the values for \317\207 are -1 and -3 with a sum of -4. The answer is
-4 + 328 \302\273
324.

5. Let f (x) - ax2 + bx + \321\201 Then f (0) - 4 -* \302\253

\321\201 4. f (1) - 5 -*
a +b+ 4 \302\253
5 or a + b-1. f (-1) \302\273
f (0) + f (1) -* a - b + 4 \302\253
9
\342\226\240*
a - b \302\253
5. Solving for a and b yields a \342\226\240
3 and b \342\226\240
-2.
Hence, f(x) \302\253
3x2 - 2x + 4 and f(2) \302\253
12\302\267 The answer is 12 + 324*
336.
 1979 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, Two integers are said to be KelativeZy if their

\317\201\316\272\317\215\316\267\316\266

greatest common divisor is 1.

A. Prove that every integer greater than 6 can be expressedas of the sum
two relatively prime integers (each greater than 1).
B. Prove that every integer greater than 17 can be expressed as the sum

of -tfi/iee integers (each greater than 1) which are relatively prime in

pairs\302\267

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. Find all one-digit positive primes which are divisors of 332 + 555 .

2. Find the degree-measure the of least positive angle \316\270for which

cos 5\302\260 \302\253

sin 25\302\260 + sine .

3. Find the least common multiple of (10!)(18!) and (12!)(17!).

Express your answer in the form
(a!)(b!)
c!
where a and b are two-digit numbers and \321\201 is a one-digit number.

4. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 6 and 8. An equilateral

triangle inscribed in this rhombus has one vertex at an endpoint of
the shorter diagonal and one side parallel to the longer diagonal. The

length of an altitude of this triangle is k(4 - /D/13. Find the

integer k.

5\302\267 Two solutions of

x* - 3x3 + 5x2 - 27x - 36 \302\253
0

are pure imaginary numbers. Find these two solutions.

6. If a > b > 1 and if \317\207 1,

\316\246 then

ax2-5x +4 ,2x2-7x + 5
\302\273
b

is satisfied by \302\253 - - 2 Find the

always \317\207 (4 klogab)/(l 1ogab).
numerical value of k.

7. Except for one focus left uncolored,the interior of an ellipse is

70
1979 ARML 71

colored blue. Every focal radius from the uncolored focus is extended
outside the ellipse\302\273' the length of the other focal radius drawn to the
endpoint of the first focal radius; and each such extension is colored
red\302\267 The area of the red region is \320\272 times that of the blue region.
In terms of k, find the ratio\302\273 larger to smaller, of the lengths of
the axes of the ellipse.
8. Let \317\204(\316\267)denote the number of positive integral divisors of n. For
how many positive integers \316\267 100
\302\243 is a
\317\204(\316\267) multiple of 3?

9\302\267 In the sequence

1 1
\302\267
11
\302\267
ZL
\302\267 f \"\342\226\240'
2 3 8 19

the denominator of the nth term (n > 1) is the sum of the numerator
and denominator of the (n - l)st term. numerator The of the nth term
is the sum of the denominators of the nth and the (n
-
l)st terms. Find
the limit of this sequence.
10. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 8, 8, and 11. Find the
length of one of the angle trisectors drawn to the longest side.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 mimx\302\243.Vb. When the sum of the first \320\272 terms of the series
l2 + 22 + 32 + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ n2 + \302\267\302\267\302\267

is subtracted from the sum of the first \320\272 terms of the series
1\302\2672 + 2\302\2673 + 3\302\2674 +
\302\267\302\267\302\267
+ n(n + 1) + \302\267\302\267\302\267
,

the result is 210. Find the numerical value of k.

2. 5 minute*. Three coplanar circles are concentric, and the lengths of
their respective radii are 10, 20, and 30. A square is circumscribed
about the smallest circle, and squares are inscribed in the other two
circles. Find the length of the shortest line segment that could
contain a point on each square.

3. 5 minute*. Find the numericalvalue of \320\272 for which

7 \320\272
\321\202
11
*
x+y x + z -
\316\266 \321\203

4. 5 minute*. Spender Sam always carried only dollars and pennies, but
he never carried more than 99 pennies. When leaving home one day, Sam
noted that the number of dollars he had was 150% of the number of

pennies he had. spending $10.78, Sam discovered that the

After number of

dollars he remaining was 1 less than the number

had of pennies he then
had. With how much money did Sam leave home that day?

5\302\267 6 minute*. Two cards are randomly selected from a standard 52 card
deckof playingcards, without replacement. Find the probability that
72 1979 ARML

at least one king and at least one heart areselected (though not

necessarily on different cards).

6. 6 mimxtu. Find the ordered pair of positive integers (a,b), with

a < b, for which
v>l + /21 + 12/J \302\273/a + i/b.

7. 5 minutQA. The length of the base of an isoscelestriangleis 20. In

the plane of the triangle, a point 4 units this base is 10 from units
from each leg. Find the area of the triangle.

8. & minut\302\2436. If Arc denotes principal value, find all values of \317\207

which satisfy

x) - -rr .
24
sin (4 Arc tan

RELAY 1.

1. Find the largest integer \316\267 for which 10n is a divisor of

(88)(1515)(1717) .
2. The probability that A answers a certain question correctly is 2/3.
the probability that \320\222 answers the same question correctly is 4/5\302\267

The probability that exactly one of the two answers the question
correctly is k/15. Find the sum \320\272
+ TNYWR.

3. If 2X - 8?+1 and 9y \302\253

3X~9 , find the value of +
\317\207 TNYWR.

4. In a rectangular coordinate plane, (1,3), (-5,k), and (10,12) are

collinear. Find the sum +
\320\272 TNYWR.

5. The least positive value of \317\207which satisfies sin3x + cos3x - 0 is

\320\272 degrees. Find the sum +
\320\272 TNYWR.

RELAY 2.

1. For every positive integer n, + 72n+l \316\271is divisible by the positive

integer k. Find the largest possible value of k.

2. The largest value of \317\207 which does not satisfy x3 + 1 > x2 + \317\207 is

k. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

3. The least value of \317\207 which satisfies /3x - 5 + /2x - 4 \302\267

Vbx - 9 is
k. Find the product (k)(TNYWR).

4. The degree-measure of the bmatLoA acute angle of a right triangle is

equal to the sum of the squares of the roots of x2 - 7x + 5 * 0. The
degree-measure of the Za/igeA acute angle is k. Find the sum +
\320\272

TNYWR.
1979 ARML 73

5. If \317\2072+ 1/x2 - -7/4, the largest possible value of +

\317\207 1/x is k.
Find the product (k)(TNYWR).

1979 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question,
A. Suppose \316\267 Is an odd integer greater than 6. Let *
\316\267 (2) + (\316\267
- 2).
Since -
\316\267 2 is odd, (2, \316\267-2)
\342\226\240
1; that is to say, the greatest
common divisor of 2 and \316\267
- 2 is 1.
Suppose \316\267 is an even integer greater than 6\302\267 Then, either *
\316\267 4k
or \302\253
\316\267 4k + 2, both with >
\320\272 1. If - 4k,
\316\267 then let \302\253
\316\267 (2k + 1) +
(2k - 1).
Since 2k + 1 and 2k - 1 are consecutive odd integers
greater than 1, (2k 1, + 2k - 1) \302\267
1. If instead, \302\273
\316\267 4k + 2, then
let \302\253
\316\267 (2k + 3) + (2k - 1). Any common divisor of 2k + 3 and 2k - 1
must also be a divisor of their difference, 4. The only (positive)
divisor of 4 which is also a divisor of the odd numbers 2k + 3 and
2k - 1 is 1.
B. In each of the cases noted below, it should be proven that the three

terms listed all are greater than 1 and are also pairwise relatively
prime. These proofs are not too difficult, but they are not included
below. A complete solution to the power question would include such
proofs\302\267

If \316\267 is even and greater than 17, then either \302\253

\316\267 6k, \302\253
\316\267 6k + 2,
or \302\253
\316\267 6k + 4 (each with \320\272
\302\243
\320\227).

If -
\316\267 6k, let \302\253
\316\267 2 + 3 + (6k - 5).
If -
\316\267 6k + 2, let \302\253
\316\267 3 + 4 + (6k - 5).
If \302\273
\316\267 6k + 4, let \302\253
\316\267 2 + 3 + (6k - 1).
If \316\267 is odd and greater than 17, then \302\253
\316\267 12k + 1, 12k + 3, or
12k + 5 (all with >
\320\272 1), or -
\316\267 12k + 7, 12k + 9, or 12k+ 11
(all with i
\320\272 1).
If -
\316\267 12k + 1, let -
\316\267 (6k - 7) + (6k - 1) + 9.
If \302\253
\316\267 12k + 3, let n - (6k - 1) + (6k + 1) + 3.
If -
\316\267 12k + 5, let -
\316\267 (6k - 5) + (6k + 1) + 9.
If -
\316\267 12k + 7, let -
\316\267 (6k + 5) + (6k - 1) + 3.
If -
\316\267 12k + 9, let -
\316\267 (6k - 1) + (6k + 1) + 9.
If \302\253
\316\267 12k + 11, let \302\267
\316\267 (6k + 7) + (6k + 1) + 3.

To Team Questions.
1. The sum is even, so 2 is a divisor. It is clear that 3 and 5 are not
divisors. Since 332 2
\316\236 (mod 7) and 555 -2
\316\236 (mod 7), 7 is a
divisor of the sum, and the required divisors are 2, 7.
2. cos 5\302\260 - sin 25\302\260 - cos 5\302\260
- cos 65\302\260 - 2 sin 35\302\260sin 30\302\260 \302\267
sin 35\302\260, so
-
\316\270 35\302\260 (or 35).

3. Since X \302\253
(12!)(18!) - 11\302\26712\302\267(10!)(18!)
- 18(12!)(17!) is a common
74 1979 ARM

multiple of (10!)(18!) and (12!)(17!), X/6 22(10!)(18!) - 3(12!)\302\267

(17!) is the least common multiple. Since 6 3!, X/6 - (12!)(18!)/

(3!).

In the accompanyingdiagram,
tanZ_ADB \302\253
4/3 - EF/FD - (\320\254/\320\233)/(6 -h).

Thus, h - 24(4 - /3)/13 and - 24.

\320\272

By the factor theorem, for somereal

b, f(bi) - (bi)\"
-
3(bi)3 + 5(bi)2 -
27(bi) 0, - 36 - \302\267
or - 5b2
, (\320\252\320\272 - 36) +
(3b3 - 27b)i - 0 Oi. Thus, + b* -
5b2 - 36 - (b2 - + 4) - 9)(b2 0 and
3b(b2 - 9) 0. The only real \342\226\240 b satisfying both equations are b \302\253
3

or -3, from which bi, -bi are 3i, -3i, respectively.

If \317\207 1,
\317\206 then \320\260^\"4^31\"1)\302\253
b(2x-5)(x-l) can be rewritten as
ax~4 \302\273
b2x~5. Taking logs (base a) of both sides and solving the
resulting equation - 2
for \342\226\240
\317\207, \317\207 (4
-
51ogab)/(l logab), from which

The area of the ellipse is irab. The red region is bounded by a circle
(centered at the uncolored focus and with radius 2a) and the ellipse
(with axes 2a 2b). The and area of the red region is 4ira2 - irab.
Hence, (4ira2 - irab)/irab \302\253
k/1. Thus, \342\226\240 +
4\321\202\320\263\320\2602
(\320\272 l)itab, and a/b \342\226\240

(k + l)/4.

8. The only such numbers are of the form p2x or p5y\302\273 where \317\201 is a
prime. In particular, the only such integers are 4k (k odd, s
\320\272 25),
9m -
(\320\270 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11), 25n (n 1, 2, 3), \302\253 49r (r - 1, 2),
or 32s (s \342\226\240
1, 3). Tabulating, the number of such integers is 27.
9. Let the kth fraction be \316\267,/d,
- (n, . +
2djc_i)/(nk_i
+ dk-l^ \" 1 +

(dk-l)/(Vl +
\302\253W
1 + 1/(1 +
tn^j/dj^]). Letting the limit of
this sequence be L and taking limits, L - 1 + 1/(1 + L) and L \302\267
/2
\320\222

10. (Solution by A. Schwartz.) In the figure

at right, BD - /T3T/2; cos \342\226\240
3\316\230 \320\233\320\267\320\242/16,

cos6 \302\253 Since cos 3\316\230 \342\226\240

cos \302\267
\316\270
\320\233\320\267\320\242/2\321\205.

(4cos29
- 3), cos 3\316\230/cos
\342\226\240
\316\270 x/8 \302\253

4cos26 - 3. 4(135/4x2) - 3 - x/8

Thus,
and x3 + 24x2 - (x - 6)(x2 + 30x
- 1080 +

180) * 0. The only positive solution of

this last equation is \342\226\240
\317\207 6.

To Short Answer Questions.

1. Since + 1) - \316\2672]
- - k(k + l)/2 - 210, +
\320\2722 -
\320\272 420
^\321\2101[\320\277(\320\277 \316\266\316\2621\316\267
1979 ARML 75

and \302\253
\320\272 20.

2. (See diagram at right.) For these 3 squares\302\273

any segment with endpoints on the inner and

outer squares passes through a point on the
middle square. Thus\302\273 the position of the
middle square is irrelevant. Any vertex of
the inner square lies on a circle of radius
10/\320\223, concentric with the other circles.
Any other point on the inner square lies on
a concentric circle with a smaller radius\342\200\224

and is thus further from the outer square

than is necessary. The minimum distance from theinner square to the
outer square is the minimum distance from the circle of radius 10/2\"
to the outer square. This minimum is the distance from the midpoint
of side
anyof the outer square to this circle. This distance is
15/5\"
- 10/2\" \302\253
5/\320\223.

3. Since 7/(x + y) \302\253

ll/(z -
y) - (7 + ll)/(x + +
\321\203 \316\266
- \302\253
\321\203) 18/(x + \316\266),
\302\253
\320\272 18.

4. Suppose Sam left home with d dollars and \317\201 pennies. We are told
that d \302\253150% p, so that 2d \302\2533p. There are two possibilities:
Either Sam used 10 of his dollars and 78 pennies, or he did not have \302\267

enought pennies and had to use 11 of his dollars to spend $10.78. In

the first case, 2d \302\253
3p and (d - 10) \302\253
(p
- 78) - 1, and \302\253
\317\201 -138,

an impossibility. Thus, 2d \302\2733p and (d - 11) \342\226\240 (p + 100 - 78) - 1.

Thus, (d,p) \302\253(96,64) and Sam left home with $96.64.

5. The total number of 2-card hands is 52C2 \320\26626 \302\267

51. The number of hands
containing the king of hearts and any other card is The number of
51.
hands containinga different king and a heart other than the king is
3(12) * 36. Thus, the total number of favorable hands is 51 + 36 \302\253
87, and the required probability is 87/(26-51) \302\253
29/442.
V

6. Since /21 + 12/J \342\226\240

/(3 + 2/3\2,") if we let the original expression be
called xt x2 - 1 + 3 + 2/J \302\253
4 + 2/T - (1 + /J)2 and -
\317\207 1 + /3.
Thus, (a,b) \302\253
(1,3).

7. In diagram to right, since AM \342\226\240

HP *

BM \302\253
10, & \316\224\316\241\316\222\316\227.
\316\224\316\221\316\222\316\234 Letting x,
we find that BP \302\253AB - \317\207
+ 4. In
right triangle ABM, (x + 4)2
- 102 +
x2. Thus, \302\253
\317\207 BM \302\273
104 and 4(AC).
(BM) - 4(20)(104) - 105.
8. We have sin (4 Arc tan x) \342\226\240

2 sin (2 Arc tan x) cos (2 Arc tan x)

\302\267 \302\253

4 sin (Arc tan x) \302\267

cos (Arc tan \317\207)
\302\267
\317\201
76 1979 ARML

and 6xk + 25x3 + 12x2 - 25x + 6 \302\253

(x + 3) (x + 2)(3x - l)(2x - 1) = 0.
Solving (all values check), -
\317\207 -3, -2, 1/3, 1/2.

To Relay 1.
1. The expression is equivalent to 21\316\264\317\207
29 \317\207
515 \317\207
315 \317\207
1717 or

\317\207
29
\316\231\316\23715 \317\207
315 \317\207
1717. The answer is 15.

2. (2/3)(1/5) + (1/3)(4/5) \302\253

6/15. The answer is 6+15-21.

3. Equating exponents, -
\317\207 3(y +1), 2y \302\253 -
\317\207 9. Solving for \317\207we get
\302\253
\317\207 21. (y
- 6). The answer is 21 + 21 * 42.

4. Equating slopes, (k - 3)/(-5 - 1) \302\253

(12
- 3)/(10 - 1) **> -
\320\272 -3.
The answer is -3 + 42 - 39.
5\302\267 (sin +
\317\207 cosx)(sin2x - sin cos
\317\207 +
\317\207 cos2x) - 0 -* sin \317\207- -cos \317\207

or sin cos
\317\207 \317\207- 1 ** *
\317\207 135\302\260. The answer is 135 + 39 * 174\302\267

To Relay 2.

1. As the exponent of 7 is odd, 7+1 or 8 is always a factor. When

-
\316\267 1 the other factor is 43. When -
\316\267 2 the other factor is
2101 - 11x 191, which does not contain 43 as a factor. The answer is
8.
2. The condition is equivalent to x3 - x2 - +
\317\207 1 > 0 or (x - l)2 \302\267

(x + 1) > 0. The largest \317\207 that does not satisfy the inequation is
1. The answer is 1 + 8 \302\253
9\302\267

3\302\267 Let - 5, u3 - 3x v3 2x
\321\207 - 4. Then u + \316\275
\302\253
(u3 + v3)1/3 or
u3 + 3uv(u + v) + v3 \302\253
u3 + v3 or 3uv(u + v) - 0. If u -
0, \342\226\240
\317\207

5/3. If \302\253
\316\275 0, \302\253
\317\207 2\302\267 If u + \302\253
\316\275 0,
\302\253
\317\207 9/5. The least value of
\317\207 is 5/3. The answer is (5/3)(9) \302\253
15\302\267

4. Call the roots r and s. Then r2 + s2 \342\226\240

(r s)2 + - 2rs \342\226\240
72 - 2\302\2675-

49 - 10 - 39; 90-39-51. The answer is 51 + 15 - 66.

5\302\267 The expression is equivalent to (x + 1/x)2 \302\253

h. The largest possible
value of +
\317\207 1/x is b\302\267 The answer is h \302\267
66 \302\267
33.
 1980 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICSLEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, In acute scalene

triangle ABC, as illustrated, the center
of the inscribed circle is I and the
intersection of the medians is M\302\267 The

line through I and \316\234 intersects

at
\320\222\320\241 \316\241 and AC at Q. The
bisector of angle \320\241 is perpendicular to

PQ. Let -
\320\222\320\241 a, AC \302\253
b and AB \302\253

c; let r represent the length of a

radius of the inscribedcircle; let
h represent the length of the alti-
tude to a; let and h. represent the
length of the altitude to b.
PROVE:

1. CP - CO . 2. h
a
+ h.
b
6r

1 1 6 - +
3. + \320\250- \342\200\242 4. < 2 .
aba + b + \321\201 a b
\302\243

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. 1Find the sum of the first

2 2
* \302\267\302\267\302\267 \302\267\"
1-3 *
\"3^5 5-7 f f
(2n-l)(2n+l)
\302\267

Express the sum as a rational number in standard form.

2. With A, B, and \320\241 the digits of the numerals in both cases\302\273 the

3-digit base 11 numeral ABC and the 3-digit base 9 numeral CBA have

the same value\302\267 Find all possible ordered triples (\320\220, \320\222,\320\241) in
which \316\221 0.
\316\246

3. If (/12 - 2/35)/[(\320\2437+ Vb)$/T

- \320\2435)]-\320\233\320\223, express the rational number
\320\272 in standard form\302\267

4. In 3-dimensional Euclidean space, the coordinates of the vertices of

triangle are (7,-5,-2), and

PXP2P3 \316\241\317\207 \316\2412(11,-7,5), P3(3,6,9).
77
78 1980 NYSML

The medians of triangle \316\241 \316\241

\316\241 meet at point P, the CtY&ioid of
the triangle. Find the coordinates (x,y\302\273z) of point P.

5. A function f is defined by f(x) \342\226\240

8x - 4 for all real x. Find
the value \321\203 for which

12
f (y) + f (\320\243+ 1) + \302\243(y + 2) -
I f(x) .
x-1
6. Finda rational \320\263expression for \317\207 in terms of a and b, reduced as
far as possible\302\273 satisfying the conditions
\317\207 . \317\207
- b -
\317\207 a . +
\317\207 a - b
+ - - b
\320\266
-
+
x-a \317\207 a \317\207 2a x-b
and 2a>x>b>a>0\302\267

7. Find the orderedtriple positive of integers (a,b,c) for which

(/5 + /2 - /3) (3^\" + /b - 2/0 - 12 .

8. A triangle has an area of 1. The lengths of its medians equal the

lengths of the sides of a second triangle. The lengths of the medians
of the second triangle equal the lengths of the sides of a third
triangle. In general\302\273 the medians of the nth triangle have the same

lengths as the sides l)st triangle. Find the limit

of the (n + of the
sum of the areas of all the triangles thus in this infinite formed

sequence.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 4 minuter. In a polar coordinatesystem, the midpoint of the line

segment joining the points A(10, and -3\317\200/4) \320\222(6, \317\200/4) is the point
M(r,6). If r > 0 and -\317\200< <
\316\270 \317\200, find the ordered pair (r,G).

2\302\267 5 mimUZA. Let P(n) be the product of the first \316\267 primes. Of the
numbers P(l) + 1\302\273 P(2) + 1, P(3) + 1, \302\267\302\267\302\267,
the smallest that is
composite has the prime factorization (10t + 9)(100t + 9). Find the
integer t.
3. 5 mimitZA. Factor completely over the set of polynomials with
integral coefficients:

x* - 4x3 + 14x2 - 4x + 13 .

4. 5 moiateo. The solution set of log 2

27 3
\302\243 is

{x | <
\320\260 <
\317\207 b or -b\302\243x<-a}.
Find the ordered pair (a,b).
5. 5 minut&b. In an isosceles triangle, the length of the base is 30.
From a point on the base, the distances to the legs are 8 and 16. Find
1980 NYSML 79

the area of the triangle.

6. 7 rrUntitZA. Find the degree-measure of the least positive angle \316\270

satisfying

tan 20\302\260tan 40\302\260tan 80\302\260 \302\253

tan .
\316\270

RELAY 1.

1. In a triangle whose sides have lengths 5, 12, and 13, the longest
altitude has length k. Find k.

2. If |x - 3| - |y +
6| and -
\317\207 3 \317\206 +
\321\203 6, then +
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 \320\272. Find
+
\320\272 TNYWR,

3. The largest integer which is always less than the sum of 10 different
positive integers is k. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

4. The vertices of hexagon \320\222 are the midpoints of the sides of regular
hexagon A. If the perimeter of \320\222 is /108, then the perimeter of
A is /\302\243. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

5. The sum of the numerical coefficients of the expansion of (2x + y)6

is k. Find \320\272
+ TNYWR.

RELAY 2.

1. The lengths of the sides \"right of a triangle are all integral. The
longest leg of the triangle is 12. Find the largest possible length
of the other leg.

2. There are \320\272 two-digit numbers containing no 0 and no more than one

1. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

3. In triangle ABC, AB : CA
: \320\222\320\241 \342\226\240
3 : 4 : 5. The area of triangle ABC

is 864. If AB \302\253
k, find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

4. It can be proven that \\*\320\2661

i3 \302\273
[Jjel
i]2. If I *^ i3 \302\253
k2, find

+
\320\272 TNYWR.

5. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 15 and 20. The length
of a radius of the inscribedcircleis k. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

1980 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
1. Since \"CI is both an altitude and an angle bisector, triangle PCQ

is isosceles with CP \342\226\240

CQ.

2. Draw CM. Area + Area

(\320\233\320\241\320\240\320\234) (ACMQ) \302\253
Area (ACPI) + Area (ACIQ), or
80 1980 NYSML

+ - Jsr(CP) + 4r(CQ) ,
^(CP) %h2(CQ)
where h and h represent the lengths of the perpendiculars from

\316\234 to CP and CQ, respectively. Since h \342\226\240

h /3, h - *\321\206/3\302\273
and

CQ
- CP.

+
|.-|ha(CP) -|r(CP)
\316\231.\316\231\316\220^(\316\237\316\241) +-|r(CP),

from which + b, \302\2736r.

h
3. Since r(a + b + c) - 2 Area a \302\267
\302\253 h
(\320\233\320\220\320\222\320\241)
\302\253
b \302\267 h,,

fha +, \\\\ .
(a +
...b + c)
\321\207
\"
[l Area . 2
(\320\224\320\220\320\222\320\241)
+
Area (UABC)
(a + b + c)
It \321\202| [\342\200\224ei\342\200\224 \342\200\224\320\261\321\214\342\200\224

2 Area .
(\316\224\316\221\316\222\316\237

Thus,

(ja + i)d (a + b + c) - 6.
By multiplying out the previous result,

(I..+
a I.b)
b
+ \302\243+
4a b
\302\243)
+ \302\243+
xa b'
\302\243)
- 6.

Since b/a + a/b >

2, c/a + c/b < 2.

To Team Questions.

1. Rewrite the series as

,1.11.11. \316\271 1 200

2. 121A + 11B + \302\253

\320\241 81C + 9B + A, or =
\320\222 20(2C
- \320\227\320\220).Since 0 < <
\320\222

8, \302\253
\320\222 0. Thus, 2C \302\253 and
\320\227\320\220 (A,B,C)
- (2,0,3) or (4,0,6).
3. Both the numerator and denominator are equal to /7 - /J, so \342\226\240
\320\272 1.

4. The coordinates of the centroid are the averages of the coordinates

of the 3 vertices, so the is (7,-2,A).
answer

5. f(y) + f(y + 1) + f(y + 2) \302\253

(8y
- 4) + (8y + 4) + (8y + 12) \302\253

24y + 12 \302\253
24(y + 4). But

4 + 88) \302\253 .
I\"f(x) \302\253-y(4
+ 242

+ \321\217 and \302\253

Hence, \321\203 h 24 \321\203 23^.

6. Rewrite as
- a xla-b - b
\317\207
~ \317\207
_ \317\207
*
-
\317\207 a
-
\317\207 2a x-b \317\207
- a - b

Then,
1980 NYSML 81

-a -a
(x - a)(x - 2a) (x
-
b) (x - a - b)
Since a >
0, the denominatorsare equal. Thus, solving, \317\207

(2a + b)/2.

Rewrite as 2/(/J + /2 - /3) \302\253

Ov'a\" + Jb - 2/c)/6. Now, rationalize the
left side by rewriting its denominator as (/?) + (/7 - /J) and

multiplying numerator and denominator by (/5) - (/\316\243

-
/5\.") Then,
rationalize the denominator of the result one more time to get (a,b,c) =
(2,
30,3).

8. LEMMA. If the sides of are

\316\224\316\234 congruent to the medians of \316\224ABC,

then the area of is

\316\224\316\234 (3/4)Area . (This
(\316\224\316\221\316\2220) proof is not easy.)
Then, the answer is the sum infinite of the geometric series
1 + (3/4) + (3/4)2 + \302\253
4

To Short Answer Questions.

1. (See diagram to right.) M(2, -3\317\200/4)

2. Let m be the least \316\267 for which

P(n) +1 is composite. Then
f(t) - lOOOt2 + 990t + 80 \302\253
P(m).
By trial, the first t is 5 and
+ 1
2\302\2673\302\2675\302\2677\302\26711\302\26713 - 30031 \302\253
(59)\302\267

(509). In fact, P(n) + 1 is

prime only for \342\226\240
\316\267 2, 3, 4, 5\", 7,
11, and 31 for 2 < <
\316\267 307.
A(10,--f^)

3. x\" - Ax3 + lAx2 - Ax + 13 \302\253

(x* + 14x2 + 13) - (Ax3 + Ax) -

(x2 + l)(x2 + 13) - Ax(x2 + 1) = (x2 + l)(x2 - Ax + 13).

OR: x\" - Ax3 + lAx2 - Ax + 13 - (\317\207*+ x2) + (13x2 + 13) - (Ax3 + Ax)
x2(x2 + 1) + 13(x2 + 1) - Ax(x2 + 1) = (x2 + l)(x2 - Ax + 13).

A. Since 27 - 33, 1 < x2 - 3 < 3, A < x2 < 6, and (a,b) - (2, /6).
5. (Refer to the diagram.) Since AAPD
~

ACQD, AD/DC - 8/16, AD - from which

10 and AP \302\2536. But ~ AAPD.
\316\224\316\221\316\227\316\222

Since AH \302\253
15, BH - 20, and \320\246(\320\220\320\241)\302\267
(BH)
- J$(30)(20) - 300.

6. tan 20\302\260tan tan

A0\302\260 80\302\260 -

(sin 20\302\260) (2 sin sin

A0\302\260 80\302\260) *
(cos 20\302\260) (2 cos cos
A0\302\260 80\302\260)

- cos 2 sin 20\302\260cos A0\302\260+ sin 20\320\265

(8^20\320\276)(\321\201\320\2768\320\2200\302\260 120\302\260) _

(cos 20\320\265) (cos + cos

\316\2210\316\262 120\302\260)\" 2 cos 20\302\260cos A0\302\260- cos 20\302\260
82 1980 NYSML

2 sin 20\302\260cos 40\302\260 + sin (40\302\260

- 20\302\260) * sin
\320\266
60\302\260

2 cos 20\302\260cos 40\302\260 - cos (40\302\260

- 20\302\260) cos 60\302\260

and *
\316\270 60\302\260 or 60.

To Relay 1.

1. The longest altitude is the to one the shortest side. This triangle
is a right triangle (5-12-13). The answer is 12.

2. It follows that - (x
-
3) - +
\321\203 6 -^ +
\317\207 *
\321\203 -3. The answer is
-3 + 12 \302\253
9.

3. The 10 different positive integers that are smallestyields the sum

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ 10 = 55. Hence, \302\253
\320\272 54. The answer is 54 +
9 = 63.

4. Splitting \320\222up into 6 regular equilateral triangles, we find that

a side of A is equal to the length of an altitude of B. Hence,
the ratio of the perimeter of A to that of \320\222 is /J/2. The
perimeter of A is /l0F/(/3\"/2) * 12; \302\253
\320\272 122 = 144. The answer is
144 + 63 \302\253=
207.

5. The value of \320\272 is (2 + l)6 - 36 \302\253

272 - 729. The answer is 729+
207 = 936.

To Relay 2.

1. Setting c2 - a2 \342\226\240
144 = (c - a) (c + a) possible integral solutions
are: (a,b,c) \302\253=
(12,35,37), (12,16,20), (12,9,15), (12,5,13). The
largest possible other leg is 9. is 9. The answer

2. The integers not satisfying the conditionare: 10, 20, 90,

\302\267\302\267\302\267, and
11, a total of 10 integers. The number satisfying the condition is
90 - 10 = 80. The answer is 80 + 9 = 89.

3. The sides are 3r, 4r, 5r which is a right triangle for all r > 0.
The area equals 6r2 - 864; r2 \302\253
144 \342\226\240*
r \302\253
12 -> AB - 12x3 \302\273
36

The answer to the question is 36 + 89 \342\226\240

125.

4. I3 + 23 + ... + 203 - (20x21/2)2 \302\253

2102 - \320\2722 -> -
\320\272 \302\261210. The
answer is 210 + 125 \302\253
335, or -210 + 125 - -85.

5. The area of the rhombus is 15^20/2 - 150. A side ofthe rhombus is

12.5, so the perimeter is 50. The area of the rhombus is also equal
to 50xk/2 - 25k -> 25k \302\253150 -> \302\253
\320\272 6. The answer is 6 + 335*
+ \342\226\240
-79.
341\302\267 or 6 (-85)
 1980 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION.

1. Formulate and prove a necessary and sufficient condition for 3 given

real numbers to be the lengths of the sides of a triangle.
2. (a) Prove that there exist infinitely \"integer-sided11 many non-isosceles
triangles such that the length of one side is a square, the length
of another side is a power of 2, the length and of the third side
is a prime.
(b) Prove or disprove that, for every prime p, there exists at least
one \"integer-sided11 non-isosceles triangle such that the length of
one side is a square, the length of another side is a power of 2, and

the length of the third side is p.

3. Let equal the
T(n)number of incongruent triangles whose side-lengths
are positive integersless than or equal to the positive integer n.
(a) Verify that T(l) and \302\253
1 T(2) - 3.

(b) Find a formula for T(n) as a polynomial in \316\267with rational

coefficients. [Note: The formula for T(n) will be different for
\316\267 even and for \316\267 odd.]

OPTIONAL: If there is time, investigate the function equal to the D(n)

number of non-similar triangles whose side-lengths are positive

integersless than orequal to \316\267 (where \316\267 is a positive
Possible
integer). objectives of this investigation might be a
study the
of behavior of D(n)/n3 and/or T(n)/D(n) [or just
the calculation of D(9)].

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. How many integers \316\267 in the interval 1 < <

\316\267 1000000 are such that
the equation
\342\226\240
\316\267 x^

has some solution in integers \317\207 and \321\203with \317\207 ?

\316\267
\317\206

2. Find all real numbers >

\317\207 0 which satisfy 3 sin \302\253
\317\207 3x2 + 2x + 3.

3. Determine the maximum number of 3x5 rectangular pieces of paper that

can be cut from a 17x22 rectangular piece of paper.

83
 84 1980 ARML

4. Find all positive integers \316\267 for which

(2n - l)(n!) . /3nv

and ( 6 }
(n + 1)!

represent the same binomial coefficient.

5. Factor completely over the set of polynomials with integral
coefficients:

4(x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 10) (x + 12) - 3x2 .

6. Find the value of \320\272 for which log ((x + y)/k) = (logx)/2 + (logy)/2
for all positive values of \317\207 and \321\203 for which x2 + y2 * 23xy.

