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Data and Business Intelligence: Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage

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379 views19 pages

Data and Business Intelligence: Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage

Uploaded by

Mose Moseh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and

Business
Intelligence

Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage.


Database

• Collection of related data that is stored in a


central location or in multiple locations

Data hierarchy

Database • Structure and organization of data, which involves


fields, records, and files

Database management system (DBMS)

• Software for creating, storing, maintaining, and


accessing database files
• Makes using databases more efficient
Interaction between the User, DBMS, and Database
Types of Data in a Database

Internal • Collected from within an organization


• Stored in the organization’s internal
databases and can be used by
data functional information systems

External • Comes from a variety of sources


• Stored in a data warehouse
data
Methods for Accessing Files

• I. Sequential access file structure


• Records in files are organized and processed in numerical or sequential order
• Records are organized based on a primary key (e.g., Social Security numbers or account numbers)
• II. Random access file structure
• Records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical locations in storage media
• III. Indexed sequential access method (ISAM)
• Records accessed sequentially (large number) or randomly (small number)
• Uses an index structure and has two parts
• Indexed value
• Pointer to the disk location of the record matching the indexed value
Information is viewed in a database in two
Logical ways
1. Physical view: how data is stored on
Database and retrieved from storage media
2. Logical view: how information appears
Design to users and how it can be organized
and retrieved
• Depending on the user, there can be
more than one logical view of data

Data model determines how data is


created, represented, organized,
and maintained
• Includes: Data structure,
Operations, Integrity rules
Hierarchical Model
• Hierarchical model
• Relationships between records form a treelike structure
• Records are called nodes, and relationships between records are called branches
Network Model
• Network model
• Similar to the hierarchical model but records are organized differently
• Each record can have multiple parent and child records
The Relational Model

• Uses a two-dimensional table of rows and columns of data


• Rows are records (i.e., tuples)
• Columns are fields (i.e., attributes)

• Primary key
• Uniquely identifies every record in a relational database
• Foreign key
• Field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table
• Used to cross-reference tables
Normalization and Operations

• Normalization
• Used to improve database efficiency; Eliminates redundant data

• Operations
• Help retrieve data from tables
• Common operations: select, project, join, intersect, union, and difference
DBMS software components
• Database engine
Components • Data definition
• Data manipulation
of a DBMS • Application generation
• Data administration
• Include:
Recent Trends • Data-driven Web sites
• Natural language processing
in Database • Distributed databases
Design and • Object-oriented databases
• Advances in artificial intelligence
Use
Data Warehouses
• Collection of data from a variety of
sources
• Support decision-making
applications
• Generate business intelligence
• Called hypercubes because they store
multidimensional data

• Data Marts: Smaller version of a data


warehouse, used by a single
department or function
• Manage a high demand for information from many users
with different needs and decision-making styles
• Cross-reference segments of an organization’s operations for
comparison
• Generate complex queries and reports faster than when
using databases
• Analyze large amounts of historical data quickly
Benefits of • Assist management in making well-informed business
decisions

Dara • Data warehouses use the following to generate reports:

Warehouses • Online analytical processing (OLAP)


• Uses multiple sources of information and provides
multidimensional analysis
• Generates business intelligence
• Data-mining analysis
• Used to discover patterns and relationships
Uses data and statistical methods

• Gains insight into the data


• Provides decision makers with information to act
on

Business Methods

• Descriptive: Reviews past events, analyzes the


Analytics data, and provides a report indicating:
• What happened in a given period of time
• How to prepare for the future
• Predictive: Prepares decision makers for future
events
• Prescriptive: Recommends a course of action that
decision makers should follow
The Big Data Era

Voluminous data Involves five dimensions (the 5 Vs):

Conventional computing methods are unable to Volume


efficiently process and manage it Variety
Velocity
Veracity
Value
Database Marketing

• Uses an organization's database of customers and potential customers to promote


products or services
• Main goal: use information within the database to implement marketing strategies
• Increase profits

• Enhance competitiveness

• Establish and maintain long-term customer relationships


Tableau and Power BI
Two Popular BI and Visualization Platforms

Tableau Power BI
Data visualization tool Microsoft platform
Analyzes data for generating trends using graphs Allows user to analyze and visualize data
and charts • Different sources
“What-if” analysis • Different formats
Integrates with existing data and applications
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