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ADOPTION AND APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: THE UNIVERSITY OF
NIGERIA EXPERIENCE

Article · January 2012

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The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2,
ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043
Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
ADOPTION AND APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT: THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
ICT in human resources development, using the
University of Nigeria as a study area.
AGALAMANYI, CHRISTOPHER*
EME, OKECHUKWU INNOCENT
Keywords: human resource, management,
EMEH, IKECHUKWU EKE JEFFRY information technology, organizational goals,
Abstract ICT.
Excellent organizational arrangement single-
handedly does not guarantee enhanced
performance and increased productivity but INTRODUCTION
with well-managed personnel. Human resource Although Information and communication
is therefore, a critical factor in the attainment of Technology (ICT) provides enormous
organizational goals. This is because all the opportunities such as storing, processing,
organizational activities are initiated and retrieving, disseminating and sharing of
determined by the persons who make up that information in organization, its use within the
institution; as plants, offices, computers, University in the developing countries is still
automated equipments and all else that a plagued with many problems that hinder
modern firm uses are unproductive except for effective and efficient management, even though
human effort and direction. The special abilities, its adoption has been shown to improve
skill and knowledge needed to turn thing around Universities’ performances since ICT is known
in any organization for good are embedded in as a tool that improves organizations’
human beings and to get things done well in the competitiveness (Sheppard & Hooton, 2006;
organization, those latent skills, talents, Alam et al, 2007 and Apulu &Latham, 2009).
knowledge, skills abilities and capabilities are Universities world over, are highly reputed for
harnessed through a process called human and regarded as centres for training and
resources management. The use of tools and production of high caliber manpower that every
technology has been argued to have helped the country requires for its development. This,
harnessing of the potentials of the persons in an however, is based on the level of information
organization. However, these abilities and they poses, how they communicate it and what
capabilities of these persons to contribute technology available to them. In Nigeria, one of
significantly to the attainment of such institutions is the University of Nigeria
organizational goals have contemporarily, been founded in 1960. The university has, at its
hindered and hampered by some issues that are disposal, personnel with enormous human
solvable by information communication resources, for the attainment of its aims and
technology (ICT). ICT has been said to have a objectives in teaching and research which must
significant relationship with human resources
as a matter of strategy and policy, be managed
management. It is on this note that this paper
and administered well to ensure effective and
seeks to x-ray the adoption and application of
efficient results. It is this quest for efficiency that
necessitated the pursuit for better management
of the staffs of the University necessitated also
* by the changes which modern organizations
[email protected],
heralds and which call for changes in the modus
[email protected],
operandi of the University of Nigeria hence
[email protected]
these changes brought about by new
Department of public administration and local
technologies have had significant impact on the
government studies, University of Nigeria,
way the University staffs live and work.
Nsukka
However, these changes-turned-challenges
emanated from the pervasiveness of information
12
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

and communication technology (ICT) in all staff profile management, as data management
sectors of human activity. Information and has become one of the critical issues in modern
communication technology which refers to any organizational management. Yet, ICT have not
technology that facilitates communication and thrived in the University because of poor
assists in capturing, processing and transmitting application and other related factors such as
information electronically, offers tremendously inadequate ICT related skilled manpower
overwhelming opportunities and capabilities (Woherem, 1993; Kunda & Brooks, 2000).
such as storing, processing, retrieving, Prior to the adoption of information and
disseminating and sharing of information in communication technology (ICT) in Nigeria,
organization such as the University of Nigeria. organizations have been functional and efficient.
Its adoption was to help the University achieve However, the complexity of modern
competitive advantage. Howbeit, its usage has organization which characterizes today’s
been problematic as the majority of the organization, the University of Nigeria
University staffs are not computer literate or ICT inclusive, has warranted the adoption of ICT.
compliant. Resultantly, some of them hate the This is in respect of the gains associated with the
idea and therefore oppose the changes that application of ICT in the organizations of the
accompanied its adoption, leading to poor western world. Such expected gains have eluded
application of the ICT related tools and us in this side of the world. Many scholars have
machines, and that makes this research work a averred that the reason is because ICT have not
necessity especially now that all aspect of work been fully incorporated into the operations of
is digitalized. This is so because for a given the African organizations (Okot-Uma, 1992;
institution, whatever the degree of its economic Kuteyi, 2009) such as the University of Nigeria,
viability, the attainment of its objectives as well mainly because of lack of skilled manpower in
as the well being of its staff is proportional to the the area of ICT and this explains why the much
level of skills, knowledge and qualifications of desired gains have not be obtainable in our
its staffs as highly skilled workers have the society. In the University of Nigeria for instance,
tendency to increase the organizational the expected gains of ICT have not been obvious
competitive advantage and also increase their because of poor application and other related
own job/professional competences. This is factors, some of which are deeply rooted in the
because well qualified workers are better culture, history and administrative behaviours
adjusted to possible changes in job profiles; less of the people so much so that measures put in
vulnerable to possible loss of employment; able place to enable efficient application of ICT in
to update and upgrade their skills and Nigerian Universities have not yielded much
competencies. desired result.
Suffice it therefore to say that the University of On the basis of the above, the paper is guided by
Nigeria has kept pace with technological trends the three hypotheses below:
since inception; trends that have brought about 1. The efficient and effective management
changes in the job profiles. In recent times, ICT of human resources in Nigerian
has been avidly evolved as evidenced in the Universities is significantly correlated to
launching of the University of Nigeria Portal for the efficient and effective application of
all students and staffs profile management; the Information Communication
University of Nigeria Nsukka website for Technology (ICT) in the management of
dissemination of information; the M.I.S for the Universities.
information and data management; Internet 2. Poor application of information
facility for free browsing; the University of communication technology (ICT) in
Nigeria, Nsukka cybercafé and a digitalized Nigerian Universities significantly
Library. These developments were to help the correlates with the structural,
University in the Management of her Human operational, economic and socio-
Resources especially in the area of staff cultural issues in the management of the
recruitment vis-à-vis online recruitment Universities.
advertisement, staff remuneration and general

