MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF MPPT

CONTROL OF GRID CONNECTED INVERTER FOR PV

SYSTEMS
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Award of the degree

BATCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By

M.MAMATHA (17031A0231)
V.PRUDHVILA (17031A0255)
G.RAM KUMAR (17031A0209)
K. UDAY KIRAN (17031A0220)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. D.ADINARAYANA NAIK
Asst.Professor(C)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NARSARAOPET
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
NARSARAOPET-522601,ANDHRA PRADESH,INDIA
JULY,2021

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 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NARSARAOPET
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA
NARSARAOPET-522601
ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
JULY, 2021

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the entitled “Modelling and Simulation of Grid
Connected Inverter for PV Systems ” that is being submitted by M
Mamatha(17031A0231), V Prudhvila Gayathri (17031A0255),G Ram
Kumar (17031A0209), K Uday Kiran (17031A0220) in partial fulfilment for
the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical &Electronics Engineering to
the University College of Engineering Narasaraopet, Jawaharlal Nehru
technological University Kakinada is a record of bonafide work carried out by
them under my guidance and supervision.

The results embedded in this thesis have not been submitted to any other
university/institute for the award of any degree/diploma.

Project guide Head of Department

Mr. D.Adhinarayana Naik Dr. Y S Kishore Babu
(EEE)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work described in this project work, entitled
“MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF MPPT CONTROL OF GRID
CONNECTED INVERTER FOR PV SYSTEMS” Which is submitted by us in a
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) in the Department
of Electrical &Electronics Engineering to the University College of Engineering
Narasaraopet, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, is
the results of work done by us under the guidance of D.ADINARAYANA NAIK.

The work is original and has not been submitted for any Degree/Diploma
of this or any other University.

Project Associates
MARISA.MAMATHA (17031A0231)
VASIMALLI.PRUDHVILA GAYATHRI (17031A0255)
GOGADA RAM KUMA (17031A0209)
KODALI.UDAYKIRAN (17031A0220)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our sincere and heartfelt
obligation towards all the personages who have helped us in this endeavour. Without their
active guidance, help, co-operation and encouragement, we would not have made
headway in the project.
We are grateful to Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
University College of Engineering Narasaraopet JNTUK which gives us the opportunity
to have profound technical knowledge thereby enabling us to complete the project.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank our beloved Principal,
DR.V.V.SUBBA RAO for giving us the opportunity of doing the project and for
providing a great support to us in completing our project.
We feel elated to thank our Head of the Department, Dr. Y.S. KISHORE BABU
for inspiring us all the way and arranging all the facilities and resources needed for our
project.
It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude
to our guide Mr D ADINARAYANA NAIK, who guided and encouraged us in every
step of the project work. His moral support and valuable suggestions throughout the
project helped us in successful completion of the project.
Last but not least,we express our heartfelt thanks to all teaching and nonteaching
staff members, family and friends for all the help and co-operation in bringing out this
project successfully in time.

Project Associates
M.Mamatha (17031A0231)
V.Prudhvila (17031A0255)
G.Ram Kumar (17031A0209)
K.Uday Kiran (17031A0220)

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INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVTIONS x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 literature survey 3
1.3 organization of thesis 4
CHAPTER 2: SOLAR PV SYSTEMS 5-13
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Photovoltaic cell 7
2.3 Construction of pv cell 8
2.4 Working of pv cell 9
2.5 Modelling of pv 10
2.6 Characteristics of pv cell 11
2.7 Irradiation 12
2.8Effect of irradiation 12
2.8 Conclusion 13
CHAPTER 3:GRID CONNECTED INVERTERS 14-22
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Types of inverters their arrangements 17
3.3 Conclusion 22

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CHAPTER 4:MPPT TECHNIQUES 23-33
4.1 Introduction 24
4.2 Direct techniques 25
4.3 Indirect techniques 26
4.4Limitationsofconvectionalp&o 30
4.5Combinationofinverteralgorithm 31
4.6Conclusion 33
CHAPTER 5:REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY34-37
5.1 Introduction 35
5.2 What is reactive power control strategy 36
5.3 Conclusion 37
CHAPTER 6:SIMULINK MODEL 38-46
6.1 Matlab/Simulink 39
6.2 Simulation model of mppt controlled grid connected inverter
model 41
CHAPTER 7: SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 46-50
7.1 Inverter results 47
7.2 pv results 50
CHAPTER 8:CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 51-53

REFERENCES 53

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 MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF MPPT
CONTROL OF GRID CONNECTED INVERTER FOR PV
SYSTEMS

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 ABSTRACT

Now a day’s solar energy has great importance because it is easily

available resource for energy generation, but the only problem is efficiency of
solar system and to increase its efficiency, many MPPT Techniques are available
for use. P&O method is one of MPPT Techniques, This Project presents the
combination of P&O algorithm with inverter control algorithm to obtain fast
dynamic response.