7. Find the orderedtriple of non-zero digits (A,B,C) for which (AA)2

=

BBCC, where AA and BBCC are, respectively, 2-digit and 4-digit

base 10 numerals.
8. In a plane, two segments drawn tangent to a circle from the same
outside point intersect the circle at the endpoints of a chord of length
2x. The distance from this chord to the center of the circle is y.
In terms of \317\207 and y, find the length of one of the tangent segments.
9. Find all values of \317\207which satisfy

6 1 . 7 , 12
-
\342\200\242x 8 - 9 -
- \316\264
\342\200\242x 4 /\317\207
- 8 + 4 /\317\207
- 8 + 9

10. Four distinct planes pass through a common point, but no three contain
the same line. Find the number of disjoint regions into which 3-dimen-
sional space is partitioned by these four planes.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 The
\316\271\317\200\316\254\316\271\316\261\316\257&\317\214.
angle drawn to one side of a
bisector triangle divides
the median drawn second
to side into segments whose
a lengths are 200
and 300. The angle bisector divides the side to which it is drawn
into segments whose lengths are 660 and x. Find the largest possible
value of x.

2. 5 minutCA. Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) which are
solutions of
x? \302\253
2 and \302\253
(2\321\205)\320\2432 64 .

3. 5 mimittA. A lattice point in the plane is a point both of whose

coordinates are integers. Find the coordinates of all first quadrant

lattice points which are 3 times further from the graph of - 2x \342\226\240
\321\203 4

than they are from the graph of 2x + \302\253

\321\203 4.

4. 5 nUnutZA. Four consecutive terms in the binomialexpansion of

(a + b)n are 2916, 4860, 4320, and 2160. If a, b, are and \316\267

integers, find the next term in this expansion.

1980 ARML 85

5. 5 rrUnutbb. In triangle ABC, \316\225 and F are on AB with \316\225between

A and F and with. AE : EF : FB \302\253

1 : 2 : 3. Points G and D are on
CB with G between \320\241and D and with CG : GD : DB * 4 : 3 : 2. If
FG intersects ED at H, find the ratio DH : HE.

6. 5 minut&b. Determine the degree-measures of all angles \317\207 in the

interval 0\302\260< <
\317\207 360\302\260 for which

2(sinx + cosx) < /1 + 2 sin cos

\317\207 .
\317\207

7. 7 minut\302\2436. An isosceles trapezoid has an area of 972. The lengths of

its shorter base, leg, longer base, and diagonal are, respectively, the
1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th terms of an arithmetic progression. Find the
length of the shorter of the two segments into which one diagonal is
divided by the other.

8. 5 When
\321\202\321\210\321\210\320\245\321\217\320\233. written in base 3, a positive integer has two terminal
zeroes. When written in base 4 or base 5, this same integer has one
terminal zero. In many other how positive integral bases greater than
1 must the representation of this integer have at least one terminal
zero?

RELAY 1.

1. How many right triangles have sides with integral lengths and legs
whose lengths are prime numbers?

2. If tan2A + cot2A = sec2A + csc2A + A, find the value of A + TNYWR.

3. The sum of the positive integral divisors of 60 is k. Find the value

of +
\320\272 TNYWR.

4. If (log 2 25)(log 27)(log 16) \302\253

k, find the value of +
\320\272 TNYWR.
5 3

5. Let \320\272 be the average of the digits in the base 5 representation of

the base 10 numeral 624. Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

RELAY 2.

1. When the quotient is rounded to the nearest hundredth, the

hundredth'sdigit is h. Find h.

2. If \317\207 and \321\203 are positive real numbers for which (x + 1/x)2 +
(y + 1/y)2
\342\226\240
8, then +
\317\207 1/y
- k. Find the value of +
\320\272 TNYWR.

3. The sum of the solutions of (x + 2)3 + (3x - 6)3 - (4x

-
4)3 is k.
Find +
\320\272 TNYWR.

4. The real value of \317\207which satisfies

x3 + (x - I)3 + (x - 2)3 + (x
- 3)3 + (x - 4)3 + (x - 5)3 - 33

is k. Find the product (k)(TNYWR).

86 1980 ARML

5. If the area of a triangle is 6, the smallestpossible perimeter of the

triangle is Find
\316\263\316\212\316\223. the quotient k/TNYWR.

1980 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

1. If the numbersare x, y, and z, with <

\317\207 \321\203
< \316\266, then a
necessary and sufficient condition for these 3 numbers to be the lengths of

the sides of a triangle is that +

\317\207 >
\321\203 \316\266. The necessity is a well-
known proposition which can be found in Euclid fs Eiomwitb.
To prove sufficiency, assume both <
\317\207 <
\321\203 \316\266and +
\317\207 >
\321\203 \316\266.

Consider segment AB of length z. Using A as a center, draw a circle

of radius x; and using \320\222as a center, draw a circle of radius y.
Since <
\317\207 \316\266and <
\321\203 \316\266, these circles intersect segment AB at

points \316\225and E1, both of which are between A and B. Since

+
\317\207 >
\321\203 \316\266, segment has
\320\225\320\2251 a positive length. Since the interiors
of the two circles have segment EEf in common, the two circles must
intersect\302\267 Letting \320\241be one of the points of intersection, the
triangle ABC has the side-lengths x, y, \316\266as required.

2. (a) Let \317\201 be any odd prime and define m to be the largest integer
such that 2 <
p. Hence, 2 < <
\317\201 2 . Since one of m and

m + 1 is even, one of and 2 is a square.

2 because Then,

+
\317\201 >
2\320\250 2m + 2m - 2m+1, there is a triangle side-lengths with

2 , p, 2 (by part 1). desired result follows from the

The

fact that there are infinitely many primes.

(b) In order to see that the triangle of part 2(a) can be provided for
any prime p, it remains only to settle the case \342\226\240
\317\201 2; the

triangle whose side-lengths are 2, 8, and 9 settles this case.

3. (a) Let T(n) equal the number of integer triples (x,y,z) where (from

part 1) 1$\321\205*\321\203\302\2432\302\243\320\237 and +

\317\207 >
\321\203 \316\266. For \342\226\240
\316\267 1, there is
only (1,1,1), so T(l) - 1. For \302\253
\316\267 2, we have (1,1,1),
(1,2,2), and (2,2,2), so T(2) - 3.
(b) To obtain the desired formulas, note first that T(n) - T(n - 1)
equals the number of integer pairs (x,y) such that 1 ^ \317\207
\302\243 \316\271
\321\203

\316\267 and +
\317\207 >
\321\203 \316\267. This equals the number of (x,y) such that
*
\321\203 x > -
\316\267 \321\203and \316\267 >
\321\203 *sn.
\302\243 (NOTE: For a fixed \321\203 the

number of x-values is 2y - n.) This equals

+ 2) for \316\267 even ,

. , * 4^ . *, for \316\267 odd

n>y>*sn (4n(n
Letting e(n) - 1 for \316\267 even and 0 fpr \316\267 odd, we can rewrite
this as
1980 ARML 87

(*) T(n) - T(n - 1) -\320\247((\320\277 + l)2-e(n)) .

Summing (*) for \302\273

\316\267 1, 2, m [noting
\302\267\302\267\302\267, that T(0) - 0] yields
m m m+1
T(m) \302\253
\320\272
I (n + l)2 - \320\272
I e(n) - \320\272
I n2 - ^ftm] - ,
\320\272

n\302\273l n\302\273l n\302\253l

or,

(**) T(m) -b;(l/6)(m + l)(2m + 3) (m + 2)

- kftm] - 4 .
For m even, (**) becomes T(m) \302\253
(1/24)(m)(m + 2)(2m + 5). For
m odd, (**) becomes T(m) \302\253
(1/24) ((m)(m + 2) (2m + 5) + 3) \302\253

(1/24)(2m + l)(m + 3)(m + 1).

OPTIONAL: D(9)
- 74.

To Team Questions.
1. Let N(x^) represent the number of integers x^ which are perfect
yth powers (y 4 1) and which satisfy
1 < 106
\321\205\320\243
\302\243 .

By the inclusion-exclusion principle, N(xy) \302\253

N(x2) + N(x3) + N(x5) +
N(x7) + N(xn) + N(x13) + N(x17) + N(x19)
- N(x6) - N(x10) - N(x1,+ )
-

N(x15) \302\253999 + 99 + 14 + 6 + 2 + 1+ 1+ 1-9-2-1-1-1- 1110.

For 1 < xy < 106, the answer is 1111.
2. Since 3x2 + 2x + 3 \302\253
3(x + 1/3)2 + 8/3 > 3, the number of
intersection points on the graphs of the two functions is 0 and there are no

&\316\277\316\231\317\213\317\205\302\243\316\257\316\277\316\267\316\273.

3. It is clear that the maximum number is

less than or equal to 24. Since there
are several ways to actually achieve 24, \320\250 \342\226\240
the answer is 24 (see diagram to right).
\320\251
\320\230 \320\251

4. The left side equals (2n - l)/(n 1), +

which is less than 2 for all positive

integers n. Since must be
\320\267\320\277\320\241\320\261 a
\342\226\240 and - 2.
positive integer, 1
\320\267\320\277\320\241\320\261
\316\267

5. 4(x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 10)(x + 12) - 3x2 \302\253

4[(x + 5)(x + 12)][(x + 6)
(x + 10)] - 3x2 - 4(x2 + 17x + 60) (x2 + 16x + 60) - 3x2 -
4[(x2 + 16x + 60) + x][x2 + 16x + 60] - 3x2 - 4(x2 + 16x + 60)2 +
4x(x2 + 16x + 60) - 3x2 -
[2(x2 + 16x + 60) + 3x][2(x2 + 16x + 60) -x]>
(2x2 + 35x + 120) (2x2 + 31x + 120) - (2x2+ 35x + 120) (x + 8) (2x + 15)

6. If x2 + y2
-
23xy, then (x + y)2 \302\267
25xy and [(x + y)/5]2 \342\226\240
xy.
Taking logs of both sides, 2 log ((x + y)/5) \342\226\240
logx + logy. Since
\317\207 and \321\203 are positive, \320\272 must also be positive, and \342\226\240
\320\272 5.
 88 1980 ARM

7. The most direct approachis to calculate the appropriate 4-digit

squares: 442, 552, 662, 772, 882,
332, and 992. Of these,
882 - 7744, so (A,B,C) There is \302\253
(8,7,4)\302\267 also a longer approach
that does not use trial error. and

8. (See accompanying figure.) Let

the center of the circle be 0.
Since triangles and
\320\240\320\220\320\236 AHO
are similar, \302\253
PA/\320\220\320\236 AH/HO,

and PA - -
(\320\220\320\235)(\320\220\320\236)/\320\235\320\236

x/x2 + y2

Let \342\226\240 -
\321\203 /\317\207 8 (noting that
\321\203 is positive). Then,
18 8
0.
-
(y- 8
-
y\"
16J
If *
\321\203 3, then \302\253
\317\207 17. If \321\203 3,
\317\206 then 18(y2 - 16) + 8(y2 - 81)
\342\226\240
0. The only positive solution of this equation is \342\226\240
\321\203 6, from
which \342\226\240
\317\207 44.

10. By change of variable, the 4 planes can betaken to be \317\207- 0, \321\203 0,

=

- 0,
\316\266 and +
\317\207 +
\321\203
\302\267
\316\266 0. Then, the alternatives are as follows:
X \320\243 \316\266 +
\317\207 +
\321\203 \316\266

>0 >0 >0 >0 (OK)

>0 >0 >0 <0 (Impossible)

<0 <0 <0 >0 (Impossible)

<0 <0 <0 <0 (OK)
There are -
2\320\246 2 \342\226\240
14 regions. (Solution by A. Schwartz.)

To Short Answer Questions.

1. There are 4 possible situations, of
which the one with the largest
possible value of \317\207 is illustrated
at the right. Use the theorem that
an angle bisector of an angle of a
triangle divides the oppositeside
into segments proportional to the
adjacent sides to find that \320\266
\317\207

1980.
9 9 660 X

(2\321\205)\320\243 64 -\302\253\342\226\272
(2\320\2432)(\321\205\320\2432)
-

64.
(2\320\2432)(\321\205\320\243)\320\243 But xy 2
\302\273 -\302\273 (2\320\2432)(2)\320\243
\302\253 - 64
2\321\2032\321\207\321\203 - 26 \302\2534\302\273

- 6 - - - - 2\"
1/3
\321\2032+ \321\203 0. If \320\243 2, X \302\261/\320\263.if \321\203 -3, \317\207
1980 ARML 89

|2x - +
3. - 4 - - + or + * 8.
\321\203 |//\302\247\" 3|2x \321\203 4|//\320\223. Thus, \321\205 \321\203\302\2532 4\321\205 \321\203

The first quadrant lattice points are (1,1), 0>4).

4\302\267 The given terms are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th terms in the binomial
expansion of (3 + 2)6. The 6th term is 6 \302\267
3
1
576.

5. In the diagram, DK || EF. Since

\302\253 and
AGDK^AGBF, DK/BF DG/BG
DK \342\226\240= Since
9y/5. AHFE~AHKD,
DH/HE \302\253
DK/EF - DK/2y \302\253
(3/2)(DK/3y)
\302\253 \302\253
(3/2)(3x/5x) 9/10.

1 + 2 sin cos
\317\207 \302\253
\317\207 1 + sin 2x > 0.
Inequality is satisfied if and

only if sin +
\317\207 cos <
\317\207 0. But
sinx + cos =
\317\207 /2\"sin (x + 45\302\260),

so 135\302\260 < <

\317\207 315\320\265

7. (See diagram below.) (a + lid)2 - (a + 5d)2 - (a + 9d)2

- (5d)2, so
a \302\253
4d. From this, Height - 12d; Area \302\253
972 \302\253
(12d/2)(4d + 14d) -
108d2 and d - 3. Upper base equals 12, lower base equals 42. By
similar triangles, length sought equals 10.

a + lOd

From the conditions, the number is divisible by 9, 4, and 5. Since

180has 18positive integral divisors (which includes 1, 3, 4, and 5),
there are 14 positive o\302\243\\\\QJi integral bases in which N rmUt have at
least one terminal zero.

To Relay 1.
1. One of the legs of a right triangle must be even and greater than 2.
The answer is 0.
2. Usingthe trigonometric
identities

sec2x - tan2x - 1 and csc2x - cot2x \302\253

1 ,

we get the answer -2.

3. The sum of all the positive divisors is 168. The answer is -2 +

168 \302\253
166.

4. the identity x \342\226\240 we that

Using log^a log&c 1\316\2778^\302\260\302\273
8et

\302\253
\320\272 2 \317\207
3 x \302\253
24 - 24.
1og25 1og53 41og32 log22
90 1980 ARML

The answer is 24 + 166 \302\253

190.

5. 624 - -
5\320\246 1 \302\253=
100005
- 1 -
44445. The answer is 4 + 190 = 194.

To Relay 2.

1. The fraction is equivalent to

/2 + /3 ~_ 1.414+ 1.732 3.146

\342\200\236
^ 1.001 .
\317\200 3.142 3.142
The answer is 0.

2. The minimum value of the left member of the equation is 4+4*8

when =
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 1. The answer is 2+0=2.

3. Letting u = +
\317\207 2 and =
\316\275 3x - 6 the equation is equivalent to
u3 + v3 * (u + v)3 -* 0 \302\273
3uv(u + v); u = 0 \302\253
\302\253* \317\207
-2,
=
\316\275 0 =
-
\317\207 2, and u + \316\275
= 0 ~ 1
\342\226\240*\342\226\240
\317\207 **> \342\226\240
\320\272 1. The answer is 1+2

4. A simple guess yields that \342\226\240

\317\207 3. The answer is 3 * 3 \316\262
9. If \317\207

is replaced by 3, +
\321\203 after expanding and simplifying, we get
6y3 + 3y2 + 39y + 27 * 27, or equivalently, y(2y2 + +
\321\203 13)
\302\253
0.
For \321\203
* 0 we get \321\210
\317\207 3. The other values of are
\321\203 Imaginary,
yielding imaginary values for x, and so must be excluded.

5. The triangle must be equilateral\302\267 Hence, if a equals one side,

a2/3/4 \302\2536. The perimeter equals 3a \302\273
3(24)^(3)\"^ \302\273
(576)^(27)4
Hence, =
\320\272 576x27 and the answer is 576x3 - 1728.
 1981 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION, (1) A *tandand-typz bank loan of \317\207 dollars at a monthly

rate of r percent (on the unpaidbalanceat the beginning of the month)
is paid in equal of dollars.
monthly payments \316\241 These payments start at
the end of the first all indebtedness month, and is paid off at the end of

the Nth month. Find a formula giving \316\241 in terms of x, r, and N.

(2) Vulner Able Poorsoul with Mac Robuck Slybanker at the
consulted
local bank. He is faced a choice between titiO
with standard-type loans of
and
\317\207\317\207 x2 dollars, respectively, both at a monthly rate of rx percent
and running simultaneously for a period of N months; or a bAJlQtz
consolidated loan of +
x2) dollars at a monthly rate of r percent for
a period of N
(\317\207\317\207
months. The conversation went as follows:
PooJUOuZ: I notice that the consolidated
rate r is larger than r,.
Won't this make larger the total of my payments back to the
bank?
SZybankeA: No, not necessarily. Since we've arranged that
N^
\342\226\240
Nr,
the fact that r > ra implies that <
\316\235
\316\235\317\207
proportionately.Hence you pay for a shorter period, so that your total
payments may be smaller.
Help the Poorsoul! Analyze this situation and determine when the banker's
claim is valid. Justify your conclusions\302\267

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. In how many ways can 5 men and 7 women be placed in two classrooms,
where no room contains more than 8 people?
2. For the path ABCDEFGA shown here, the
length of equals the length FG of CD,
and all other path segments have unit

length. Find the maximum distance

between any two points of this path. FHiG
3. If A and \320\222 are fixed non-zero real
numbers such that A2 < B, find all
real numbers \317\207 such that

|x3
- 7x2 + 161 - -B + 2Ax - x2.

\320\220\320\254
4. The longer base of an isosceles
\302\260B

trapezoid has a length equal to that of one

of its diagonals, and the shorter base has length equal to that of the

91
 92 1981 NYSML

altitude\302\267 If all these lengths are positive integers, what is the

smallest possible area of such a trapezoid?
5\302\267 A drawer contains 2 red and 3 blue socks. Socks are taken out of the
drawer successively, without replacement. What is the probability
that the 4th sock drawn is blue?

6. Let p, q, r, s, t satisfy the 3 equations

p3 + sp + t = 0, q3 + sq + t \302\253
0, r3 0.
+ sr + t -
If p, q, and r are distinct, evaluate p2 + q2 + r2 in terms of
s t. and

7. A 4-digit postive integer with all non-zero digits has the sum of its
digits equal to an integer made up of its first two digits on the left
(in the original order). It is also 100 more than a \"palindromic\"
integer (i.e., one which reads the same when the digits are reversed).
What is the integer?

8. Find an ordered triplet of integers (A,B,C), 1 < A < B, such that

A6B5 \302\253
C11 and ABC is a minimum.

9. Find integers \317\201 and q which are relatively prime, . q positive,

such that
log312- (log37)(log75)(log54) *. +

10. During the period from 1 p.m. (inclusive) to midnight (inclusive), how
many times does it occur that the hour hand and the minute hand of a
clock are perpendicular to eaohother?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. The number of degrees x, y, \316\266in the angles of a triangle satisfy

both of the equations +
\317\207 7y
- 13z * 0 and 3x - -
\321\203 6z \342\226\240
0. Find
the ordered triple (x,y,z).
2. Calculate the least positive remainder when 23 + 35 + 57 + 711 is
divided by 11.

3. One hundred people, each with all grey hair or all blackhair, are

arbitrarily seated in 4 separate rooms. What is the largest number of

people with the same color hair that we can be sure of finding in at
least one of these rooms?

4. A circle has radius 3. Find the sum of the squares of the distances
from any point on the circle to the vertices of an inscribed square.

5. How many non-negative integers \316\267have the property that the digits
of their base 2 representation are (in the same order) exactly the
same as the digits of the base representation 3 of 2n?

6. The circumference of the larger of two circles exceeds that of the

1981 NYSML 93

smaller by the radius of the smaller circle\302\267 If the two circles have
areas which differ by (1/2\317\200) + 2, what is the radius of the smaller
circle?

RELAY 1,

1. Let the primes \317\201 such that 2p

- 1 is a perfect squarebe arranged
in order of increasing size. What is the second number on this list?

2. Let N \342\226\240
TNYWR - 3. What is the number of positive integers less than
N which are relatively prime to N? (Note that 1 is relatively prime

to all positive integers\302\267)

3. The circle circumscribing a regular polygon of TNYWR + 2 sides has a

radius of TNYWR. What is the area of the polygon?

4. Find the altitude of an equilateral triangle whose side is of length

TNYWR.

5. Let N \302\253
^c(TNYWR). Find the number of solutions (a,b,c,d) in positive
integers, to the equation

a2b2cd \342\226\240
N .

RELAY 2.

ol Competition:
\320\236\320\272\320\260\320\276\320\273 Cente/\316\271 iA ptibbtYittd u)ith two \320\277\321\210\320\277\320\254\320\263\320\273\320\261
1\320\272\320\276\321\202

f^KOYVt and back, <u &hot\342\204\226in diagram:

BiT
\320\241 center
\321\203

B2 \316\244 first back

\320\2622

+
\320\241
B2 second back
_ \316\244 F.
i
first forward
4\302\267
F\342\200\236
2
F2
second forward
\316\223\317\2071

The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon is the

720\302\260. When
\316\222\317\207
angles are ordered according to ascending order of t
magnitude, he 3
smallest are equal. How many sides has the polygon?

F. In an isosceles triangle with base of unit length, one angle is 10 times

another\302\267 How many incongruent triangles have this property?

B2
What is the smallest positive integer which has TNYWR - 3 distinct
prime factors, and is divisible by a square greater than 1?
TNYWR

F0 2 What is the smallest multiple of 5 which is also divisible by

TNYWR?
94 1981 NYSML

\320\241 Let d equal the greatest common divisor of the two numbers you will
receive. If a number has d2 divisors, what is the largest number of
distinct prime factors it can have?

1981 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.
Let Bfc
be the balance of debt at the end of the kth month, after the

payment. Setting BQ
\302\253
x, s \342\226\240
(r/100), d \342\226\240
1 + s, we have

\320\222\302\253
\320\272
B.
k-1
, + sB.
k-1
. - \316\241 or B. - dB.
\320\272 k-1
, - .
\316\241

Dividing by d yields

Bk \" Bk-i \317\201

'
a,k a.k-1 a,k
\316\234 \316\234
and summing over \302\273
\320\272 1, \316\234 yields
\302\267\302\267\302\267, \320\222 * d -
\317\207 (d - l)(P/s). Since
N is the smallest \316\234 such that Bw
\302\253
0, this last yields that
sx
i-\302\253fN

The claim of Slybanker is that

sN(xx + x2) siNixi + siNix

'
1 - d -\316\235
1 - d1 *i 1 - d1-N -\316\235
\316\271

- 1 + s , sx = (r/100). Since is
this \342\226\240
where
\316\254\317\207 s1$1
sN equivalent
to (1 - d\"N)_1
< (1 -
dj\"^)\"1, or d^i < dN. This last is, in turn,
equivalent to *
(1 + Sl)Sl li (1 s)S +

where s > sx. Actually it is the reverse inequality which holds here. To
see this, note that since s, - )s, we have (N/N <
\316\235 \316\235
, and our claim
is equivalent to

(1 + (\316\235/\316\2351)\316\262)\316\234\317\207>
(1 + s)N .

By the binomial theorem,

N,
\302\273\"
\320\272
+ -
(1 I
(\316\235/\316\235\317\207)\316\262\316\233
k-0 UJ

where (since N > N), for 0 < <

\320\272 N,

Ni
U M1 ' K
\316\235 N;
V1
\316\235
;
\342\200\236k N, N, \316\232
N
_1_ '
IkJ Nk
1981 NYSML 95

Thus,
N

(1 + (N/N )s)Ni > l (1 + s)N,

k-0
as desired.

To Team Questions.

8
\316\271.
\316\243 12\"
3498.
k=4

2. It is easy to see that the line joining

A and \320\241when extended is

perpendicular to ED. Thus\302\273 the desired maximum distance is either

from A to D or from A to E. Using Cartesian coordinates with

origin at the midpoint of AB we have

/2
(AD)2
= ^ + \302\261 + 1
*\342\231\246* *\342\231\246 2

and

* 'i)2 \302\261+
(AE)2 \320\273.
1+T>

Thus\302\273 the second is larger and the desired maximum is /7/4 + /2.

3. The given condition implies that- -B + 2Ax - x2 * 0 or x2 - 2Ax +

< But -
\320\222 A2 < (x - A2 \302\253 - 2Ax + < 0
\320\222 0. then, A)2 + \320\222 x2 \320\222 yields
\320\222 A2,
\320\271 in contradiction to the hypothesis. Answer: There are no
real solutions.
The picture is shown on the right.
Thus ED \302\253
s + h(l - s) - (4 + s)/2,
Then from right triangle BED:
2
s2 + ji^-il\" - \302\2432

M'
which implies that 5s \342\226\240
31. Since
the area of the trapezoid is
(s + l)s

it is minimized by taking s and SL as small as possible. But the

smallest such that 5s \302\253
3Z are s \342\226\240
3 and I * 5,
positive integers
Hence, the smallest area equals 12.
Since the a priori probability of a blue sock on a single draw drawing

is 3/5, this be the probability

must of a blue on the 4th Another draw.

way of seeing this is to note that the of possibilities for number

the
drawing 4 socks out of the 5 equals 4 3 2 As for the 5
\302\267\302\267 \302\267 \302\253
120\302\267

with
number the last one blue, work backwards: There are 3 choicesfor
this blue, then 4 \302\267
3 \302\267
2 for the other 3 drawings. Thus,
96 1981 NYSML

A \302\267 3 \302\253
2 \302\267
3 \302\267 72 ,

with the last one blue. Hence, the probability of the 4th one blue
equals 72/120 = 3/5.

6. Since p, q, \320\263are the 3 distinct roots of the polynomials x3 + sx +

t, it follows that +
\317\201 q + r \342\226\240
0 and pq + pr + qr
\302\253
s. Thus,

p2 + q2 + r2 - (p + q + r)2
- 2(pq + pr + qr) \302\273
-2s .

7. Observe: -
\316\267 a + 10b +102c + 103d \342\226\240*a + b + c + d=10d + c \302\253*
a + b * 9d. Also, a + 10b + 102c+ 103d- 100+ (palindromic
integer) so that a + 10b + 102(c - 1) + 103d- (palindromic integer).
Since \321\201 0,
\317\206 >
\321\201 1, and it follows that a \302\253d, b \342\226\240- 1.
\321\201 Hence
9d - a + b - d + b or b * 8d, and this last implies d \342\226\240
1, b \342\226\240
8,
so that a \302\253
1, \342\226\240
\321\201 9. The answer is 1981.

8\302\267 Setting \316\221* \316\222=

\316\240\317\201\302\261\316\261\316\271,
\316\240\317\201^1,
C= HpJ1, (the \317\201 distinct

primes), AeB5 \342\226\240

C11 is equivalent to +
6\320\260\320\2205$\302\261
\316\262 for
11\316\263\316\221
all i.
Then we have (!) ABC -
\320\237\321\200^+^
\302\253
\316\240
Pl(\"/\\302\253i+(\"/\")Bi")
. Since

>
\320\222 A > 1 we must have \316\262^
>
\316\261^
for at least one i, say i \342\226\240
i*,

and then

(*) ABC > (i7/ii)ai*+(i6/u)Bi* > \320\263\320\24117/11)01!*^16/11)^*

\317\201

If 0
\316\261 \317\206
\316\233
then > \316\261 \302\243
\316\262.\316\233 \320\273 1,
and since 6a.\320\273
+ 53 \320\273
must be

divisible by 11, + is smallest for \316\261 * 1,

(17/11)\316\2611\316\233 (16/11)\316\262\302\261\316\233 \316\233

0.\320\273
e 12. The lower bound for ABC in (*) is then achieved by A =
2,

*
\320\222 212, -
\320\241 26, where ABC - 219. If \302\253
0, then > 11 and
\316\261\302\261\316\233 \316\262\302\261\316\221

some other prime \317\201 divides A (i.e., a* > 1 where if \316\262?

e
0,

a* > 11). Thus, from (!) in this case

ABC > > 216\302\26733 > 219 .
P\302\243*6P\302\2433

Hence A *
2,
=
\320\222 212 , *
\320\241 26 gives the desired minimum.

9. Observe:
log3l2 - (log37)(log75)(log54)
* \302\243 . + 2
g{f ^\316\227\317\212*

^\320\246 +\302\243-log34+\302\243;
log3 \320\2213
q q\302\273

log34 +2
+ - \342\226\240* \302\253
1 .
log34 log33 ^

Hence, \342\226\240
\317\201 q
\342\226\240
1 since \317\201and q are relatively prime.

0. The minute hand and the hour hand are perpendicular two times every
hour of the given interval, except between 9 p.m. (inclusive) and 10
p.m., and 3 p.m. (inclusive) to 4 p.m., in each of which it occurs only
once. Answer: 20.
1981 NYSML 97

To Short Answer Questions.

1. Observe: +
\317\207 +
\321\203
\302\253
\316\266 180, +
\317\207 7\321\203
- 13\316\266 * 0, -
\320\227\321\205 -
\321\203 6\316\266 \320\236-*>
\302\253

* \302\273 *
\316\266 the answer.
\317\207 90, \321\203 54, 36j

2. 23 - 8; \320\2275- 243 *
lltx + 1; 52 - 25, 53 \302\253
125 \302\253
lls1
+4, 5* \302\253

625 -
lls2 +9, 57 - 535** -
(lls1
+ 4)(lls2 + 9) \302\253
llt2
+ 3; 72\302\25349,

71* - 78 - (llr2 + 3)2 -

77rx + 14
73 - 343 \302\253 + 2, \302\253 + 3;
Urx llr2

llr3 + 9, 711 \302\253

7378 - +
2)(llr3
+ 9), or 7n - llt3 + 7.
(11\320\263\321\205

Thus, we have

23 4 35 + 57 + 711 - 11(\317\213\317\207
+
t2
+
t3)+8
+ l+3 + 7 - llt^ + 8 .
The answer is 8.

3. Let Rx , Rj , ,
1\320\246 R^ be the rooms and \320\241denote black or grey hair
color. Thus, the state of eachindividual, C), consisting of
his room and hair color, has 4*2 -
(R^,

possibilities. By the 8

pigeonhole
principle, of the 100 people at least 100/8 * 12^ have must

the same Thus, at least 13 people with the same hair color
state\302\267

are in same room.theThis is the best we can do in general since we

can have 12 with black hair and 13 with grey hair in each room,

4. Since a diagonal of an inscribed square is a diameter of the circle,

its length is 6. Further, the sum of the squares of the distances from
a point on the circle to the ends of a diameter is the square of the
diameter, or 36 here. The answer is 72\302\267

5\302\267 Let \342\226\240

\316\267 * *\302\267 a** \316\262
^ or *\302\267be the base ^
(akak ak
\302\267\302\267*a0)2\302\273 ai
representation of n. Then, \302\253
\316\267
a0
+
2ax
+ \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ 2
a^ and the
hypothesis requires that 2n \302\253 +
22ax
+ \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ \316\262 +
3ax
+ \302\267\302\267\302
2a0 2k+1ak aQ
... +
3kak. This in turn yields that
ao + ai \321\210
(3*
* + \302\267\" +
Ok
-
23)a2 2k+1)ak.
Since 3k > 2k+1 for >
\320\272 2, this implies that

2 > aQ
+ >
\320\260\320\263
3k - 2k+1
and hence, <
\320\272 2. Since <
\320\272 2, 0 < <
\316\267 7, and in this range we
find only \302\253
\316\267 0, 5, 6 have the desired property. The answer is 3.
6. Let r >
rx
be the radii of the two circles. Then the problem gives:
- - and - \342\226\240 + 2 .
2\317\200\316\2232 2irrx rx irr22 irr\302\243 \316\263-

From the first equation, r2

\302\253
(1 +
1/2\317\200)\316\223\317\207
and writing this in the
second equation yields

implying r2 - 2 or
r2
\342\226\240
/?, the answer.
98 1981 NYSML

To Relay 1.

1. The first two smallest primes for which 2p - 1 is a perfect square

are 5 and 13. The answer is 13.

2. The integers relatively prime to 10 are 1, 3, 7, 9. The answer is 4.

3. A hexagon with radius 6 for its circumscribing circle, has an area of
6x (16/4)/T \302\253
24/3.

4. The altitude of an equilateral triangle with side 24/3 is

(24/3)/2 /3
\317\207 - 36 .
5. N = 36/4 * 9. The solutions of the type a2b2cd in positive
1, 1, 1,
integers

are: 3, 1, 1, 1; 1, 1, 3, 3; 1, 3, 1, 1; 9; 1, 1, 9, 1.
The answer is 5.

To Relay 2.

The polygon has 6 sides; (n - 2)180 - 720 =*> -

\316\267 6.
\316\222\317\207

F The possible angles are: 15, 15, 150 and 60/7, 600/7, 600/7. The
answer is 2.

\320\222 6-3=3 so the integer has 3 primes. The smallest integer with 3
primes and divisible by a square is 22 3 x
\317\207 5 \302\253
60.

F2
The smallest multiple of 52 which is divisible by 2 is 25x2 = 50.

\320\241 The GCD of 60 and 50 is 10. The number of divisors is 102 \302\253100. If
e e
the number is then
p11p22\302\267\302\267\302\267
the number of divisors is
(e2 + l)(e2 + 1)
\302\267\302\267\302\267

which must equal 2x2x5x5 - 100. The answer is 4.