13
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

3. That the expected gains of effective and promoted by the new National Curriculum
proper application of information documents for the UK in 2000.
communication technology (ICT) in the The term Information and Communications
Nigerian Universities have eluded the Technology (ICT) is now also used to refer to the
University of Nigeria relates merging (convergence) of audio-visual and
significantly the poor application of ICT telephone networks with computer networks
in the University. through a single cabling or link system
(Wikipedia, 2010). There are large economic
CONCEPTUAL DISCOURSE incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination
Information and communication of the telephone network) to merge the audio-
visual, building management and telephone
technology
network with the computer network system
Information has always played a very important
using a single unified system of cabling, signal
role in human life, but in the mid-20th century,
distribution and management. This in turn has
it increased immeasurably as a result of social
spurred the growth of organizations with the
progress and the vigorous development in
term ICT in their names to indicate their
science and technology” (Ogunsola & Aboyade,
specialization in the process of merging the
2005). Such increased role suffices the assertion
different network systems.
that rapid expansion of a mass of diversified
The Parliamentary Office of Science and
information is occurring, which has received the
Technology, (2006) defined Information and
name “information explosion”. As a result the
Communication Technology (ICT) as any
need has arisen for a scientific approach to
technology that facilitates communication and
information and for elucidation of its most
assists in capturing, processing and transmitting
characteristic properties which has led to two
information electronically, hence some
principal changes in interpretation of the
commonly used ICT in many developing
concept of information. First, it was broadened
countries include Radio, television and print
to include information exchange not only
media. Accordingly, it averred that modern ICT
between man and man but also between
such as software, mobile phones and associated
machine and machine. The pace of change
applications such as ‘VOIP’ (transmitting
brought by new technologies has had a
telephone calls over the internet) have become
significant effect on the way people live, work,
available to many countries worldwide in recent
and play worldwide (Trostnikov, 1970).
years. However, the most rapid growth is in
Information and Communications Technology
mobile phone usage. Again, Trostnikov (1970)
or information and communication technology,
opined that rapid communication, plus
usually abbreviated as ICT, is often used as an
increased access to IT in the home, at work, and
extended synonym for information technology
in educational establishments, could mean that
(IT), but is usually a more general term that
learning becomes a truly lifelong activity- an
stresses the role of unified communications and
activity in which the pace of technological
the integration of telecommunications
change forces constant evaluation of the
(telephone lines and wireless signals),
learning process itself. Communication can be
computers, middleware as well as necessary
described as the process of transmitting and
software, storage- and audio-visual systems,
receiving ideas, information, and messages. In
which enable users to create, access, store,
keeping with their complex nature and multiple
transmit, and manipulate information. In other
applications, Information and Communication
words, Information and Communications
Technologies (ICTs) may be viewed in different
Technology (ICT) consists of Information
ways. The World Bank defines ICTs as “the set
Technology (IT) as well as telecommunication,
of activities which facilitate by electronic means
broadcast media, all types of audio and video
the processing, transmission and display of
processing and transmission and network based
information (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2000). ICTs
control and monitoring functions. The
“refers to technologies people use to share,
expression was first used in 1997 in a report by
distribute, gather information and to
Dennis Stevenson to the UK government and
14
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

