ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence,

where Artificial defines  "man-made,"  and intelligence defines "thinking power" ,
hence AI means  "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define AI as:
 "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines
which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• THE STUDY OF COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT ATTEMPT TO MODEL AND

APPLY THE INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN MIND.
• A BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE SIMULATION OF
INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR IN COMPUTERS.
• THE CAPABILITY OF A MACHINE TO IMITATE HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
 AI DEFINITIONS

• A branch of Computer Science named Artificial

Intelligence  pursues creating the computers or machines as
intelligent as human beings.
• According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it
“The science and engineering of making intelligent
is 
machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
• The study of how to make programs/computers do things that
people do better.
• The study of how to make computers solve problems which
require knowledge and intelligence.
• The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior.
• AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.
SOME MORE DEFINITIONS OF AI
 SO WHAT IS AI?

• AI is part science, part engineering

• AI often must study other domains in order to implement systems
• e.g., medicine and medical practices for a medical diagnostic system, engineering and
chemistry to monitor a chemical processing plant

• AI is a belief that the brain is a form of biological computer and that the
mind is computational
 PHILOSOPHY OF AI

• While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead
him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
• Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar
intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.
 GOALS OF AI

• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,

learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
 −

Programming Without and With AI

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can answer A computer program with AI can answer the generic questions it is
the specific questions it is meant to solve. meant to solve.

AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting highly

independent pieces of information together. Hence you can modify
even a minute piece of information of program without affecting its
structure.
Modification in the program leads to change in its structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the

program adversely.
Quick and Easy program modification.
 EXAMPLES OF AI

• Google Maps and Ride-Hailing Applications. One doesn't have to put much thought into
traveling to a new destination anymore. ...
• Face Detection and Recognition. ...
• Text Editors or Autocorrect. ...
• Search and Recommendation Algorithms. ...
• Chatbots....
• Digital Assistants. ...
• Social Media. ...
• alexa
 What contributes to AI?
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the intelligence is an intangible
part of our brain which is a combination of reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language
understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine

or software artificial intelligence requires
the following disciplines:

Mathematics
Biology
Psychology
Sociology
Computer Science
Neurons Study
Statistics

Out of the following areas, one or

multiple areas can contribute to
build an intelligent system.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS
• Speech recognition: Also called speech to text (STT), speech recognition is AI technology that recognizes spoken words
and converts them to digitized text. Speech recognition is the capability that drives computer dictation software, TV voice
remotes, voice-enabled text messaging and GPS, and voice-driven phone answering menus.

• Natural language processing (NLP): NLP enables a software application, computer, or machine to understand, interpret,
and generate human text. NLP is the AI behind digital assistants (such as the aforementioned Siri and Alexa), chatbots, and
other text-based virtual assistance. Some NLP uses sentiment analysis to detect the mood, attitude, or other subjective
qualities in language.

• Image recognition (computer vision or machine vision): AI technology that can identify and classify objects, people,
writing, and even actions within still or moving images. Typically driven by deep neural networks, image recognition is used
for fingerprint ID systems, mobile check deposit apps, video and medical image analysis, self-driving cars, and much more.

• Real-time recommendations: Retail and entertainment web sites use neural networks to recommend additional
purchases or media likely to appeal to a customer based on the customer’s past activity, the past activity of other
customers, and myriad other factors, including time of day and the weather. Research has found that online
recommendations can increase sales anywhere from 5% to 30%.

• Virus and spam prevention:  Once driven by rule-based expert systems, today’s virus and spam detection software
employs deep neural networks that can learn to detect new types of virus and spam as quickly as cybercriminals can
dream them up.
• Automated stock trading: Designed to optimize stock portfolios, AI-driven high-frequency trading platforms make
thousands or even millions of trades per day without human intervention.

• Ride-share services: Uber, Lyft, and other ride-share services use artificial intelligence to match up passengers with
drivers to minimize wait times and detours, provide reliable ETAs, and even eliminate the need for surge pricing during
high-traffic periods.