 1981 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION.
1. SIMPLE BEGINNINGS.
(a) Let [x] denote the largest
-
integer less than or equal to x,
and define {\317\207}
\302\253
\317\207 [\317\207], ({\317\207} is called the i^actional \321\200\320\260\320\273\302\243
\320\276{>

\317\207.) For example, [7.2] - 7, {7.2} \302\253

.2, [-3.2] - -4, and
{-3.2} .8 .
\342\226\240 Note that we always have 0 < {x} < 1. Determine
{-/?} in terms of /2\\

(b) Prove that for real numbers \317\207 and \321\203we have
{x + y} - {x}
if and only if \321\203 is an integer.

2. FIRST PROBLEM.

(a) Show that all bitQj&VUb \317\207 are solutions of

(*) {x2} \302\253

{x}2 .

(b) Verify that \302\253

\317\207 3/2 is a solution of (*), and show that it is the
only solution in the range 1 < <
\317\207 2.

(c) Find all real numbers \317\207which

\" satisfy (*) and are in the range
2 < <
\317\207 3.

(d) For N any integer > 1, let F(N) equal the number of real
numbers in the range 1 < <
\317\207 N which satisfy (*)Find a above.
formula for F(N) as a function of N. Prove your formula.
3. SECOHV PROBLEM

(a) Show that aZl AJitZ%VUb \317\207 are solutions of

<**) ix2} - ix} .

(b) Verify that -
\317\207 *s(l + /5) is a solution of (**).
(c) For N any integer t 1, let G(N) equal the number of real
numbers \317\207 in the range 1 < <
\317\207 N which satisfy (**) above.
Find a formula for G(N). Prove your formula.

A. ON YOUR \320\250.

Generalize the above by considering more general equations of the type

represented by (*) and (**). For example, one possibility would be

\302\253
(***) f({x}) {f(x)b

where f(x) is a polynomial.

99
100 1981 ARML

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. For which integers \320\272 does \317\207 have the largest coefficient in the
expansion of (x + 3)50 ?

2. In rectangle ABCD, AB - 10 and

\342\226\240 A point
15.
\320\222\320\241 \316\241 inside the
rectangle is such that PB \302\253
12
and PC \302\253
9. What is the length
of PA ?

3. Find the largest integer N such

that

-
N <
(/33 + /\320\250 + /2 8)\"1 .
4. Let r and s denote the two real roots of xz - /5x +1 = 0. Then
r8 + s8 is an integer. Determine this integer.

5. There are two values of \320\272 for which the cubic polynomial 2x - 9x
12x - \320\272has a double root. What are these two values?

In the figure, an equilateral

triangle and a semi-circle have been
erected on the diameter AB of
length 8. What is the area
(shaded region) of the part of the
triangle which is interior to the
triangle and exterior to the
semicircle?

Determine the value (as a real

number) of
S \302\253
sin2(10\302\260) + sin2(20\302\260) + sin2(30\302\260) + ... + sin2(90\302\260) .

Find the sum of all 3-digit numbers in the base 10 whose 3 digits are
non-zero and distinct.

9. The sides of the triangle ABC

are AB \302\253
7,
\302\253
11,
\320\222\320\241 AC - 8.

If UP, VQ and WR are

respectively perpendicular to the
sides as shown, and UW \342\226\240
3, find
the ratio of the area of triangle
UVW to the area of triangle ABC.

10. If \317\207 and \321\203 are acute angles,

such that

tanx + tan \342\226\240 - tan tan

\317\207 y) ,
\321\203 /J(l

and /\316\243sin \321\203

=
1, find \317\207 in degrees.
1981 ARML 101

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 4 minutto. A positive prime \317\201 is

a zero of a polynomial with
integer coefficients, of the form
x6 + ax5 + bx1* + ex3 + dx2 - 1470 .
Determinethe set of possible values of p.

2. 4 mimtfzA. In a race of 1760 yards, A beats \320\222

by 330 yards and A

beats \320\241
by 460 yards. If the contestants continue to run at the same

uniform rates, by how many yards will beat

\320\222 C?

3. 5 mimittL\302\267. A circle is inscribed in a 3-4-5 triangle. How long is

the line segment joining the points of tangency of the \"S-side11 and
the \"5-side\"?

4. 5 minuteA. Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the geometric

progression having first term i and ratio (1 + i), i \342\226\240
/^T. Give the
answer in the form +
\321\201 di, where \321\201and d are real numbers.

5 mtuoteo. Let , r2
\317\204\316\273 , r3 be the 3 zeros of the cubic polynomial
x3 - -
\317\207 1. Then, the expression

r 1 (r
\320\247
- V
\320\263 ' -*2>2
2 3 -\316\2231)2+\316\2233<\316\212
2+\320\2232<\320\223\320\255

equals a rational number Find this number.

4 itiiYiutOA. In the diagram to the

right, the angles A, B, and \320\241

are each 45\302\260, and the segments

BD and CD extended, are

perpendicular to AC and AB,
respectively. If AD * 10,
determine the distance from \320\222 to C.

7. 5 m\302\243nu\302\243t6. For N a positive

integer, let F(N) equal the number of squares which can be formed with
sides parallel to the axes, and vertices in the set of points (x,y),
where \317\207 and \321\203 are integers such that 0 \302\243
\316\237\316\255\317\207\316\255\316\235, *
\321\203 N. (Note
that F(l) \302\253
1 and F(2) \302\253
5.) What is F(10) ?

8. 4 The
\321\202\321\210\321\210\320\233\320\276\320\233.
diagonals AC

and BD of a convex
quadrilateral meet at \316\241and have lengths
AC \302\253
14 and BD \302\253
10. Also,
angle BPC is 150\302\260. What is
the area of the quadrilateral?
102 1981 ARML

RELAY 1.

1. Choose any non-zero integers A and \320\222 and pass on the pair (A,B).

2\302\267 In the pair you've received increase any even entry by 1 and leave
odd entries unchanged. Use these, in the original order, to form the
polynomial Ax + B, square it, and pass on the result in the form

ax2 + bx + \321\201

3. The polynomial you've received is of the form ax2 + bx + \321\201where a,

b, \321\201are integers. Replace each of a, b, \321\201by its least positive
remainder after division by 8. Pass on the resulting quadratic
polynomial in x\302\267

4. Subtract 4x from the polynomial you've received, and calculate a

zero of the resulting polynomial. Pass this on.
5. Let \316\244 equal the square of TNYWR. Calculate the number of degrees
in the acute angle
Arcsin((2T- 1)(3T- 1\316\2231) .

RELAY 2.

1. Calculate the ratio of the area of a circle to the area of the square
which can be inscribed in it.
2. How many rational zeros does the polynomial
2x5 - 3x* + Ax3 - oCTNYWRW\"1

have?

3. Find the smallest integer greater than TNYWR which is simultaneously

a cube, a fourth power, a sixth power.
and

4. How many real zeros does the polynomial

12x3 + 108x2 - (3/1024)(TNYWR)

have?

5. Let u \316\262
TNYWR. Find the smallest prime \317\201 larger than 10, which can
be represented in the form

\302\253
u - u
\317\201 xu yu
where \317\207 and \321\203 are positive integers.

1981 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

1. (a) {-/2} - -/2 - [-/2] - -Si + 2.

1981 ARML 103

(b) +
{\317\207
\316\262
\321\203} {\317\207} is equivalent to x + \321\203
- +
[\317\207
\342\226\240
\321\203]
-
\317\207 [\317\207] which

is, in turn, equivalent to \342\226\240 +

\321\203 [\317\207 \321\203]
-
[\317\207]. Finally, this
last implies that \321\203 is an integer and is implied by this fact.

2. (a) For \317\207 an integer, x2 is an integer, so that {x2} \302\253

0 \342\226\240
{x}2.

(b) {3/2} - 1/2, {3/2}2 - 1/4 - {9/4}\302\267 Let -

\317\207 1 + \321\201, 0 < \321\201 < 1.
Then {(1 + \321\201)2} - \321\2012 implies {1 + 2\321\201+ \321\2012} \302\253
\321\2012, and by 1(b),
this is equivalent to 1 + 2c \342\226\240I, an integer. But then,
\302\253
\321\201 (I
- l)/2, and 0 < \321\201 < 1 implies
-
\321\201 1/2, or \317\207
\302\273
3/2.

(c) Observe: -
\317\207 2 + \321\201, 0 < <
\321\201 1, {(2 + \321\201)2}-\321\2012 implies

{4 + +
4\321\201 \321\2012}
- \321\2012.

Then from 1(b), this is equivalent to 4 + 4c \302\253

I, an integer.
But then -
\321\201 (I - 4)/4 and 0 < <
\321\201 1 yields 4 < I < 8. This
gives as possible \317\207,
*
\317\207 2h\302\273 2^, 2%

(d) The integers from 1 to N provide N solutions. Fixing an

integer k, l<k\302\243N-l9 consider solutions \317\207 such that <
\320\272

< + 1. Then \302\253 + < < and =

\317\207 \320\272 \317\207 \320\272 \321\201, 0 \321\201 1, {(\320\272 + \321\201)2} \321\2012

gives {\320\2722 + +
2\320\272\321\201
\321\2012}
\302\253
\321\2012 and by 1(b), this is equivalent to
k2 + 2kc * I, an integer. This gives -
\321\201 (I - k2)/2k, where
k2 < I < k2 + 2k, which provides 2k - 1 possible values of x.
Thus, we have
N-l
F(N) - N +
I (2k - 1) \302\253
N + (N - l)2 - N2 - N + 1 .
k-1
which includes the N integers 0, 1, 2, N
\302\267\302\267\302\267,
- 1.

3. (a) For \317\207 an integer, {x} - 0 - {x2}.

(b) =
\317\207 H(l + /5), x2 - (3 + /5)/2, [x] \302\253
1, [x2] - 2, {x} =
hd + /5\")
- 1 = 4(-l + /5\") and {x2} - Ij(3 + /5) - 2 - b(-l + /5) =
{x}.
(c) {x} * {x2} may be rewritten {x} \302\253
{x2
- +
\317\207 x} and by 1(b),
this is equivalent to x2 - \302\273
\317\207 I, an integer. But then for
\317\207 1,
\320\263 \342\226\240
\317\207 4(1 + /I + 41) and 1 < <
\317\207 N is equivalent to
1 \320\271 2N
\320\271
/\320\223\320\237\320\242
- 1 or 0 I
\302\243 \316\2352-
\320\271 N. Hence,

G(N) - \316\2352
- +
\316\235 1,

which includes the integer \342\226\240

\317\207 1 when I \302\253
0.

To Team Questions.

1. The coefficient of xk is
350~4^\302\260|\302\267
Then for 0 \320\272
\320\271 50,
\302\243

35o-k|50j <3eo.(k+i)|50ji
which is equivalent to 3(k + 1) 50
\320\271
- \320\272. This, in turn, is
equivalent to 4k 47,
\320\271 so that the largest coefficient occurs for *
\320\272 12.

2. In figure on next page, let T-LABP-LBCP; since Z-BPC - 90\302\260,

 1981 ARML

cosT \302\253
9/15 - 3/5. Then by the \320\222
15

law of cosines,
\316\223\316\244\316\235
\302\253
102 + 122-2\302\26710\302\26712 cos \316\244
(AP)2
9
- 12
244 240 \302\267
100,
j

so that AP 10. -- \316\241

\342\200\236~\302\253*

Lrrl
Since

/33 + \302\253
/\316\240\316\262\" /(1 + /3l)2 - 1 + -
/\320\267\320\223 1 + 4/\320\223,

/33 + /\320\22328\" +/2-8 = 5/2-7. The reciprocal (5/2 - 7)\"1 \302\2535/2 + 7.

Noting that 7 < 5/3\" < 8, we have 14 < 5/2 + 7 < 15, so that N=14
We have r + s \302\253
/5 and rs = 1. Hence, r2 + s2 - 3, and squaring
this yields r1* + sfy \342\226\240
7. Finally, squaring this last gives
.
\316\270 \316\270
\320\263+ s 47.

Let r be a double root, s the other root, so that

2x3 - 9x2 + 12x - =

\320\272 2(x - r)2(x - s) .
Comparing coefficients, this yields
2r + s =
9 r2 2r2s -
j , + 2rs 6, and .
\320\272

Multiplying the first equation by 2r and using the second,

9r = 4r2 + 2rs = 4r2 + (6 - r2) \342\226\240=
3r2 + 6 ,

or r - 3r + 2 = 0. This yields r - 1, s 5/2, =

\320\272 5 or r-2,
s \342\226\240
1/2, =
\320\272 4. The answers-are 4 and 5.
\316\225

The rhombus 0DEC has area

4-4sin60\302\260 = 8/1. The area of
the circular sector ODC is
(1/6) = the
8\317\200/3.
(\317\204\317\204\302\26742) Thus,
shaded region has area equal
to
8/3 -^.
\" \320\222
Note that sin210\302\260 + sin280\302\260 - 1, 0
sin220\302\260 + sin270\302\260 - 1, \302\267\302\267\302\267
and finally, sin240\302\260 + sin250\302\260 1,
sin290\302\260 = 1. Thus S - 5.

Let d be one of the digits 1, 2, 9.

\302\267\302\267\302\267, Then d occurs in the ith
place, i =
0, 1, 2, precisely 8x7-56 times. Then the desired
sum equals (56) x (1+2+3+\302\267\302\267\302\267+ 9) x (102 + 10 + 1) - 56\302\26745\302\267111 =

279,720, the answer.

Triangle UVW is similar to triangle ABC since corresponding angles

are equal. This follows since sides of these angles are perpendicular
(e.g., with LA \302\253
LW). Thus the ratio of the areas is (3/7)2 =
9/49.
 1981 ARML 105

10. Observe: (tanx + tany)/(l - tanxtany) \342\226\240

Jb - tan (x + y) \342\226\240*\302\267

+
\317\207 \302\253
\321\203 60. Also, /2\"siny - 1 implies \342\226\240
\321\203 45 so that \316\262
\317\207 15.

To Short Answer Questions.

1. Since p* + aps + + cp3

\320\254\321\200\321\206 + dp2 - 1470 it follows that p2 divides
1470, and this in turn, implies \302\253
\317\201 7. This is actually possible
since 76 + (-7)75 + (30)72 - 1470 - 0 (i.e., take a - -7, b-c*0,
d \302\273
30). The answer is 7.

2. When A finishes,.\320\222 has run 1760 - 330 - 1430yards, and is 130 yards
ahead of C. When has
\320\222 run 1760 yards he will be (1760/1430)(130)-
160 yards ahead.

3. Clearly, x + z-4, x + y-5,

+
\316\266 \342\226\240
\321\203 3 (see figure at right),
which implies \342\226\240
\316\266 1,
=
\321\203 2, \302\253
\317\207 3.
Then, using the law of cosines,
tz \342\226\240
yz + yz
- 2yycosA

or t2 - 22 + 22 - 23-3/5- 16/5.
Thus, t - 4//I - 4/5/5.

4. S - a(l - rn)/(l - r), which

equals

i(l - (1 + i)22) 22
_ + - 1 .
(1 i)
-i

Since (1 + i)2 - 2i, (1 + i)22 \302\273 2ii.ii! -i-2n so that

S - -1 - i\302\2532u -1 - 2048i.
5. Since
rx , r2 , r3 are zeros of x3 - -
\317\207 1 it follows that r2 r3
\320\263\321\205
\302\2731

and
tj
+
r2 + r3 0. Then

\" \" + \" + \"

)2 )2 )2
\320\2231
(\320\2232 \320\2233 \320\2232
(\320\2233 \320\2231 \320\2233
(\320\2231 \320\2232

-
(\320\263^-\320\263
+
^\320\2632)
+
(r2r2-2
+
r2r2)
+ (r3r2-2 + r3r2)
- ^2(r2 + r3) + +
r3)
\317\2042(\316\223\316\271
+
r2(ra
+
r2)
- 6
_ - r-3 r* -r3 - \316\233

- \" \" 3 \" 6

-\320\2231 \320\2232 \320\2233
\320\222
-9 .

6. Since LA 45\302\260 -
\302\267
/.ABE -> AE - BE,
and LACF - 45\302\260 -*\302\267 LCDE - 45\302\260 ->

DE * EC, it follows that triangles

AED and are
\320\222\320\225\320\241 congruent. Thus,
-
\320\222\320\241 10.

7. We will show that in general we have

106 1981 ARML

F(N) - y(N - 1) + N2 so tfiat F(10) \302\253

102 + 92 + 82 + 72 + 62 + 52 +
42 + 32 + 22 + 1 \302\253
385; to establish the above recursion, note that
there are F(N
-
1) squares with sides parallel to the axes and

vertices among the (x,y) with 0\302\243X,y<N-l. The remaining squares

with a vertex (x,y) such that \342\226\240
\317\207 N or \302\253
\321\203 N are determined by
their lower left hand corner. Since there are N(N)
* N2 possibil-
ties for this corner, the recursion follows. We have

+ 1>(2N + 1) -
F(N).1^2^..-+N^N(N

F<10)- i0lHl21. 385 .

8. It is easily seen that this area equals

I (AC)(BD) sin (Z.BPC) or
\\
(14) (10) sin 150\302\260 \302\253
- 35 .
70\302\267|

To Relay 1.
1. Let A - 1, -
\320\222 1.

2. +
(\317\207 l)2 \321\210
\317\2072+ +
2\321\205 1.

3. \317\2072+ +
2\321\205 1.

4. \317\2072
- +
2\321\205 1 has 1 for a zero.

5. (2T - 1)(3T - l)\"1 \302\253

% and Arcsin ft) \342\226\240
30\302\260.

To Relay 2.

1. ^r2)/(2r2) \302\253
\317\200/2.

2. The polynomial may be written as 2x5 - 3x** + 4x3 - 3. Using Descartes1

Rule of Signs shows that there are no negative roots as there are no
variations in signs\302\267 The candidates for rational roots are 1, 3, 1/2,
3/2. The only candidate satisfying the zero condition is 1. Hence,
the answer is 1.

3. The answer is 212 as 12 is the least common multiple of 3, 4, and 6.

The answer is 4096.

4. The polynomial is 12x3+ 108x2- 12 \302\253

12(x8 + 9x2 - 1). The zeros of
x3 + 9x2 - 1 \342\226\240
x2(x + 9) - 1 are between -8 and -9, and two are
between -1 and 1. In fact, the roots are approximately -8.9876,
-\342\200\2423398, .3274 . The answer is 3.

5. The smallest prime larger than 10of the form x3 -

y3 can be obtained
as follows: -
y3 (x
-
y)(x2 + xy + y2).x3
\342\226\240 But -
\317\207 \321\203must be 1.
1981 ARML 107

let - 1. Then the of the form

\317\207 +
\321\203 prime \317\201must be

(v + l)2 + y(y
+ 1) + y2 \302\273
3y2 + 3y + 1 - 3y(y + 1) + 1 .
When \342\226\240
\321\203 1 the value is 7 < 10 so is rejected. When -
\321\203 2 the
number is 19. The answer is 19.
 1982 NEW YORK STATE MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

POWER QUESTION. .

I. VERY BASIC STUFF/

Given an integer b > 1 every positive integer \316\267 is uniquely rep-
resentable in the form *
\316\267
aQ axb + + \302\267
\302\267
\302\267 +
akbk,
where the a^
i \302\253
0, 1, k,
\302\267\302\267\302\267, are integers such that 0 < a\302\261
< b. This is the
<\\e.p\\Cb(Ln\302\243ciLLoH 0jS n in Jt/ie b&bd b. The aA are the digits in this
representation, and it is sometimeswritten as \316\267= (akak-i' \" *
'\320\227\321\207
' a^b\"'
For example: 61 = (2021)3 and 261 * (2021)s.
(a) What are the admissible values of a digit in the base b?
(b) Represent 572 in the base 4.
(c) For m a fixed positive integer, represent bm - 1 in the base b.
(d) For m a fixed positive integer and t an integer such that
0 < t < b1^, how are the base b representations of t - 1 and
-
b\342\204\242 t related?

II. SOME SUM OF A BASE/

For any integer b > 1, let Sb(n) equal the sum of the digits in
the base b representation of the positive integer n. Thus, for

(61) * 5, - 5, Sb(b2) 1, and =

(b - l)b?) =b
example, S3 S5(261) Sb(l+
(a) What is the relationship between Sb(bn) and Sb(n)?
(b) If \317\207 is an integer such that 0 < \317\207< bm, evaluate
- 1 - x) +
Sb(bm Sb(x) .
(c) For r an integer in the range 1 < r <
b, and m any fixed
evaluate -
positive integer, Sb(b\342\204\242
r).

(d) For r an integer in the range 1 < r < bm, m any fixed positive
integer, evaluate Sb(r(bm - 1))\302\267
III. A BASE IS WO BALL!

The objective is to extend 11(d) above by evaluating Sb(r(bm-1))

in cases where r > b. Suggested are:

(a) Integers r whose base bm representation has only digits which

are 0 or 1. Call such an r a base-bm-Oiae-CA. For example,
(1011)9 and (1100)9 are base-32-one-ers, but (1102)9is not.

(b) Integers r whose base bm representation has no two consecutive

108
1982 NYSML 109

non-zero digits. Call such an r, base-bm-6paczd-0iU. For ex-

ample, (3020) and (3002)^ are base-22-spaced-out,
but )2_
(3021)\321\206

is not. Note that the r of 11(d) are all base-bm-spaced-out.

(c) Evaluate
Sb(r(bm-1))
in other cases.
JUSTIF/ ALL ASSERTIONS!

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. Find positive integral values of xa

and
x2 so that the number of
distinct prime factors of x1(2x2 + Xj + l)(5x2
+ 1) is as small as
possible. (Note that 1 is not a prime.)

2. In triangle ABC (in the figure below)\302\273 angle ACB is 50 degrees

and angle CBA is 70 degrees. Let D be the foot of the
perpendicular from A to \316\271\316\237 the
\320\222\320\241 center
of the circle circumscribed about
triangle ABC, and \316\225 the other
end of the diameter (of this circle)
which goes through A. Find the
angle DAE.

For how many positive integers m,

m < 3\316\2640, is there an integer >
\317\207

such that

(5)33x + (7)32X - m - 0 ?

A complex number of the form + yi,

\317\207 i \302\253
S-l9 where \317\207 and \321\203 are

positive integers, when cubed yields a number of the form -74 + ci,
\321\201 real. Find all possible values of the pair (x,y).
For given positive integers x, y, where \317\207 and \321\203 are relatively
prime, a prime r divides each of 9x + 7y and 2x + 3y. Find r.
Let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to the real
number x, and {x} \342\226\240-
\317\207 [\317\207] is called the fractional part of x.
For
{/3}2 - 2{/2}2
\321\217
\302\267
{/3} - 2{/2}
Find [\320\263]. r

The right triangle ABC (in figure

at right) has a perimeter of length
6. The points D and \316\225are such
that the midpoint of DE and the

midpoint of AB are collinear with

C. If the length of CE is twice
that of CD, find the length of
the side AC.
 \320\277\320\276 1982 NYSML

8. A polynomial f(x) with integer coefficients is of the form

f (x) = x6 + Ax5 + Bx4* + Cx3 + Dx2 + Ex + F.

Given that f (/J) - f(/J) \302\253
f(/F) - 0, find A, B, C, D, E, and F.

9. A factory has 3 shifts per day each covered by one man. Five men work
these shifts according to a schedule which provides that after \316\244 days

every possible triplet of them has worked on the same day, and every
possible pair of them have been off on the same day. What is the
smallest possible value of ?
\316\244

10. Find all pairs (p,q) of non-zero, relatively prime integers, such
that the polynomial x3 -
3px + 2q has a multiple root.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. Connie Fusion wrote 6 checks, addressed 6 envelopes for the

6
corresponding different bills, and then randomly put exactly one check into
each envelope\302\267 What is the probability that exactly half the
envelopes contain the correct check?

2. Find the smallest positive integer >

\316\267 1 which, for some pair of
unequal positive integers r and s, is simultaneously an r-th power
of an integer, an r2-th power of an integer, an s-th power, and an

(r + s)-th power.

3. The average number of degrees in the angles of a convex polygon is

150. How many sides does it have?

4. Let A e and
\317\200/\320\227, starting at -
\317\207 1 on the circle of unit radius
and center at the origin (i.e., x2 + y2 * 1), move
on
counter-clockwise this circle by successively adding angles of A, 2A, \320\227\320\220,

96A.
\302\267\302\267\302\267, (i.e., A, A + 2A, A + 2A + etc.)
\320\227\320\220, Counting the
starting point, how many times do we arrive at a point whose \317\207

coordinate is \342\226\240
\317\207 1 or \342\226\240
\317\207 -1?

5. A unit circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle, and a tangent

is drawn parallel to one side of the triangle. How long is the
segment of the tangent which is intercepted by the other two sides?

6. Let f(x) be a polynomial with integer coefficients, such that

f(3) \302\253
5. If an integer I has the property that f(I3) s 15, what

are the possible values of 1?

RELAY 1.

1. Of 1000 people, we know that two out of every five wear eyeglasses,
and one of every five has red hair. What is the maximum possible
number of these who neither wear glasses nor have red hair?
1982 NYSML

2. A parallelogram has a perimeter of length TNYWR. If one side is 5

times the length of the other, what is the length of the shorter side?

3. Find the smallest root of x2 - 14x + (TNYWR

- 1).

4. For -
\316\234 (TNYWR)TNYWR the exponent of the highest power of TNYWR

which divides N! has the form A(N

-
1), where A is a real
number\302\267 Find A\302\267

5. Let A \302\253
TNYWR. The number of degrees in two angles of a triangle
are, respectively, A and 2A times the number of degrees in the
3rd angle. How many degrees is the smallest angle of this triangle?

RELAY 2.

Fl. The total number of degrees in the angles of \317\207 convex

quadrilaterals and \321\203 convex pentagons, where \317\207 and \321\203 are positive, add
up to the total number of degrees in the angles of \316\266convex

hexagons. What is the smallest possible value of z?

F2. Find the sum of the digits of 149 in its representation in the base
\342\226\240
\320\222 TNYWR. Pass your answer in the form F - ?

Bl. What is the degree of the polynomial

(x6-l)(x - 1) ?
(x2-l)(x3-l)

B2. Let N * TNYWR. In how many ways can one form committeesof N

people> from a group of 3N people? Pass your answer in the form

*
\320\222 ?

\320\241. Let F \302\253

TNYWR from in front of you, and \302\253
\320\222 TNYWR from behind you.
Find the positive irrational root of the cubic
x3 -
(l/3)Bx + F .

1982 NYSML SOLUTIONS

To Power Questions.
1. (a) 0, 1, 2, \302\267.\302\267,
(b
- 1).

(b) 572 - 2-4* + 3-42 + 3-4 - (20330)u

(C)
- -
\321\214\320\263\320\260
\316\271 (b - \320\277\321\214*-1+
-
(\321\214 + \302\267\302\267\302\267
1)\321\212\321\202\320\276~2 + -
(\321\214 Db1 + (b - i)
because (bm
- l)/(b - 1) - bro\"x + \320\252**2 + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ \320\254 + 1. If we
- 1 by C, then - 1 -
denote b bm
(C0---C)b
% '
\316\275

m digits
 1982 NYSML

(d) (t - 1) + (bm
-
t) \302\253
(b1\"
- 1) \302\253
(ec---c), . If we denote -
\321\201 \317\207
D

by x' for \342\226\240

\317\207 0, C, and
\302\267\302\267\302\267, t - 1 * then
(\321\205\321\211#\"\321\205\320\276^\320\254*

b - t \316\262
(x^-'*x!)b.
That is, corresponding digits in the base
b representation of bm - t and t - 1 add up to \321\201

(a) If \342\226\240
\316\267 then nb * S0 that *
(\321\205\320\272###\321\205\320\276^\320\252 ^xk###xo\302\260^b\302\267 SK^nb^

Sn(b).
(b) b - 1- \317\207 and \317\207have base b representations in which
corresponding digits add 1. There are
up to b - in digits in each,
possibly counting some leading zeros. Hence,
- 1 - x) + \302\253
m(b
-
1) \302\267
Sb(bm Sb(x)
(c) using part (b), we have S,(b - r) + Sb(r - 1) \302\253
m(b
- 1). Since
r < b, S. (r -
D
1) - r - 1. Hence, S.
D
(bm - r) - m(b - 1) - (r - 1)
(d) r(bm - 1) - (bm
- l)(r - 1) + <bm
-
1)
- - 1)
\320\254\320\230(\320\263 + ((bffi - 1) - (r - 1)) .
The first summand of the latter expression has a base b
representation ending with m zeros, so that

sb(r(bra
- l)) \302\253=
sb(bm(r
- l)) +
sb((bm
- l) - (r - i))
= - 1) 4 m(b - 1) -
Sb(r
- 1)
Sb(r
- m(b
- 1) .
\320\272
\"
(a) r -
\316\243*<\321\212
with
\302\273 e. - 0 or 1.

Important identity:
r(bm- 1) - ( J
a \316\245
\320\2621\320\254\321\2171)(
(b- l)bj)
j-0 j-0
\320\272m-1 . , .
- e.(b - l)bml+J
\316\243 I \320\263
i-0 j-0
Since e - 0 or 1, each e (b - 1) is a legitimate base b

digit. Also, the mi + j are all distinct since 0 j & & m - 1.

Thus,
\320\272m-1

s.,b(r(bm
- 1)) - I_ l_ -
1)
\320\2654(\320\254
i-0 j-0
\320\272

- 1) I e - m(b -
m(b
i-0
l)Sfe(r)
1982 NYSML 113

(b) We use the important identity from part (a), but now we know only
that 0 < e. < bul.m - 1. Thus,
-
1) < (bm - l)(b - 1) <
(b
- l)bm
e\302\261(b

- l)bmi+J < (b - 1)b\302\273(i+1)^-l

\342\200\242t(b

where 0 < j < m -

1, so that
m-1
- mi+j
\316\243 \320\265\320\233\320\254 Db1
1
j-0
only requires nonzero digits at most only at b , b . \302\267\302\267\302\267\302\273
. m(i+2) \342\200\236
b . Hence,

- - - 1\302\273 ,
Sb(r(bm
1\302\273
J S^e^V

which equals, using 11(d),

\320\272

S. - m(b - 1)L (r)

I b i (\320\265.(\320\252\320\250-1))

i-o *m

where L (r) equals the number of nonzero digits in the base b\342\204\242
\320\252\321\202

representation of r.

To Team Questions.

The value of the expression is clearly >

1, so it has at least one
prime factor\302\267 For
xa
\342\226\240
1, x^
\321\211
^f ^e exPress*on is equal to
(1)(8)(16) - 27 ,

which has only one prime factor. It can be shown that there is no
other solution. The answer is \317\207 \342\226\240
1, 3.

Observe, from figure at right:

Z.BAC \302\253
180 - 50 - 70 \302\253
60\302\260

Lace -
90\320\224
Z.AEC \302\273 \302\253
LABD \302\273
70\302\260
JjAC
LBAD \302\253
90 - 70 - 20\302\260

LEAC \302\267
90 - 70 \302\253
20\302\260

LDAE - 60 - 20 - 20 \302\253
20\302\260

The answer is 20\302\260.

Observe:

m \302\253
(5)33x + (7)32x \302\267 +
32\316\247(5\302\2673\316\247 7) .

Each positive integer value of \317\207 produces a different value for m,

and the question is how many values of \317\207 produce a value for m <

360\302\267
114 1982 NYSML

+
5\302\26733\317\207 <
7\302\26732\317\207 360 -*> <
5\302\26733\317\207 360 \342\226\240*> < 360
3\316\261\302\26733\316\247

-\316\277 +
3\317\207 1 < 60

and
<
\317\207 19 ,

which is a solution since

5\302\267357 + < \320\22760
7\302\26733\316\2221

is equivalent to

* 33,
S+jTT
which is true. Thus, \302\253
\317\207 1, 19,
\302\267\302\267\302\267, and no others, produce a
value for m < 360 , so that there are 19 possible values for m. The
answer is 19.

4. Observe: >
\317\207 0, \321\203
> 0, integers, and

(x + yi)3 - x3 + 3x2yi + 3xy2i2 +

y3i3

\302\253
(x3
-
3xy2) + (3x2y - y3)i
= -74 + ci .

Thus, x(x2 - 3y2) * -74, and \317\207 divides -74, or \342\226\240

\317\207 1, 2, 37,
74, with corresponding values
x2 - 3y2
\302\253
-74, -37, -2, -1,
and

-3y2
\302\253
-74 - 1, - 4, -2 - 1369, -1 -
-37 5476 .

The only possibility with an integer solution for \321\203 is -3y2

\316\262

-74- 1, yielding \316\262

\321\203 5. Thus, *
\317\207 1, \302\253
\321\203 5 is the only solution
It can be shown that there are no other solutions even if negative
values are allowed for \317\207 and y. The answer is (1,5).

5. Since r divides both (9x + 7y) and (2x + 3y), it also divides
2(9x + 7y)
-
9(2x + 3y) \302\253
-13y and 3(9x + 7y) - 7(2x + 13x. 3y)
\302\253

Since r divides 13x and 13y, and \317\207 and \321\203 have no prime
factor in common, we have r \302\253
13\302\267

6. Observe: {/J} \302\253

/J - 1 and {/2} \302\253/I - 1 .
Hence,
- I)2 - 2(/2 - I)2
2 (/3
\302\253
\320\250

(/J- 1) - 2(/2 - 1)
3-H \342\226\240
2/3- 2(2 + 1 - 2/1)
/3 - 1 -
\302\253
2/2\" + 2

-2/J + 4/2 - 2
m
/I - 2/1 + 1

- -2 .
Therefore, [z] \302\253
[-2] * -2. The answer is -2.
1982 NYSML 115

(See diagram to right\302\267) Perimeter

equals 6, DL * LE, AM \302\253

MB\302\267

Draw D'E' through L and

parallel to AB; L is then the
midpoint of D'E', since by
dCL-.
similar triangles
D
D'L *
CL . CL * LE^
ana f
AM CM CM MB

Next, if DE is different from

D'E', we would have \316\234

AD'LD \320\231\320\224\320\225'\320\254\320\225
,

implying a right angle at Ef. Thus, DE must be the same as D'E1.