communicate through computers and computer education and individuals. A few of the most
networks” (ESCAP, 2000). ICTs can be described popular include E-mail (electronic mail), World
as a complex varied set of goods, applications Wide Web, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Usenet,
and services used for producing, distributing, and Telnet. The Internet and its technology
processing, transforming information- continues to have a profound effect in
(including) telecoms, TV and radio promoting the sharing of information especially
broadcasting, hardware and software, computer in academic world, making possible rapid
services and electronic media” (Marcelle, 2000). transactions among businesses, and supporting
ICTs represent a cluster of associated global collaboration among individuals and
technologies defined by their functional usage in organizations. Learning resource centres now
information access and communication, of often contain learning materials published on
which one embodiment is the Internet. Hargittai CD-ROM and most colleges are connected to the
(1999) defines the Internet technically and Internet. These technologies have the potential
functionally as follows: “the Internet is a to develop “virtual campuses” and thus increase
worldwide network of computers, but student access and participation. Information
sociologically it is also important to consider it technology provides access to mainstream
as a network of people using computers that materials and enables students to express their
make vast amounts of information available. thoughts in words, designs and activities despite
Given the two basic services of the system their disabilities. World Wide Web can be
communication and information retrieval- the described as a library of resources available to
multitude of services allowed…..is computer users through the global Internet. It
unprecedented.” ICT, represented by the enables users to view a wide variety of
Internet, deliver “at once a worldwide information, including magazine, archives,
broadcasting capacity, a mechanism for public and college library resources, and current
information dissemination, a medium for world and business news. CAFRAD (2010) says
interaction between individuals and a that ICT stands for Information &
marketplace for goods and services (Kiiski and Communications Technology; a phrase used to
Pohjole, 2000). As pointed out by Capron (2000), describe a range of technologies for gathering,
mails, telephone, TV and radio, books storing, retrieving, processing, analyzing, and
newspapers and periodicals are the traditional transmitting information.
ways users send and receive information.
However, data communications system- Human Resource Management
computer system that transmits data over Human Resources Management as a concept has
communications lines such as telephone lines or two key words- management and human
cables have been evolving since the mid-1960s. resources. Management is the act of handling or
One of the most dramatic advances in controlling something successfully. It could be
communication potential- data communications- the skillful handling or use of something such as
is found in the field of computer technology. resources. Management in simple terms means
Since the first development of the modern the act of getting people together to accomplish
electronic digital computers in the 1940s, desired goals. It comprises planning,
computerization has infiltrated almost every organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and
area of society in nations with advanced controlling an organization (a group of two or
technology. Computers are available in many more people or entities) or effort for the purpose
formats for use in industries, businesses, of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing
hospitals, schools, universities, transport encompasses the deployment and manipulation
networks and individual homes. Small or large, of human resources, financial resources,
a computer network exists to provide computer technological resources, and natural resources
users with the means of communicating and (Microsoft Encarta 2009).
transferring information electronically. The use The importance of human resources in any
of Internet has revolutionized access to organization cannot be overemphasized. In fact,
information for the business world, libraries, the ability of any organization to achieve its
15
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

goals depends on the caliber of its human production of goods and services, are the key to
resources and more importantly, on how rapid socio-economic development and efficient
effectively they are managed (Ezeani, 2002). service delivery. According to Barney (1995),
There is no doubt that the ability of any human resources include all the experiences,
organization or society to achieve its goals skills, judgment, abilities, knowledge, contacts,
depends to a large extent on the caliber, risk-taking and wisdom of individuals and
organization and motivation of its human associates in an organization. Without an
resources. This point was succinctly captured by adequate, skilled and well-motivated workforce
Likert (1974). operating within a sound human resource
…all the activities of any management programme, development is not
enterprise are initiated and determined possible. A manager or an employee, whether in
by the persons who make up that the private or public sector, which underrates
institution. Plant, offices, computers, the critical role and underplays the importance
automated equipments, and all else that of people in goal achievement, can neither be
a modern firm uses are unproductive effective nor efficient.
except for human efforts and direction. These and such other statements by human
resources management experts and practitioners
Similarly, Harbison (1974) opined that “human alike are pointers to the importance and critical
resource and not any other, constitutes the role of the human element in organization.
ultimate basis for the wealth of a nations. Indeed, the human resource is a critical factor in
According to Drucker (1978)…good the attainment of the goals of any organization.
organizational structure does not by itself However, the ability of the human resources to
guarantee good performance. Human resource contribute to the attainment of the goals of an
is as important to the existence, survival and organization depends to a great extent on how
development of an organization as food is to well they are managed. This is why, Likert
man”. Accordingly, Onah (2003) averred that (1974) opined “of all the task of management,
the efficiency with which an organization can managing the human component is central and
perform depends, to a large extent, on how its most important task because all else depends on
human resources are managed and utilized. how well it is done”. Therefore, a review of
Hence every manager must, therefore be able to Human resources management becomes
work effectively with people and also be able to necessary.
solve the various problems the management of According to Onah (2008), the goal of Human
people may entail. The type of leadership, which Resource management is to develop the workers
characterized our organizations in the first half in the organization to contribute to goal
of the 20th century, is no longer sustainable in achievement in the organization by
the present working environment. The management improved productivity, quality
leadership was arbitrary and autocratic in its and service. In addition, Human Resource
relationship with subordinates. Today, things management has some specific roles to play in
have changed. Employees are better educated an organization. These are strategic and
and their orientation and value system are no operational roles. Its role strategically, Human
longer the same as those of the past. In addition, resources are critical for effective organizational
most organizations are becoming more expected functioning. Human resources must be viewed
to have greater technical competence and a in the same context as the financial,
better understanding of human behaviour. technological and other resources that are
Organizational human resources have become managed in organization. Mathis and Jackson
of strategic interest to the top management (1997) see operational activities of the human
recently because the effective use of people in resource management as both tactical and
organizations can provide a competitive administrative in nature. Griffin (1997) sees this
advantage (Mathis & Jackson, 1997). aspect from the legal perspective because some
Human resources, easily recognized as the most have regulated various aspects of employee-
important of the resources required for the employer relations. Human Resources

