26-11-2019

5G Training

www.nanocellnetworks.com

E-mail: [email protected]

Agenda

• 4G Overview, 5G Requirement, Use Cases, Applications, 5G Spectrum,

Day 1: 5G Overview 5G Network Architecture, 5G key Technologies, 3GPP Release
Overview, Current status

• 5G NR Overview, Frame Structure, Numerology, Beamforming,

massive MIMO, 5G TDD overview, 5G RAN Protocols, 5G Channels,
Day 2,3,4: 5G Radio Beam operations, 5G QoS, RAN processes and Procedures in FR1 and
FR2, C-RAN

Day 5,6,7: 5G Core, Transport, • 5G Service Based Architecture, Core Network Process and Procedure,
Core Network Protocols, Network Slicing, SDN and NFV Overview,
Key Concepts, Deployment Mobile Edge Computing, 5G Transport Network, Network
aspects Orchestration and Management, 5G Network Deployment aspects

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5G Overview

2G to 4G
Overview

Current 5G
Overview
status of 5G

5G
Cloud/AI /ML Overview
5G Spectrum
in 5G

5G
Technologies 5G Network

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1G to 4G Overview– 3GPP Evolution

Packet core IMS
Packet
Peak data switched data
rates
Circuit switched
Band voice support

1G

1980s 1990s Late 90s 2000 2003 2008 2010 2019/20

Latency in Cellular Networks

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2G-4G Core network evolution

Very little scope for

Interface specifications New services
third party
published by 3GPP introduced slowly
customization
Source: 3g4g blog

LTE Evolution Timeline

• Rel-8 standard was frozen in March 2009.

• Goal to prepare the mobile system to allow evolutionary change
LTE towards 4G as imposed by IMT-Advanced.
• Pushed to market to counter WiMAX

• This was specified within 3GPP Rel-10.

• The corresponding standard was frozen in June 2011.
LTE-Advanced • LTE-Advanced was defined to fulfill IMT-Advanced requirements,
thus is seen as a 4G technology.

• This was agreed by 3GPP in October 2015 as a marker for LTE for Rel-
13 onwards.
LTE-Advanced Pro • The new name is used to mark a point where significant
improvements with regards to LTE-Advanced are made.

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LTE / LTE-A Summary

Source : Internet

LTE-A Pro V1 – R13

• Uses carrier WiFi to improve capacity, whilst anchored in

LTE-WiFi Combo LWA/LWIP LTE spectrum

• Aggregates the licensed LTE signal with spectrum in the

Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) unlicensed 5GHz band

• Direct communication between devices, for public safety

Device-to-device (D2D) use cases

• Enables up to 32 carrier signals and so provide a theoretical

Massive CA 640MHz of aggregated bandwidth for a single device

• Spectrum aggregation where small cells act as local capacity

Dual Connectivity (DC) boosters for an anchor macro-cell

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LTE-A Pro V1(Contd.)

• Supports reduced bandwidth operation (1.4MHz),

MTC enhancements (eMTC)
lower power and longer device battery life

• Adds the vertical plane to horizontal beam steering,

3D-MIMO
using up to 64 antenna ports

• Coordinates radio resources between various access

Multi-RAT Joint Coordination
technologies, including dynamic spectrum access.

• Optimised support for IoT services using GSM and

Narrowband IoT (NB-IOT)
LTE networks in licensed spectrum.

Dual Connectivity
Inter site Aggregation; multiple carrier
frequencies Pico Cell
Macro
Cell

eNB

UE

eNB

Connectivity with more than one site; Control Pico

through macro; Both DL and UL through both Coverage
sites
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CA vs DC Significant
delay
possible

EPC
eNB MeNB SeNB

CA can be used
along with DC

DL and UL with multiple eNBs

Multiple radio carriers with 1 eNB
User traffic split at MAC layer MeNB – Connected to EPC

Single PUCCH ; 1 C-RNTI Multiple PUCCH ; Multiple C-RNTI

User traffic split @ PDCP; Split bearer

What’s next for MIMO in LTE – FD MIMO

Also known as 3D beamforming; typically 2D antenna array with large

number of elements at the base station

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LTE and Unlicensed - Approaches

LTE Wi-FI LTE Wi-FI

Wi-Fi Offload LTE-U/LAA/MuLtefire Aggregation aggregation with
(LWA) IPSEC(LWIP)