• Household robots: iRobot’s Roomba vacuum uses artificial intelligence to determine the size of a room, identify and
avoid obstacles, and learn the most efficient route for vacuuming a floor. Similar technology drives robotic lawn
mowers and pool cleaners.

• Autopilot technology: This has been flying commercial and military aircraft for decades. Today, autopilot uses a
combination of sensors, GPS technology, image recognition, collision avoidance technology, robotics, and natural
language processing to guide an aircraft safely through the skies and update the human pilots as needed. Depending
on who you ask, today’s commercial pilots spend as little as three and a half minutes manually piloting a flight.
 HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of
Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in
the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date
development.
• Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
• Year 1943:  The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and
Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of  artificial neurons .
• Year 1949:  Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning .
• Year 1950:  The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes  "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"  in which
he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to human intelligence, called a  Turing test.
• The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• Year 1955:  An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence
program "Which was named as  "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• Year 1956:  The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist
John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented.
And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
• The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems.
Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
• The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time
period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI
researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
• A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• Year 1980:  After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems
were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
• The second AI winter (1987-1993)
• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not
efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
• Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
• Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
• Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
• Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex
questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky
questions quickly.
• Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to
the user as a prediction.
• Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
• Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also
performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser
appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
 APPROACHES TO AI
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is both science and engineering. It is the science of understanding intelligent entities—of developing theories which attempt to
explain and predict the nature of such entities; and it is the engineering of intelligent entities.

• There are four main views of AI in the literature, listed below. –

1. AI means acting humanly, i.e., acting like a person. The classic example of this is the “Turing test” .
1. System requirement for turing test
1. NLP: for communication between human and machine
2. Knowledge representation: to store the information
3. Automated Reasoning: to use stored info to give answer of the question
4. Machine Learning: for adapting new patterns.

2. AI means thinking humanly, i.e., thinking like a person. The field of Cognitive Science delves into this topic, trying to model how humans think.

• The difference between “acting humanly” and “thinking humanly” is that the first is only concerned with the actions, the outcome or product of the
human’s thinking process; whereas the latter is concerned with modeling human thinking processes. –

3. AI means thinking rationally, i.e., modeling thinking as a logical process, where conclusions are drawn based on some type of symbolic logic. –

4. AI means acting rationally, i.e., performing actions that increase the value of the state of the agent or environment in which the agent s acting. For
example, an agent that is playing a game will act rationally if it tries to win the game.
• Acting humanly: Turing Test

• • This is a problem that has greatly troubled AI researchers for years. They ask the question “when
can we count a machine as being intelligent?”

• • The most famous response is attributed to Alan Turing, a British mathematician and computing
pioneer. The famous “Turing Test” was named after him, based on ideas he expressed in a paper
published in 1950. Human interrogates entity via teletype for 5 minutes. If, after 5 minutes, human
cannot tell whether entity is human or machine, then the entity must be counted as intelligent.
• • To date, no program has yet passed the Turing Test! However, there is the annual Loebner Prize
which awards scientists for getting close
• • In order to pass the Turing Test, a program that succeeded would need to be capable of: speech
recognition, natural language understanding and generation, and speech synthesis;
knowledge representation; learning; and automated reasoning and decision making.
(Note that the basic Turing Test does not specify a visual or aural component.)
• Acting humanly: Searle’s Chinese Room

• Another famous test is called the “Chinese Room” which was proposed by John Searle in a paper
published in 1980. • Suppose you have a computer in a room that reads Chinese characters as
input, follows a program and outputs (other) Chinese characters. Suppose this computer does this
so well that it passes the Turing Test (convinces a human Chinese speaker that it is talking to
another human Chinese speaker). Does the computer understand Chinese?
• Suppose Searle is in the room, and he uses a dictionary to translate the input characters from
Chinese to English; he then constructs his answer to the question, translates that back into
Chinese and delivers the output—does Searle understand Chinese? • Of course not.