16
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

Management is therefore interested in the potential. Hence researchers have attributed

compliance with equal employment this problem to organizational and
opportunities and observation of labour laws. environmental factors and lack of technical
Unfortunately, the compliance and observance skills, among others. Okot-uma in Kunda &
of these laws are unduly interfered with in Brooks, (2000) argued that the problems in
Nigerian Public Institutions, including the adopting ICT in developing countries can be
University of Nsukka. classified into three generic categories, namely:
Misra (2008) writing on the role of human contextual, strategic and operational. Contextual
resource in information technology alignment in problems are due to poor match of models of
organizations: a metric based strategic developed countries’ design and applications to
assessment framework observed that the developing countries context, semantic
Information technology (IT) is recognized as a discrepancies in the wording and understanding
critical infrastructure in many organizations. IT of phenomena as well as references to different
is also emerging as an effective contributor to value systems and different concepts of
organizational performance. It is often argued rationality. Strategic problems relate to local,
that success of the IT induction is attributed to national and regional policy initiatives, as
strategy, consistent delivery and systems reflected in the institutional intervention
usability. Again, Information technology (IT) is mechanisms of influence, regulation and
increasingly becoming an important factor and implementation whilst technical and economic
fundamental to support business processes in constraints and lack of skilled personnel are
organizations. Its acquisitions are quite operational problems faced by developing
productive in supporting transactions and in countries (Kunda & Brooks, 2000).
aiding coordination mechanism provided the Some other problems that affect developing
organizational resources and business processes countries from adopting ICT are lack of skilled
are properly aligned with the IT. However, human resources, economic constraints, lack of
many Information Technology acquisition systems infrastructure and application
projects fail due to improper alignment of the problems. Lack of skilled human resources has
business process with Information Technology. been described as a principal barrier blocking
The role of human resource (HR) is quite critical the diffusion and effective exploitation of ICT in
to such alignment process. It is important that developing countries (Woherem, 1993).
acquiring the Information technology, Economic constraints such as the non-existence
organizations display Human Resources of reliable background statistical information
capability to support alignment process and inadequate capital to finance ICT have been
especially in the pre-acquisition stage to identified as another set of factors (Okot-uma,
minimize the post acquisition shocks. 1992 in Kunda & Brooks, 2000). Several
Armstrong (2001) posits that nothing has developing countries suffer from both lack of
changed in the way people in work resources and limited domestic market. Some
organizations are managed, but Human developing countries import ICTs due to lack of
Resources Management has had to adjust itself an indigenous ICT industries. Kunda and
to the changing environment of global Brooks (2000) averred that scarcity of foreign
competition, new technology, and new methods currency makes developing countries
of working and organizing work. dependant on donor agencies for much of their
ICT imports. Furthermore, developing countries
PROBLEMS OF ICT ADOPTION IN often lack adequate telecommunication
infrastructures. There is also the issue of systems
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
infrastructure deficiency and application
Even though ICT has been used to change the
problem (Kunda & Brooks, 2000), and in most
way businesses are conducted in order to have a
developing countries like Nigeria, there is still
strategic advantage in their various operations
the problem of irregular electrical power supply.
especially in developed countries, its adoption
Many organizations in developing countries are
ad applicability has been problematic as the
in the early stage of information and
investment returns of ICT have fallen short of
17
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

communication technology (ICT) adoption.

Hence the transition of organization’s human PROSPECTS OF ICT ADOPTION
resources management in developing countries
AND APPLICATION IN
to more sophisticated levels of ICT use depends
partly on the extent to which they are inclined to DEVELOPING SOCIETY’S
use these new technologies for their businesses ORGANIZATIONS
(Tarafdar and Vaidya, 2006). Not all Ginsberg and Venkatraman (1992) have averred
organizations are strongly inclined towards that different managers and organizations adopt
adopting ICT (Dexter et.al 1995, Mills et.al 2001). different attitudes towards ICT depending on its
Premkumar, et al (1994), Iacovou et al. (1995), perceived usefulness in the context of their
Crook and Kumar (1998), Payton (2000) and work. Four broad aspects that influence
Beatty, Shim and Jones (2001) have suggested organizations to adopt ICT are discussed. They
that the extent of ICT adoption depends on the include the role of top management in
attitude of the organization towards ICT organizational leadership, the effect of
technologies and the inclination or the organizational culture, availability of resources
propensity to deploy and use them. Hence, and level of internet penetration.
Tarafdar and Vaidya (2006) recommended that Firstly, top management attitudes play a vital
it is important for organizations to understand role towards the adoption of ICT in
the fundamental factors behind technology organizations. According to Grover (1993),
adoption and the differences in organizational Beatty et al., (2001) and Tarafdar and Vaidya
inclination as this would enable organizations to (2006), an enthusiastic approach on the part of
assess the extent to which they are inclined to top managers can lead to the adoption of ICT.
develop, deploy and use technologies. Yap, Soh and Raman (1992) found that
During the last few years, computer access and management involvement is crucial to ICT
internet penetration has increasingly grown success in organization’s human resources
around the world, especially in developing management. The support from top
countries. Different reasons may explain this management is the precondition for successful
notable growth such as government-led ICT adoption and application in organization’s
computer technology initiatives, information human resources management (Sarkar, 2008).
and communication technology projects According to Payton (2000), top management
supported by international agencies and private often provides the forward motion for the
efforts, either at the organizational level or at the initiation of technology projects.
individual level (Andrade & Urquhart, 2009). Secondly, studies have suggested that the core
Indeed, the growth of internet access in the values of an organization can influence the
world was 305.5% on average between 2000 and organization towards a particular strategic
the first quarter of 2008 (Andrade & Urquhart, alternative or technology (Tarafdar & Vaidya,
2009). North America was the lowest with 2006). In particular, their technical expertise and
129.6%, and Middle East the highest with their attitude towards ICT can affect their
1176.8% (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2008). organization’s ability and willingness to engage
However, a closer examination of the with ICT matters (Harindranath, Dyerson &
distribution of Internet users around the globe Barnes, 2008). There are two aspects of
reveals some persistent disparities as shown in organizational culture that can influence the
the table above. Hence, the low level of internet tendency to adopt ICT. Firstly, managers’
penetration in Africa has been a major experience with ICT, interactions with vendors
impediment to the adoption of ICT. It is a and professional associations increases their
known fact that the adoption of ICT increases awareness and understanding is aspects of
market reach, enhances customer service, and organizational culture which can influence the
reduces both marketing and distribution cost tendency to adopt ICT. Chibelushi and Costello
(Golding et al., 2008). However, its adoption (2009) also state that lack of awareness could
within Nigerian organization has been slow due hinder in developing countries from
to some factors that affect ICT adoption. understanding the potential benefits associated