It is also given that CE \342\226\240
2CD, so that CB - 2CA, by similar
triangles\302\267 Thus

AB \302\253
/CB2 - CA2 \302\253
/3 CA ,

and perimeter equals (1 + 2 + /J)CA

\342\226\240
6 or CA \302\253
6/(3 + /3)\302\2533
- /J.
The answer is 3 - /3\".

8. We have

0 \302\253
f (/2) \302\253
8 + 4/2 A + 4B + 2/2 +
\320\241 2D + /2 +
\316\225 F

0 \302\253
f(/3) \342\226\240
27 + 9/3 A + 9B + +
\320\241
\320\227/\320\227 3D + +
/\320\227\320\225 F

0 \302\253
f (\316\2757?)
* 125 + 25/5A + 25\320\222 + +
\320\254^\320\241 5D + /5\320\225 + F

+
\316\234 \302\253
\316\235>\316\2120 ,

and \316\234,\316\235 integers implies

\342\226\240
\316\234 \342\226\240
\316\235 0f and similarly for /J and
/5. Hence,
0-8+4B+2D+F
\302\253
27 + 9B + 3D + F
\302\253
125 + 25B + 5D + F
and
0 - AA + 2C + \316\225

- 9A -f 3C + \316\225

\302\253
25A + 5C + .
\316\225

These two sets of equations have the solutions

-
\320\222 -10, D - 31, F - -30, A \342\226\240-
\320\241 -
\316\225 0 .
The answer is (0,-10,0,31,0,-30). Also, since the coefficients
are rational, if /I is a zero of f(x), so is -/F. (x2
- 2) Hence

divides f(x). Similarly x2 3- x2 - 5 divide f(x). Since and

the leading coefficient of f(x) is 1,

f(x)
\302\253
(x2
- 2)(x2 - 3)(x2 - 5) - x6 - lOx4* + 31x2 - 30,
and the same answer is obtained.
9. If every possible triple has worked on the same day, then
automatically every possible pair has been off on the same day. Thus,

\321\202-\320\244-\320\250-10\302\267
 116 1982 NYSML

10. Let f (\317\207)

= \317\2073- + 2q.
\320\227\321\200\321\205 If f(x) has a multiple root at x, then

f(x) = 0 and f'(x) - 0\302\267

x3 - + = 0
2q
\320\227\321\200\321\205

3x2 - 3p \342\226\240
0 , x2 * \317\201
\342\226\240*> >
\317\201 0 \302\267

*
\320\236 -
\317\2072\302\267\317\207 + 2q
\320\227\321\200\321\205
8 -
\317\201\317\207 2q+
\320\227\321\200\321\205
- -2px + 2q ,
so that, px
*
q. Since the greatest common divisor of \317\201 and q
is 1, and q * px, we have \342\226\240
\317\201 1, q
- x\302\267 Moreover, x2 \342\226\240\342\226\240
\317\201 1,
so q * \302\253
\317\207 \302\2611. Hence, (p,q) must be (1,1) or (1,-1)\302\267 Easy

algebra shows that both of these do indeed yield multiple roots\302\267 The

answer is (1,1) and (1,-1).

To Short Answer Questions.

1. There are 6 checks and 6 envelopes. Three checks are to be placed

in the correct envelope. There are

\317\206

ways to choose these 3 to be correctly placed. The remaining 3 checks

must be incorrectly placed. There are 2 ways to incorrectly place the
first of them, and 1 way to incorrectly place the 2nd and 3rd of then.
Thus, there are

\320\244-2-\320\253

ways to correctly place exactly 3 checks\302\267 Altogether there are 6!

ways to place 6 checks. Hence, the probability of correctly placing
exactly 3 checks is:

* ~ '
6! 3! 3! '\320\261! 18

The answer is 1/18\302\267

2. Observe: \342\226\240
\316\267 rth power, sth power, r2-th power, and (r+s)-th
power, with n>l, r>0, s>0, r^s (all integers)\302\267 We make use
of the principle that if \316\267 is both a pth power and a qth power, with

p, q relatively prime, then \316\267 is a pq-th power\302\267 First observe that

\316\267 is at least a 6th power. This is obvious if r s > + 6\302\267 For the
cases r + s \316\2623, 4 or 5, it follows from the principle above\302\267

And s < 3 is
r + impossible\302\267 Finally, the smallest 6th power, -
\316\267

26 \342\226\240
64, satisfies the required conditions for r \342\226\240
1, s \316\262
2\302\267 The
answer is 64\302\267

3\302\267 The angle sum for an \316\267-sided polygon is (n - 2)(180)\302\267 The average
equals
(n
- 2)(180)
50 m
\316\267

5n \302\253
6(n - 2)
1982 NYSML 117

=
\316\267 12 .

The answer is 12.

4. The angles obtained are A(0), A(l), A(l +2), A(l + 2 + 3), etc.
A(l+x+ .\302\267\302\267
+k)
-f k(k2+1)
The question is, which of these angles, for =
\320\272 0, 1, 96,
\302\267\302\267\302\267, are
integer multiples of \317\200. This, in turn, requires that k(k + 1) be
divisible by 3. This happens when \320\272 is divisible by 3 or
=
\320\272 0, 3, 96
\302\267\302\267\302\267, (33 values); and when +
\320\272 1 is divisible by 3
or =
\320\272 2, 5, \302\267
\302\267 95
\302\267, (32 values)\302\267 Thus, there are 65 values of \320\272

which satisfy the required condition\302\267

5. In the figure on the next page, we have

- * tan 30\302\260 = v7!

so =
\317\207 vX The altitude equals tan
\317\207 60c * (v'J) (/J) - 3. Hence,
\302\253=
\316\266 1, and y/z \342\226\240
x/3. Hence \316\262
\321\203 \317\207/3
\316\262
/\317\212/3 and the segment equals
2y = 2v,3/3. The answer is 2/3/3.

6\302\267 Observe: f(I3)

- f(3) - 15 - 5 - 10\302\267 As polynomials in 1, (I3 - 3)
divides f(l3) - f(3), and the quotient has integer coefficients.
Thus, as integers, I3 - 3 divides 10\302\267 Therefore,

I3 - 3 \302\253
\302\2611, \302\2612, \302\2615, \302\26110 ,

I3 \302\273
A, 2, 5, 1, 8, -2, 13, -7 .
But 1 and 8 are the only cubes in the list, so that all possibilities
are eliminated except I * 1 or 2\302\267 To show that I \302\253
1, 2 are
solutions, polynomials must be found satisfying the required conditions
for these values of I. For I \342\226\240
1, an example (there are others) is
f (x) \302\253-5(x
-
I) + 15 \302\253
-5x + 20 .
For I * 2, an example is

f (x) - 2(x - 8) + 15 \302\253

2x - 1 .
118 1982 NYSML

The answer is 1 and 2.

To Relay 1.
1. \302\253 wear (1/5)(1000) - 200 have
We have (2/5)(1000) 400 glasses,
red hair. The largest number with neither glasses nor red hair will
be realized if the 200 with red hair are among the 400 with glasses.
In this case, there are 600 with neither glasses nor red hair.

2. In the accompanying diagram,

Perimeter = TNYWR =
600, 5x_
Perimeter = +
\317\207 5x + +
\317\207 5x
12x = 600
=
\317\207 50 .
The answer is 50.

3. TNYWR = 50. Solve 5x

x2 _ I4x + 49 = 0
(x - 7)2
= 0 .

The answer is 7.

- 77. Find the highest 7 which divides N!.

4. TNYWR =7. X power of

We are given that it has the form

7A(N-1) ^

Of the N factors 1, 2, 77 of
\302\267\302\267\302\267, N!, U/7)N are divisible by
7, (1/72)N are divisible by 72, etc., so that the highest power of
7 that divides N! is

I* + + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+
yyS
yj-N

- 76 + 75 + ... + 7 + 1

77 - 1 1 ,\342\200\236 n

Thus, A \302\253
1/6, the answer.

5. A - TNYWR
- 1/6. Let \320\241be the 3rd angle of the
TNYWR =1/6.
triangle. Then

- + 2 - + + -
\320\241
180 +
\320\241 \320\241 (1 \302\243 \320\267) j\320\241
JC \317\206

- - - 40.
\320\241 120, -\320\241 20,
|\321\201

Hence, the smallest angle is 20\320\265

1982 NYSML 1

To Relay 2.

Fl Quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons have angle sums of 2A, \320\227\320\220,

and where A \302\253=

4A, 180\302\260\302\267Thus,

x(2A) + =
(\320\227\320\220)
\321\203 z(4A)

2x + 3y * 4z, >
\317\207 0, >
\321\203 0 ,

2x + 3y > 4 >
\302\253*\342\226\272
\316\266 1 \302\267

For \317\207 1, \320\266

\321\203 2, we get \302\253
\316\266 2, which is the smallest possible
value\302\267

F2. TNYWR \342\226\240

Express 149 in base 2.
Divide by 2 149 74 37 18 9 4 2 \342\226\2401

Quotient 74 37 18 9 4 2 1 0

Remainder 1 0 1 I 0_
1 0 ! 0 u-l_
149 = (10010101)2\302\267
The sum of the digits is 4, the answer\302\267

Bl. The numerator of (x6-l)(x - 1)/[ (x2 - 1)(x3- 1)] has degree 7,
denominator, degree 5, so the quotient has degree 2. Algebraically,
- ll -
fx6 f \317\207 1 1
~ +
\317\2073 1
+ + 1
ix3 - Ijlx2 - lj *+1 \317\207* \317\207

The answer is 2.

B2. TNYWR *
\302\2532\302\267\316\235 2. Form committees of 2 from a group of 6\302\267 There a

L\302\267! \316\262
\316\262
(6) 15\320\255
v2; 4-2
ways, the answer\302\267

C. We have F * 4, \316\262
\316\222 15\302\267 Solve

3
\317\207 - |(15)x + 4

x3 - 5x + 4 \302\253
0

(x - l)(x2 + -
\317\207 4) = 0

=
\317\207 1 is a rational root; irrational roots are
-1 /l2
\302\261 - 4(l)(-4)

of which, the positive one is

-1 + /\316\2527

the answer.
 1982 ATLANTIC REGION MATHEMATICSLEAGUE

POWER QUESTION.

1. WEIGHING IW.
Given 4 bags of coins such that (a) all coinsin a given bag weigh
the same, and (b) the coins of a given bag weigh either 1, 2, or 3
ounces. Take 1 coin from bag 1, 3 coins from bag 2, 9 coins from bag
3, and 27 coins from bag 4. Weighing these 40 coins together on a
scale yields a weight of 95 ounces. Determine the weight of a coin
in each of the 4 bags.

2. THE PUhlCHV PROFESSOR.

An absent-minded professor has 6 bags of coins such that (a) all

coinsin a given bag weigh the same, and (b) the coins of given bag a

each weigh either 1,2, -

\316\234
\302\267\302\267\302\267, 1, or \316\234 ounces, where \316\234 is known
to the professor. He then takes
\316\2341\"1

coins from bag i, i-l, 2,3,4,5,6, and weighs these

1 + +
\320\230 \316\2342+ \316\2343+ +
\320\2301* \316\2345

coins together on a scale, obtaining a weight of 5465 ounces. Noting

this on a scrap of paper, he hurries off. Later, noting this weight,
he wants to determine the weight of a coin in each of the 6 bags,
but he finds that hd hcib falgottzn tht value. 0^ M. Help the
professor! Determine \316\234 and solve his problem.
3. FOR HEAl/VWETGHTS OHLV.
Suppose that the above story had involved L bags of coins, and
the choosing of
\316\2341\"1

from bag i, and that these

1+ +
\316\234 \316\2342+
\302\267\302\267\302\267
+ \316\23431\"1

coins altogether weigh W ounces. Then, it is not always true that

a knowledge of L and W allows us to recover a unique value for M.

Investigate conditions under which this is possible. Give examples.

[Juubtiiy all cuAZAtionb, much \320\276\320\270\321\214
\320\276\320\270\321\214 po6&iblz.)

TEAM QUESTIONS.

1. Find the volume of the region determined by the conditions

and + - < 0 .
0<x<y<z<6 \317\207 \321\203 \316\266

120
 1982 ARML 121

2\302\267 The two lines DE and FG are both

parallel to AB, and the 3 regions
CDE, DEGF, FGBA have equal areas\302\267

(See figure\302\267) What is the ratio of

the length of CD to that of FA?

3. For how many different nonreal com- A' ~\320\222

plex values of \320\222 do the

polynomials x3 - -f
\317\207 1 and x2 - +
\317\207 \320\222have a common zero?

4. Two lines intersect and form acute an angle at a point A. Three

circles are tangent to 2 lines, these and successively tangent to each
other, as in the diagram at
shown

right. The distance of the center A

of the largest circle from A is

9 times the distance of the center
of the smallestcircle from A.
What is the sine of the angle at
A?

5. A function f(x), which tends to

infinity as \317\207 tends to infinity,
satisfies an identity of the form

2(f(x))a+3 + 3(f (x))2a+b - -

\321\201 0 , A
where a, b, and \321\201are real
numbers not depending on x\302\267 What are all the possible values of c?
6. For all pairs of angles (A,B), measured in degrees, such that
sin A + sin \316\262
\316\222 /l and cos A + cos *
\320\222 VJ

both hold simultaneously, what is the smallest possible value of

- in
|A B; degrees?

7. A cubic polynomial f(x) * x3 + ax2 + bx + \321\201with at least two

distinct roots has (i) the sum of all roots equal to twice the product
of all the roots, and (ii) the sum of the squares of all the roots
equals 3 times the product of all roots. If f(l) \342\226\240
1, find \321\201

8\302\267 Express the following quantity, involving binomial coefficients, as

a single binomialcoefficient:

C>\" (*:,>-.
<\342\226\240;\342\226\240>\302\253

where m, n, r are positive integers such that m i +

\316\267 r\302\267

9. We throw a die, with 6 sides numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, until 6 comes

up\302\267 What is the
probability that all 3 numbers 1, 2, 3, and also
at least one of 4 or 5, comeup before 6?

10\302\267 A company with 4 senior partners and 3 junior partners wanted to form
its management committees so that each committeehad at least two
122 1982 ARML

senior partners, and at most one junior one\302\267 How many different
committees could they form?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

1. 5 mimU&b. Find the minimum of the function xy/(x2 + y2) in the

domain (2/5) < <
\317\207 (1/2), (1/3) < <
\321\203 (3/8).

2. 5 mwiutZA. Find the distance to the origin of each point in the

cartesian plane which is simultaneously equidistant from the two lines
= \317\207 and \302\253 and the
\321\203 \321\203 -\317\207, point (5,3)\302\267

3. 5 minut&b. Evaluate the limit as \317\207 tends to infinity of the function

+
\320\254\321\2053 6x2 + \317\207 - fcx3 + 3x2 + 2x \302\267

4. 5 rrunmtQA. Find the largest integer such \320\272 that 5 divides

(3)(10!) + (12)(5!) + (4)(7!)

5\302\267 5 TMJiixtbb. How many positive integers less than ten million have

exactly 77 divisors?

6\302\267 5 mimxtU. Three right triangles

fit together as shown in diagram at
right (so that the hypotenuse of one
side is a side of the next) \302\267If oJUL
the sides of these triangles have
integer lengths, which is the
smallest possible value of the sum of the
lengths of the 3 hypotenuses(i.e.,
+ +
cx c2 c3)?

7. 5 If one
\321\202\321\210\321\202\320\245\320\273\320\233. rolls a perfect 6-sided die, with faces numbered 1

to 6, seven times, what is the probability that the number 4 will

occur at most once?

8. 5 mLnutZA. Let i \302\253

/^T. Give the set of complex numbers \316\266 such

that

|z - l| - |z +
3|
-
|z - i| .

RELAY 1.

1. For some triplet of integers n,k,r, >

\316\267 >
\320\272 r > 1, we have the
binomial coefficient equation
\342\226\240
\342\226\240
\302\253> \320\276

Find the smallest possible value of +

\320\272 r.
1982 ARML 123

2. Letting t - TNYWR find the smallest positive integer \317\207which

satisfies

x* + -
\317\207 lOt .

3. A right triangle has one leg of length /TNYWR and its other sides
have integer lengths. Find the sine of its smallest angle.

4. Find a rational number \317\207 such that for A \342\226\240

TNYWR,

x3 + Ax2 + A2x + A3 - 0 .

5. Setting i \342\226\240
/^T, let \317\207 be the smallest positive integer such that
-6(TNYWR) + \302\253
\317\207 +
(\321\203 iz)2 has integer solutions for \321\203 and z. Find
x.

RELAY 2.

Fl. Evaluate:
-, 12x3 = + 5x2= + 3
lim
\317\207-** 2x3 + 106

F2. A regular TNYWR-gon has a side length of 2(3^). Find its area\302\267

Bl. Find the complex number which corresponds to the midpoint of the line
segment joining 2 + 3i and -6 + 5i.

B2. If N \320\262
|tNYWR[2, how many consecutive zero digits appear at the
right end when N! is written in the base 10 (in the usual way)?

C. Let N equal the sum of the two numbers you will receive.
Determine the number of pairs (x,y) of integers such that
|x| +
|y|
< N.

1982 ARML SOLUTIONS

To Power Question.

1. Let xA
+ 1 be the weight in bag i.
of one coin Then we have

+ 1) +
(x2
+ 1)(3) + (x3 + 1)<9) + + 1X27)
(x\342\200\236
- 95 ,
(\317\207\317\207

or xx + 3x2 + 32x3 + 33x Since the \302\25355. base 3 representation

of 55 is 2001, the desired weights are (2,1,1,3) \302\253
+1,
(\317\207\317\207 x2
+1,
+ 1,
\321\205\320\267 \321\205\321\206+1).

2. Let yA be the weight of one coin in bag i. Then

\316\275 + yM + yM2 + *--+yM5\302\2535465 .

This in turn implies the inequalities

+
\316\234 \316\2342+ + \316\2345<
\302\267
\302\267
\302\267 5465 < +
\316\234 \316\2342+ \302\267
\302\267
\302\267
+ \316\2346
124 1982 ARML

(the latter, since j^ < M). The first inequality above implies M<5,
and the second implies >
\316\234 5, so that =
\316\234 5. But then, as 1 + 5 +

52 + .+ 5: 3906,
-
1) + - D(5) + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ - 1)(55) - 1559 \302\2530222145
(\320\2432 (y2 (y6
and using the method given in the first part above, we obtain

\321\216
(5, 2\302\267 3\302\2671}
3\302\2673\302\267 \302\267
(yi\302\267 V V
\321\203\320\267\302\267 V ye}

To Team Questions.

1. The region is determined by 0 < \317\207

< y, x + \321\203
< z, <
\316\266 6, which
is a tetrahedron with vertices at (0,0,0), (0,0,6), (0,6,6), and

(3,3,6). The volume is (1/3)(6)(9) \302\253

18.

2. Observe: Area ACDE : Area ACFG : Area *=

\316\2240\316\221\316\2221:2:3 implies
-
CD : CF : CA = 1 : \320\224: \320\224 implies CD : FA - 1 : (\320\233\" /\316\243). The answer
is l/(/J - /Z) or /J + /\316\243.

3. The given conditions imply -

\320\222 x(l - \316\262
\317\207) 1/(1 + x). Thus, the
number of complex nonreal \320\222 equals the number of complex nonreal roots
of x3 - \317\207
+ 1 = 0. This equation has exactly one real root. The

answer is 2.

(See figure at right.) Let

\316\262
s
\317\207 sin and
-=\342\226\240
\321\203
-7
Then
s - \320\263 -
\321\203 1 _^
s + \320\263 +
\321\203 1

1 - \317\207
\" \302\267
\320\243
1 + \317\207

Note that \321\203 depends only on

Z-A, so \342\226\240
\321\203 t/s. From
similar triangles we get t/r \302\253

FA/CA =9, so t \302\253

9r. Hence,

s2 - rt - 9r2
y-7-7
3r-r _1
\342\226\240*
s-3r
3r + r' 2

sin4
\320\233
A \302\273
30\302\273
\320\220
\316\221
\316\262\"5~\302\267

The answer is /3/2.

If a + 3, 2a + b, 0 are all distinct, the corresponding summand

involving f to the largest of these would dominate the left side of the
equation. If either a + 3 or 2a + b equals 0, since f(x) is
positive and non-constant, it follows that the other equals 0, and
1982 ARML 125

hence \342\226\240
\321\201 5. If a + 3 \302\253
2a + b, we obtain

5f(x)a+3 -c-0,
Which implies a + 3 \302\253
0, and again \342\226\240
\321\201 5, the answer.

6. Squaring, sin2A + sin2B + 2 sin A sin \302\253

\320\222 2, and cos2A + cos2B +
2 cos cos A Adding
\302\253
\320\222 /2\". these yields cos (A
-
B) - /2/2. These
equations have a solution |A
\342\200\224
\320\222 *
j
We
45\302\260\302\267 can obtain such a
solution as follows: Let A \302\253 +
\320\222 45\302\260 and *
\317\207 A - 22.5\302\260. Then

sin A + sin \302\273

\320\222 sin (x +22.5)+sin (x-22.5) - 2 sin cos
\317\207 22.5\302\260 \302\253
/\317\212
,

or
/2
Sinx ~ #
2 cos 22.5C
22.5\302\260

A - +22.5
\302\267'\302\267
2
Sln-^^\342\200\224^rr) cos
22.5\320\265

A \302\253 \302\273
\320\222 27.4396\302\260 .
72.4396\302\260,

7. Condition (i) implies a * 2c. Since \342\226\240 -

\316\243\317\207|(\316\243\317\207\316\221)2
-
\320\263\320\223\321\205^.
a2-2b,

using (ii), a2 - 2b --3c or b - **(a2 + 3c). But

1 * f (1) \302\273
1 + 2c + 2c2
+|c
which yields -
\321\201 0 or \342\226\240
\321\201 -9/4. But \302\253
\321\201 0 gives f (x) \342\226\240
x3

which does not have distinct roots. The answer is -9/4.

8. Observe:

m! (m - n)! (m
- -
\316\267 r) ! (\316\267+ r) t (n + r)!
n!(m - n)! r!(m - -
\316\267 r)! m! n! r!
The answer is
,n
(
+ r4
) or
+ \320\263\321\205
/\320\237
( ) .
r n

9. We are interested in first occurrence sequences of the types: \302\267#\302\267\302\2676

or or
*\302\267\302\267\302\2674,6 There are
\342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\242\342\200\2425,6. 5! + 2(4!) of these. Since
there are 6! equally probable first occurrence sequences, the
desired probability equals (l/6!)[2(4!) + 5!] \302\253
7/30, the answer.

10. The number of ways of picking 2 or more of 4 senior partners is

+ + \" \302\267
\317\206 (3) (J)-
The number of ways of picking 1 or 0 of three junior partners is 4.
The answer is 44.

To Short Answer Questions.

1. Observe: xy/(x2 + y2) \342\226\240

l/((x/y) + (y/x)). Set -
\316\275 (x/y) so that
the right side of this equationequals l/(v + (1/v)). The given in-
126 1982 ARML

equalities imply 16/15 < \316\275 3/2,

\316\266 and for >
\316\275 1 the function v+ l/v
increases as \316\275 increases. Hence, the desired minimum occurs at
=
\316\275 3/2, and equals l/((3/2) + (2/3)) \302\253
6/13.

2. The point is clearly on the positive x-axis. Hence,

(x
-
5)2 + 32 - fcc2 ,
which \302\253
\317\207 10 \302\261 the answer.
implies 4/\316\223,

3. Let u \302\253*
(5x3 + 6x2 + x)l/3 and -
\316\275 (5x3 + +
\320\227\321\2052
2\321\205)1/\320\267. Using the
identity
u - \342\226\240
\316\275 (u3
- v3)/(u2 + uv + v2) ,
the given expression is (3x2
-
x)/(u2 + uv + v2). As \317\207 tends to
infinity the numerator behaves like 3x2 and the denominator behaves
like (3)(5)2/3x2, and the limit is 5\"2/3, the answer,

4\302\267 Observe: 3(10!) + 12(5!) + 4(7!) = (6!)(3-10-9-8-7 + 2 + 4(7))

which equals (6!)(25)(606)\302\267 The answer is 3.

5. To have 77 divisors, an integer is either of the form

pj6
or
P^P^
where \317\201 and \317\201 are primes. Since 276 > 107, the only
possibilities are (2103e) or (31026), both less than 107. The answer

is 2.

6. Observe: (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (13,84,85). The answer is 103.

7. The probability that 4 occurs exactly once is 7(5/6)6(1/6), and

the probability that 4 does not. occur at all is (5/6)7. The sum of

these equals 2(5/6)6, the answer.

8. Points +
\317\207 iy equidistant from 1 and i are on =
\317\207 \321\203. Points
equidistant from -3 and 1 are on =
\317\207 -1. The answer is -1 - i.

To Relay 1.

1. The smallest possible values do: r \342\226\240

1,
\302\253
\320\272 2, \302\253
\316\267 3. Then

\316\246
-
(?)
\"* k + r-3.
The answer is 3.

2. We have: x3 + \342\226\240
\317\207 30 has \302\253
\317\207 3 for the smallest positive x. The
answer is 3.
3. The sides are /J, 1, 2. The answer is b\302\267

4. The equation is equivalent to x2(x + A) + A2(x + A) * 0 or (x + A)

\302\267

(x2 + A) \342\226\240
0 ^ *
\317\207 -A. The answer is -*$.

5. Observe: -6(-%) + \302\253

\317\207 -
\321\2032
+
\316\2662 2yzi **> +
\317\207 3 \302\253
\321\2032
-*> -
\317\207 1.
 1982 ARML 127

To Relay 2.

Fl. Observe that 12x3 dominatesthe numerator while 2x3 dominates the
denominator. The limit is 6, the answer.

F2. If s is the side of a regular hexagon,its area is 6s2/J/4. But

s2 - 4,/T. Hence, the answer is 18.

Bl. Taking the average, we get that the answer is -2 + 4i.

B2. Observe: N \302\253
22 + 42 - 20; The answer is [20/5] \302\253
4.

\320\241 The number of integer pairs satisfying |x| + |y| < 22 is

1 + 3 + 5 + \302\267
\302\267
\302\267
+ 45 + 1 + 3 + 5 + \302\267
\302\267
\302\267
+ 43 - 232 + 222 ,
which equals 529 + 484. The answer is 1013.
 1983
New York State Mathematics League
POWER QUESTION

la. (See Diagram I.) Circle / is inscribedin isosceles

\316\224
ABC, where \320\233 =
\320\222

\320\220 Circle
\320\241. is
\316\225
tangent to and
\320\222\320\241 to the extensions of AFand AC (such
a circleiscalled an \"escribed\" circle of \316\224
\320\233 If the
\320\222\320\241). radius of circle /
is and
\320\263 the radius of circle is
\316\225 ra, show that

W(r.) -
<\302\247)\"

lb. (See Diagram \316\240.)Let us now generalize the previous result: Givenany
A ABC with inscribed
\320\220\320\236\320\220\320\222, circle /, of radius r, is tangent to \316\211\317\213
at P. Escribed circle E, of radius re, is tangent to \320\222\320\241
at Q. Show that

(r)(ra) - (BP)(PC)
lc. (See Diagram II.) Show that (i) BP = QC
(ii) PQ=b-c

2a. (See Diagram III.) Given &ABC, let the radius of the inscribedcircle
ber. As marked on the diagram, x, y, and are
\316\266 tangent segments. If is
\320\232

the area of \320\233

\316\224 show
\320\222\320\241 that

128
1983NYSML 129

2b. (See Diagram III!) GivenA let the radius ABC, of the inscribed circle
be and the radii of the three escribed circlesbe
\320\263
ra> rb9 and rc. Show that

(ijji+u+iLB(I
W \\
+J Jf
+ (1
:) \316\262 + 1 +1)Z/
j, \\\317\207
\321\203

(ii) rQ + rb + re 2s 9r

3. (SeeDiagramII.) Given the information in question lb, show that the

linethrough/ parallel to AQ bisects PQ.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. Compute l2 - 22 + 32 - 42 + 19982+ 19992.

T2. Find all real values such that both roots oftheequation
of m x2
- 2mx +
m2 - 1 = 0 are greaterthan -2 but less than +4.
T3. An experiment is performed in each trial consists which of tossing an
ordinary six-sided die repeatedlyandadding the numbers that come up;
in each trial, as soon asthe totalexceeds15, stop tossing we the die. For
this experiment, what final totalis expected occur most to often?

T4. Equilateral triangle ABC, with side 2, is inplane P. Segments 5Yand

CFare drawn
perpendicular to plane P, both on the same side of the
plane. If BX = 1 and CY = 3, computethe area of triangle
AXY.

T5. In triangle ABC, a = 11, b = 13,andthe median to side is 10.

\321\201
Compute
the area of the triangle.

T6. Let and

\317\207 be
\321\203 real numbers satisfying the equation x2 - Ax + y2 + 3 =
0. If the maximum and minimum values of x2 + y2 are \316\234and m

the numerical value of - m.

respectively, compute \316\234

T7. The sum

\321\202\321\211
+
-r^
+
-\316\276^
+
-r-jrj
+
-j^ry
can be written in the
2e
form jt, where a and b are positive integers. Find the ordered pair
(a, b). (NOTE: The ! marks are \"factorial\" symbols.)

T8. The equations 7Sx4 + ax3 + bx2 + ex + 12 \302\253

0 and 12x5 + dx4 + ex3 +
fie2
+
gx + 75 = 0 have a commonrationalroot\320\272 which is nonintegral

and negative. The number \320\272

is also + hx2 + jx + 40A =
a root of \320\227\320\220*3 0.
130 1983 NYSML

The coefficients in the equations are integers, and h 0.

\302\245
Compute the
other two roots of this last equation.

T9. Theroots of the

equation x* - 40x4 + Pxz + Qx2
+ Rx + S = 0 are in
geometricprogression.The sum of their reciprocals is 10. Compute the
numerical value of |5|.

T10. The polar coordinates of points A, B, and are

\320\241 A (2, 70\302\260), \320\222
{2\\fb,

40\302\260),
and C(3,10\302\260). Compute the area of triangle ABC. (Note:Ifa point
\316\241
hasjjolar
coordinates (r, then
\316\230),
is
\316\241 units
\320\263 from the origin, 0, and
ray OP makesan angleof 0with the positive \320\264\320\263-axis.)

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

11. If the number A8640543981270644B is divisible by 99, compute the

ordered pair of digits (A, B).

12. If is
\316\267 the smallest positive integer for which positive a and b existthat
make (a + bi)n
=
(a
-
bi)n, compute the numericalvalue of -.

13. A mixture of wine and water is made in the ratio of wine .total = k:m.
Adding units
\317\207 of water or removing units
\317\207 of wine (x \302\245
0) each

produces the same new ratio of winertotal. Computethe numerical

value of this new ratio.

14. The length of each sideofregular hexagon ABCDEF is 2. A, B9 and \320\241

are the centers of three mutually externally tangent circles.Computethe

radius of the smallest of these three circles.

15. The parabola =

\321\203
ax2 + bx + crosses
\321\201 the x-axis at (p, 0) and (q, 0),
both to the right of the origin. A circle also passes through these two

points. Find the length of a tangent from the origintothecircle,

in terms

of one or more of the coefficients a, by and \321\201

16. In triangle ABC, D is the midpointof \320\222\320\241.

If 4 BAD \302\253
and
15\302\260 <$ CAD
= the of angle \320\241
30\302\260, compute tangent

RELAY 1

Rl-1. Compute (sin 20\302\260)(tan

+
10\302\260 cot 10\302\260).
1983 NYSML 131

diagram, ABC is an arc ofa circle.CD is

Rl-2. Let =
\316\227 TNYWR. In the the

perpendicular bisector of chord AB. UAB = 3H and CD= 9, compute

the area of the entire circle. q

A D \320\222

Rl-3. Let \316\227\321\210

TNYWR, and let \320\232= +
\342\226\240=- 2. How many integers from
J el

one hundred to nine hundred ninety-nine have a three-digitbase \320\232

representation consisting of all identical digits?

Rl-4. Let =
\316\227 TNYWR. The roots of the equation x2 + bx + =
\321\201 0 (where b
and are
\321\201
integers) are and
\320\263 s. If the discriminant of the equation is #,
computethe numerical value of (r
-
s)2.

Rl-5. Let \302\253

\316\227 TNYWR. \320\232 -
\320\277\320\240\320\260 where
\320\257\320\240\302\273, \320\264< \320\254
< \316\267
(and all are positive
integers), then a + b must equalFn + G, where Fand G are constants.
Compute |F| + \\G\\
+ \\H\\.

RELAY 2

-
R2-1. Compute the units digit of 171983 + ll1983 7\302\27383.

R2-2. Let \320\257= TNYWR. If a> and are the

b> \321\201
positive integers, compute
numerical value of

log \317\206
+ log
(\317\210)
+ log
\317\206
+ log
\317\206
+ log \320\257.

arc sin + arc cos \321\221) -

\317\206
- TNYWR. If 0 and =\342\200\224\342\226\240 \342\200\224
= the
R2-3. Let \320\257 >
\317\207
-JJ, find
arc tan \317\207 \316\227

numerical value of jc.

R2-4. Let A =
(TNYWR)2 + 4. Compute the numerical value of
\\A + VA - \\A - VX.