Not a lot of
momentum
Lots of interest Wi-Fi camp’s response to
but some
from carriers LTE-unlicensed approaches
deployment
happening

LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum

• Control signaling
• Mobility Primary
• User data Cell

EPC
Unlicensed
Spectrum- Aggregation of
5GHz Licensed + Unlicensed
Secondary
Cell
Anchor in the
Combined use of BW for data licensed carrier

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LTE and IOT –Quantitative View

Release 8 Release 8 Release 12 Release 13 Release 13
Cat4 Cat 1 Cat.0 Cat M1 Cat NB1
Downlink peak rate 150 Mbps 10 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 200 Kbps
Uplink peak rate 50 Mbps 5 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 144 Kbps
Number of antennas 2 2 1 1 1
Duplex mode Full duplex Full duplex Half duplex Half duplex Half Duplex
UE receive bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 1.4 MHz 200 KHz
UE transmit power 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 20 dBm 23 dBm
Modem complexity 100% 80% 40% 20% <15 %

eMTC NB-IOT
Scaling up in performance and mobility
Scaling down in complexity and power Source : Nokia

Why 5G?
LTE and its evolutions
might not meet the Smartphone type user
broadband saturation and falling
requirements post ARPUs
2020

How to get new

Are there new areas?
businesses to use
what are those? how is
wireless and contribute
technology different?
to revenue and
business models (?)
growth?.

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5G Objectives

Basic voice &

1G & 2G sms

• Video Call
3G & 4G • Web
• Applications, etc

Wireless
everywhere/everything
• Multimedia Services
• M2M
5G • Connecting everybody
& everything

Requirements & KPIs

Experienced
Security Reliability Latency
throughput

Connection
Availability Traffic volume Cost
density

Energy
Peak rates Mobility
Consumption

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5G Performance Requirements(ITU)
25

IMT-2020 IMT-advanced
20

15

10

0
Category User 2
Peak Data1 Category
Experienced
Category
Spectral 3 Mobility
Category 4 Category 5
Latency (ms) Category 6
Connection Category
Network7 Category
Area 8
Rate(Gbps) Efficiency (x100kmph) Density Energy Traffic
Data Capacity
(bps/Hz) (x10000Devi Efficienc
Rate(x10
ces/km2) y(x10) (Mbps/
Mbps) m2)

How do we get more capacity in Cellular Network?

Source: Communication Systems, Linköping University, LIU

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How do we get 1000 times more data

Source: Communication Systems, Linköping University, LIU

5G Service Categories

• Enhanced Mobile Broad-Band

eMBB Fixed
Vehicle to vehicle and wireless
• High rates
others.. Emergency access;
• Enhanced BB experience
communications.. FTTH
• HD video Call
broadcast.. alternative

• Low latency • Large number of devices

• High • Deep penetration
Reliability • Power efficient
URLLC MMTC
• Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication • Massive Machine Type Communication

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5G Vision

Gbps bandwidth • Low Latency Radio

10 Mbps/m2 traffic density
• Vertical industries
going wireless

• Ready for AR/VR

applications

• Ready for AI/ML to

be used in the
network

True ms latency
99,999% reliability
1 million devices/km2
Source: 3gpp

Services and Requirements Characteristics

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Comparison Of KPI for 4G(IMT-A) and 5G(IMT-2020)

IMT-2020 eMBB Requirements

Source: 3gpp
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uRLLC and mMTC Requirements

Requirement Required value

Latency, user plane 1 ms for URLLC

Latency, control plane 20 ms

Connection density 1 000 000 devices / km2

Reliability 99.999% success rate within 1

ms

Mobility interruption time 0 ms

Source: 3gpp

5G Use Cases

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Some Use Cases & Requirements

Use Cases Requirements Desired
Autonomous vehicle control Latency 5ms
Availability 99.999%