• This is Searle’s argument: the computer doesn’t understand it either, because all it is doing is
translating words (symbols) from one language (representation) to another.
• Thinking humanly

• Thinking humanly means trying to understand and model how the human mind works.

• • There are (at least) two possible routes that humans use to find the answer to a question: – We
reason about it to find the answer. This is called “introspection”. – We conduct experiments to find the
answer, drawing upon scientific techniques to conduct controlled experiments and measure change.
• • The field of Cognitive Science focuses on modeling how people think
• GPS(general problem solver)-by Newell and Simon
• Simulation program to solve problems
• Brute force is applied for solving
• Thinking rationally
• • Trying to understand how we actually think is one route to AI. • But another approach is to
model how how we should think.
• • The “thinking rationally” approach to AI uses symbolic logic to capture the laws of rational
thought as symbols that can be manipulated. •
• Reasoning involves manipulating the symbols according to well-defined rules, kind of like algebra.
•
• The result is an idealized model of human reasoning. This approach is attractive to theorists, i.e.,
modeling how humans should think and reason in an ideal world.
• Acting rationally
• • Acting rationally means acting to achieve one’s goals, given one’s beliefs or understanding about the
world.
• An agent is a system that perceives an environment and acts within that environment. An intelligent
agent is one that acts rationally with respect to its goals. For example, an agent that is designed to play a
game should make moves that increase its chances of winning the game.
• • When constructing an intelligent agent, emphasis shifts from designing the theoretically best decision-
making procedure to designing the best decision-making procedure possible within the circumstances in
which the agent is acting. • Logical approaches may be used to help find the best action, but there are
also other approaches.
• • Achieving so-called “perfect rationality”, making the best decision theoretically possible, is not usually
possible due to limited resources in a real environment (e.g., time, memory, computational power,
uncertainty, etc.). • The trick is to do the best with the information and resources you have. This
represents a shift in the field of AI from optimizing (early AI) to satisfying (more recent AI). cis20.2-
spring2010-sklar-lecIV.1 7
 There are three basic approaches to AI systems.
• Connectionist approaches represent intelligence as emergent behaviors that are the result of a network of
interconnected simple (numeric) units. Examples include neural networks and perceptrons (simple neural
networks). Inputs to the network are represented by numbers, which are mapped to numeric outputs. Inside the
network, a mathematical function is computed, by multiplying and adding the inputs to a set of internal weights and
biases. The earliest work on neural networks was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts at Princeton in the
1940’s. Seminal work was done by James Rumelhart and David McClelland in the 1970-80’s, which forms the
foundations of the field today.

• Logic-based approaches represent intelligence by resolving and unifying logic symbols and statements using
techniques like “deduction”. This approach was developed by John McCarthy at Stanford in the 1950’s and later.

• Symbolic approaches represent intelligence by explicit structures that symbolize different bits of knowledge
and activities. Explicit rules control intelligent behavior. The first work using this approach was developed by Allen
Newell and Herbert Simon at Carnegie Mellon University in the 1950’s and later.
WHAT SHOULD ALL ENGINEERS KNOW ABOUT AI?

• Increases connectivity
• Increase efficiency: easy to do complex task
• Saves time : eases the manual work
• Automation introduced for complex tasks
• Accuracy increased
• Doesn’t get tired
• Great help for medical science
• Jobs evolution:
What should all engineers know about AI?

• Job evolution:
• Applicability of AI: how and where
• Capability Improvement:
• More dependent for the menial jobs:
• Transparency in System:
 WHAT SHOULD ALL ENGINEERS KNOW ABOUT
AI?

• Capability improvement: the emerging technologies in AI follow a generative design which

changes time to time. Exploration of new design options that never would have been an option
is now possible.