R2-5.Let - - 1. In of
\316\227 (TNYWR)2 right \320\245\320\277\320\273\320\277%)&_\320\220\320\222\320\241,
D
isjhe midpoint
hypotenuse AB and \302\243
is the midpoint of \320\233 BE
\320\241 and CD intersect at F.
If \320\220 =
\320\241 \"s/Jand =
\320\222\320\241
\320\257,compute the numerical value of the cosine of
*BFC.
132 1983 NYSML

1983 NYSML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

la. Let the common tangentpoint on be

\320\222\320\241 called T. Draw ITE (all lie on
the bisectorofangle ) and angle A bisectors Wand BE. Since angleIB\316\225
must equal 90\320\265,\320\222\320\242
(= \316\262/2) is the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right
triangle.Then (r)(ra)- (a/2)2.

lb. Draw \316\252\316\225, 1\320\241,EB,

\316\252\316\222, and EC. Since angles IBE and_/C\302\243
are right

angles, IBEC is a cyclic quadrilateral with diameter IE. Extend IP

through to
\316\241 F so that PF = r\342\200\236;
draw F\302\243and EQ. Since PF and are
\302\243\316\262

perpendicular to they
\320\222\320\241, are parallel and equal, and PQEF is a
angleIFE-
rectangle.Therefore 90\302\260;thus Flies on the same circle as I,
B, E, Thus IF
andand \320\241 are
\320\222\320\241 chords, and (r)(ra)
=
intersecting

(BP)(PC).
lc. Let A~fF and .dCextended meet circle at
\302\243 points G and \320\257
respectively.

(i) Using and

\316\241 5 for the perimeter and semiperimeter of \316\224ABC, we
have - + + = + + +
(\320\233\320\257 SG)
\316\241
+5Q)
(\320\233\320\257 (\320\233\320\241 CQ) (\320\220\320\241\320\241\320\257)

= AG + Since
\320\233\320\257. .4G = each
\320\233\320\257, is equal to s. Now j = BP +
AC, so BP = s- AC = AH - AC = HC= QC.
(ii) PQ
- PC - QC = FC - BP -
(5
- c) - (s - =
fe) b - \321\201

2a. rs = K, so #rj = K2 = 5(5 - ~*

\320\260\320\257* b)(s
-
c) - sxyz. Therefore
Kr = xyz and =
\320\232
^-.

.. + \320\243 +
y- + -7- =
*V VZ XZ XZ
lb, ra +
,.\321\207
\317\204- , , , , \320\245\320\243 \316\226
=
-f- +
1U
(i) From
\342\200\224*
2b. rb
+ rc \321\203
.

From 2a, xyz

- Kr = r*s = r2 (* + +
\321\203 \316\266).

+ \302\273+ +
Tto.l + 1+i- )\302\253 \302\273? \342\226\240

r*(x +
\320\263.),&\320\236\320\2371
^.+/\302\273 +
xyz xyz \321\203 z)
which the result follows.

(ii) Since the arithmeticmean of three positive numbers ^ their

geometric mean.

Then \316\257\317\204-^
\342\200\224* 1. and r'lr>+^ 9.
1983NYSML 133

3. Let AQ meet circle / at point/, nearer to A, and draw a line through /

parallel toAQ andmeeting One approach is to first show that
at
\320\222\320\241L.

/, and
\320\243, colfinear.
are
\316\241
(This hard part, and it is leftfor the reader
is the
to figure out.) Assuming that collinearity,/ would then be the mipoint of
one side of \316\224JPQ, and since TL is parallel to JQ, L must be the
midpoint
of side TQ.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. s = 19992- 19982 + 1997*

- 19962 + - 22 + l2
\302\267\302\267\302\267
+ 32
-
- (1999+ 1998)(1999 1998)
+ (1997 + 1996)(1997 - 1996) + -
+ (3 +
2)(3
-
2) + 1
= 1999+ 1998 1997 + 1996 + + \342\200\224
+ 3 + 2 + 1
= 1999-2000 = 1,999,000
iyyywu
T2. the quadratic gives formula and simplifying the roots m 1.
\302\261

+ l<4 leads to - 1 <

Applying

Then -2<m-l<m < m 3.

T3. Consider the possible totals beforethe lasttoss, and the possible totals

(in each case) after the last toss:

beforelast toss after last toss
10 16
11 16,17
12 16,17,18
13 16,17,18,19
14 16,17,18,19, 20

15 16,17,18,19,20,21
The most frequent final total is 16.
T4. Draw XO perpendicular to CY. Then DY = 3 -1 - 2 and XO = *
\320\222\320\241

2, so XY = AX
2\316\275\316\243 is the hypotenuse of right triangle A BX, so AX =
y/T.AY** VlJ. We now see that triangle AXY is a right triangle with
legs AX and XY, so its area is VlO.

T5. theorem
One could use Apollonius' [m2
\342\226\240 + ^2)
\302\267\316\266(\316\261* \"\"7c2]to 8et c>
then use Hero's formula to get This is quite complicated. |\320\2332?\320\241|. An
easier approach is to extendmedian (where is the midpoint CT \316\241 of
A~B) its own length through P, toa pointQ. \\BPQ\\
=
\\ACP\\, Since then
\\BCQ\\
= \\ABC\\.But the sidesoftriangle are 11.13, and 20, BCQ so its
area is (by Hero's formula)66.
T6. Graphically,
the equation (x
- 2)2 + y2
= 1 represents a circle of radius
1 and center(2,0): The
quantity x2 + y2 represents the square of the
134 1983 NYSML

distance from any point to the origin. For points on the circle, the

maximum distance to the origin is from the point(3,0)and the minimum

distance is from Thus =
\316\233\316\257-/\316\267 9-1 = 8.
(1,0)\302\267

T7. If the sum is x, then jc(10!)

= l0Ct + +
\320\256\320\2413 i0C5 + l0C7 + 10C9.Since the
sum of the coefficients
odd-positioned is equal to the sum
binomial of

the even-positioned line of Pascal's ones triangle(this should

in any be
known to students, and is established by expanding (1 - 1)\321\217),the above
sum is half of 10C0+ ^Cx + \342\200\224
+ \321\216\320\241\321\205\320\276
(which equals 210). Thus this sum is
29, and - 29/10L
\317\207 We have (a, b) - (9,10).
T8. The
only rational roots the first two equations can have in common are

\302\261
(by the rational roots theorem). Of those, only - -r is nonintegral
\316\263-\316\266

and negative, so this is k. The sum of the rootsofthe third equation is

h 1
-rr = so the two missing roots add up to 0. Callthem\320\263
and
- r.
\342\200\224\316\263

Then (r)(-r) = - = -40 and r =

(--|) -^ -y, so r2 \302\2612iVlO.

T9. Let the roots be represented by-5, a, ar,

\342\200\224, and ar2. Then the sum of

the roots is a(-, +

- + 1 + r + ' = 40. But the sum of the re-
>2 r r2)

ciprocals of the roots is-(r2+r + l+- + -5)= 10. Dividing

these

equations, we get a2 = 4, so a = \302\2612. Since 5 is the negative of the

product of the roots, S = -a5 = \302\26132, and |5|
= 32.

Alternate solution to T9:

The roots is a + ar + ar2 + + ar4 = \342\200\224 = 40 -*
1-
sum of the ar*
\320\263

\342\200\224
r5 1 40
_ 1
= The
\342\200\224. reciprocals form a G.P. also, with sum (when simpli-

r5
- 1 r5 - 1
**ec*) \342\200\224/ _ Since this equals 10, \302\253War4.
\342\200\224\342\200\224\320\263
Equating these
\302\253y

results gives 40 = of the

ar2 \302\253= Since S is the
so
10\320\2642\320\2634, \302\2612.
negative
product of the roots. S \302\253
-a5r10 - \302\26132, and \\S\\
- 32.

T10. The area of triangleABCequals

the area of

+
\320\222
\320\220\320\236 the area of BOC - the area of
AOC.Thisis lllpq sin 30\302\260 + \\l2qr sin
- sin = + -
30\302\260 l/2pr 60\302\260
pq/4 qr/4
Using \317\201
\321\200\320\263\321\203/\316\244\316\252\316\221.
- 2, q * 2\\/3, and
r = 3, we
get the final answer VJ.
1983 NYSML 135

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

11. Divisibility by 11 -\302\273

(A
+ 37)
-
(B + 34) is a multipleof 11-*
A
\342\200\224
+
\320\222 3 equals 0 or \302\26111; the -11 becomes impossible, however.
Divisibility by9->A+B + 71isa multiple so 9\\A of 9, + +
\320\222 8 -\342\226\272

\320\233+\320\222
equals 1 or 10. When we consider the fourpairs of simultaneous

equations that come from A - =

\320\222 -3 or 8, and A + \342\226\240
\320\222 1 or 10, only
the \"8\" and \"10\"pair lead toa valid solution: (A,B)
=
(9,1).

12. For =
\320\273 1 or 2, expanding each side resultsin a or 6 being0. For
=
\316\267 3,
expanding leads to 3e2b = b\\ so \320\254= eVJ (e.g., (1 + /V3)3 =
(1 - /V3)3) and b/a^y/3.

13. If the amounts of wineand totalat thestartareky and my respectively,

then

sr fry _ ky
- \317\207
_ (ky)
-
(ky - \317\207) \317\207 1

my + \317\207
my
- \317\207
(my + x) -
(my - x) 2x 2'
14. A brief examination shows that circles A and \320\241
must be the same size,
with circle \320\222
the smallest. Let the radii of A and \320\241
be r, and the radius of
circle \320\222
be x. In triangle ABC, AB = BC = 2, \320\233\320\241
=
2r, and<fB = 120\302\260.
The law of cosines (or splitting the triangleintotwo right triangles) leads
to = 2 - V3.
r = VJ, so \317\207

15. As the diagramshows, t2

=
pq. But and
\317\201 <j
are the roots of ax2 + bx + \321\201

= 0. Therefore their product is c/a. Thus r = Vc/\316\261. Note that the given
conditions result in a and \321\201
having the same sign.

*
\321\203 ax2 + *.r + \321\201

16. Let BD = CD = and

\316\262 \320\233
\320\241
= b. Applying the law of sines to triangles
ACD and ABCleads to the equations

2a = 2aVl~ m

sin(C + 30)and sin(C + 45)'Dividing\320\250\320\265*\320\265*ves

\321\207/\320\223= \302\267
Expanding and simplifying gives
sjn (r + 45\316\257
136 1983NYSML

cos =
\320\241
(\\/\320\267
-
2) sin so
\320\241 tan \320\241
= - =
-(2 + y/\317\212).
\320\264_

[NOTE: As a side point, since tan 75\302\260

= 2 + VJ, =
\320\272 105\302\260.]

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. This is 2 sin 10cos10(\320\263\320\247\302\243

+
^\320\242?\320\263)
xos 10 sin 10'
\302\267
= \316\267 + cps2104 -
2 sm ift10cosiA/_sin*lO
10(v . ) '
\320\273\320\277\320\273\320\277
= 2
cos 10 sin 10

Rl-2. Completingthe circle and

extending CD to meet the circle again at E,
wehaveXD = DB =
3,
=
C\302\243> 9, and let D\302\243 = x. Then 9* = 3\302\2673->\317\207=
1 -* radius = 5, so area = 25 \317\200.

Rl-3. If the representation is AAA,

base 7 we have 49A + 7A + A = 57A,
<
where 0 \320\233 6. Only integral values of \320\233from
s 2 through 6 produce
3-digit base 10 integers,so thereare5 such integers.

\302\261
\342\200\224b y/b2
\342\200\224
4c i
Rl-4. The roots are - 5 = - 4c and
\320\263 , so \320\263 \302\261 b2
\316\275

(r - 5)* = 5.

Rl-5. -, - \342\200\224
'\342\200\224rr -.
- '-\320\263??-* v(n
-
'
\320\273)!
= (\316\267
v
-
\320\254)!But
' the only ' different
(n \320\273)! (\316\267 by.
factorials that are equalare 0!and 1! Therefore -
\316\267 a
- 1and \316\267
-
b = 0,
= -
so a +6 In l.ThenF = 2, G = - l,so |F|+|C|+|tf| = 2 + 1+ 5 =
8.

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1. The units digitsof 17\320\271\302\2673

and 7\320\274\"3must be the same. The units digit of
ll1\302\26783 is 1. The final answer is therefore 1.

R2-2. Thisis log \342\200\224

:
\342\200\224
:
\342\200\224 \342\200\224
\302\267 =
log 100 = 2.
b \321\201 d a

R2-3. Arc sin -z

xx+
arc cos -z must = we have arc tan =
2
r- (90) -
*

90\302\260,so \317\207 60\302\260,

and =
\317\207 y/T.
1983 NYSML 137

R2-4. Letting equal

\321\203
the given expression, y1 = (4 + \\/7) + (4 - y/l) -
2 V(4 + V7)(4 - V7) - 8- 2\\/9
- 2. Tims >>
- V2.

R2-5. CD = 1/2 AS - \321\203/\320\250; CF

= 2/3 CD \342\226\240\302\273
V573. From right triangle
in which
\302\243C\302\243, V272, we get BE - V5/2; then BF = 2/3
C\302\243
= BE =

V2/3. The Pythagorean theorem now shows triangle BCF is a that right
triangle, so cos BFC - 0. -^
 1983

Atlantic Region Mathematics League

POWER QUESTION

In this problem, the brackets represent the \"GreatestIntegerFunction,\"

If \316\267 and =
which is defined as follows: is an integer ^
\316\267 <
\317\207 +
\316\267 1, then [\317\207] \320\273.

The results of any sections of this questionmay be applied to any later sections
(even if you were unable to do theearlier sections).

Prove each of the following:

1. (a) For any integer a and any real number x, [a + x] = a + [x].
(b)
If and
\317\207 are
\321\203
real numbers, and [x] < [y]y then <
\317\207
\321\203.

2. (a) If 0 2* r < 1 and 0 < s < 1, then [2r] + [2s] > [r] + [s] + [r +
s].

(b) If and
\317\207 are
\321\203
real numbers, then [2x] + [2>>]s> [x] + [y] + [x + y].

3. (a) If a, b, and are

\321\201
integers with >
\321\201 0, then

(b) If a and fe are positive integers, + fe + \321\211

\320\244\320\265\320\277(\320\264!)(\320\254;)(\320\264

is an integer.

(c) \316\232 and

\316\262 b are positive integers, then -, ;\316\275,',\316\233\342\200\224\317\204\317\204\317\204\316\271
+
2\\\320\271\\)\\\321\200\\)\\\320\260 t>J!
is an integer.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. Points.Ajmd are

\320\222 in the first quadrant; point is
\320\236 the origin. If the

slop^epf A
\320\236 is 1, the slope of OB is 7, and 0-4 = theslope
OB,compute
of AS.

-
T2. In trapezoid ABCD. base <$A
=
54\302\260,base 36\302\260,and
\302\267$\316\222 AB exceeds
CD by 6. Compute the length of the linesegment that joins the

midpoints
of the bases.

138
 1983 ARML 139

\320\242\320\227.Two boats, each travelling at its own constantspeed, A

*\"
leave at the same time from A and \320\222respectively \316\257 f!

and travel directly across a river. They first pass 200-j fi river
each other 200 feet from shore A and next pass 100\"il I
each other (after each has reached and immediately
* t
leftits opposite shore) 20 seconds later, 100 feet from shore B. Compute
the speed
of the faster boat, in feet per second.

T4. In a plane,a set of 8 parallel lines intersects a set of \316\267

parallel lines (that
goes in another direction), forming a totalof420parallelograms (many
of which overlap one another). Compute n.

T5. If +
\317\2072 +
\317\207 1 = 0, compute the numerical value of

(x +
i)\302\273
+ (x2 + \302\261\316\263
+ (x\302\273
+ + ... + <x\302\273
+
\302\261p.
j?)2

T6. In an arithmetic progression, the ratio of the sum of the first r terms to the
sum of the
first s terms is equal to the ratio of r2 to s2 (r \317\206
s). Compute
the ratio of the 8th term to the23rdterm.

T7. What is the greatest number of circles of radius\342\200\224y= that can be

placed externally tangent to a circleof radius1,if the small circles do not

overlap?

T8. On the gridshown, and begin at the A \320\222 points g

indicated. Let each small segmentofthe grid
be \320\223

thought of as one block. A and \320\222

begin moving at V

the same time, each

moving of one at the rate \320\223

block per minute. A may only move to the right A

or upward; \320\222
may only move to the left or downward.Each to travels

the other's starting position (thus each makes a trip of8 blocks). the If

choice of paths between A and is made in such a way as to makeeach

\320\222

possiblepath equally likely, compute the probability that they will meet
at somepoint during their trip.

T9. Let Fi represent the ith Fibonaccinumber [thus Fu F2, F3,

\302\267\302\267\302\267
are the
numbers 1,1,2t 3, 5. 8, \302\267\302\267\302\267,
respectively]. Let Fe, Fb, Fc, and Fd be the
sidesofa convex (nondegenerate) quadrilateral, with a < b < \321\201
< d.

Find the greatest possible value for d

- b.
/\320\2370. In an isosceles triangle, the altitudes intersect circle.
on the inscribed
Compute the cosine of the vertex angle.
140 1983 ARML

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

11. Compute (sin +

15\302\260 sin 75\302\260)e.

12. The sides right triangle are all integers.Two of these integers
of a are
primes that differ by 50. Compute the smallest possible value for the
third side.

13. The lengthof a common internal tangent to two circles is 7, and a

commonexternaltangentis11. Compute
the product of the radii of the
two circles.

14. If 3a,
\320\260, 5a, b, b + 3, and b + 5 are all rootsof a fourth-degree

polynomial equation where 0 < a < b, computeall possible values of a.

15. Find the smallest positive integer \320\272

such that the base ten representation
of 3* has exactly
one hundred digits. (Note: log 3 = 0.4771 to four
decimalplaces.)
16. Let a, b9 and be
\321\201 the sides of triangle ABC If a2, b2,and c2arethe roots
of the equation
x*
- Px2 + Qx - R
= 0
(where P, Q, and R are
constants),express
cos A cos \320\222 cos \320\241

a b \321\201

in terms of one or more of the coefficientsP, Q, and R. (Simplify your

answer.)

17. Let =
\316\267 1983. Find the least positive integer such
\320\272 that

\320\272
{n2)(n2
-
l2)(n2
- 22)(n* - 32)- (n2
-
(n
- l)2) = r!
for some positive integer r. (Note: r! means \"r factorial.\

18. In triangleABC,lor + 4b2 + cl\302\253 4ab + lac. Compute the numerical

value of cos B.

RELAY 1

Rl-1. When the number N is written in base b, its representationis the

two-digit numeral PQ, where P = b-1 and Q \302\2531.Find the
of N in base b - 1. Pass answer back without the
representation
your indicating
base.
1983ARML 141

Rl-2. Let A - TNYWR

\342\200\224rr\342\200\224. Since takes
\317\207 on all values from 0 to 2 ir radians

inclusive, = \321\203 sin Bx reaches its maximum value the samenumberof

timesas -
\321\203 cos Ax does. If is
\320\222 a positive integer, what is its value?

Rl-3. Let *
\320\257 20 (TNYWR). From point outside
\316\241 a circle, secants FAB and
are
\320\257\320\237) drawn. AD and ^intersect at \302\243.
= and
H\302\260 BED
\\i$BPD \302\253$
- 80\302\260,find the number of degrees in minor arc AC.

Rl-4. Let -
\316\227 TNYWR. The circle inscribed in triangle ABC is tangent to

AB at T. The midpoint of AB is M. MAC = -

\316\227 1 and =
\320\222\320\2414H + 3,
find the numerical value of TM.

Rl-5. Let =
\316\227
|(TNYWR).
The three
j,
and tan
numbers
^j^-,
A (in the

order given) are in geometric progression. Find the numerical value of

cos A, where < A <

0\302\260 90\302\260.

RELAY 2

R2-1. \316\232 +
(\316\2622 b2f
- (a3 + b3)\\ and ab 0,
\302\245 find the numerical value of =
\302\243 -.
\320\276 \320\260

R2-2. Let =
\316\244
3/2(TNYWR). Let A and \320\222
represent nonzero digits. Let AA
represent a two-digit number with identical digits. If times
\320\222 the cube of
AA is a four-digit numberwhosetensdigit is find
\320\223, the numerical value
ofB.

R2-3. Let \320\232=

(TNYWR) + 4. A semicircle is inscribedin triangleABC,
tangentto sides a and b, and with diameter lying along side \321\201
If a - 5, b
\342\200\224
6, and the area of the triangle is K, findtheradiusofthesemicircle.

R2-4. Let
\302\253
\320\232 TNYWR. Find if
\317\207

/Kx +
+,
/Kx-\\ \320\254 \317\200
arCS,n \320\262\321\201\321\217\320\277 \"
V ~2l~ V25~ T

R2-5. Let =
\316\227
- 1. The sidesofa rhombus
have H, and the
(TNYWR) length
sum of is 10.Find
the lengths of the diagonals the area of the rhombus.
142 1983 ARML

1983 ARML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

1. (a) Let ^ \317\207

\316\267 < \316\267
+ lforintcgral Then
\320\277. a + n^a + x<a + n + 1-*
[a + x] = a + n = a +
[x].

(b) Let ^
\316\267 <
\317\207 +
\316\267 1 and m ^ <
\321\203
m + 1 for integral m,n.ttn& m,
then [x] ^ [y], which contradicts the hypothesis. Therefore m> n,
so m ^ + 1 and \317\200 \321\205<\320\273+ 1:\302\243\321\202^\321\203.

2. (a) Note that [r] = [5] = 0.

MethodI: If both r and 5 are < then
\320\2432, both sides are 0 and the
relationshipholds.
If eitheris ^ then the \320\2432, left side is ^ 1, whereasthe
right sideisat most1, and the relationship holds.

Method II: Suppose r>s. Then 2r s> r + s and [2r] > [r + 5].
Thenthe relationship clearly
holds.

(b) Let = j
\317\207 + r and =
\321\203
ft + s, where and
\320\264 b are integers and 0 ^ r<
1and 0 Then [2x] + [2y] = [2a
2* 5 < 1. + + 2r] [2b + 2s] =
(by
la) 2a + 2& + [2r] + [2*] 2> (by 2a) 2a + 2b + [r] + [5] + [r + s]
= (by la) [a + + [ft + 5] + [a + \320\254
+ r + s] =
r] [x] + [y] + [x +
yl

3. (a) Let = \321\202\321\201

\320\264 + \320\263
and \302\243\302\267=+
\320\273\321\201 5, where m, n, r, and 5 are integersand
0^ < \321\201
\320\263 and 0< c. As the coming
^ s proofwill indicate, a certain

relationship must be established; for concisenessof proof,we will

establish that first:

If 5 then
\317\212>\316\263, 25 + 1 2* +
\320\263 s + l,so[^^] s> [L\302\261-I\302\261I];
\321\201 \321\201

+
if j < r, then 2r ^ r+5 + 1, and *
[\342\200\224] [r*5 1];
\321\201 \321\201

\342\200\242
r2ri r 25 + 1 .
\316\212
+
\320\263\320\223 5 + l,
in either
-\320\277. _l_ >
case, +
[\342\200\224]
\321\201
[\342\200\224
\321\201
] [
\321\201
].

Furthermore, since [-] = \316\227

=
0, we can also say that
\321\201 \321\201

\320\241 \320\241 \320\241 \320\241 \320\241

Now the proof:

1983 ARML 143

\320\241 \320\241 \320\241 \320\241

\320\241 \320\241

\321\201 \321\201 \321\201

\320\265\320\265 \321\201

\320\241 \320\241 \320\241

(b) Let be
\317\201 any prime\302\267
We will show that the highest power of that \317\201

divides the numerator is ^ the highestpowerof that divides the \317\201

denominator, thus showing that the entire denominatordivides the

numeratorexactly. Note that if is
\317\201k
the highest power of that
\317\201

divides ml, for positive integral m, then

= + + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ [\342\200\224\320\263] terms
\320\272 [\342\200\224] [\342\200\224\320\263-] (these eventually
r\316\241 r\316\241 r\316\241 become zeros).\\
\316\257.

Now the proofof 3b: For any positive integer n,

+ \317\216
+
^\316\227\316\220^^\317\216
\316\241 \316\241 \316\241 \316\241
\316\271^]
\316\241\316\267

by part \320\227\320\260,
letting
=
\321\201 pn. Repeating this inequality for =
\316\267 1, 2,
3,..., then adding the resulting
inequalities, completes the proof.

(c) First consider theideainpart

any odd primep. Following 3b, we see
that

t\302\243
1 + 1
\316\220\317\210
*
ifi
*
\302\243l
+
I^J
by part 2b, letting * -
\302\243

and =\342\200\224.
\321\203 Letting
=
\320\273 1, 2, 3, ... and addingthe resulting

inequalities completes the requirement for odd primes.

If + -
[y ]
=
2, we must show that +
\317\201
[^] + [~]

+ + + - + + \302\267\302\267\302\267.
[|] \317\206 iL^i i^i +
144 1983 ARML

Simplifying this shows that we must prove [a] + [b] ^ 1+ [\342\200\224\316\266\342\200\224]

+ + \302\267\302\267\302\267\302\267
But noting that [*] ^ and
\317\207 that the right side
[\342\200\224j\342\200\224]

actually has a finite number of nonzero

terms,we see that

Ta + b, . ra +b \316\212
t ^ a + b , a + b , , ,. . ,
.\342\200\236
.
] + + \302\267\302\267\302\267we let
\302\267\302\267\302\267
+
[\342\200\224r\342\200\224J [ < \342\200\224r\342\200\224
+ \342\200\224\317\204\342\200\224 (which will

go on forever) = a + b. Therefore \316\223

2
J + \316\223
4
3 +
\342\200\224
+

1 < a + b = [a] + [fc], which is what we had to prove.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. Let A be (1\320\224)

and be
\320\222 (b,7b). Since BO2 = 50b2\302\253 *
\316\233\316\226)2 2,
=
\320\254 1/5.

the slope = . = - r.
Then _ \316\212

T2. Let the midpointsof AZFand DC be and

\316\241 Q respectively. Extend AD
and to meet
\320\222\320\241 at D\\ it can be shown that PQ extendedgoesto D also.
Angle D is 90\302\260,so DQ and DP are medians to the hypotenusesofright

Thus = DP - = =\302\273
\342\200\224\316\266 \317\207 3. An alternate
triangles. \316\262? />\316\262

approach is to take the originaltrapezoid and draw lines from Q parallel

to and
\316\211\316\273
UE, meeting XB in R and S respectively.SinceAR * SB =
x/2, then \316\233\316\241
= P5 = 3 and -
(in
\316\262\316\241 right triangle \316\262\316\2335) 3 also.

T3. Let the boats be A and \320\222

(each named for its starting point). When A

has gone 200 feet, the two boats togetherhave covered the width of the
river, w. At the secondmeeting,theboatshave together covered three
widths of the river (seediagramwith problem); A has therefore covered
600 feet. We therefore have 600 = w + 1005 so iv = 500 feet. The
diagramnow shows that B, clearly the faster boat, covered (200 + 400)
feetin 20seconds, for a speed of 600/20 = 30 feet second. per
T4. Any
two lines from one set forms a parallelogram with
any two lines
from the istherefore
other set. The number of parallelograms 8C2
\302\267
nC2
= 420.

\302\267
J1'
= 14\320\277(\320\273
-
1)
- 420-> n(n - 1)- \302\253
30\342\200\224\316\267 6
TTienJj !2!

T5. We can use the fact that must

\317\207 be a cube root of unity. Callingit
1983 ARML 145

here) we notethat -
will use
\" w\" = = and
\"omega\" (we \320\272\302\2732,
\342\200\224j w,

w* = 1 =\342\200\224.The first parentheses equals w + w2 = -1; the second

parenthesesequals-1 also; the third equals 2. The next three sets of
parenthesesproducethese same values (since w4 \302\253
w9 w* \302\253
w2, etc.).
Thus the sum is equivalent to nine setsof(-1)2+ (-1)2 + (2)2 * 9 \302\267=
6

54.

T6. Applying the formula for the sum of terms of an arithmetic progression,

-
<' 'W
\316\250*+
^ 2.4f,-m \320\263

Cross multiplying and simplifying leads to 2a = d. Now the ratio of

8th term a + Id lSe 1 .In . ith term 2i -1

23rdterm a + 22d
s^=v
45a 3' 6general,-
' term
- 1'
y'th 2y

T7. Place two small circles tangent to one another, and each externally
tangentto the circle of radius 1. Connect their centers and let \316\270
be the

angle formed at the center of the largecircle.

Applying the law of cosines
to the triangle gives

=
\" _ 2VVTO
-
1/ IVTU
- 1j
'_
=
20-- 4 _ 4
cos* ' \342\226\240-\342\226\240
\316\275\316\244\316\264
\316\275\316\271\316\277\"
\321\203 ^o
~( \316\263

Our knowledge of the 3-4-5righttriangleindicates that 0isabout 37\302\260.A

centralangle of w
36\302\260 ould permit exactly 10 tangent small circles to be
placedaboutthe large
circle. We can therefore get only 9 circles there
(they need not be tangent
to one another). Note that at 40\302\260we could
place 9 circles also, and they wouldbe tangentto oneanother.

Alternate solution to T7: /^\321\207

1 VlO+1
r =
\316\275\316\254=\317\212-*\317\210*.\302\253**\302\267>.*~
\342\200\224W^

r + R= . +1)
\321\203\320\251\321\203\320\224\320\254
.rVJ5
io+^\317\212\317\214

Then 0= arc sin = arc sin *

,\342\200\224 radians.
\302\267.\342\200\224 The number
R + r VlO V10
146 1983 ARML

of tangent circles 2* = **
\317\204\316\267/\316\252\316\237
(3.14)(3.16)
~ 9.93. Therefore
|^
there are 9 circlesat most.

T8. Since meetings can occur only when A and have

\320\222 each traveled 4
blocks, they can only meet at the intersectionsthat lieon the major

diagonal that goes from upper left to lower right. can get to these A

points in C0 (number
4 of ways to choose none of the 4 blocks fora move

to the right), 4 (number of ways

\320\241\\to choose one of the 4 fora to move

the right), 4C2,4C3, and 4C4 ways, respectively;the sameistrue B. for

Q
Thus the probability that A will travel via the upper left corner is \302\261r\302\243-

(the denominator comes from the fact that of the 8 blocks that A must

traverse, four of those chosen must be movesto the right);thesameis

true for B. Thus the probability that A and \320\222
will meet is determined as
follows:
+ LCV = 70 35
Prob _ LC0Y
+ (4C>Y + (4C3)* + (4C4)>
rroD\302\267
(16)2 256 128
Note: Careful study of this type ofproblem
for different size square grids
eventually leads to a rather nicetheorem:
+ + + .\302\273+ =
(\342\200\236Co)2 (\342\200\236Q2 (\320\257\320\2412\320\243 (nCnY 2\320\257\320\241.

\316\267

More \316\243 =
generally, (M^C^)
i-O

T9. We need Fa + Fb
^ d - 2, then Fa + (Fb+ Fc)
If \321\201
+ Fc > Fd. <
Fa +
^ therefore = d - 1, so we
Fd_j FdJ \321\201 now have and
Fa, Fbt Fd_\342\200\236 Fd. If b
<; d - 3, then (Fa + Fb) + Fd-X Fd_2 + Fd-X
< =
Fd; therefore b = d -
2, sowe now have Ffl, Fd_2, Fd_b and Fd. Since Fa + (Fd~2 + Fd-X) = Fa
< d - 2 will work. Thusd - b must
+ Fd> Fd, any \320\264 be 2.
exactly

The first diagram shows that in any triangle (if is

\316\241 the orthocenter),
\342\226\240* - A. From the second
<tBPC 180 (where Q is the incenter)
180-
diagram

we see the (better-known)resultthat ^BQC - (e

+ f)
=
+ \320\273
\321\203).\321\215\302\253\320\276-(18\320\276-\320\273).90+ In ^ third dia.
\320\267\302\253\320\276-^
1983 ARML 147

gram, which relates directly to the present problem, symmetry

shows

A A
-
that =
\316\270 90
^
and =
\317\206 45 + In
\302\267?.
right triangles BPD and BQD, we
have tan =
\316\270 12
\321\203
and tan \317\206
=
Thus,
\321\203. using \317\207- we have
\316\221\316\231\316\221, tan

(45 + \320\273)
- 2 tan (90
- 2x) = 2 cot2*.
1 + tans 2(1
- tan2x)
Then
1 - tan \317\207 2 tan \317\207

sin
\342\200\224
cos +
\317\207 sin \317\207

Replacing tan by
cos
and '
simplifying, ' \"
we have
cos
-
\317\207 sin \317\207

\342\200\224
cos2 \317\207 sin* \317\207
_ sin cos
\317\207
\342\200\224
\317\207 cos2
-
\317\207 2 sin cos
\317\207 +
\317\207 sin2 \317\207
sin cos
\317\207 \317\207

1
- 2 sin cos
\317\207 -*
\317\207 3 sin cos
\317\207
=
\317\207 1 -> 2 sin cos
\317\207 =
\317\207

2 . - = sin
.\320\233
A
\342\200\224
2 \316\262
\342\200\224
as \342\200\224\342\200\224*
-cos \320\233 2 . 1
-+
:\320\263 sin 2x /
2 3V

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

II. This is equivalentto (sin15+ cos 15)e

=
(sin215 + 2 sin 15 cos 15 + cos215)3
=
(1
+ 1/2)3
= 27/8.
Alternate solution to II: .-_

= 2
sm-y- cos -r-
sin 15 + sin 75 = 2 \302\267 \302\267 = -\317\204-.
-\316\263 -\316\263

Then (sin +
15\302\260 sin 75\302\260)e
= =
P^-)' \316\263.

12. The sides form a Pythagorean triple, so must be even. Since no oneleg
such triple can contain the number 2, the given primes cannot both be
legs. Let the be
primes \317\201 (q
and \302\253\342\226\240
+
\317\201 50), and the even leg be a. Then
~
\320\2572 P*= (<? + P)iq~P)
- 50(? + = 50(2p + 50) = 100 (p + 25) p)
= \316\2622.Thus \317\201+ 25 must be a square; the smallestsuch \317\201is 11, so o2 \302\253
100 \302\267
36, and =
\316\261 60

13.

From the diagrams, we see that (\316\233+ r)2 + 49 = d2 and (R - r)2+ 121 =

d2. Subtracting after expanding leads to Rr = 18.