High Speed Train Traffic volume density 50-100 Gbps/sq.km

Experienced throughput 25-50 Mbps

Factory automation Latency Less than 1ms

Availability 99.99%

Massive amount of devices Connection density 1 million per km2

Availability 99.9 % coverage
Energy efficiency 10 Years of Battery

VR applications Experienced Throughput Gbps

Latency 10ms

Remote Surgery Latency <1ms

Reliability 99.9%

5G - Service Verticals
Third Party Collaboration

Voice, Video, AR,

Industry Specific

VR, Games, TV,

Consumer

e-health, online
IOT

education, e-
commerce,
Security,
Broadband, etc

New in 5G

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Market Scenario

Ericsson Mobility Report

Standardization activity - Globally

CHINA
• NGMN NORTH 863, 5G promotion group

AMERICA EUROPE JAPAN

• ITU-R ARIB, Testbed activities
Europe
5G Americas METIS KOREA
• 3GPP University Research Horizon2020/5GPPP 5G Forum, Govt push

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Review
1.Name the 3 main Service Categories considered in 5G standardization
2.Will 5G coexist with LTE releases, will LTE continue to evolve?

3.Name some new KPIs to be considered in 5G suiting M2M applications?

4.What are some applications which demand eMBB?
5.Which category will driverless cars and factory automation come into?
6.If 1G to 4G connected people, what is 5G aiming for?.
7.What are 3GPP efforts to combine LTE and other unlicensed band technologies?
8.What is a key technique which can help combine multiple technologies to serve users?
9.Secondary carrier in LAA is from _______ band

10.What is the branding of LTE for R13 onwards?

5G Use Cases – Quick Exercise

Autonomous Vehicle Fixed Wireless Access

High Speed Train
control for Rural

Emergency Stadium/Shopping
Remote Surgery
Communications Mall

VR(Virtual reality)
Factory Automation Smart Grid
applications

Name the Service Category

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Spectrum Needs

eMBB
• New spectrum needed
• Both <6GHz and > 6GHz to be used
• Large contiguous channel BW needed
• Coverage, Unlicensed bands
mMTC
• Sub 1GHz preffered
• Small channel BW Ok
• Stable licensed spectrum
uRLLC
• Exclusive or high priority access needed
• Use of frequency diversity for reliablity

5G Spectrum – Options

• 5G Radio Supports both FDD and TDD schemes

• Two Frequency Ranges for 5G

• Frequency Range 1 (FR1): 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz

• Frequency Range 2 (FR2): 24.250 GHz to 52.60 GHz)

• FR1 has both FDD and TDD bands

• FR2 has all TDD bands

• Initial 5G Network deployments are mostly using TDD

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5G Spectrum – Options

The range is increased to 7.125GHz

5G Spectrum – FR1

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5G Spectrum – FR1

• In addition to FDD and TDD, FR1 also has Supplementary Downlink (SDL) and
Supplementary Uplink (SUL) bands

• Channel Bandwidth in FR1 varies from 5MHz to 100MHz

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100MHz

5G Spectrum – FR2

• Channel Bandwidth in FR2 varies from 50MHz to 400MHz

50, 100, 200, 400MHz

• Fixed and Mobile Access likely on FR2

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New Spectrum in US

• Shared License
• Low cost
• 200 MHz channels
• Long range
38.6 GHz

28 GHz 38 GHz
450 MHz 1 GHz 27.5 GHz 28.35 GHz 37 GHz 40.6 GHz

2* 425MHz Channels
64-71 GHz
Korea also examining 28
Unlicensed;
GHz but worldwide
extension to earlier
harmonization is still some
unlicensed from 57-
time away
64 GHz

Comparisons between FR1 and mm wave

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Capacity and Coverage – Comparison

Source: GSMA

Review
1. What are some new spectrum regions which are being planned for 5G deployments?
2. What is a key technology for mm-wave 5G to succeed?

3. Could certain types of data be repeated on multiple carrier ?

4. What bands are favoured for IOT applications?
5. What is the entirely new application category envisaged by 3GPP for 5G?