18
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

with new technologies that could enhance their technique deployed for this study is the simple
efficiency and increase productivity. Awareness random sampling technique through which
has a positive influence on organization questionnaires were administered to workers in
inclination to consider new ICT (Tarafdar & the University.
Vaidya, 2006). Secondly, some organizations The target population of this study is 270 staffs
have cultures that support discussion of new both academic and administrative staffs, as 300
and innovative ideas related to ICT. This has a questionnaires were made available and
positive influence on managers as it increases distributed but the total 270 was returned intact.
the tendency for them to develop and adopt In the administrative staff category, cadre was
applications with new technology (Apulu & not considered as the questionnaires were
Latham, 2009). Hoffman and Klepper (2000) randomly distributed.
state that the organizational inclination towards The paper deployed chi-square (X²) test analysis
new ICT adoption can be strengthened, if there in analyzing the data generation from the
is a culture where ideas and innovations related questionnaire. This method was considered
to ICT are freely shared. Thus, a positive appropriate because it tests the significant
organizational attitude regarding systems relationship in the hypotheses.
innovation would increase the adoption of ICT.
Thirdly, the availability of resources enhances ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF
the adoption of ICT within developing FINDINGS
countries. Factors that include the cost of ICT Below is the formula for the use of chi-square;
equipment and networks, software and re-
X² = (fo-fe)
organization are barriers to ICT adoption in
fe
most developing countries (Arendt, 2008). In
many developing countries, organization, Where:
capital resources, in addition to intangible assets X² = Chi-square
such as knowledge, expertise and time, are fo = Observed frequency
scare. Organizational managers spend a great fe = Expected frequency
deal of their time trying to stretch a firm’s (Row total x Column total)
limited resources as far as possible. Therefore, Grand total
allocating scarce resources to a new initiative, The expected frequency was shown in
such as ICT adoption, requires a serious parenthesis
commitment (Pool, Parnell, Spillan & Carraher, R = Row total
2006). For firms, including Universities, to have C = Column total
competitive advantage, there needs to be a GT = Grand total
combination of resources and capabilities (Priem
The expected frequencies (fe) in the tables were
& Butler, 2001). Furthermore, Andrade and
approximated.
Urquhart (2009) stated that Universities which
Insert table-1 here
are prepared to integrate ICT technology and
Concerning the proposition that the efficient and
applications must overcome resource and scale
effective management of human resources in
economy challenges.
Nigerian Universities is significantly correlated
to the efficient and effective application of
Information Communication Technology (ICT)
in the management of the Universities, the
METHODOLOGY above table i displays the responses of the
The study was carried out in the University of respondents
Nigeria, Nsukka Campus in Enugu State of
Nigeria and it is a quantitative research as it Test of Hypothesis one
utilized research questionnaire. H1: The efficient and effective
The paper adopted the probability sampling management of human resources in
method for the purpose of the convenience of Nigerian Universities is significantly
the researchers. The probability sampling correlated to the efficient and effective
19
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

application of Information above table iii shows the responses of the

Communication Technology (ICT) in respondents.
the management of the Universities.
H0: The efficient and effective Test of Hypothesis two
management of human resources in H1: Poor application of information
Nigerian Universities is not communication technology (ICT) in
significantly correlated to the efficient Nigerian Universities significantly
and effective application of correlates with the structural,
Information Communication operational, economic and socio-
Technology (ICT) in the management cultural issues in the management of the
of the Universities. Universities.
Test H0: Poor application of information
Level of freedom adopted or chosen = 0.05 communication technology (ICT) in
Degree of freedom = (R -1) (C -1) Nigerian Universities does not
= (5 -1) (5 -1) significantly correlate with the
= 4 x 4 =16, 0.05 (26.2962) (Udom, 2005) structural, operational, economic and
For the application of chi-square test to table socio-cultural issues in the management
below given the formula; of the Universities.
X² = ∑ (fo-fe)² (for each cell) Test
Fe Level of freedom adopted or chosen = 0.05
Insert table-2 here Degree of freedom = (R-1) (C-1)
= (5 -1) (5 -1)
Execution/Decision Guide Rule = 4 x 4 =16 (26.2962)
Reject H0 (null) hypothesis if calculated X² value Insert table-4 here
is greater than tabulated value and accept H1 From chi-square distribution table, we have
(alternative) hypothesis (0.05, 16) = 26.2962