148 1983 ARML

14. Since a<ft<ft.+ 3<ft + 5, these mustbe the4 roots. Then one of the
following sets of simultaneous equationsmust hold:

3o = b 3a = ft 3a = b + 3
5a - b + 3 5a - ft + 5 5a = b + 5
leadingto (3/2,9/2) leading
to (5/2,15/2) leading to (1,0) which
is impossible since we
need <
\316\261 ft

The possible values of a are 3/2 and 5/2.

15. Let N
= 3*. Then \320\272
log 3 - log 99/.4771
\320\263
N2:99-\302\273\302\267 \320\272
= -
207.5+-\302\273\302\267 \320\272

208.

16. Note that a2 + ft2 + c2 = and

\316\241 a2b2c2 * Now
\316\233. since cos A \302\253

rr (with similar results for cos and

\320\222 cos C), the given sum

becomes
ft2 + c2 - a2 + -
| a2 c2 ft2
|
a2 + - c2 _ a2 + ft2 +
ft2 c2
2abc labc labc labc
\317\201
, pVr.
\316\262 \342\200\224\342\200\224
(or )
2Vfl 2\316\233

17. Factoring rearranging and the resulting factors of the left side gives
kn{2n- l)(2n- - 2) (\320\273
+ 3)(\320\273
+ 2)(\320\273
+ -
1)(\320\273)(\320\273 1)(\320\273
-
2)(\320\273
-
3)
\302\267\302\267\302\267
(2)(1), which equals &\320\273(2\320\273-1)!; thus =
\320\272 2 is the smallest k that
makes thisa factorial [(2\320\273)!].

18. Rearranging terms and separating 2a2 into two separate terms
- c)2 + (a -
gives

a2
- c2 + a2-
2ac + Aab + 4ft2 = 0,so
(a = 0. This
2ft)2

implies that a = \321\201

and a = 2ft. The sides of the triangleare then 2ft, 2ft,
andft.Thisis similar to a 2-2-1 triangle, whereupon
D \302\2538-1 7
cos \320\222 \342\200\224g-
=
g

(using the law of cosines).

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. N = (b
- 2)b + 1 = b2 - 2ft + 1 * (b - l)2 - 100(6flte *_\317\205

Rl-2. =
\321\203 cos 2x reaches maximum 3 times; \321\203
= sin Bx reaches maximum \320\222

times. Therefore =
\320\222 3.
1983 ARML 149

Rl-3. Let<$BPD = =
\316\230,$D
\317\206,$\316\222\316\225\317\213
- x,and AC = >>.Then20 = +
\317\207
\321\203

and
- so \302\253 = 20.
2\317\206** \317\207
\321\203, \316\275 \316\262- \317\206

Rl-4. Let the circle meet AC at \316\241

and SC at \316\262.Let XP = \320\233 =
\316\244 A: and =
\316\223\316\233/

x. Then CQ - -
CP -19 \316\233, - \317\207
= \316\233\316\257\316\233
\316\233\316\257\316\222 + \320\272,
and =
\316\222\316\262 BT = 2* +
Jit. Since \321\210
\320\222\320\24183, we have 2x + Jfc + 19 - \302\273
\320\272 83, so =
\317\207 32.

\321\201\302\2537 u
\302\253\316\271 l sin \320\233 \320\273 . sinM
Rl-5. We have \302\253
\302\253 -A *\"\"~\320\233=
\302\267
tan
9 24 24 cos A'
Then 24 cos A
- 9 sinM = 9(1 - cosM),so 9 cosM + 24 cos A - 9=
0. Thisleadsto cos A = 1/3. (The other solution must be rejected.)

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1. We have e6 + 3a4b*+ 3a2b4 + be = + 2\320\2623\320\2543

\320\273\320\262 + \302\243\302\253-\342\226\272
3\316\2612+ 3b2 -

lab. Dividing both sidesby \320\252\320\260\320\254

gives
+ _
\320\263
e
\302\245\302\267

R2-2. AA < 22, else (A4 )3 has at least 5 digits. Therefore AA

= 11 and (AA )3
= 1331. Multiplying B(1331)is supposed to produce a tens digit of 1.
Therefore 5(3) ends in a 1, so \320\222must be 7.

R2-3. beO,and
Let the center of thediameter draw and
\320\236\320\241 the perpendiculars

from to
\320\236 and
\316\261 b. Then \\A BC\\
- -zra + -rrb, so

r~
2\320\230\320\222\320\2411
~ 22
~ ,,
l\302\267
a + b 11
R2-4. If die first angle is 0and the secondis \320\244,
they are given to be
~
-
1 2* *
complementary,
so sin \316\246 cos A Then 1 \302\253
sin20 + cos*\316\230 = +

ofthe
R2-5. If the semidiagonals rhombus are and
\317\207 j>, we have +
\317\207 =
\316\275 10. If
the side is a, we x2 + have
=
\321\203\320\263
a2. Squaring the first equation and
= 100 - a1.Since
subtractingthe secondequation from this, we get 2xy
thisisalso the area of the rhombus (1/2 the product of the diagonals),
that areais100- 16
- 84.
 1984

New York State Mathematics League

POWER QUESTION

1. A sequence of positive integers au a2, a3,... is defined as follows:

~
digits of an.
\"\"
fln+i Sn>
\320\220\321\217 where is the
5\342\200\236 sum of the

If 100< a, < 1000, show that the sequence must contain the number 63.

A
sequence au a2, \320\2643,... is defined as follows:

al9 a2, and az are positiveintegers;

any an+u and an+2 form a geometric progression if \317\200
is odd (but the
ratio must not be \320\2432);
an, an+b and an+2 form an arithmetic progression if \316\267
is even.

(a) Will all the terms of sucha sequencealways be integers? Justify

your answer.

(b) Show that for

\342\200\224*% odd will
\320\273, always be the square of a rational
number.

The sequence -r1-,

\342\200\224r1-, \342\200\224r1-, ..., -r1-,... is to continueso longas
\342\200\236f 14V 14? 14? 141
is
-\317\2041 an integer. Thus >\"T7\"is
\342\200\224r-\320\247... the full sequence
-\316\2631-, -\321\203\320\247

for =
\316\267 14. Show that for
\317\200!, ^
\316\267 5, is divisible by the positive integers1,
2,3,... where
\320\272 +
\320\272 1 is the smallest prime greater than n. (Note:One
method of
doing this problem requires the use of the theorem:\"Forany
integer
\302\243:
\317\207 2, there is always a prime between \317\207
and 2x.\

4. A sequence of positiveintegersau a2,a3,... is defined as follows:

= +
\320\257\321\206+i\320\224\320\277 -Pm where Pn is the product of the digitsof an.
Thesequence ends if ever =
\316\261\316\267+1 an. Prove that, if a, < 1 000000,the
sequence must end. (If consists
a\342\200\236 of a single digit, then PA
=
an.)

150
1984 NYSML 151

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. Find all ordered triples (x, y, z) such that x, y,

and are
\316\266 (positive)

primes, and xy + 1 \302\253

z.

T2. A (nondegenerate) triangle with integral sides has perimeter8 and area

K. Compute all possible values of K.

T3. Thesumofthe arithmetic mean and the geometric mean of two positive
numbersis200. Compute the sum of the positive square roots ofthe two
numbers.

T4. The function f(x) is defined for all realx. Uf(a + b)

=
f(ab) for all ay b,

and /(- Vi) = - \320\243\320\267,

compute /(1984).

T5. Find all ordered triples of real numbers(x,y,z) suchthat \317\207 +

+ \321\203 >
\316\266 2,
and +
\317\2072 = 4 - -
+ \316\2662 9
\317\2072
- and + -
\316\2662 16
-
\321\2032 2\320\263\321\203, 2\317\207\316\266, >>2 2>>\316\266.

704
\316\2446. Let \320\233 be
\321\217 the sum of the first terms
\316\267 of the geometric series 704 +\342\200\224z~

704
+ +
\342\200\224\317\204- ... and 2?n be the sum of the first terms
\316\267 of the geometric

series 1984 \342\200\224

+ \342\200\224r
Compute the value of \316\267 ^
(\316\267 1)

for which An = Bn.

T7. A
triangle has sides of length 6, 8, and 10. Computethe distance
between the center of its inscribed circle and the center of its
circumscribed circle.

T8. The integers a, b> and are

\321\201 each greater than 20. One of them has
an odd numberof divisors; the other two each have three divisors. If
a + b c, compute the smallest
\302\253
possible value of c.

T9. Givenparallelogram ABCD, with AB = a and AD = b. The circle

through At B, and D cuts segment \320\222 at
\320\241 a point other than B. For this
to be true,cos A must be less than some number k. Findthe leastsuch\320\272
in terms of a and b.

T10. Let set S * {au ett},

\316\2613,...,
\320\260\321\212 where all 12 elements are distinct. We
wish to form sets each of which contains one or moreoftheelements of

set 5 (including the possibility of using all the elementsof 5).The only
restriction is that the subscript of each elementin a specificsetmust be
152 1984 NYSML

an integral multiple of the smallestsubscript in theset.For example,

{a2, a6, a9} is an acceptable set, as is {\302\253,}. How many such sets can be
formed?

QUESTIONS
INDIVIDUAL

II. Compute if
\320\273
(10\320\271
+ 25)2
-
(10\302\260
-
25)*
- 10\"

12. If0\302\260<x<90eandcosx3 , compute log sin +

\317\207 log cos +
\317\207

\\/\316\252\316\237

logtan x.
13. The integers x, y, and are
\316\266 each perfect squares, and \317\207 > \316\266
> \321\203 > 0. If \317\207,

and
\321\203, z form an arithmetic progression, compute the smallestpossible
value of x.

14. In triangle ABC, altitude AH and median BM intersectinsidethe

and are If ACB - 41\302\260,find the measure of MBC.
triangle equal. \302\253t <fc

15. There are exactly four positive integers such

\316\267 that
* -*- is an

integer. Compute the largest such n.

16. In triangle ABC,\316\241

and Q are'the midpoints of AB and AC respectively;
R and 5 are the trisection points of 5U(with R closer to B). T^and QR
intersect in T. If the areaof triangleABC is 60, compute the area of
triangle PQT. A

RELAY 1

Rl-1. In the diagram, \320\236is the center of the

circle. CE s ED in triangle CED, and \302\253\316\257

AOB is a right angle, as shown. If the ratio

of the area of \316\224CED to the area of
\320\220 is
\320\222
\320\220\320\236 k:l, compute k.
1984 NYSML 153

Rl-2. Compute the value of if

\317\207

\320\230JFS\"fS-
^.whererisTOYWR.

Rl-3. Let be
\320\223 TNYWR, and let \320\257
* An ordinary pair of dice is
+
\316\244 46.
thrown.Ifthe total on the dice is greater than 7, computethe probability
that the total will be \320\257.

Rl-4. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR, and let \302\253
\320\257 60\320\223. Compute the value of cos4* -
Sin4* if X \302\253-\320\263\320\263.

Rl-5. Let be
\320\223 TNYWR, and let \320\257
= AT1. If m and are
\316\267 the roots of
x2 - 5x + =
\320\257 0, compute the value of (m + 3)(\320\273
+ 3).

RELAY 2

R2-1. Points A, B, C, and D areon the arc of a semicircle, and

ABCD
quadrilateral is drawn. Compute the numerical value of tan A + tan +
\320\222

tan +
\320\241 tan D.

R2-2. Let be
\320\223 TNYWR, and let =
\316\227 +
\316\223 6. Compute the area of the triangle
bounded by
the graphs of \321\217
\321\203 |2x|
= H.
and \321\203

\316\244
R2-3. Let be
\316\223 TNYWR, and let =\342\200\224. Given
\320\257
right triangle ABC, with

AB = \\/\316\2523, and AC = \320\257.Let D be a point on such

\320\222\320\241 that
hypotenuse

the area of triangle ABD equals the areaoftriangle

ADC.\316\234the meas-

ure of < in
\320\2334\320\241, radians, is -r-, compute /c.

R2-4. Let \316\244

be TNYWR, and let \320\257= 2 \320\242.
Compute the maximum number of
distinct points in which \320\257different coplanar circles can intersect.

\320\223
R2-5. Let be
\320\223 TNYWR, and let -
\320\257 the smallest
\317\207.
Compute positive

integral
value of for
\317\207 which x3 + + \320\227\320\264:
\320\227\321\2052 + \320\257is a perfect square.

1984 NYSML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

1. Sincethe sum of the digits of a number between 100 and 1000islessthan

30 (the maximum is actually 27), the sequencemust eventually reach a
 1984 NYSML

number between 70 and 100\302\267Also, since any number is congruent to the

sum of its digits (mod 9), each member of the sequenceafter ax is a

multiple of 9. Thus the sequence must reach 99, 90, 81, or 72. In any
case, the sequence will
shortly thereafter go to 63.

(a) Let an+u

a\342\200\236, and for
\320\264\321\217+2> odd n, be represented and by a, ar,
ar2, where each is an integer. The following terms will be
2ar2 - ar (which is integral, because it is ~
2\320\264\320\277+2 ^n+i) and
\342\200\224
4a2r4 4a2r3 + a2r2
2
~ 4flr*\"\" 4flr +a (wbich
is integral, because

it is 4fln+2 - 4an+1 + an). Theselastthree terms again form an

integral geometric progression, repeating the process. The

restriction that r \320\243\320\263

\317\210 guarantees that there are no 0 terms [each newly

1) as the only possible 0 component]

has a factor -
created term (2 \320\263

that couldcause trouble in a geometric progression.

(b) Since all terms are integral,-JL must be rational. Also note that a3
is a (rational)squaretimesauasisa square
times a3,..., so an (for
odd n) = where all factors
\320\260\320\263\320\272212\321\2022... are rational. Then anlax \302\253
(klm...)2.

Clearly n\\ is divisible by 1, 2, 3, ..., n; we must show that n\\ is also

divisible by +
\316\267 +
1, \316\267 2, .. ., \320\272
(all of which are assumed to be
composites), where +
\320\272 1 isthe smallest prime greater than n. Letr be
any
of these composites. Then r must be factorable into factors each two

of which is ^ 2; assumer = ab, where a, b ^ 2. If one of these factors

(say b) is > ny then r = ab S: In. But there must be a prime between \316\267

and In; this is a contradiction, since allthenumbersfrom + 1 through

\316\267

are
\320\263 assumed to be composites. Then neither of the factors a,b can be ^
/i, so each must be < n.
(a) If there exists a factorization of r such that a \302\245
b, then a and b are
different positive integers,eachlessthan n, so ab divides n\\.

(b) If no such factorization of \320\263

exists, then a must equal b; then r must
be the square of a prime, say p2.
Case 1: If \317\201
^ 5, then r - p2 > 4p. Then
4p
< <
\320\263 2/i, so 2p < \320\273.

Therefore both and

\317\201 2p are less than so
\320\273, p2 divides n!.

Case 2: If \317\201
= 3, then =
\320\263
p2
= 9. Therefore must
\316\267 be 7 or 8, and 9
divides7!and 8!.
If = 2% then =
\320\263 = 4.
Therefore \320\273
must be 3, which
\317\201 p2
contradicts the original hypothesis. (Note: 4 doesnotdi-
1984 NYSML 155

vide 3!, so the theorem actuallyholdsforallpositive

integral
n's except 3.)
Note that n\\ is divisible by all composites between and
\316\267 In.

4. We shall prove that a term must eventually be reached that contains a 0,

termsareidentical
so that all succeeding to that one. For example, when
999 is reached(ifever), the next term is 999 + 93; this \"jumpsover\" the

interval from(101 numbers), since93 > 101,sothe new

1000 to 1100
term might a zero. But if wereach 999\342\200\224
not contain 9 (n digits), and 9\"
does not jump over the numbers from 1000 0 (n + 1 digits) to 1100 \302\267
\302\267
\302\267
\302\267 \302\267
\302\267

0 (n + 1 digits), then we will certainlyhit a number containing a zeroas

our next term. The interval contains 100 \302\267\302\267\302\267
0 (n digits), which is 10\"\"1,
numbers. Thus, if ever 9\" < \316\231\316\237\"\"1,
then the next term must contain a

zero, and thereforebethe maximum term of the sequence (also, should

the actual sequencenot exactly
hit 999 \302\267\302\267\302\267
9 (\320\273digits), it would still not
be able to leap past that interval of 10\321\217\"1 numbers).

We must therefore prove that for some \316\267

and thereafter, 9n < 10\321\217\"1. This

is equivalent to proving that \316\267

log 9 < -
\316\267 1, or log 9 < 1 , forsome
and
\316\267 thereafter. This is the same as showingthat 1 - log
9 > -. Since
1 - log is a fixed positive number and
9 gets 1/\320\273 as small as we like, the
existence of a satisfactory is clearly guaranteed. \316\267

Note: In fact, >

\316\267
_ .\342\200\224r-implies ^
\316\267 21.85 so ^
\316\267
\302\267\302\267\302\267, 22 works.
\316\212

Thus, no sequence starting below1022

cangobeyond \342\200\224
(999 9 + 922),
22 digits
which is (1022+ 932
-
1).

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. If is odd, then

\321\203
x\"* + 1 would be divisibleby \317\207
+ 1 and would not be a

prime. Thus is \321\203 even, and must be 2. Also, since \316\266

must be odd, \317\207
must

be even; thus \302\253

\317\207 2. This makes =
\316\266 5, so the only answer is (2, 2, 5).

T2. Only
one such triangle can exist; its sides are 3-3-2.The altitudeof this

isosceles triangle is y/S, and the area becomes\\/8 or 2\\fl.

T3. If the numbers are a and b, (yfa + Vb)2 * a + b + 2 \\fab =

2 (~\"^ + V\302\256
\321\210
2(20\302\260)
\316\262
40\316\261 Therefore Vb
\\\316\233\316\223+
= 20.
156 1984NYSML

T4. Let =
\320\224\320\236)
\320\272.
Letting a = \320\236
gives
\342\226\240 =
\320\224\320\254) \320\224\320\236) \320\272;
letting
=
\320\254 \320\236
gives
- = A:. Thus \302\253 for all real b.
\316\261, Then must be the
f(a) \320\224\320\236) \320\224\320\260)f{b) \320\224\321\205)
- 1/2.
constant function, so \320\2241984)
also equals

T5. (x + y)2
= 4 -+ +
\317\207
\321\203
=
\302\2612; similarly, +
\317\207
\342\226\240
\320\263 \302\2613and \321\203
+ -
\316\266 \302\2614.

+2 \302\2613\302\2614
Then * + +
\321\203
= Since
\302\267
\316\266 \342\200\224\342\200\224\316\266 +
\317\207 \321\203
+ >
\316\266 2, we can only use
2 + 3+4
and,,-2
+ 3 + 4 _
r \316\266 . Thus:

9 5
+
\317\207
\321\203
+ =
\316\266
| OR x+y+z\302\2532

Successively subtracting Successively subtracting

+
\317\207 = 2 +
\317\207
= -2
\321\203 \321\203

+
\317\207 \316\266
- 3 x + =
\316\266 3
+ =
\316\266 4 from + =
\316\266 4 from
\321\203 \321\203

+
\317\207 + -
\316\266 +
\317\207 + \342\200\224\316\266
\316\266
\321\203 \321\203 gives
jgives

\320\2333 5 3 1 9
AND
(j.j\302\267^ (~2' ~2\302\2672>

T6. Applying the formula for the sum of \316\267

terms of a geometric series to
each series given,and equatingthe results(and simplifying somewhat),
.
we get 128 = \302\273ioo
2112 1984J\\\302\243 . AA ...
is odd,
\316\267 this produces
\342\200\224^ j\342\200\224z^.lf

2112 + 1984 . -
10Q = 128 =
we uhave 1^0
\342\200\236
\321\204 \321\201
128 \316\266 , leading to =
\316\267 5. For even n,

2112- 1984 .. , . . .,,

r^ , so =
\316\267
\316\233
0, which is impossible.

T7. Placing this triangleon axes, have vertices we

(0, 0), (0, 6), and (8, 0).
Since = rs, we have 24 = 12r, so r 2 and
\320\232 \302\253 the center of the inscribed
circle is (2,2). Thecenter the circumscribed of circle is the midpoint of
the hypotenuse, (4, 3). The distance namely between these centers is
VT. An alternate approach is to use the formula d2 - R2 - 2Rr, in
which d is the distance betweenthe centers of the circles (for any
triangle), R is the a
circumradius, nd r is the inradius.Since R = 5 and
r = 2, we get the properd.

T8. Only perfect squares have an odd number of divisors, and only squares
of primes exactly 3 divisors. The quantitiesa, bt and
have must
\321\201 be r\\
and
\321\200\320\2632 p22 (in some orders with px and p2 primes);a + = b \321\201
implies
that r, pu and p2 must form a Pythagoreantriple. Sinceone of these must
1984NYSML 157

then be even, r must be even;therefore is a

\320\263 leg, so the hypotenuse is a
prime. The smallestsuch hypotenuse
is 13,
= 169.
so \321\201

T9. If the \"cutting point\" is X, then ABXD trapezoid, with BX <

must be a
AD. Dropa perpendicular from to AD,
\320\222 meeting AD at H. Then
AH < \320\2532. Since AH \302\253
a cos A, we have a cos A < b/2fso cosA <
blla. Thus \302\253
\320\272 \320\2532\320\260.

T10. If the element of lowest subscript in a set is au we may accept or reject

each of the other 11elements;thisproduces 2\" possible sets containing

av If the element of lowestsubscript is at, we

may accept or reject each
of the 5 items a4y \316\26210,and
\316\261\302\273,
\316\261\316\262, <zu; this produces 25 possible sets
containing a2. Containing (as lowest
\320\260\320\263 subscript) we have 23 sets; with
a4 we have 22sets; or with ab ab we have 21 sets each; with a7 through an
we have sets
2\302\260 each. This gives 211 + 25 + 2*+ 22+ 21 + 21 + = 2102
\342\200\224

possible sets. In general, elements al9 atJ \302\267\302\267\302\267,

an lead to

2 \320\225\320\257\"1
+ 2
^M + \342\200\224
+ 2 ^\"* sets.
possible

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

11. Factoring,10n- (2
\302\267
1012) (50)
\302\253
100
\302\267
1012 - 10\320\274, so
=
\320\273 14.

- cos2*) \302\253log
12. This is log (sin x) (cosx) (tanx)= log sin2* =
log (1 .1 =

-1.

13. = = \321\210 have - = b2 - 2\320\2542=

Letting \317\207 \320\2602,
\321\203
and
\320\2542, we
\316\266 \321\2012, \321\2012 \320\2542 so
\316\2612,

+
\316\2612 Since
\321\2012. is
\320\254 at least 2, consider values of from
\320\254 2 on and find 2b2.
The first such value that is the sum of two squares occurs when b =
5 (a * 7 and -
\321\201 1). Then *=
\317\207 49.

14. Drop perpendicular MK, from \316\234to In

\320\222\320\241.
triangle A#C, =
\316\233\316\257\316\247

AH.
\320\243\320\263 Therefore - ViSM, so angleAfBC
MK \302\253
30\302\260.The size of angle
is irrelevant
\320\241 (so long as it is less than 90\302\260but more than 30\320\265)and was

given to prevent students from letting triangleABCbeequilateral (thus

getting the right answer too easily).

484
15. Dividing(n + l)2 by
+
\316\267 23 gives -
\316\267 21 + The
23\302\253
largest that
\317\200

makes this is = 461.

integral \317\200

16. If /?S = 2x, \302\253=

\320\222\320\2416* and PQ
- 3x. \316\224\316\241\316\262\316\223
- A/?ST and the ratio of
their sidesis 2:3. If altitude AH \302\273
10\316\233, then w = 5k9y = 3kf and \316\266 \302\253

2*. Area of \302\253

\320\220\320\233\320\222\320\241
\320\2432(10*)(6\321\205)
= *
60, so kx
\320\227\320\236\320\233\321\205 - 2. Area of
\302\253
%(3*)(3x)
\316\224\316\241\316\262\316\223
- 9fcc/2 - 9.
158 1984 NYSML

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. If =
\320\220
\320\236 1, CD = 2 and AB = VI - =
(-^=)2
= 2.
1 V2

31!
Rl-2. \320\223*
= 2* = 2-36, so * = -36.
230 (31!) \302\267
64

Rl-3. \320\257= 10. Of the 15 throws that total more than 7, 3 will equal 10. The
probability is 3/15 = 1/5.

Rl-4. =
\320\257 12. Cos4* - sin4* = cos2*- sin2* = cos 2* = cost = -=\"\"\302\267

Rl-5. \320\257= 4(%)

= 3. Then (m + 3)(\302\253
+ 3)
= mn + 3 (m + /\316\271)
+ 9 = +
\320\257

3(5) + 9 = 27.

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1. No angle can be and since 90\302\260, the opposite angles are supplementary,
the sum of thetangentsis 0. 6|
R2-2. \320\257= 6. As shown at the right, the area is 18.

R2-3. =
\320\257 1. Since D must be the midpointof
CD = Viand m A = 60\302\260
=
\320\222\320\241, <*: \317\200/3,

so =
\320\272 3.

R2-4. =
\320\257 6. There are ( eachintersecting
2 ) pairs of circles, in 2 points. The

answer is 2( 2 = 30. For N circles, the answer will -

) be N(N 1).

R2-5. =
\320\257 10. *3 + 3*2 + 3* + =
\320\257
(* + l)3 ++ l)3 + (\320\257
-
1)
= (* 9.The*
called for is * = 2 (found by trial and error at the end).
 1984
Atlantic Region Mathematics League
POWER QUESTION

For each nonnegative integer n, we define a nonnegative

integerTTas
follows:

(\320\260)1\320\223=0,\320\242=2,7=1

(b) When is
\320\273 represented in base three as
=
\320\273 a0 + fli' 31 + \302\267
32 +
\320\260\320\263
\302\267\302\267\302\267
+ ar
\302\267
3r, where aj e{0,l,2},

\342\200\224
then 7\316\223=\316\277^
+ 31
\316\2627\302\267
+ +
\320\2272
\316\2442\302\267
+ 57\302\2673r.

= 65.
For example, if =
\320\273 46 (= 12013), then =
\320\273 21023 Thus46= 65 (and \320\261\320\242=
46).

1. If you make a table of valuesof and

\320\273
you
\320\273, will see that 1 = 2,3 = 6,
and 4 = 8.

Find the smallest \320\273 than 4 such that = 2\320\273.

\320\273\"
(a) greater

(b) Describe any infinite set of numbers for

\320\273 which \320\273\"=2 \320\273,
and justify

your answer.

2. Notice that 1 + 3=T+ 3 and 2 + 3-I+7.

(a) Find a pair of integers(a,b), with a and b each greater than 2. for
which a + =
\320\254 a + b.

(b) ^Describe any infinite set ofpairsofintegers (a,b) for which a + b =

+
\316\261 and
\320\254, justify your answer.

3. For each of the following,finda number such

\320\273 that

-
\320\273 \320\273~= 3 \320\273
- \320\273\"= -2
- \320\273\"= 5
(\320\260) (b) (\321\201)\320\273

4. If is
\321\201 any positive integer, describe how to find an integer \320\273
for which \316\267

\342\200\224\342\200\224
\316\267 \321\201.

\302\267\302\267=
5. Notice that 2 2 3 1 \302\267
\320\242.

(a) Find a pair of integers (a,b), with and

\316\261 2> each greater than 2, such

159
160 1984 ARML

\302\267 \302\267 = \302\267

that 2 a b \320\260 b.

(b) Describe any infinite set of pairs of integers(a,b)for which 2 \302\267\302\267

a b

= a -
b, with ab # 0, and justify your answer.

6. If either a or b is zero^thena \302\267 =

\320\254
\302\267
\316\261 \316\257>
(= 0). Prove the converse;
namely, if a \302\267 =
b
\302\267
\316\262 b, then either or
\316\261 b must be zero.

7. Find a number \316\267

such that 9 \302\267 -
\320\273 7\320\273\342\226\240
1. Show how you found your
answer.

8. Prove that, forall nonnegative integers nf -zn ^ 7\320\223< In.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. A particle begins at the originand moves successively in the following

directions:
1
1 unit to the right 4
1/2unit up 1
I \342\200\224li

1/4unitto the
right 2\"
eJ_
16
1/8 unit down
1/16 unit to the right 1

etc.
The length of each move is half the length of the previous move, and

movement continues in the \"zigzag\" manner described. Findthe

coordinates of the point to which the zigzag converges (that is, what point

does this path ultimately approach?).

T2. Let a, b, and be

\321\201
integers with \316\261 b.
\316\246 If(4a + 1)(4* + 1) = +
\320\243 1,
compute the numerical value of ab + ba.
T3. Complete this
\"
cross-number puzzle\" by putting the proper digit into
eachbox.All answers to clues are three-digit numbers (thus no answer
begins with a zero).

Across Down
\317\200 2 1 1 1. An integral multiple 1. An
integral multiple
of 8 of 11
4 4. A factorial 2. A value of 2\321\217,
5. A product of where is
\317\200 a

consecutive primes positive integer

[5 3. An integral
multiple of 11
1984 ARML 161

T4. For positive integral kf the number \302\267

\320\272 1984 has exactly 21 divisors.
Compute all possiblevalues of k.

T5. A circle has the same center as an ellipse and passesthroughthefoci Fx

and F2 of the ellipse. The two curvesintersectin 4 points. Let be

\316\241
any
point of intersection. isISand
If the major axisofthe ellipse the area of

triangle PFxFt is 26, compute the distancebetweenthefoci.

T6. Let be
\317\207 the square of an integer. From we
\317\207 subtract 1; from that result
we subtract 3; fromthat resultwe subtract 5; and so on. (The quantities
being subtracted continueto increase 2.) This by continues until we
reach a resultthat is thesquare an integer other of than 0. Compute the
largest less than 400 for which this occurs.
\317\207

T7. Set A has twice as many elements as set set

\320\222; is
\320\222
larger than set C. Set
has
\320\233 more
\320\273: subsets than set \320\222;set has
\320\222 15 more subsets than set C.
Compute x.

T8. Points and

\316\241 Q are on hypotenuse AS*of right triangleABC,PB = CB
and QA
= CA. the
\320\232 diameter of the inscribed circle of triangleABCis
10, compute the diameter of the circumscribed circle of triangle CPQ.

T9. A set of concentric circles of radii 1,2,3,

... has the origin for a center. A particle
starts at (1,0)andmoves1unit
counterclockwise along the first circle, reaching
point Px\\ it then moves in a radial
direction out to the second circle. It now
moves 2 units counterclockwise along
the second circle to point jP2, then
radially out to the third circle. This pattern
continues, with the particle moving \320\272

units counterclockwise along the &th

circle to point Pk, then radially out to the
next circle.Theparticlestops at some its path has crossed
point Pn when
the positive jc-axis five times (not counting the starting point). Compute
the total length of the path the particle has travelled.

T10. Let P(x) = + x4 ax2 + bx2 + ex + d, where a, b, c, and d are

constants. If P(l) \342\226\240
10, P(2)
= 20, and P(3) = 30, compute
P(12) + P(-8)
10
162 1984 ARML

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

11. In righttriangle ABC, $

=
\320\241
=
90\302\260,\321\201 3, and a + b = VT7. Compute
the area of the triangle.

12. If (a + b):(b + c):(c + a) =

6:7:8, and +
\316\261 b + =
\321\201 14, compute the
value of c.

13. Let be
\316\266 a root of x5 - 1 \302\2530, with *
\316\266 1. Compute the value of
+
z\302\273 z* + +
z\302\273
... + z\302\273.

14. A regular polygon of 2 \316\267

sides is inscribed in a circle of radius 5. Thesum
of the squares of the distances from any point on the circle to the vertices
of the polygonis 600. Compute
the value of the integer n.

15. Two circles,eachofradius5,lie perpendicular planes. They intersect in

in two points, X and thus determining a common chord XY. If

Y, XY =

8, compute the distance between the centers of the circles.

16. (Definition:
If \320\260, and
\320\272, are
\316\267 positive integers with >
\320\272 1, and =
\316\267 ka,
then a is called a \"proper divisor\" of n.) How many positive integers less
than 54 are equaltotheproduct of their proper divisors?

17. Find all positive integers less

\320\273, than 17, for which +
\316\267! +
(\320\273 1)! + +
(\316\267

2)! is an integral multiple of 49.

^ b ^
^ a3 + b3 + c3
18. In triangle \321\214 ABC, a If
\321\201 . *\316\233 , -a^**
\302\2673\316\241^ 7, com-
sinM + sm3B + sin3 \320\241

pute the maximum possible value of a.

RELAY 1

Rl-1. If the sum of the squares of the rootsof a quadratic

equation is equal to
twice the product of thoseroots,compute the value of the discriminant
of the quadratic equation.

Rl-2. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR, which will be an integer. If N is the product of two

primes whose sum is 999 + 2T, computethe value of N.

Rl-3. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR, and let \316\227 - -
\316\244 1990. Find the number of lattice
pointsin the interior of the circle

- - H.
(x ll)2 + (\320\243
-
3)2
1984 ARML 163

Rl-4. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR. Consider the sequence defined by
- =
\"
\316\261\342\200\236+2
3\316\261\316\267+1 2an for 2*
\316\267 1, and
\302\253
a2
\320\260\320\263 \320\223.

Compute \320\264^.

\316\244
= term
Rl-5. Let be
\316\223 TTNYWR, and let \316\227
Compute
\321\203.
the constant (that is,

the term withoutx) in the expansion

of (xH \316\227\342\200\224)4.

RELAY 2

R2-1. How many two-digit numbers have the propertythat when they are

divided by the sum of their digits,the quotient is 7?

(Note: A two-digit
number cannot have 0 as its tens digit.)
\316\244
R2-2. Let The line = Hx makes an angle
TbeTNYWR,andlet \320\257
\321\203
\316\270
\302\253\316\263.

with the positive *-axis. The line \321\203

= mx makes 2 \316\270
an angle
with the

positive x-axis. (Note: is

\320\261 acute and m is positive.) Compute m.

R2-3. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR, and let
\321\203
= Three
\320\227\320\223. positive numbers *, y,
and are
\316\266 in geometric progression. If x + y
+ z-R and
\342\200\224\342\200\224\342\200\224
+ + \302\253
5, compute the numerical value of y.