• Design and data management: we live in the age of data. The availability of data and the
speed at which today's computers can process it are reasons why AI is exploding today. AI
systems are really good at classifying, categorizing, and partitioning massive amounts of data to
make the most relevant pieces available for humans to analyze and make decisions. 
• Revolution in manufacturing:
• Job Evolution:
• Knowledge of Significant Technology:
• Machine Learning:
• NLP:
• Image Processing:
• IOT:
• Cloud Computing:

• Engineers face the reality that it is impossible to test a system in every situation it will ever
encounter. An AI system adds capability for the engineering because it can find an answer to
never-seen-before situations that is insightful and has a very good probability of being correct.
However, it is not necessarily correct, but probabilistic.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN AI ENGINEER

Responsibilities include:
✔ Build AI models from scratch and help the different components of the organization (such as
product managers and stakeholders) understand what results they gain from the model
✔ Convert the machine learning models into application program interfaces (APIs) so that
other applications can use it
✔ Build data ingestion and data transformation infrastructure
✔ Automate infrastructure that the data science team uses
✔ Perform statistical analysis and tune the results so that the organization can make better-
informed decisions
✔ Set up and manage AI development and product infrastructure
✔ Be a good team player, as coordinating with others is a must
 SKILLS REQUIRED TO BECOME AN AI ENGINEER

• Programming Skills
• Linear Algebra, Probability, and Statistics
• Big Data Technologies
• Algorithms and Frameworks
• Communication and Problem-solving Skills
EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES IN AI
• AI technologies can help the users to better understand and interact with machines by
mimicking human cognitive functions to sense, think, and act.
• As per many researchers, the emerging technologies in the field of AI has the potential
to change the world in next five years or so.
• So, there are many technologies of AI but here we will discuss some technologies of AI,
with which we all are familiar:
1. AI-enhanced analytics solutions
2. Deep learning (DL)
3. Natural language generation (NLG)
4. Speech analytics
These mentioned technologies are playing a very important role in today’s robotics era.
1. AI-enhanced analytics solutions: This technology you can better understand if you
can relate it with business. These systems can understand the customer, learn preferences,
predict next best action/solution, and surface insights.  We believe this is a top priority
area for the contact center as AI-enhanced analytics solutions can deliver new and
stronger business benefit.  Fraud detection is just one example.
2. Deep Learning (DL):  DL is a type of machine learning algorithm that is a game
changer in its ability to generate better predictions/insights, scale up with large data sets,
and reduce the effort to build the model. In the contact center, DL is used in
conversational systems (speech rec, NLG, NLU, etc), Speech Analytics, and other areas. 
3. Natural Language Generation (NLG):  NLG is a part of the tech stack in
conversational systems. NLG uses advanced AI algorithms to generate speech from text.
 NLG is used to generate speech in Alexa, in Virtual Assistants and in a Natural Language
IVR. We use NLG as part of our SmartCare conversational platform that powers Chatbot
channels.
4. Speech Analytics:  Speech analytics uses AI technology to recognize speech, convert
speech into text, and perform analytics on the text data set.  This technology is used
today in many contact centers to improve customer interactions, CX and agent
performance.
AI AND ETHICAL
CONCERNS
 Artificial intelligence is integrated into modern everyday life from online shopping
suggestions to medical advancements. For consumers, the convenience of owning smart
devices to automate living conditions and assist with knowledge searching comes at a
price of privacy.
• Advancement in this technology has both benefits and risks for industries and
consumers. A lack of understanding about how the technology operates can and has
created significant risks when implemented hastily
 CONSUMER RISKS

• The top concerns consumers have about AI-powered devices are

• Security
• data anonymity
• confidentiality
• integrity
 AI RISKS IN THE INDUSTRY.

• Risks from implementing artificial intelligence too quickly have created adverse
outcomes for businesses.
• While artificial intelligence has shown efficiency in a variety of markets, businesses must
extensively test the possible outcomes before implementing
 ETHICAL ISSUES WITH AI.