Decision Execution/Decision Guide Rule

Since the calculated X² value (4,757.96) is greater Reject H0 (null) hypothesis if calculated X² value
than the critical X² (tabulated) value (26.2962), is greater than tabulated value; and accept H1
we reject H0 (null) hypothesis and accept H1 (alternative) hypothesis.
(alternative) hypothesis.
Decision
Conclusion Since the calculated X² value (5,246.85) is greater
Since the X2 cal > X2 tab, we reject HO and accept than the critical X² tabulated value (26.2962), we
the alternative (H1). Therefore, we conclude that reject H0 (null) hypothesis and accept H1
the efficient and effective management of (alternative) hypothesis.
human resources in Nigerian Universities is
significantly correlated to the efficient and
effective application of Information
Conclusion
Communication Technology (ICT) in the
Since the X 2cal > X2 tab, we reject HO and accept
management of the Universities.
the alternative (Hi). Therefore, we conclude that
Insert table-3 here
Poor application of information communication
Concerning the postulation that the poor
technology (ICT) in Nigerian Universities
application of information communication
significantly correlates with the structural,
technology (ICT) in Nigerian Universities
operational, economic and socio-cultural issues
significantly correlates with the structural,
in the management of the Universities.
operational, economic and socio-cultural issues
Insert table-5 here
in the management of the Universities” the

20
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

In respect of the hypothesis “the expected gains Nigeria relates significantly the poor application
of effective and proper application of of ICT in the University.
information communication technology (ICT) in FINDINGS
the Nigerian Universities have eluded the Considering the application of chi-square in the
University of Nigeria relates significantly the test of hypothesis one, it was discovered that
poor application of ICT in the University” the calculated X² value (4,757.96) is greater than the
above table shows the responses of the critical X² value (26.2962), thus, leading to the
respondents. rejection of H0 (null) hypothesis and the
acceptance of H1 (alternative) hypothesis.
Test of Hypothesis three Consequently, the test of hypothesis proved that
H1: That the expected gains of effective the efficient and effective management of
and proper application of information human resources in Nigerian Universities is
communication technology (ICT) in significantly correlated to the efficient and
the Nigerian Universities have eluded effective application of Information
the University of Nigeria relates Communication Technology (ICT) in the
significantly the poor application of management of the Universities.
ICT in the University. Secondly, taking into account the application of
H0: That the expected gains of effective chi-square in testing hypothesis two, it was
and proper application of information found out that the calculated X² value (5,246.85)
communication technology (ICT) in is greater than the critical X² value (26.2962),
the Nigerian Universities have eluded thus, leading to the rejection of H0 (null)
the University of Nigeria does not hypothesis and the acceptance of H1
relate significantly the poor (alternative) hypothesis. Consequently, the test
application of ICT in the University. of hypothesis proved that poor application of
Test information communication technology (ICT) in
Level of freedom adopted or chosen = 0.05 Nigerian Universities significantly correlates
Degree of freedom = (R -1) (C -1) with the structural, operational, economic and
= (5 -1) (5 -1) socio-cultural issues in the management of the
= 4 x 4 =16 (26.2962) Universities.
For the application of chi-square test to table Finally, following the application of chi-square
below given the formula; in the testing of Hypothesis three, it was
X² = ∑ (fo-fe)² (for each cell) revealed that the calculated X2 value (2,562.85) is
Fe greater than the critical tabulated X2 value
Insert table-6 here (26.2962), thus leading to the rejection of H0
Execution/Decision Guide Rule (null) hypothesis and then accept H1
Reject H0 (null) hypothesis if calculated X² value (alternative) hypothesis. As a result, the test of
is greater than tabulated value; and accept H1 the hypothesis shows that that the expected
(alternative) hypothesis. gains of effective and proper application of
Decision information communication technology (ICT) in
Since the calculated X² calculated value the Nigerian Universities have eluded the
(2,562.85) is greater than the critical X² tabulated University of Nigeria relates significantly the
value (26.2962), we reject H0 (null) hypothesis poor application of ICT in the University.
and accept H1 (alternative) hypothesis. RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion: Based on the research findings on the role of
Since the X2 cal > X2 tab, we reject HO and accept information and communication technology
the alternative (H1). Therefore, we conclude (ICT) in human resources management (HRM)
thus: that the expected gains of effective and in the University of Nigeria, the following are
proper application of information recommended:
communication technology (ICT) in the Nigerian 1. That management should employ an
Universities have eluded the University of enthusiastic approach toward the adoption and
proper application of ICT in the University. This

21
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

is because management involvement is crucial organizations have cultures that support