R2-4. Let be
\316\223 TNYWR. If log,* + log^x = 3\316\223,then
=
\317\207
yk. Compute the
real number k.

R2-5. Let be
\316\244 TNYWR. A circle passes through the points (2,2) and (T +
5, +
\316\223 5) and is tangent to the positive \317\207-axis.
Compute the
x-coordinate of that tangent point.
164 1984 ARML

1984 ARML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

1. Let us considera table of values of and

\316\267 H:

in
\320\273 in
\320\273
-
\321\217 9
(\342\226\240)

\316\267 base3 base3 \316\267 (b) Powers of 3. Since they

are of
\302\267\302\267\302\267
0 0 0 0
othe form 100 03, the >?s are

1 1 2 2 of the form 200 \342\200\224 =

O3, so \316\267 2\320\273.

This will also hold for n's whose

2 2 1 1
3 10 20 6 consist
base 3 representations
4 11 22 8 only
of Ts and 0's (e.g., n's of
5 12 21 7 the form 3*+ 1).
6 20 10 3
7 21 12 5
8 22 11 4
9 100 200 18
10 101 202 20
11 102 201 19
12 110 220 24

13 111 222 26

14 112 221 25.

15 120 210 21
16 121 212 23

(a)
3 + 9 = 9 = 6 18 24.
12 = 24, 3 + + \302\253 Thus (3,9) is an example.
Other examples:(9,3)and(6,10).
(b) (3M). Since 3\" + 1 is of thejorm 100 \302\267\302\267
\302\267
013,3n + 1 = 200 \302\267
\302\267
\342\226\240
023,

which is the same as 371 + 1. More generally, we could use the set
(a,b) where, when a44 digit\" of one is not 0 (in base3,of course), the

corresponding digit (in terms of position) of the otheris Since any 0.

nonzero digit of a + b will have come from a or b itself, the
corresponding digit of a + b will be the same as that digit from a or
Thus
7\316\223. a + frj\" ajr T. For example, 9 + 6 = 1003 + 203, so
9 + 6 - 2103;9 + 6 - 2003 + 103 = 2103.

(a, b, c) From the table (extended), we find that the solutions are \317\200
=
6,
\320\273 - 5, -
\316\267 22.
1984 ARML 165

4. First express in
\321\201 base 3: =
\321\201 a0 + ax
\302\267
3 + a%
\302\267
3* + \342\200\224
+ ar
\302\267
If
\320\243.
any a{
-
2, replace ax by -1 and add 1 to \316\261<+\316\271\302\267
\320\230 becomes
\316\262<+\316\271 3, replace it with
0 and add 1 to \320\260\320\274. Continue this way until all the digits are 0,1, or -1.
This is a new representation of in base
\321\201 3 using digits 0,1, and -1 only.
The integer\316\267called for in the problem will be the number in base3
obtained by now replacing each -1 by 1 and each1by 2. Thus, =
if \321\201
1_9
- 2013 = 1 -1013, then /rwffl be 210 23 = 65. decking, wefind that 65
\302\253
1201\320\267
-
46, and 65
- 65 = 65- 46 = = 11
if \321\201 -1023 -
l^imilarly,
11 -l8,then willbe2
\316\267 213
= 25; thus -
\316\267 \320\273 - 25 25
-\316\2125\342\226\240 -14 = \320\237.

All this works because a ljn \321\201

(base_3) eventually becomes a 2
injhe
-
representation of \316\267
(and a 2, or 1, in \320\273);thus, for that position, =
\316\267 \316\267

1, which is the correct corresponding digit of \321\201 A -1 in \321\201

becomes a 1 in

the representation of \320\273 a 1, or 2, in \320\273);thus, for that position, -

\320\273 In
(and
= -1, whichjs the digitof c.
correct corresponding Zeros remain zeros

in and
\320\273,
\321\201, Thus
\320\273. this formulation of \320\273
produces that called for value
of c.

5. (a) (9,6).Notethat 54 =
20003jLso3T=
1000 3 = 27. Then 2 \342\200\242'5\320\242\320\221\"=
2
\302\267

54 = 2 \302\267
27 - 54 and also 9 \302\267
6 = 18 \302\267=
3 54.

(b) (3n,6) or (3n,b) where b is a number whosebase 3 representation

0's and 2's for digits. Consider the base
has
only 3jrepresentation of

all numbers involved: Since b has only 0's and 2's, b hasonly 0's and

Ts. Since 3n is a 1 followedby \320\273 zeros^is a 2 followed by \320\273zeros.

Thus IF \302\267
F is the same as 6 followed by \320\273 zeros. Since 3nb is b
followed by \320\273 zeros, 3nb is b followed by zeros,
\320\273 and 2 \302\267
\316\250\316\212>
brings
us back to b followed by \320\273 zeros. Thus 2 \302\267
TH = 3s\"\302\267b.

6. Consider the rightmost nonzero digit of a (in base3 representation) and

the rightmost nonzero digit of 6, and forget aboutthe zerosthat follow.

The chart below shows the rightmost nonzero digitofvarious quantities:

a b ab ab \\ \316\231
\316\261 \"\320\221 \316\261\302\267\"\316\222

111 2 1 2 2 4 (becomes
12 2 1 1 2 1 2
2 12 1 12 2
2 2 4 (becomes1) 2 1 111 1

Note that eFnever matches a \302\267

Thus,
\316\210. if aB = a - T,at least oneofthe
numbershas only zeros for digits and hence is equal to zero.

7. Firstnote that 3*\320\270

= 3* \302\267
7t, and in particular5n \302\253
9\320\231;also, the solution
to (2b) shows that if r < 9,3*n+ r - \320\22757/? + 7(= +
9\320\273 Now
\320\263).
-
9\320\273\"- 7\320\273

- 7\320\273\342\226\240
1 -*\342\226\240 1 (mod 2\320\273\342\226\240
-\302\273 1 (mod -*\302\267 \342\226\240
5 (mod -
\320\273
9) 9) \320\277_
9). Letting
9\320\273,
+ 5, we have *
\320\273 9\320\273,
+ 5 - 9\320\273,
+ 5\"= 9\320\273,
+ 7. Substituting into the
166 1984 ARML

original equation, we have 9(9^ + 7) - 7(9\320\273,

+ 5)
= 1 -* 9n, - =
7\320\273\320\263

- 3 -\342\226\272
- \342\226\240
-3 -*\342\226\240 \342\226\240
6 -\342\231\246 \342\226\240
3 9). Letting
7nt (mod 9) 2\321\211
(mod_9)
n^ (mod

\302\273i
+ 3, we have \320\273,
-
9\320\2732
+ \320\242\302\253
9\320\2732
+ 6. Substituting, we have
^_9\320\2732
+ - + = -3-* - = - 4-+ \302\253-4
9(9\320\273, 6) 7(9\320\2732 3) 9\320\2732 7\320\2732 -7\320\2732 (mod
-\342\226\272 \302\253 \342\226\240 = + 7 and
9) 2\320\2732 5(mod 9)j* \320\2732 7(mod 9). Letting \320\2732 9\320\2733

leads to - = 0. A value of works is 0

substituting 9\320\2733 7\320\2733 that
\320\2733 (since
Tracing back we get \320\2732
would 0 also). * + 7-* = =
\320\2733 equal 9\320\2733 \320\2732 7; \320\273\321\205

\302\253
9\320\2732+ 3 \320\273. 66; \320\273 +
9\320\273\321\205 5 \320\273. 599.

8. Let /be the set of such

\316\271 that \316\262< 0.
\316\246 Then

+
\320\273
=
\320\273 2\320\260& + \316\243\316\261,3'
- 3 13* as \320\227\320\273,
\321\213
\316\271 \320\270\320\263 \316\271

with equality holding if and only if \320\273has all 0's_and l's as digits.
of the s s
Subtracting from
\320\273 both sides inequality \320\273+ \320\273 \320\227\320\273
yields \320\273

2 \320\273.
Similarly,
\342\200\224 3 3 \342\200\224
1
+
\320\273 \320\273 $\316\277\302\2532\316\257\317\204\316\267.
=\317\204\316\2432\302\2673'^\317\204\316\267,

TEAM QUESTIONS

\316\244\316\231.The abscissas are approaching 1+ 7 + + \302\267\302\267\302\267,

-\317\204\317\204 and the ordinates

-z \342\200\224
+ -~~
- The sums of these infinite geometric se-
approach \321\202\320\263 \302\267\302\267\302\267.

4 2
liesare -r and \302\267=,
respectively, so the point of convergence is (4/3, 2/5).

T2. a
\320\232 and b are nonnegative, then 3C + 1 is an even integer, so 4e +1 (for
example) mustbe even, whereupon
0. Then (noting that b may not
a =

alsobe 0), ab + ba = 06 + =
b\302\260 1. If b is negative,simpleanalysis
a or will

show that must

\321\201 be negative and no solution is possible.

T3. 4 across -*\342\226\240=

\316\225 2, F - 0, and D =1 or 7. Now 2
\316\225 fa \320\247
down -* =
\320\222 1 and \302\253
\316\227 8 [2 down is 128]. Now 5
Fd fl
across can onlybe 5
\316\225
\302\267
7
\302\267 \302\253
11 385. so G \302\253
3 and / =
5.3 down -*
\316\227
\320\250. lH = 6.1 \320\241 down can only be 913or 473,
of which
only A \342\200\224
4 satisfies 1 across. The answer is:
I T\\
\316\225

\320\224
Rj 2
\316\225
8
jD
1984 ARML 167

multiply by 31, the number of divisors

\302\267
T4. Since 1984 \302\253
2\320\26531, if we don't
mustbe even. [It is (6 + 1) (1 +1) (? ), by
a theorem of number theory.]
Therefore we must at least multiply by 31. But fc = 31 works, since it
produces (6 + 1) (2
+ 1)
= 21 divisors. Thus, -
\320\272 31.

T5. APF^ is a right trianglewith \317\207 = 15

+ \321\203

(from the fact that the sumofthedistances

from a point on an ellipse to the foci is
constantandmustequal major axis), the

and xy - 52 (doublethe areaofthe

Then = + \321\203*\302\253
\321\205\320\263 + -
triangle). \320\2631 {\317\207 2\321\205\321\203
\321\203)\320\263
- 225 - 104 - 121,so z
- 11.

\316\2446. Let =
\317\207 Note
\321\2012. that 1 + 3 + 5+ =
\342\200\224
b2at each stage.
We want the largest c2lessthan400suchthat c2 - b2= b
< 20 that is the hypotenuse of a
a2 \302\2450. The largest \321\201
Pythagoreantriangleis 17, so \317\207
= =
\321\2012 289.

T7. Let the number of elementsin sets A, B, and \320\241 be a, b, and \321\201

respectively (with each being at least 0). Then a = 2b, b > c,2\302\260= 2* + x, and
2* * 2C + 15. Since 2\" is even for integral \316\267 > 0, and \320\254 > \321\201,
then 26 must
be even. Therefore \321\201 0; 2* = - =
16, so b 4; \320\276 8; 2\320\265 2* \317\207 256 =
= = + -*

16 + * -\302\273\302\267
jc = 240.

T8. A

Note that (b - r) + (a - r)
= -
c, so a + \320\254
=
\321\201 2r = </ \302\253
10. But PB +
+ x, so = + - -
QA =
- -
AB \317\207 \320\264 \320\254 \321\201 10. Also, \316\262*180
(\316\261+ \320\224)
= 180
+ . .. .
law oft sines.
\316\275 \320\220 \320\222
,180-\320\222 180-_\320\233
( \316\266
_l
l\302\267
)
\316\262 = \320\272\320\276\320\276
\342\200\224\316\266\342\200\224 45
\320\220
. By the extended
#

the circumdiameter
ACPQ of
= . ^0
= . ,go - lih/l (Note the
Sin Sin 45
nice results that PQ = the diameteroftheinscribed circle of the right
\320\241
= 90 is true for if is
-\316\263[this part
triangle, and \316\270
any triangle, \320\241

the largest angle].)

168 1984 ARML

T9. Each arc of travel corresponds to a centralangleof1radian. Five

revolutions corresponds
= *
to 5(2 \317\200) 10 \317\200 31.4 radians, so the particle must be
onthe 32dcircle when it makes its fifth crossing. The total distance
travelled to Pn is

(1 + 2 + 3+ - +
32) + (1 + 1 + 1+ - + 1) - \320\25121+ 3i \302\253
559units.

$1 terms

T10. We use a trickoflettingQ(x)- \316\241

(\317\207)
- 10x Tben \316\262(1)
=
\316\262(2)
=
\316\262(3)
=

0, so Q(\317\207) is divisible by (\317\207

-
l)(x
- 2)(x - 3). Since Q(x)
is a 4th

degree polynomial, Q(x) = (x

- 1)(jc- 2)(*
-
3)(jc
-
r), and P(x) =
-
(\320\273: 1)(*
- 2)(x - 3)(x- r)
+ We
\320\256\321\205. now compute
P^ ^ 8^,
^Qf
expectingto get an expression in r, but we find that the Fs drop out.
Theresultis 1984!

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

II. Using for

\320\232 the area, (a + b)2 = a2 + lab + b2 = + 4\320\257
\321\2012
= 9 + 4\320\257
=

17. Thus =
\320\257 2.

12. Letting a + =
\320\254 6x, b + =
\321\201 7x, and +
\321\201 a \302\253
8x, we get 2 (a + + \321\201)
\320\254
=

4
21*.
21*. Since +
Since a\320\264
+ b + +
\320\254
=
s
\321\201 14, *=-. Subtracting +
\321\217 ft (= 8) from

a + fc + \321\201 =
\321\201 6
gives

z36-L = ,
Z35) = 1(L__i)
13. z\302\273
+
zie + ... + Z50
\320\266
z\302\273 + ... + \320\273-1,
\317\207 ^ j
(zi
(|_L)

14. Since the line segmentjoiningoppositeverticesisa joining diameter,

the point (P) to a pair of oppositevertices and B) produces a right (A

PAB. Then + PB2 = d2 = 100. Since there are

triangle such
PA2
pairs \316\267

of vertices, the sum of the squaresis so 600, and = 6. 100\316\267 \302\253

\320\256\320\236\320\277, \316\267

15. Let the centers of the circlesbe \320\236and \320\236'and the center of the common
chord be M. We see that OM = O'M = 3, but OM and O'M are
Therefore,in
perpendicular. right triangle OMO\\ the hypotenuse
oo' - 3vT

16. Analysis
will show that such a number must be either ofthe form p3 or

pq, where and

\317\201 # are distinct primes! The first form givesus 23and 33.
1984 ARML 169

To get numbers of the secondform, we list the primes 2,3, 5,7,11,13,

17,19, and 23, andthenconsiderthe
possible products that are less than
54. There are eightusingthe 2,five using the 3 (but not the 2), and 1
usingthe5 (but neither the 2 nor the 3). The number is therefore2 +

8 + 5 + 1 * 16.

17. Thegivenexpression
equals \316\267!
[1 + (\317\200
+ 1) + +1)
(\316\267
+
(\316\267 2)]
= \316\267! +
(\316\267

2)2. Then either 7 divides +

\316\267 2, or 49 divides n\\. Therefore \342\226\240
\316\267 5,12,

14,15, or 16.

18. If D is thediameter the of circumscribed circle of triangle ABC, then the

extended law of sines tells us that a \302\253
D sin A, b = D sin B, and \321\201
= D

sin \320\241
Substituting these in the numerator of the given fraction and
factoringoutthe Z>3, we have D3 = 7, so D = >^ Sincenosideof the
triangle can exceed the diameter of the circle, the maximum possible

value of a is allbeing
*%/T.Note that many such trianglesare possible,
right triangles.

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. If the roots are and

\317\201 q, then p2 + q2 = 2pq implies \317\201= q. The
discriminant is 0.

Rl-2. Sincethe sum is odd, one of the primes must be 2, and the otheris997 +

IT. Then N = 2(997 + 2T) - 1994 + 4\316\223

= 1994.

Rl-3. =
\316\227 4. The number of lattice points isthe sameas thoseinthe interior of

x2 + y2 = 4.
Simple examination of a pictureshows the answer to be 9.

Rl-4. a3 = 3\316\223
- 2\316\223
= 7. We see that every term will equal which
\316\223, is 9.

1 4*\316\234 6\321\205\321\210 4\321\205\320\275 1

Rl-5. \320\257 - 3. + = +
\317\207\342\204\242
^- + -=7- + ^- + -V The term with-
v(*\321\217 -)4
X/ XX2 X3 X4

out is
\317\207 the fourth, which equals 4.

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1.
*+ U
= 7 implies 10/ + \302\253
7r + r = 2a. The numbers are
\320\270 7\320\274,so

21, 42, 63, and 84.The answer is 4.

170 1984 ARML

2tang 2H I ^
JtOJ W-V, i\342\200\236tnu-\316\257? -l
R2-2.H-%.m-tan2e-1_tan2e-rr^-1_V4-3.

R2-3. = 4. Let = and = Then R = + =

j \317\207
^
\316\266 >\317\204. \321\203
(\317\202+1
r)and5

(r + l+ =
4,andy
= 2.
J \302\243),so*/S=y2

R2-4. j2^ + -\302\243&-*-

=
^-ii
= 3\316\223implies
r log e x3
=
loge' y\302\253impliesr x3 =
log 2 log 2
\321\203 \321\203 log \321\203

yeTimplies jc = y*T, so Jfc = 2\320\223\302\253

4.

= theorem
R2-5. From the picture, A
\320\236 = 2\\/2~and OB (\320\223
+ 5) \\fl. Using a
about a tangent and a secant drawn to a circle from an'outside point,
x2 = (OA)(OB) = + 5) = 4(\320\223 36, so =
\317\207 6.

\316\271 + 5,\316\244+ 5)
^-\342\200\224\317\207\302\243(\316\244
 1985

New York State Mathematics League

POWER QUESTION

In preparing your answer, you may find it convenientto usethe following:

Notations: If a, b, and are

\321\201
integers with \316\246
\316\261 0, then

(1) a\\b (\"a divides b\") means b is an integralmultiple

of a.

(2) \317\206
means b is not an integral multiple of a.

(3) (a,b) = d means that d is the greatest commondivisorofa and

b. If (a,b)
= 1, we say that a and b are \"relatively

prime.\"

Theorems: The following are among the theorems that you may wish to use in
your work. They may be referred to by number.
If a, b, and \321\201
are integers with a 4 0, then
(Tl) If a\\b, then a\\cb for all integers c.
(T2) If \317\206
and (a,c)
- 1, then ajfcb.
(T3) If a\\(b
+ c) and a|fr, then a\\c.
If aj(i> + c) and a|6, then ajfc.

Let N be the positive integer \316\221\316\267\316\221\316\267-\316\271 where

~\302\267\316\2212\316\2211\316\2219, the At are digits. Thus
JV =
An
\302\267
10\" + An-!
\302\267
10\"-1 + \342\200\224
+ \302\267
102
\320\220\320\263
+ Ai
\302\267
10 + A0, where 0s <
\316\233, 9
and ^ 0. For
\320\233\342\200\236 any integer r, we define the function

F{N,r) \321\210 +
\320\220\320\276\320\263\" As*-1 + - + An-tr +A,

F(253,4)-
(Examples: 3
\302\267
4l + 5 \302\267
4 + 2 = 70; F(AB,5) - 5S + \320\233)

l.(a) Prove: If is a
\320\233\320\224 multiple of 7, so is SB + \320\233
(that is, if 7\\AB, then
7|F(i4Bf5)).
(b) Prove: If ll(AB,
then 7)(F(AB,5).

(c) Prove: 7|ABC //emi only if 7\\F(ABC, 5).

[It can be shown that a test for divisibility

by
7 is 7\\N if and only if
7|F(N,5).]

171
172 1985 NYSML

(d) Compute the smallest positive integer such

\320\272 that, for any positive
Noproofisneeded.
integer N, 19\\Nif and only if 19\\F(N,k).

2. Prove: If N - AzA2AtA0 and \317\201

is any prime greater there exists
than 5,
at least one positiveinteger such
\320\272 that if p\\N, then p\\F{N,k). (For
example,in sectionlc noted we that when =
\317\201 7,
=
\320\272 5.)

Compute the smallest positive valueofNsuchthat F(N,1) =

3.(a) 18 and (at
the same time) F(N,-1) = 0.

(b) Findall ordered pairs of digits such

(\320\233,\320\222)
that 19| 1
\320\222 1 1A 1 1 1 .

(c) If N is a 3-digit number and F(N, 5) = 67, computetheremainder when

N is divided by 7.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Point
(\316\244\316\220\316\233
is
\316\241 on the closed segment joining (2,0) and (0\320\224),
and point Q is
4\342\200\224'
on the closed segment joining (6,0) and (0,6). Computethelengthofthe
shortest possible segment PQ.

T2. If +
\316\271 2/2 + 3/3 + 4/4 + \342\200\224
+ 32/32 = A + Bi, where A and are
\320\222 real,

compute the ordered pair (A,B).

T3. For how

many positive integral values of does
\316\267 end
\316\267! with precisely 25
zeros?

T4. In right triangleABC,D isthe midpoint of hypotenuse i4iFand is

\302\243 the

midpoint of AC. Segments BE and CD intersect a t F. If \320\220 =

\320\241 VTand
=
\320\222\320\2411, compute the cosine of ^BFC.

1 <
\317\200
T5. If log*,,* cos =
\317\207 x, and 0 <
\317\207 -\316\266
, compute sin \317\207.

T6. Two parabolas have the same focus, namelythe point (3,-28).Their
directrices are the *-axis and the v-axis, respectively. Compute the
slope of their common chord.

T7. A particle starts at point A0 on a circleofradius1\".

It moves along the
circle stops; call this stoppingpoint
for 1\" and It
\316\221\316\273. then continues

along the circle(in the samedirection) for 1\" to point \317\207 A2; then
1\"
to
\317\204 A 3,

-1\" is
etc. The stopping point after moving An. This movement finally
1985 NYSML 175

R2-2. Let be
\320\272 TNYWR.

A circle passes through the points (0,0), (6fc,0),and (0,8&).

Compute

the radius of the circle.

R2-3. Let be
\320\263 TNYWR.
\320\264
In the diagram, triangle ABC is a right
triangleas shown. AF = FE = ED \342\226\240
\316\266

DC and CG = G# - #/ = JB. D
If the area of ABJF =
7r, compute the \321\201

area of EHGD.

R2-4. Let t be TNYWR, and let \320\272 .

=-jj

The base angles of a trapezoid are each 60\302\260and

the longer base equals k. The shorter base is the
diameterofan inscribed semicircle, as shown. If
the shorter base is - the
K2\\
\317\201 qy/J, compute
ordered pair of positive integers (p,q).

R2-5. Let (p,q) be the answer you will receive. If

\317\201+ 12
+
\316\257 16
1 +

w
where a and b are positiveintegers,computeb.

1985 NYSML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

1. (a) 7|(10\316\233
+ 7|5(10\320\233
\320\222)-\302\273
+ B)-+ 7|(49\320\233
+ +
\320\220
5\320\222)-+ 7|(5\320\222
+ \320\220)

by and
\316\244\316\231 \320\242\320\227.

(b) 7\320\22410\320\245
+ -*
\320\222) 7J(5(10A + -+
\320\222) 7\320\2245\320\222
+ A) by T2 and \320\242\320\227.

+ 10\320\222 + + 10\320\222 + + \320\252\320\222

(c) 7|(100\320\233 \320\241)-* 7|25(100\320\220 \320\241)-* 7|25(2\320\233
+ 7|(50\320\233
\320\241)-\302\273
+ 75\320\222 + \320\241)-\302\2737|(\320\233
+ 5\320\222+ 25\320\241). The inverse is
similarly established.
- +
(d) The answeris 2.Briefly, A0), then 19|2\"(i4B
\302\267 + \302\267
if 10\"
19|(\320\233\342\200\236
\302\267 \302\267
10\" + \302\267\302\267\302\267)
-+19|[2\320\234\320\262
+ 2\"\"1 20\320\233!
+ 2\"\"2 (20)M2 + \302\267\302\267\302\267]

-*
19|(2M0 + 2n~lAx + 2\"-2\320\2332
+ Note, using
\302\267\302\267\302\267)\302\267 modular theory.
* 1
(mod 19); similarly, 5
\302\267
2 \302\267
10 10 \342\226\240
1 (mod 7).
 176 1985 NYSML

-
2. p|(10M, + lr^\302\273-,
+ + \320\2330)
-> + -*
\302\267\302\267\302\267)
\321\200|*\321\217(\320\256\320\234\321\217 p|[*M0 +
+ + - + J.If we can find a value of
\320\233^\320\247\320\256^\320\234, *-\320\247\320\256*)\320\2342 (\316\231\316\237\316\273)\316\234

such
\320\272
(mod p), we
that lOfc
have m 1 will solved problem. But
the
Fermat's little theoremsaysthat for (10,p) =
1 (which is the case, since \317\201
> 10\"-J Let k p), and we have found a
\342\226\240 \342\226\240
10\"-*
5), 1 (mod p). (mod
-
satisfactory /r. Note that for \317\201 7, A: \342\226\240
105 (mod 7)
\342\226\240
3$ (mod 7)
\342\226\240
5

(mod 7), so we use = 5.

\320\272

3. (a) F(N,l) = y40

+ ^i+- + ^n = 18->^isamultipleof9;F(M-l)
= \302\261A9
+ \302\261
A2
\316\221\316\271
=P * 0-+ N is a multiple of 11;thus N
\302\267\302\267\302\267 = 99.

(b) 19 must divide (27 + 2e + 25 + \302\267

\320\233 24 + 23 + 22 + 2+ \302\267 -\342\226\272
\320\222
2\302\260)

19|(238 + 16\320\233 + B) ->\302\267 +

\320\222 10 \302\253\320\227\320\233
(mod 19). Trying values of \320\233

from 0 through 9 only pairs: (0,9),(4,2),(5,5),(6,8).

leads to four

(c) Let us consider a general solution. Given: N has + 1 digits, = \316\267 \320\272

10\"\"* (mod p) for prime > 5, [ IT-fc11\"!(mod\317\201) |, and N = G

\317\201

(modp) where 0 s G < p. Then considering (mod p): everything

k*G \342\226\240
*\"# \342\226\240
F(AU) [see solution to II] -\342\226\272 \302\267
\320\257 knG \342\226\240 \342\226\240
G \320\232

F(N,fc).Thus \\W^KF(N,k) (mod p)\\ .For =

\316\267 2, =
\317\201 7, and A:

= 5:52K tf \302\2532(mod tf
\320\233\320\223
\302\267
\342\226\240 \302\267
\302\2532 67
\302\2531
(mod7)-\302\273 7)-> F(tf,5)
2-4=8=1 (mod 7). The remainder is 1.
Anotherapproach for this specific problem would be to find N. If
N- ABC,then25 + \320\241 5B + A = 67. One of thefour(!)solutions
to this is N = 232. divided 7, the remainder
When this is is 1. by

(Miscellaneous = =
ideas: F~(232,5) F(2320,5) F(23200,5) etc.
Discuss the remainders in each case. If N' \342\200\224
F(N, 10), how does N'
compare with Discuss
\316\235\316\212 when F(N,r)
= N
(e.g., F(49,5) = 49).
does = for \316\234Note how and
When F(N,a) F(N,b) \316\261
\316\246 F(N,1)
tests 9 and
F(N, -1) are related to the divisibility for 11. This fruitful
topic would make a fascinatingresearchpaper! For further

possibilities, contact the authors.)

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. ) Draw a perpendicularfrom (2,0)totheline joining (0.6) and (6,0). This

segment FjJ. It formsthe legofa 45\302\260
4\342\200\224'
perpendicular will be the shortest
right triangle whose hypotenuse is 4, so PQ = 2\\fF.
T2. A + B/ =
(/
- 2- 3/ +
4) + (5/ - 6- 7/ + 8) +
- + (29/- 30- 311 +

32)
- (- 2+4- 6 + 8 30 + 32) + (1 - 3 + 5
- 7 + - + 29-
= - 16/. Thus
31)\316\271 16 (A,B) \321\210
(16,-16).

T3. The number of final zeros would equal the highestpower of 10 that
1985 NYSML 177

divides \316\267!,which would equal the highest power of 5 that divides \320\273!

Then

\320\273
25. It's easy to see that =
\320\273 105 is the

smallest satisfactory value of n. Thenextfourvalues will

of \316\267 also work.
The answer is 5. It is interesting to notethat this holds for \316\267!ending in \320\272
zeros, for any \320\272
that ever works. Of course, some kfs don't workat all
(e.g.,no n! ends in precisely 5 zeros or 29 zeros or 30 zeros).

T4. Puttingthe triangle on coordinate axes at A (0,V2), B(1,0), and C(0,0),

we find that we have Z)(l/2,VT/2) and \302\243(0,VT/2). Then the slope of
CD is y/T, and the slopeof BE is -V2/2. Since these are negative
reciprocals, WE is perpendicular to so cos \320\241\320\224 <$BFC
= 0.

Vs-i
T5. >/ sin =
\317\207 cos \317\207 sin2* + sin -
\317\207 1 = 0 \342\200\224>
sin =
\317\207

\316\2446. Let the focus be F; its coordinates areimmaterial! The parabolas open
down and to the right, respectively. Let the parabolasintersect at points
and
\316\241 Q. From draw
\316\241
perpendiculars to the \317\207
and axes,
\321\203 calling these

intercepts A and B. Then PA

= PF = PB, so \316\241
must -
be on the line \321\203
\342\200\224\317\207.
Similarly, Q must be on \321\203
= -jc. Thus the slope of FiJis \"\"1.

MM -
T7. If Ak = >
\320\272
j, then
\316\221\316\254\316\257\316\277\317\204 \316\243-\317\204 \316\243-would have to be an inte-
I
i\302\267/ 1-7 I

gral multiple of 2 \317\200,which is irrational. This being impossible, the

answer is 0. Note: Even on a circle of circumference I\320\274,no Ak
=
i4j
*
1
for >
\320\272
j > 0, but this requires knowing that \316\243 can
\317\204 never be

integral!

T8. Positive integral powers of 3 endin 3,9,7,and

with equal occurrences as the exponent 1+1| 3 9 7 1
1 only,

goes from 1to 100. a table of the sums Making 6 2 0 3

of the units digitsof3aand 3* the results
\320\223\320\267]

shown. To be a multiple of 5, a zero ending is

gives
9 2 8 6 0
needed. This occurs 4 times out of 16 for a 7 1 0 6 4 8
probabilityof 7 . 111
| 4 0 8 2 |

T9. When A has one 8 and the rest 9s as digits,the corresponding is

\320\222

1,786.678,667,864. A smaller A can produce a B whosedigital sum is

178 1985 NYSML

larger, however! The with

\320\222 the greatest possible digital sum (while not
being a multipleof3) would be 999,999,999,998. The corresponding \320\241

is 107, but a further reduction in the originalA could produce a

reduction in to
\320\222
get \320\260 with
\320\241 the highest digital sum; that is
\320\241 98. This gives a
maximum D of 17.

T10. Draw the altitude from to

\320\241 AB; let thisaltitude be A, and let SP - If
\317\207.

the altitude crosses STTat then

\320\223, CT=h-x. Now for the solution. The
measureof angle
is
\320\222 irrelevant! Note that triangles SRC and ABC are
similar. Then

h-x h- ch . -1112
= -
=
, so \302\253
\317\207 \342\200\224\342\200\224r
, whereupon r +
\317\204
\316\262
^ .
jc \321\201 + ft
\321\201 jc \320\220 \321\201 3

3
Thus =
\317\207
2\302\267

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

_. . 4-4* 6\302\26765 4* 6*
T1
11. This is
j-p
\302\267

yT^j
-
-p-
\302\267

26\"
,4\302\2676\316\275\316\262
\321\210
(JTf?
\" 4 = 2 ' so \"
= 12\302\267

12. +
\320\2642 i>2 - (a + i>)2
- \302\253
2\316\261\316\257>
\320\2572
- 2/\320\223\302\253
(*
-
l)2
- l, which is minimum

when =
\320\232 1.

13. Let and

\320\263 ft be the radius and height of the cylinder;let\317\207
and be
\321\203
the

side of the base and the heightofthebox. m2h x2y Then

\302\253
and =
2\317\200\317\204\316\221

Axy. Dividing these equations gives r/2

= x/4, so 2r/x = 1 (or 1:1).

14. \320\232*=^+^^,\320\233\320\265\320\277*3
= 7 + 3^^+3
- 56,
3^T^49 (^7 + ^49) so *3
= 56 + 21*. Thus P(x) is jc3 - 21*
and the product we seek is 56.

15. S = - ; 25 = 1 - ; adding terms with the

I I +
I I +
I

same denominatorproduces 3S\302\2531\342\200\224x +

j-jt+tt\302\267--\302\267\302\267\302\267\302\273-

2
series], so S =
[infinite geometric <r.

16. MethodI: TheLawofCosines shows that

<$ABC
= 120\302\260. Since is
\316\241 the

incenter of is an
\320\222\320\240
\320\220\320\260\320\222\320\241, angle bisector. Draw radius \302\245L. Area of
-
\320\233\320\233\320\222\320\241 V2(3)(5)sin
1985 NYSML 173

stops at the first point just A{ after the particle has completed 1985
revolutions around the circle. How many \"stopping points\" have been
stopped on at least twice?

T8. Let =
\317\207 3a + 3*, where a and b are chosenindependently from the

integers 1 through 100 inclusive (with each integer having an equal

likelihood of being chosen). Compute the probabilitythat is
\317\207 an

integral multiple of 5.

T9. The integer A has 198,519,851,985 digits, and is not a multipleof 3.The
sumofthe digits
of A is B. The sum of the digitsof is
\320\222 The
\320\241 sum of
the digits of is
\320\241 D. Compute the maximum possible value of gd.
A

T10. In right triangle ABC, jjiB = 41\302\260.