6. Which 5G application will involve caching at local nodes?

7. As per 3GPP Rel 15 specification, maximum Channel BW in FR2 is ____________

8. RAN Splitting will enable _______________ in a cost effective manner

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5G Network

www.nanocellnetworks.com

E-mail: [email protected]

5G Network Architecture

Most of the Network

Functions are virtual and
deployed in the cloud

Networking of VNFs are

enabled by SDN • Service Based Core Network
• APIs for accessing core
network functions
• Network Slicing capabilities

Source: 5G Americas
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Role of 5G RAN and CN

gNB AMF SMF

Inter Cell RRM NAS Security UE IP address

allocation
RB Control
Idle State Mobility
Handling PDU Session
Connection Mobility Cont.
Control

Radio Admission Control

UPF
Measurement
Configuration & Provision Mobility Anchoring

Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler) PDU Handling
internet

NG-RAN 5GC
Source: 3gpp

5G – Enablers & Technologies

New Radio
(NR) Network
Slicing
NFV

Massive
MIMO

SDN

mmWave

Cloud RAN

ML/AI
Front Faul
MEC

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5G – Enablers & Technologies

Source: IEEE White Paper

5G requirements

Allow for the RAN and the CN to evolve independently

EPC Next Gen
Core
Allow for the operation of Network Slicing

Support sharing of the RAN between multiple

operators

Allow the deployment of new services rapidly and

LTE NR efficiently

Allow the support of 3GPP defined service classes (e.g.

interactive, background, streaming and conversational)

Enable lower CAPEX/OPEX with respect to current

networks to achieve the same level of services

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Introduction of the NG-RAN: gNB(next generation node B)

5G specifications are ongoing. The base station in

5G is called gNB

The new radio access technology is called “NR”

(New Radio)

5G NR - Introduction

OFDMA on DL & UL Flexible numerology- SCFDMA possible on UL

Same SF/Frame/slot durations Allocation can happen at granularity of OFDM

symbol; aggregation of slots also possible

Same PRB structure No change from 12 REs in frequency axis

CA & DC support Continued.. maximum up to 16 CA as of now

Flexible TDD along with FDD Old methods allowed along with new

Modulation Up-to 256 QAM

Coding LDPC & Polar codes

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5G NR - Introduction

Parameters FR1 (450MHz- 7125MHz) FR2 (24250MHz-52600MHz)

Overall Architecture of NG-RAN

Xn, NG, F1
are logical
Interfaces

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5G Base Station Densification – Why?

How to get 1000 times capacity?

Source: IEEE

5G RAN Evolution

Source: ITU
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5G RAN Split

Source: IET

5G Core Network - Architecture Principles

• Clear separation of UP and CP

• Make the functions granular
• Virtualize functions
• Flexible placement of functions
• Elasticity: Scalable to meet SLAs. Movable to other servers.
• Resiliency: Be able to recreate after failure
• Service Continuity: Seamless or non-seamless continuity after failures or migration
• Service Assurance: Time stamp and forward copies of packets for Fault detection
• Energy Efficiency Requirements: Should be possible to put a subset of VNF in a power
conserving sleep state
• Access agnostic

60

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Core Network Functions

• Authentication of users irrespective of access techniques

• Central database of users, subscriptions etc for operators
• Mobility
• Connectivity to the external network and to the operator applications
• Policies
• Billing
• Legal Intercept
• QoS

61

5G Core Architecture

NSSF AUSF UDM UDR PCF

N1 (NAS)
AMF SMF NRF NEF AF
N2
N4

Data
UE NG RAN UPF
Uu N6 Network
N3

5GC
AMF Access & Mobility Management NSSF NW Slice Selection SMF Session Management UDSF Unstructured Data Storage
AUSF Authentication Server NEF Network Exposure UPF User Plane NWDAF Network Data Analytics
PCF Policy Control NRF Network Repository UDM Unified Data Management AF 62
Application Function
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5G – Service Based Architecture

New in 5G
Access and Mobility Management
function (AMF) supports: Termination
of NAS signalling, NAS ciphering &
integrity protection, registration Network Exposure function
Authentication Server Function
management, connection management, (NEF) supports: exposure of
(AUSF) acts as an authentication
mobility management, access capabilities and events, secure
authentication and authorization, server.
provision of information from
security context management. external application to 3GPP
Unified Data Management
network, translation of
Session Management function (UDM) supports: generation of
(SMF) supports: session management internal/external information
Authentication and Key Agreement
(session establishment, modification, (AKA) credentials, user
release), UE IP address allocation & NF Repository function
identification handling, access
management, DHCP functions, (NRF) supports: service discovery
termination of NAS signalling related to authorization, subscription
function, maintains NF profile and
session management, DL data management.
available NF instances
notification, traffic steering
configuration for UPF for proper traffic Application Function
routing. Network Slice Selection Function
(AF) supports: application
(NSSF) supports: selecting of the
influence on traffic routing,
User plane function (UPF) supports: Network Slice instances to serve
accessing NEF, interaction with
packet routing & forwarding, packet the UE, determining the allowed
inspection, QoS handling, acts as policy framework for policy
NSSAI, determining the AMF set to
external PDU session point of control.
be used to serve the UE
interconnect to Data Network (DN), and
is an anchor point for intra- & inter-RAT
mobility.