to ICT success in organization’s human discussion of new and innovative ideas related
resources management. The support from top to ICT. This has a positive influence on
management is the precondition for successful managers as it increases the tendency for them
ICT in organization’s human resources to develop and adopt applications with new
management. Bartholomew Okolo, the Vice technology. The organizational inclination
Chancellor of the University is advised to be towards new ICT adoption can be strengthened,
more proactive and pragmatic in the adoption if there is a culture where ideas and innovations
and proper application of information and related to ICT are freely shared. Thus, a positive
communication technology. This is not in any organizational attitude regarding systems
ways suggesting that the management of the innovation would increase the adoption of ICT
University is not trying in the adoption and technologies. And it is recommended that the
application of ICT in the University but as the university acquire such culture so as to help the
findings revealed, more are still to be done. For adoption and proper application of ICT in the
instance, the internet facility should be made University to enhance its human resources
very strong so as to be fast and accessible any management.
part of the University community so that any 3. That lack of up-to-date infrastructures,
staff or student who have subscribed will access unstable power supply and Lack of financial
it as at when needed. Again, students’ resources are the major problems of ICT
results/certificates should be uploaded on the adoption in Human Resource management and
student’s profile so as to help employers access therefore should be enhanced. These factors
the results online as the University’s website is have been identified as factors that have
assessable worldwide. Recruitment processes consistently affected adversely, the adoption
should be online based so as to avoid mediocrity and proper application of ICT in the University
and enhance merit in the university’s especially in the area of its human resources
recruitment processes. There should also a management. The availability of resources
website where the lecturers’ papers can be enhances the adoption of ICT within developing
published and accessed at all times. Future countries. Factors that include the cost of ICT
researchers can subscribe to access them. equipment and networks, software and re-
2. That the structural, operational, economic and organization are barriers to ICT adoption in
socio-cultural issues in the management of the most developing countries. In many developing
Universities that efface the easy adoption and countries, organization, capital resources, in
application of information and communication addition to intangible assets such as knowledge,
technology in human resources management of expertise and time, are scare. Organizational
the university should be obliterated. Some of managers spend a great deal of their time trying
these factors are the technical expertise and to stretch a firm’s limited resources as far as
attitude towards ICT. There is also possible. Therefore, allocating scarce resources
organizational culture. There are two aspects of to a new initiative, such as ICT adoption,
organizational culture that can influence the requires a serious commitment on the side of the
tendency to adopt ICT. Firstly, managers’ management team of the university. For
experience with ICT, interactions with vendors Universities, to have competitive advantage,
and professional associations increases their there needs to be a combination of resources and
awareness and understanding and are aspects of capabilities and such as thus recommended.
organizational culture which can influence the CONCLUSION
tendency to adopt ICT. Again, lack of awareness Technological innovations engender intensified
could hinder in developing countries from competition with the attendant rapid changes in
understanding the potential benefits associated many organizations. Many jobs, procedures and
with new technologies that could enhance their organizational structures are not only changing
efficiency and increase productivity. Awareness but are becoming obsolete overnight. The
has a positive influence on organization emerging trends in organizational management
inclination to consider new ICT. Secondly, some are a paradigm shift towards the adoption and

22
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

application of information communication contributing to increase the competivity of their

technology (ICT). This is in recognition of the organization. Well –qualified persons are also
fact that information has always played a very better adjusted to possible changes in job profile;
important role in human life, but in the mid-20th less vulnerable to possible loss of employment;
century, the role of information increased able to promote their own up-dating, up-
immeasurably as a result of social progress and grading or re-conversion of skills and
the vigorous development in science and competencies. This is why the University of
technology. However, the abilities and Nigeria, Nsukka has as a deliberate policy the
capabilities of staffs to contribute significantly to training and re-training of her staffs to keep
the attainment of organizational goals have been pace with the changes in the world of work. The
hindered and hampered by some issues which training has been said to be near adequate in the
are solvable by adoption and proper application university leading to coping in the adoption and
of information and communication technology. proper application of ICT in the University of
Information and communication technology Nigeria Nsukka.
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Table-1 The Distribution of Respondents as to Whether the efficient and effective management of
human resources in Nigerian Universities is significantly correlated to the efficient and effective
application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the management of the
Universities.
Item Question Strongly Agree. Undecided Strongly Disagree. Total
Agree. Disagree.
1 You are ICT compliant 150 125 20 5 6 306
(141) (101) (35) (17) (12)
49.01% 40.84% 6.53% 1.63% 1.96% 100%
2 Many staffs of the University 140 110 30 10 16 306
are not ICT compliant? (141) (101) (35) (17) (12)
100%
25
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

45.75% 35.94% 9.80% 3.26% 5.22%

3 Many staffs of the University 140 100 40 16 10 306

hate ICT related jobs (141) (101) (35) (17) (12)
45.75% 32.67% 13.07% 5.22% 3.26% 100%
4 Many jobs in the university are 110 125 16 45 10 306
ICT related (141) (101) (35) (17) (12)
35.94% 40.84% 5.22% 14.70% 3.26% 100%
5 work in the University has 170 50 70 10 6 306
been made easier with ICT (141) (101) (35) (17) (12)
55.55% 16.33% 22.87% 3.26% 1.96% 100%
Total 710 510 176 86 58 1540
Source: Field Study, 2011
Table-2 Calculation of X² Test on Data of Table 4.6 Which States That the efficient and effective
management of human resources in Nigerian Universities is significantly correlated to the efficient
and effective application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the management of the
Universities.
Fo Fe Fo-fe (fo-fe)²

150 141 9 81 0.57

125 141 -16 253 1.82
20 141 -121 14641 103.84
5 141 -136 18496 131.18
6 141 -135 18225 129.26
140 101 39 1521 15.06
110 101 9 81 0.80
30 101 -71 5041 49.91
10 101 -91 8281 81.99
16 101 -85 7225 71.53
140 35 105 11025 315
100 35 65 4225 120.71
40 35 5 25 0.66
16 35 -19 361 10.31
10 35 -25 625 17.86
110 17 93 8649 508.76
125 17 108 11664 686.12
16 17 -1 1 0.06
45 17 28 784 46.18
10 17 -7 49 2.88
170 12 158 24964 2080.33
50 12 38 1444 120.33
70 12 58 3364 280.33
10 12 -2 4 0.33
6 12 -6 36 3
Total 4,757.96
Source: Field Study, 2011
From chi-square distribution table, we have (0.05, 16) = X² = 26.2962