• Privacy & Surveillance

• The digital sphere has widened greatly: All data collection and storage is now digital, our
lives are increasingly digital, most digital data is connected to a single Internet, and there
is more and more sensor technology in use that generates data about non-digital
aspects of our lives. AI increases both the possibilities of intelligent data collection and
the possibilities for data analysis. This applies to blanket surveillance of whole
populations as well as to classic targeted surveillance. In addition, much of the data is
traded between agents, usually for a fee.
 MANIPULATION OF BEHAVIOUR
•  social media is now the prime location for political propaganda. This
influence can be used to steer voting behaviour.
• The ethical issues of AI in surveillance go beyond the
mere accumulation  of data and direction of attention: They include
use  of information to manipulate behaviour, online and offline, in a way
the 
that undermines autonomous rational choice. Given users’ intense
interaction with data systems and the deep knowledge about individuals
this provides, they are vulnerable to “nudges”, manipulation, and deception.
With sufficient prior data, algorithms can be used to target individuals or
small groups with just the kind of input that is likely to influence these
particular individuals.
 OPACITY OF AI SYSTEMS
• AI systems for automated decision support and “predictive analytics” raise
“significant concerns about lack of due process, accountability, community
engagement, and auditing”
•  They are part of a power structure in which “we are creating decision-making
processes that constrain and limit opportunities for human participation” 
• At the same time, it will often be impossible for the affected person to know
how the system came to this output, i.e., the system is “opaque” to that person.
If the system involves machine learning, it will typically be opaque even to the
expert, who will not know how a particular pattern was identified, or even what
the pattern is.
 BIAS IN DECISION SYSTEMS
• Bias typically surfaces when unfair judgments are made because the individual making the
actually  irrelevant to the matter at hand,
judgment is influenced by a characteristic that is 
typically a discriminatory preconception about members of a group.
• So, one form of bias is a learned cognitive feature of a person, often not made explicit.
The person concerned may not be aware of having that bias—they may even be honestly
and explicitly opposed to a bias they are found to have.
 HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION
• AI can be used to manipulate humans into believing and doing things, it can also be used
to drive robots that are problematic if their processes or appearance involve deception,
threaten human dignity, or violation of respect for humanity.
• Humans very easily attribute mental properties to objects, and empathize with them,
especially when the outer appearance of these objects is similar to that of living beings.
• This can be used to deceive humans into attributing more intellectual or even emotional
significance to robots or AI systems than they deserve.
 AUTOMATION AND EMPLOYMENT
• productivity gains through automation typically mean that fewer humans are required for
the same output. This does not necessarily imply a loss of overall employment, however,
because available wealth increases and that can increase demand sufficiently to counteract
the productivity gain.
• What currently seems to happen in the labour market as a result of AI and robotics
automation is “job polarisation” or the “dumbbell” shape
• The highly skilled technical jobs are in demand and highly paid, the low skilled service jobs
are in demand and badly paid, but the mid-qualification jobs in factories and offices, i.e.,
the majority of jobs, are under pressure and reduced because they are relatively
predictable, and most likely to be automated
   MACHINE ETHICS
• Machine ethics is concerned with ensuring that the behavior of machines
toward human users, and perhaps other machines as well, is ethically
acceptable
 AUTONOMOUS MACHINES
• Generally speaking, one question is the degree to which autonomous
robots raise issues our present conceptual schemes must adapt to, or
whether they just require technical adjustments. In most jurisdictions,
there is a sophisticated system of civil and criminal liability to resolve such
issues.
• E.g. Autonomous vehicles, weapons.
 SINGULARITY AND SUPERINTELLIGENCE
• The idea of singularity  is that if the trajectory of artificial intelligence reaches up to systems that
have a human level of intelligence, then these systems would themselves have the ability to
develop AI systems that surpass the human level of intelligence, i.e., they are “superintelligent”
• Such superintelligent AI systems would quickly self-improve or develop even more intelligent
systems. This sharp turn of events after reaching superintelligent AI is the “singularity” from
which the development of AI is out of human control and hard to predict