HTTP/2

• HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is major revision of the HTTP network protocol
used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SDPY
protocol, originally developed by Google
• HTTP/2 is binary, instead of textual.
• HTTP/2 is fully multiplexed
• It’s not very fast and not super modern

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Need For Network Slicing

How to meet varied needs & KPIs of each service category over a common infrastructure?

Option-1: Building dedicated infrastructure for each of these to meet their service requirements
- not a cost-effective solution

Option-2: Using some of latest technologies like SDN and VNFs these requirements could all be
met on same physical infrastructure

By forming “Virtual layers” for each service over the actual

physical resource running end-to end to meet the performance
requirements for each service

KPIs for different Service Categories

One Physical
Network to
deliver 3
different
Performance
Requirements

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What is network Slicing

67

Network Slicing – Continued

• It is a form of virtual network architecture that allows multiple virtual networks to be created
on top of a common shared physical infrastructure.
• Slicing provides end-to-end (E2E) flexible, scalable and demand-oriented system to meet the
various requirements
• A network slice is self-contained in terms of operation and traffic flow and can have its own
network architecture, engineering mechanisms and network provision.
• It is to architect, partition and organize virtualized network resource to enable flexible support
of diverse use case realizations
• Cloud computing, software defined network (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV)
are key technology enablers for network slicing

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5G Network Slicing

5G Network Slicing enables service providers to build virtual end-to-end

networks tailored to different application requirements

5G Network Slicing

Source: Aricent
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MEC

Examples
• V2V/V2I(Connected car); V2X in general
• Industrial control
Challenges
• Low latency
• Fast setup
Why MEC?
Environment
• Outdoors/indoors URLLC Services, Transport Network
• High mobility Optimization, Local Services,

MEC in 5G

Source: ETSI 36
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ML & AI in 5G

Sl # Few areas of Implementation

1 Scheduling Beamforming in Massive MIMO Networks

2 Indoor Positioning of devices

3 Configuration of Uplink and Downlink Channels

4 Real-time Optimization of Network

5 Service Provisioning

Implementation of AI in networks can be done phase wise based on the continuous learning and optimization

Typical Application Scenarios of AI in 5G

Source: ZTE
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5G Network Deployment - Options

• There are mainly six
deployment options in
both SA and NSA
modes.
• Option-5 using 5GC and
LTE ng-eNB access
• Option-3 using EPC and
LTE eNB acting as
master and NR en-gNB
acting as secondary;
• Option-4 using 5GC and
an NR gNB acting as
master and LTE ng-eNB
acting as secondary
• Option-7 using 5GC and
an LTE ng-eNB acting as
Source: GSMA
master and an NR gNB
acting as secondary

NSA Vs SA – Comparison

Source: GSMA
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NSA Vs SA – Comparison

Source: GSMA

Release 15 Stability And Completion

2017 2018 2019

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Rel-15 NSA Rel-15 NSA

(option 3) (option3)
freeze ASN.1
Early drop Rel-15 SA Rel-15 SA
(option 3) (option3) Rel-15 late dr Rel-15 late dr
Early drop; immediate freeze ASN.1 freeze ASN.1
eMBB need with EPC; Main drop
Late drop
avoid fragmentation Main drop; 5G with Late drop; 5G and 4G ; lots of
its own core network interworking options given
Rel-15 NSA is driving commercial launches across the globe (based on March/2019 version of specs)

Rel-15 SA coming soon,first in China,driven by vertical IoT business

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5G Device Availability (3GPP)

Source: Ericsson Mobility Report

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Review
1. What is one of key infrastructures needed for 5G Core deployment?
2. Fronthaul in 5G is needed between _______ and _____________?
3. mMMTC specification is available in 3GPP Release______

Thank You

www.nanocellnetworks.com

E-mail: [email protected]
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