26
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

Table-3 The Distribution of Respondents on Whether the Poor application of information

communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian Universities significantly correlates with the structural,
operational, economic and socio-cultural issues in the management of the Universities.
Item Question Strongly Agree. Undecided Strongly Disagree. Total
Agree. Disagree.
The University’s Personnel 141 125 25 5 10 306
6 Department jobs are ICT (133) (119) (24) (14) (13)
related and they are treated as 46.07% 40.84% 8.17% 1.63% 3.26% 100%
such
The free internet facility in the 130 130 6 30 10 306
7 University is making job (133) (119) (24) (14) (13)
easier for the staffs 42.48% 42.48% 1.96 9.80% 3.26% 100%
8 There is a relationship 160 110 20 11 5 306
between (ICT) and Human (133) (119) (24) (14) (13)
Resources management in the 52.29% 35.95% 6.53% 3.59 1.63 100%
University
Payment of salaries and other 136 112 30 26 2 306
remunerations in the (133) (119) (24) (14) (13)
9 University has been made 44.44% 36.60% 9.80% 8.50% 0.65% 100%
easier and simpler with the
inception of ICT
The adoption of ICT in the 114 122 40 17 13 306
10 University call for training (133) (119) (24) (14) 13)
and re-training of staffs 37.25% 39.87% 13.07 5.56% 4.25% 100%
Total 681 609 121 68 89 1568
Source: Field Study, 2011

Table-4 Calculation Of X² Test On Data Of Table 4.8 Which States That Poor application of
information communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian Universities significantly correlates with
the structural, operational, economic and socio-cultural issues in the management of the Universities.
Fo Fe fo-fe (fo-fe)²

141 133 8 64 0.48

125 133 8 64 0.48
25 133 108 11664 87.69
5 133 128 16384 123.19
10 133 123 15129 113.75
130 119 11 121 1.02
130 119 11 121 1.02
6 119 113 17769 107.30
30 119 89 7921 66.56
10 119 109 11881 99.84
160 24 136 18496 770.67
110 24 86 7396 308.17
20 24 -4 16 0.67
11 24 -13 169 7.04
5 24 19 361 15.04
136 14 122 14884 1063.14
112 14 98 9604 686
30 14 16 265 18.29

27
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

26 14 12 144 10.29
2 14 -12 144 10.29
114 13 101 10201 784.69
122 13 109 11881 913.92
40 13 27 729 56.08
17 13 4 16 1.23
13 13 0 0 0
Total 5,246.85
From chi-square distribution table, we have (0.05, 16) = 26.2962

Table-5 The Distribution of Respondents on Whether that the expected gains of effective and proper
application of information communication technology (ICT) in the Nigerian Universities have eluded
the University of Nigeria relates significantly the poor application of ICT in the University.
Item Question Strongly Agree. Undecided Strongly Disagree. Total
Agree. Disagree.
11 Training and development 100 110 54 26 16 306
of the University staffs, (134) (91) (34) (26) (22)
especially those of 32.68% 35.94% 17.64% 8.49% 5.23% 100%
Personnel Department has
been adequate since the
advent of ICT.
Information 134 108 20 25 19 306
12 Communication (134) (91) (34) (26) (22)
Technology (ICT) has 43.79% 35.29% 6.54% 8.16% 6.21% 100%
connected/linked the
University of Nigeria to
other Universities within
and outside the country
13 The University of Nigeria 130 110 20 28 18 306
has experienced increased (134) (91) (34) (26) (22)
competitive advantage over 42.48% 35.95% 6.54% 9.15% 5.88% 100%
other Universities since the
introduction and adoption
of ICT in the University
ICT has its limitations in 131 60 62 32 21 306
14 enhancing Human (134) (91) (34) (26) (22)
Resources Management in 42.81% 19.61% 20.26% 10.45% 6.86% 100%
the University of Nigeria
Nsukka such as poor
application.
15 With proper application, 174 65 12 17 38 306
ICT will greatly enhance (134) (91) (34) (26) (22)
both job and human 56.86% 21.24% 3.92% 5.55% 12.42% 100%
resources management in
the University of Nigeria
Nsukka
Total 669 453 168 128 112 1530
Source: Field Study, 2011

28
 Adoption and Application of Information and Communicational Technology

Table vi: Calculation of X² Test on Data of Table 4.10: That the expected gains of effective and proper
application of information communication technology (ICT) in the Nigerian Universities have eluded
the University of Nigeria relates significantly the poor application of ICT in the University.
Fo Fe fo-fe (fo-fe)²

100 134 -34 1156 8.63

110 134 -24 576 4.30
54 134 -80 6600 47.76
26 134 -108 11664 87.04
16 134 188 13924 103.91
134 91 43 1849 20.32
108 91 17 289 3.18
20 91 -71 5041 55.40
25 91 -66 4356 47.87
19 91 -72 5184 56.97
130 34 96 9216 271.06
110 34 76 5776 189.88
20 34 -14 196 5.76
28 34 -6 36 1.06
18 34 -16 256 7.52
131 26 105 11025 424.04
60 26 34 1156 44.40
62 26 36 1296 49.85
32 26 6 36 1.38
21 26 -5 25 0.96
174 22 152 23104 1050.88
65 22 43 1849 84.05
12 22 -10 100 4.55
17 22 -5 25 1.14
38 22 16 256 11.64
Total 2,562.85
Source: Field Study, 2011
From chi-square distribution table, we have (0.05, 16) = 26.2962

29

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