Square

PQRS is inscribed as shown. Let AB =

and
\321\201 the altitude from to
\320\241 AB be h. If
112
+ \" \316\262
t*16 of a
\320\223 \316\275comPute length

side of the square.

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

4* + 45 + 45 + 45 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 + 65 =
II. If
35 + 35 + 35 25 + 25
2\321\217, compute

the positive integer n.

12. Let the roots of x2 - Kx + \320\232

= 0 (where is
\320\232 a real number) be a and b,
which can be realor complex. Compute such
\320\232 that a2 + b2 is as small as
possible.
13. (Note: In this problem, the \"lateral area\" of a figure is its totalsurface
area minus the area of its bases.)
A right circularcylinderhasthe samevolume as a rectangular box with
square bases. If both figureshave the same lateral area, compute the
ratio of the diameter of the circular base to the side of the squarebase.

14. Let P(x)

= 0 be the polynomial equation of leastpossibledegree, with

rational coefficients, having \\/49

>\320\243\320\243+ as a root. Compute the product
of all ofthe roots of P(x)
= 0.
174 1985NYSML

15. Compute the infinite sum 5, where

+ l)
2 4 8 16 32 2\302\273;

16. In triangle ABC, AB - 3, \302\253 \302\253

\320\222\320\2415\320\244\320\233\320\241
7, and \320\2247) and are
\320\241\320\225 angle
bisectors meeting at P. Compute AP.
17. A
sequence J
{\316\262 is defined as follows: #<+i
- r~ \342\200\224 for \320\267*
\316\271 1.

If 03
* \320\264\321\214
compute (<z9)9.

18. Rectangle I is inscribed in rectangle so

\316\240 that each side of rectangle II
contains one and only one of vertex rectangle L If the dimensions of
22
rectanglei are 1 and 2> and the area of rectangle II is-\317\204-, compute the

perimeter of rectangle II.

NYSML RELAY!

Rl-1. Compute:(tan 41\302\260)(tan 42\302\260)(tan 43\302\260)(tan 44\302\260)(tan 45\302\260)(tan 46\302\260)(tan

47\302\260)(tan 48\302\260)(tan 49\302\260).

Rl-2. Let t be TNYWR. Circle is

\316\241 inscribed in a 60\302\260

sector of circle O, as shown. If the radius of circle \316\241

is /, compute the radius of circle 0.

Rl-3. Let r be TNYWR. When the eight-digit number ABCDEFGH is

divided by 7, the quotient is the seven-digit number MNPQT44 and
the remainderis r. Compute
the digit G. (Note: Different letters may
represent the same digit.)

Rl-4. Let G be TNYWR. Two circles, each of radius C, are externally

tangent. Compute the length of the tangent fromthe centerofonecircle
to the other circle.

Rl-5. Let t be TNYWR, and let -

\320\272 f* + 5. A rectangle has area k. Semicircles
are on
drawn externally each of two adjacent sides of the rectangle.
t he
Compute product of the areas of the two semicircles.

NYSML RELAY 2
B

=
R2-1. In right triangle ABC, A
\302\253$
= and
30\302\260
^ \320\241

90\302\260as shown. If BX = XA and XY = YA,

BY
compute the ratio -\320\263\320\263\321\202-.
\320\241 \320\233*1.
1985 NYSML 179

120\302\260
= = rs - \320\263 ->
\342\200\224j\342\200\224 (\316\263)

r= -tanoC-vT
f-Now^\302\267 A

BL *
| - -
- AL \321\210 - \302\253 = r\302\253 +
j^>
3)
| |.Finally,
\316\233\316\241\302\273
(|)*

-3 ^
+
25 = 28 , D = /-
\342\200\224->AP V7.
T
Method II: By Mass
Points, AP:PD - 10:5 =

2:1, so AP =
|(AZ>).
Now by an angle bisectortheorem
(usingthe last
diagram), \317\201
= 3k

and q
= Ik, so \342\200\224
\320\272 and
-\316\266 =
\317\201 \317\207

= another
and <? \317\207.By theorem,

t2 = cb f = Finally) ^F =
\342\200\224
pq
\317\210,
so
-2^-1 | = %/\320\263
\316\257

17. Let = \317\207.

\316\261\317\207 Then e2
= and <z3
=
- a2 - *i
1-\321\205 1
1-\321\205

This leads +
\320\256\321\2052-\321\205 1 =
l^VT. These are the imaginary
0,5\320\236\321\205-\321\202-\302\261
\342\200\224y~i-

cube roots of - 1,so x3 = -1. Now =

\320\260\320\263 Aj implies that a9 also equals a2

fact, fll
= =
fl5
= Then = = = -1.
(in \320\2643 \302\267\302\267.). (\316\261\316\262)9(\317\207)9 (\317\2073)3

18. All the small trianglesare similar.

We now

have \321\210
(2sin
\320\233\320\266\320\270
+
\317\207 cos x)(2 cos +
\317\207

5 22
sin \317\207)-
--
\342\200\224
sin 2jc + 2= ~. Then

24
sin 2x = = 2 sin \317\207
cos x. Now =
2^ \320\240^\321\206

2(2 sin +
\317\207 cos x) + 2(2 cos +
\317\207 sin x) -
6(sin + cos \317\207 x) \302\273
6v (sin +
\317\207 cos x)2
-
6V1 + 2 sin cos
\317\207
\342\200\224
\317\207

, 7 42
6-
eviTf j-y.
180 1985 NYSML

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. Tan = cot = 1/tan - 1. Continuing this

41\302\260 49\302\260 49\302\260,so (tan 41\302\260)(tan 49\302\260)

reasoning, we find that the productistan 45\302\260,which is 1.

Rl-2. / = 1. Now \317\207

= 2t and \302\253\342\226\240
\321\203 /, so radius = 3/ \342\226\240
3.

Rl-3. MNPQT44 \317\207

x7 r = 3. Dearly G is 0 for r < 2, and

\342\200\24208 1 for a
\320\263 2. Thus G = 1.
+r
G#
Rl-4. G
= 1. Then t* = (2G)2 - G2 -
-\342\226\272
f GVJ - VI.

Rl-5. f -
VJ, and A: - 8.
Then (2*)(2v) = *-*.*/= */4.

*2(\302\243)2

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1. We find that angles AXY and ABX are each 30\302\260,and angle BXC is 60\302\260.

Thus BXY is 90\302\260.Now BYIYA - = esc

\320\257\320\243/\320\256\320\223 30\302\260
= 2/1 or 2.
angle

R2-2. ofthisright
/c = 2. The hypotenuse triangle is the diameter, and equals
10&, so the radiusequals5k \302\253
10.

R2-3. r - 10. Now if CG - and

\317\207 CD =
y, then KABJF
=
K^c
-
KFJC = Va
\302\267

7
- \302\267
\320\2432 9xy -^zxy
=
lr-^xy- 2r. Then \320\233\320\223\302\243\320\257\321\201\320\276
= ~
Kdgc
-
16xy \320\232\320\266\320\260\321\201

-
V2(xy)
= = 3r = 30. Note:Theratio of to
\320\243\320\263(4\321\205\321\203)
jxy \320\232\320\272+\320\253\321\210\320\233\321\200

2& + 1
K*th flrjp
\342\226\240
\321\205\321\202-^\321\202\320\263;successive strips
are in the ratio 1:3:5:7:\302\267\302\267\302\267
1985 NYSML 181

R2-4. t \321\210
30, and \302\253
\320\272 2. Now =
\317\207 -4=\302\267 -\302\273-
2r + 2x - 2r +

2r 2r *\320\243\320\267

V3 1 VT+1
+ 6^X^\\
VJ

= so
iVI^bil |(3-V3)-3-V3,
-
G>,<7) \320\236\320\224).

=
+
\317\201 ab + 1
12_
R2-5. (3,1). Now
i + 16 1+_1
(p,q) + 1 +
ab \320\254
1 +
ab + 1
\342\200\242*i

Let +
\317\201 12 =
r(ab + 1) and q + 16 = f
(eb 1). In an attempt to
+ ft +

preparethe answer before and

\317\201 q are actually received, let us try t - 1,
sofc = g+ =
<? + 15-\302\253b 15-(p + ll) = tf-p + = l-3 4
+ 4 = 2.
The answer is unique.
 1985
Atlantic Region Mathematics League
POWER QUESTION

Let F(r,c) be defined for all positive integersr,c a: 1,according to the following
rules:

(1) F(r,c) - 0 when c> r

(2) F(l,l)
= 1
(3) F(r,2) = r for r a2
- - r ss c> 2 (The\"Knight's
(4) F(r,c) =
F(r 1, \321\201 2) for Move\"
property)

= - 1, \320\263
-
(5) F(r,l) F(r 1) for >
\320\263 1

1. (a) Complete the entries on theprintedtablefor 10s r > 2:1.

\321\201

(b) For how many values of rs 1985is F(r,l) =

1? (No proof is
necessary.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \"\316\212\316\277\316\212

\316\241
1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

\316\223\316\244\" 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
oj
4 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0~1
5 5 0 0 0 0 0
6 6 0 0 0 0
7 7 0 0 \"\316\277\316\212

\316\223\316\244 8 0 jm
9 9 \317\204\316\271
[ 1

10
Qo_

2. Prove each of the following:

(a) If is
\321\201 even, then F(r,c)
= r + 1- \317\207.

182
1985 ARML 183

(bj If F(r,c) \320\266

then
\316\271, is
\321\201 odd.

(c) If is even,
\320\263 then F(r, 1) ~ 1).
F(|,
\342\200\224
\321\201 1
If is
\321\201 odd and \320\263 = 2\321\205 where
\320\263\342\200\224 x is a nonnegative
(d) \320\272,

+
\320\272 1
integer and fc is an odd positiveinteger,then F(r,c) \302\253\342\200\224\320\263\342\200\224.

3. (a) Determine, without proof, the value of F(99,98)andthe value of

F(30,l).

(b) Determine all values of such

\321\201 that F(300,c)
- 1.

(c) Determine all values of such

\321\201 that F(47,c)
= c.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. If and
\317\207 are
\321\203 real, and x2 + y2 = 1, compute the maximum value of

(x + \320\243)\320\263.

T2. If cos222V2\302\260 is a root of x2 + ta + \302\253

\321\201 0, where and
\320\254 are
\321\201 rational,

compute the ordered pair (b,c).

T3. A
polyhedron has 12 vertices. them, 4 edgescome
At 6 of together;
at

the other 6,3 edges come together. Computethe numberoffaces that

the polyhedron has.

T4. Let N be the number of noncongruent

triangles with all of the following
properties:
(1) All three sides are integers \302\243
15 and

(2) The area is an integer and

(3) At leastone angle
is 30\302\260,45\302\260, 60\302\260,120\302\260, 135\302\260, or 150\302\260.

Compute N.

T5. For how many positiveintegralvaluesof\317\207

^ 100 is 3* - x2 divisible
by

5?

T6. From point outside

\316\241 of circle O, tangent segments and
\316\250\316\247 F5 are

drawn. + \316\262
\320\232\320\242\320\242\320\242\320\242\321\207\320\263 \302\273<*>mPute the length of chord \320\226\320\225.
(\321\200\320\273\\2 Tg

T7. Point the center is

\320\236 of an ellipse with major axis \320\226\320\221
and minor axis
UD. F is one focusoftheellipse.
Point If OF - 6 and the diameterofthe
inscribed
circle of triangle OCF is 2, compute the product (AB)(CD).
184 1985 ARML

T8. Complete this \"cross-number puzzle\" by putting the proper digit into
each box. All answers to cluesare 3-digit
numbers (thus no answer

begins with a zero).

ACROSS DOWN

An integral multipleof 1. The last three digits of a

\316\240 2
9 perfectsquare
3| The Fibonacci 2. An of
only integral multiple

greater than 1
4
number 11
5 that is a perfectsquare 3. The only even root of
The measure of x* + bx2 + cx + 251160
degree
a positive angle whose = 0, all of whose roots

cosine is % are integers (b and \321\201

are integers also.)

T9. Compute the unique positive integer such

\316\267 that

2 \302\267
22 + 3 \302\267
23 + 4 \302\267
24 + 5 \302\267
2s + - + =
\316\2672\302\273 2n+1\302\260

T10. When 30! is computed, it ends in 7 zeros.Findthedigitthatimmediately

precedes these zeros.

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS

II. In a circle,chords CD intersect at R. AB and If AR:RB = 1:4 and

CR:RD= 4:9,computetheratioAB:CD.
sin +
13\302\260 sin 47\302\260+ sin +
73\302\260 sin 107\302\260
12. Compute
cos 17\302\260

13. Two identical right circular cones, each of height

2, are placedas shown
(each is vertical, apex
downward). At the start, the upperconeisfull of
water and the lower cone is empty. Then water
drips down, through a hole in the apex of the
upper cone,into the lower cone. Compute the
height of water in the lower coneat the moment
when the height of water in the upper coneis 1.
(Note: Height is measured from the apex of the
cone.)
14. (Note: The notationmeans \"p divides 4.\" Thus q is an integral
p\\q
multiple of p.) Compute the smallest positiveintegern, greaterthan 2,

such that + 1, + 2, + 8.
2|n, 3\\n A\\n \302\267\302\267\302\267,
10|\320\273
198S ARML 185

15. In rhombus ABCD, <$A

\302\273
60\302\260.A circle passes through vertices A, B,
and D, andintersects \320\220 at
\320\241 P. If PC = 4,
compute AC.

16. The graphsof \302\253

\321\203
\317\2073
- 3* + 2 and +
\320\264\320\263
4y
\302\253
4 intersect in the points
(*\321\214\320\233).(**0b)> and If of! + xt
(\321\2053,\321\203\320\267).
+ \316\262
and
*\320\267 \316\233
+ y2
\321\203\320\263
+ y3 - \320\222,

compute the ordered pair (4,2?).

17. If +
\320\224\320\273 1).- (-1)\"+*\320\273
- 2 \302\267
forintegral
\320\224\320\273)
&
\320\273 19 and \320\2241)
=
\320\2241986),

compute \320\2241)
+ + + - +
\320\2242) \320\224\320\227) \320\2241985).

= 0 be a fifth-degreepolynomial
18. Let P(x) equationwith integer
coefficients that has at least one integral root. If F(2) = 13and P(10)
= 5,
compute a value of \317\207
that must satisfy P(x)
= 0.

RELAY 1

Rl-1. In right triangle ABCy AD ^\320\220\320\225\320\263\320\277\320\260

CF

sC\302\243as shown. If <t DEF = x\302\260,

compute
x.
J F

Rl-2. Let be
\317\207 TNYWR. In acute ABC, AB = The
triangle \320\222\320\241. altitude from
meets
\320\241 AB at F. If AF:FB = x:15, computecosB.
Rl-3. Let t be TNYWR, and let =
\317\201
At. The perimeter of a rectangle is \317\201

centimeters. A new rectangle is formed whose sidesare each\317\207

centimeters
longer [x > 0] than those of the original rectangle.If the new area is
centimeters2
\317\207 more than the original area, compute x. (Note:
Centimeters2 refers to the units of area. The \317\207
is not being squared!)

Rl-4. Let be
\317\207 TNYWR. If the three-digit number ABC is decreasedby the
sum its digits,
of the result is a perfectsquare.Compute the smallest

three-digit number with this property, where A = Ax.

Rl-5. Let t be TNYWR. For any straight line, let m and b represent its slope
andy-intercept,
respectively. all
Consider lines
having the property that
2m + b \302\253
t. These lines all have the specific point (x1? yx)
in common.

Compute the ordered pair (xu y}).

RELAY 2

R2-1. Two concentric circles are such that the smaller dividesthe larger
into

two regions of equal area. If the radius ofthesmaller 2, circle is compute

the length of a tangent from any point on
\316\241 the larger circle to the
smaller circle.
186 1985 ARML

R2-2. Let be
\320\272 TNYWR. In rectangle ABCD,
AD = kf and and
\316\225 F are the midpoints of
AB and DC, as shown.

Arcs ESD and ETC are arcs of circles

centered at A and B, respectively. If ST is the
perpendicularbisector of EF, then ST = \316\262 F

-
\317\201 $VT. Compute the ordered pair of positiveintegers(p,q).

R2-3. Let (p, q) be the answer you will receive,and letr =*

^-.

Compute the shortest distance between the circle x2 + y2

\316\262
r* and the
line 3* + 4;y = 12.

R2-4. Let r be TNYWR, and let h \302\253 If =

\317\207
(log \317\207)*\" x, >
\317\207 1, and if
\321\203.

= the
\317\207 \320\233\\ compute positive integer \320\233.

R2-5. (Note: The \"cardinality\" of a set is thenumberofelements

in that set.)

Let be
\320\233 TNYWR, and let \302\253
\316\267 A
\320\263\320\263. set has elements.
\316\267 All its

subsets are listed. Compute the sum of the cardinalities ofall thosesubsets.

1985 ARML Solutions

POWER QUESTION

1. (a) Rows 4 through 10 are: (row 4)1 423000000

(row 5)3 514200000
(row 6) 2 635140000
(row 7) 4 7 2 6 3 5 10 0 0
(row 8)1 847263500
(row 9) 5 918472630
(row 10) 3 10 59184726
(b) F(r, 1)
= 1 when is a
\320\263
power of 2. The last acceptable entry would be
for r = so
2'\302\260, there would be 11 acceptable values of r.

- 1,2
2. (a) Let \302\253
\321\201 2\320\273.Then F(r,
- F(r,
c) 2\320\273)
=
F(r -1])
[\320\273 byrule 4 -
F(r - 2,2 [\320\273
-
2]) by rule 4
- - - F(r
-
[\320\273
-
1], 2[\320\273
- -
(\320\273 1)])
byrule4
= F(r - [\320\273
-
1],2) = r - [\320\273
-
l]byrule3
= r - +1
\320\273 = r

+
l-\302\247.
1985 ARML 187

r + 1-
F(r, c) =
\320\241 \320\241
If c were even, then 2a \316\262
* ~* r =
(b) \317\207
\320\254\320\243 ?\"*r<
c-+F(r,c)** 0. This contradictsthe given,
so is
\321\201 odd.

(c) F(r,l)
=
F(r-l,r-l) =
F(r-l-4p,r-l-[r-2])byre-
peatedapplications of rule 4 \302\253
F(x, 1).

\342\200\224
c 1
c) = repeated applications of rule
- -
(d) F(r, F(r \321\201 [\321\201
r\342\200\224, 1]) by

4 * F(2*k,1) =
F(Jfc, 1) by repeated applications of 2c = F(k - 1,
*- 1) by rule 5 = (Jfc
- 1) + 1- ^y^by 2a [note that -
\320\272 1 is

even] = \342\200\224=\342\200\224.

98) = 99 + 1- = =
1) by 2c
(a) By 2a, F(99,
-y 51. F(30, 1) F(15,
=8 by
2d [or
=
F(14,14) by rule 5 = 8 by 2a].

+
\320\272 1
(b) By 2b, must
\321\201 be odd; by rule l.cs 300.From2d, we have =
\342\200\224\316\266\342\200\224

1 -* =
\320\272 1 -* 300 - = -\302\273\321\201
2\321\205 - 601 - 2\321\205*1.
Testing values
^\316\263-

of jc from 0 through 8, the onlysatisfactory value of is

\321\201 89.

= 47 + 1-
(c) If is
\321\201 even, F(47, c)
| by 2a = \321\201 =
-\302\273\302\267
\321\201 32.

it + 1 - 1 -*\302\267
\342\200\224
\321\201 1
If is 2d that = c->
\342\200\224=\342\200\224 = 2c 47
\321\201 odd, implies \302\243
\316\263--

- - - 2x+l - 1).
2x(2c 1) -\302\273\302\267
95 \321\201
(2c Clearly\317\207can only take on
values from 0 through 5. Solvingthis equation for \321\201
gives
=
\321\201

95 + 2X+1
ox+2\302\273testing the indicated values of x, we find that is
\321\201
+
\316\271

integral only for \302\253=

\317\207 1, whereupon
-
\321\201 11. Thus, the values of that
\321\201

satisfy F(47,
\302\253
\321\201) are
\321\201 11 and 32.

TEAM QUESTIONS

Tl. Let =
\317\207 sin \320\261
and \302\273
\321\203 cos
\316\270
(since clearly neither nor
\317\207 can
\321\203 exceed 1).
Then (x + y)1 = 2 sin 0cos \316\230+ 1 = sin 2\316\230+ 1. The maximum value of
heightofthegraph
this is 2. Notethat the greatest of =
\316\266 sin 0 + cos 0 is
188 1985 ARML

\316\270
T2. Since cos

1 VT - 1
2
+ ~\321\202~. Since the conjugate of this must also be a root, =
\320\254 and

= 1/8. Answer:
\321\201
(~1, <r)
\302\267

6-4 + 6-3
\321\202\320\267.E \316\262 = 21. Applying Eulefs formula, V
- +
\316\225 F = 2,

12 - 21 + F =
2, so F \302\273
11. [Such a polyhedron does exist.]
2J\302\243
T4. If is
\320\241 one of the angles indicated, then (using \320\232for area) sin =
\320\241 \342\200\224\321\202-

and cos \320\241

= r-r Both
\302\267 these expressions must be rational,
Lab
but none of the given angles have that property. Therefore N = 0.

T5. Set up a chartofunitsdigits: \317\207 3\321\205 \321\2052

1 3 1
The arrows indicate where the units 2 9 4
digits
differ by 0 or 5. Thus there are 4 3 7 9

values of that
\317\207 work in each set of 20. 4 1 6

Thus the answer is 4 \302\267=

5 20. 5 3 5

6 9 6
7 7 9
8 1 4
9 3 1
10 9 0
11 7 1
12 1 4
13 3 9
14 9 6
15 7 5
16 1 6
17 3 9
18 9 4

19 7 1

20 1 0

(cycles now
repeat)

T6. Let A
\320\236
= r,AP = t, OP = c, and half of chord AB = x. We are given that
111 = = - r2/2
=
rzt-
-\316\263
r2
+ -\320\263
r 16
Now
\321\202\321\202. from triangle ^ xc
\320\236\320\233\320\240, ri-> j:2
c2
\320\246-
r2
g
+
,
r
,
1985 ARML 189

16.

Therefore \302\273
\317\207 4, and AB \302\253\342\226\240
8.

T7. Let CF = =
\320\236\320\241
\320\260, b, OF
= =
\321\201 6, and d be the diameteroftheinscribed
d \302\253\342\226\240
circle (so 2). Then
a2 - i>2
-
36, and since b + =
\321\201 a + d,
f
\316\271
l a - =
\320\254 4. Dividing these equations, a + b - 9.Thisproduces
a =
13

-y

and 6 = -=- .Since a axisof the

equals the semimajor ellipse, we

have (AB)(CB)
- (13)(5) = 65.

T8. 4 across-* D\302\243F is 144; 1 down -* G \316\262

6; 5 across -\302\273\342\226\240
\316\210\\
GHI is 660; 2 down -\342\226\272 =
\320\222 9; 3 down -* =
\320\241 8 [Since
\321\210
\320\255

the root must contain all theeven of 251160, it is factors Fd1 El \317\200

a multiple of 8; the onlythree-digit ending multipleof8 H1

Note: since 251160 = 840 \302\267 \320\250. \"\316\220\316\220
\302\267
in 40 is 840. 13 23, the
roots would be either 840,13, and 23 and or 840,299, \320\223\320\223
1]; 1 across -*- A = I. \316\274 \321\211

Answer: \320\223\320\223
\321\214.
\316\234

[\302\243 \320\232 \\\302\243]

T9. - + left side can be

(1 + 2 \302\267
21)
\302\267
22 + 3 \302\267
23 + \302\267
\316\2672\" = 2n+10 + (2). The
summedas:
21 + 22 + 23 + \342\200\224
+ 2\" \321\210
2\302\273+1
- 2
22 + 23 + \342\200\224
+ 2\" = 2n+1 - 22
23 + ... + \321\217
2\302\273 2\"+1
- 23

+ 2* = \320\263**1
- 2\321\217

- -
\320\273(2\"+1) (2\"+1 2)
2*+1 -
(\320\273 1) + 2.
Since this equals
)\320\237+10

2\"+1\302\260+
- 1 so = + 1 = 513.
2, \316\267 2\316\262, \317\200 2\302\273
2\302\253+\316\271

\316\24410. We are actually seeking the units digit of

30! 2*. 3M
.
57. 74. U2.132 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267
17 19 23 29

107 107
\302\253 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267 \302\267
2\302\273 3\320\271 74 lla 132 17 19 23 29

(A^re: The factorization of 30! comes fromthe fact that the highest power
190 1985 ARML

of 2 in 30! \302\253
[30/2] + [30/4] + [30/8] + \302\267\302\267\302\267;
similarly, we get the
exponents on the other primefactors).Multiplying the units digits of these
factors (and discarding productsthat end in 1) produces the digit 8.

INDIVIDUALQUESTIONS

11. Let segments AR, RB, CR, and RD be represented by x, Ax, Ay, and 9y,

respectively. Then 36/ = Ax2 =

-\342\226\272- 3 = or 15:13.
->--y- j|

12. Grouping
the terms of the numerator in pairs and applyingthe \"sums into

products\" formulas, the numerator becomes 2 sin +

30\302\260cos 17\302\260 2 sin 90\302\260

cos which
17\302\260, equals 3 cos TTius
17\302\260. the answer is 3. The problem can also
be done by expanding the numerator after writing it as sin (30 - 17) + sin

(30 + 17) + sin (90 - 17)+ sin(90 +

17).

13. Let the radius of each conebe R. When the height of water in the upper
cone is 1,lettheradius of the \"upper cone of water\" be r, the radiusof
the \"lower cone of water\" be s, and the height ofthe lowerconeofwater
be x. Note that the sum of the volumesof water equals the volume of

one big cone. We now have (fromsimilartriangles)

\320\252\"=:5\"^\320\223==\320\243\"^

volume of water * -\317\200 = and ~* s =

upper (\342\200\224)2 (1)
-yr- jr\" J
Rx . . , 1 , Rx \316\275
2, nR*x* _ nR2
volume
\342\200\224\342\200\224\342\226\272
lower of water
\317\206 = \317\200
-\317\204
(\342\200\224)2 (x)
\316\273 = Then
\342\200\224\342\200\224\342\200\224. -rz~

+ = -+1 + x* = S-+x = y7.An alternate solution

-\316\236^*1 \316\210\316\222\317\210\316\231

would be to note that since all the cones are similar,we can think of their
volumes as being proportional to the cubeof any linear dimension. Let
V(h) = kh*. Then V(2) - V(l) - V(x) -\302\273%k - =
\320\272 kx3^>x = VT.

14. Let = \317\207

\316\267 + 2. Then 2\\x
+ 2,3|* + 3, etc. This impliesthat 2|jc, 3|x, etc.
The least possible would
\317\207 be the least common multiple of the integers
from 2 through 10, which is 2520. Thus =
\316\267 2522.

15. Here is one of many possibleproofs: <fc ^ CAB = <fc BDP

DC A ==

30\302\260,so < PDC - 30\302\260and DPC

\316\224 is isosceles. Therefore PD - 4. Now
ASPD is a 30\302\260-60\302\260-90etriangle,
so SP - ViPD - 2. ThusSC- 6,and
\320\233\320\241=12.
1985 ARML 191

16. The Xi would be the rootsofx3 - 3x + 2= \342\200\224j

+ 1, which is of the form
x3 + Kx + L =
0. The sum of the roots, A, is 0. (It is interesting to

generalize this to the intersection of two polynomialfunctionswhose

degrees differ by at least 2.)
Now =
\316\243\316\275,\316\243 + 1) = 3. Thus (A, B)
=
(0,3).
(~^

17. /(2) = 1
- 2\320\2241), \320\224\320\227)
= - 2 - 2/(2), \320\2244)
- 3 -
2\320\224\320\227) /(1985)
=
- 1984 - -
2\320\2241984),/(1986)
= 1985 2/(1985). Adding and replacing
\320\2241986) on the left side by \320\2241),
we get
IMS 1989
\316\243
f{i)
= 1 - 2+ 3- 4 + - - 1984 + 1985- 2\316\243f(i), so
<-i i-n
1985 10RJ. U8S
32 f(i) = - + 1985 = 993 and \316\243
f(i)
= 331.
-\320\246\320\240
*\302\267
<\302\2531 4-1

(Note: Choosing a simple value for \320\2241) (e.g., 0 or 1) and listing actual
values for each/(to seek a pattern) will not work, as /(1) is actuallyde-
_
1987
2\302\273\316\262\316\262
termined by the problem! It can be shown that \320\2241)
=
-mb ..\342\200\224

which is a bit less than 2.)

18. Let P(x) \321\210

(x
- note that Q(x) wouldhave
2)
\302\267
Q(x) +
integer P(2);
coefficients. Let \320\263
be an integer such that P(r) - 0. ThenP(r) = (r - 2) \302\267
Q(r) + 13 = 0, so \320\263 - 2 -
|13. Thus \320\263 2 can only equal \302\2611 or \302\26113,
= or -11. Letting P(x) \342\226\240 - \302\267
leading to \320\263 3,1,15, (x 10) F(x) + F(10)
leads to r - 10|5,so r canonly be 11, 9,15, or 5. Thus r = 15.It is
fascinating
to consider whether the degree of the equationis irrelevant!
For example, can a quadratic equation satisfy the given conditions?
Alternate Solution:The are satisfied = (15 - x)
conditions by P(x)
+ (x -
given
- - 15) \302\267 so = 0.
2)(x 10)(x Q(x), P(15)

RELAY 1 QUESTIONS

Rl-1. Let angle AED

=
\317\201
and angle CEF =
q. Then 180 = +
\317\201 q +
=
\317\207

180- A , 180-C , limj_ - A + \320\241

+ + =
\317\207 180 + \317\207
\342\200\224-j\342\200\224 \342\200\2241\342\200\224 \342\200\224j\342\200\224-

180 + -
\317\207
=
\317\207
45-\302\273\302\267 45.

Rl-2. =
\317\207 45. Let >4F - x* and FB - 15*; then =
\320\222\320\241 BA =
(15 + x)fc.
kt 25 fe
=
15 15
=
1
Now cos D \302\253
\320\222 . v, *
777 7.
(15 +
/1g 77-7\342\200\224
\321\205)\320\272 15
+
\317\207 60 4
192 1985 ARML

Rl-3. t = j, and \317\201

= 1. Let the dimensions of the originalrectanglebea and b.

Then (a + x)(b + - ab +
\320\264\320\263)
-*>
\317\207 x(a + b) +
=
\317\2072 -\342\226\272
\317\207 + \320\254
\320\276 =
+ \317\207 1.

Since + \320\254
\320\262
= = \320\276\320\263
\302\2675\302\267
^,\321\205*1-^ 1-2\320\262 ?

Rl-4. jc = \302\267 difference

\320\242\320\254\320\265 + 10B + -
\320\241 + +
\320\222
= 99\320\220
100\320\233
equals (\320\233 \320\241)
2
+ 9\320\222
=
9(1 \316\234 +
\316\270).Then 1\320\253 + must
\320\222 be a square. For A - 4* = 2,
would
\320\222 be 3. Choosing 0 for \320\241
produces 230.

Rl-5. t = 230. Each line is of theform =

\321\203
mx + fc = mx + (/-2m), or \321\203 t -
=
m(x
- 2). Thisisthe \"point-slope\"
form of a line, and all these lines
go through(2,/) =
(2,230). It is interesting to consider sets of lines
whoseslope and
y-intercept are related in a given way. For example,
what
property has the set of lines for which m2 = b?

RELAY 2 QUESTIONS

R2-1. -uR\\
- - R2
\317\200\317\2042-\302\273
\321\202\320\263\320\2632
- r2 - r2.
But t2 = R2 - r2, so t = r = 2.

R2-2. =
\320\233 2. Extend \320\2235
through S to meet at
\316\233\316\226>G, which will be the mid-
- k, so AG =k/2. Now
point of AD. Let AE
= AS = AD GS =

2 = 2*-k\\/3 = 4-2\\/3\",so
J 4
--^-= |\\/3\",soSr=2*-2(GS)
-
(P. \320\257) (4, 2)

R2-3.(p,q) =
(4,2),
= 1. The distance fromthe
so r origin tothelineis12/5
(this can be gotten by the formula for the distancefroma point toa line,
or bv finding the altitude to the hypotenuse of a 3-4-5 triangle). Sub-

. li 12 12 7
r gives \316\271
=
-=\342\200\224 r = *
trading ~e\342\200\224 7*

R2-4. / = and
-\317\204,
=
\316\233 5. Taking the log of both sides,log\317\207
=
[log x][log (log

x)], so log (log\320\264\320\263)

= 1. Thus
(log *)
= 10 and \317\207
= W\302\260= Ah. Then A =
= 1010'* = 102 = 100.
(10\302\273)\"*
1985 ARML 193

R2-5. A = 100, and *

\320\273 5. There are subsets
\342\200\236Ci of cardinality 1, subsets
\342\200\236C2 of

cardinality If Tis the sum of allthesecardinalities,

2, etc. then = 1
\316\244 Cx
\302\267\342\200\236

+ 2-nCj + \302\267\302\267\302\267
+ n-nCn. This can be computed for severalsmall values of
-
n. For \320\273 5,1-5 + 2-10 + 3-10 + 4-5 + 5-1 - 80. In general,
\316\267

\316\243 = here's a proof:

i(.) \316\267\302\2672\316\267~\316\271;

\302\267
\302\267
+ + + \302\253(\
\320\263\302\253\316\277\302\267\317\206
\316\271\302\267\317\206

Adding, and noting + (\321\217

\320\223= \320\273(\320\273)
-
1)(
n
,) +
- + 0-(i)
that - IT = + + - + =
.): #\316\271\302\2672-\\
\317\206
\316\267_
(\320\273 n[(J) \317\206 \316\266)]

so 7 = Here's
\317\200-2\321\217\"1. an even easier approach: For each subset,there is
a \"complementary subset\"; the sum of the cardinalities of such a pair is
n. Since there are 2n subsets, there are 2\321\217\"1pairs, = \320\273-2\321\217\"\"1.
so \316\244