The tracking capability of base algorithm is improved by combination

of 2 methods. The proposed control approach has been tested on a three-phase
grid-connected inverter that fed by PV panel group. Switching signals of the
inverter are generated by the using PWM generator. Reference current to control
inverter is determined by Perturb and Observe MPPT method.
The high generation of renewable energy increases the risk of grid
instability by using conventional current control schemes, this project aims to
reduce the reactive power stress on the grid and to give smooth control of power.
Thus Inverter currents, Active Power flow, and THD analyses are
examined in a simulation that performed by using MATLAB/Simulink
environment. Especially, the effectiveness of the proposed approach has been
tested under varying irradiation.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO NO
1.1 Grid connected PV systems 2
2.1 Solar PV System Components 7
2.2 Photo Voltaic Cell 8
2.3 Working Principle of PV Cell 9
2.4 Equivalent circuit of PV Cell 10
2.5 I-V&P-V Characteristics of PV Cells 12
2.6 P-V Characteristics with varying irradiation 13
2.7 I-V Characteristics with varying irradiation 13
3.1 Solar Inverter 17
3.2 Centre Inverter Topology 19
3.3 String Inverter Topology 20
3.4 Module Inverter 21
4.1 P-V curve 28
4,2 Deviation from MPP under varying irradiance 30
5.1 Basic Structure of Grid Connected Inverter 35
5.2 Equivalent Circuit 35
6.1 Complete Simulation Model 40
6.2 Grid Connected Inverter with PV System 41
Model
6.3 I-V Characteristics 42
6.4 P-V Characteristics 42
6.5 MPPT Based Reactive Power Control Model 43
6.6 THD Model 45
7.1 Irradiation Curve 47
7.2 Inverter Currents 48
7.3 Inverter Currents THD 48
7.4 Inverter Power 49

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 7.5 Inverter Active, Reactive Power 49
7.6 PV voltage 50
7.7 PV Current 50

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE DESCRIPTION PG NO
NO:
6.1 Specifications of pv panel 42

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S.NO ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
1 MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
2 MPP Maximum Power Point
3 P&O Perturb and observation
4 THD Total Harmonic Distortion
5 PWM Pulse Width Modulation
6 PV Photo Voltaic
7 DC Direct Current
8 AC Alternate Current
9 RPC Reactive Power Control

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
The decreasing of fossil fuel reserves and the reduction of
photovoltaic cell costs have increased the using of PV systems.
Even if the PV panels have a low cost, popularities of MPPT
methods are continuing as part of control the power electronic
converters. In general, secondary control algorithms are preferred
to increase of sensitivity and dynamic capability of control
algorithms. Different solutions are proposed to improve the
effectiveness of MPPT algorithm.
In, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference and P&O MPPT methods
are combined to obtain better tracking performance. Because of the
study, the combined algorithm is offered better results than the
classical method. Mechanical tracker usage is another method for
improving the tracking efficiency. This system type can be
implemented for low power PVs, but mechanical observer usage
is not a realistic approach for high power systems. Because of the
challenges on mechanical observer, advanced control algorithms
are used to obtain a better dynamic response and sensitive control.
MPPT algorithms are used for power transfer from PV to
grid. PV panel group is connected a DC/DC converter and the
converter is controlled by a variable step incremental conductance
MPPT method. Power flow from DC/DC converter to grid is
provided by an inverter that controlled with the combined
algorithm. The project points out that, the fast-dynamic response
is obtained by using combination algorithm converters. Besides the
only voltage or current control, the combination algorithm is
combined with MPPT to obtain better tracking performance.
Especially, the algorithm offers a better performance under
varying irradiation conditions. In, both DC/DC and DC/AC power
converters are controlled by this method.
The predictive based algorithm is used for improving the MPPT
efficiency in. A grid-connected Z-Source inverter is controlled by

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the algorithm. Comparative results with P&O method and
proposed algorithm shown the algorithm offers better
performance. Only one stage power converter is used in the study.
One stage power converter usage is another highlight of the paper.
In general, the first power stage is used to increase the input
voltage. As in, and, two-stage power layer usage increases the total
cost of the system. Instead of that, single-stage power converter
usage suggested to reduce the cost of system.
But, in that case, series-connected panel group is needed to
increase the DC bus voltage. Even if different solutions are
proposed to increase of DC bus voltage, one stage power layer
usage with series-connected PV panels is continuing to be the most
preferred model. With the above motivations, a grid-connected PV
system is proposed in the paper. The system includes a three-phase
inverter that controlled by MPPT-inverter algorithm. MPP is
determined by the MPPT algorithm and it generates a reference
current for the inverter. Combined algorithm generates the
switching signals by depending on the reference current using
PWM generator. Thus, power flow has been provided by all the
power and control structures.

fig.1.1. grid connected pv system

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1.2 LITRRATURE SURVEY:

M. Merry , M. B. Shaman , R. S. Balog and H. Abu-Rub[2] proposed how to

use the Model Predictive Control principle to eliminate the current sensor that
is usually required for MPPT techniques such as Perturb & Observe .Edal
Irmak and Naik Gluer,[3] presented a hybrid method i.e. combining P&O
algorithm and MPC algorithm to improve dynamic performance for the Boost
Converters.

E. Kabuli, G. Gokkuns and A. Gorgon, [4] suggested the implementation of

proportional Integral (PI) Based MPPT control algorithm to enhance the
generated power from PV.K. Amara et al., [5] this paper presents the
development of an intelligent technique of adaptive Nero-Fuzzy Inference
system based on algorithm with Pi controller to increase the performance of
solar PV panel.

D. Haji and N. Genk, [6] proposed different MPPT Techniques include Fuzzy
logic control(FLC) compared with P&O under different conditions for PV
systems. FLC based MPPT controller can track Maximum Power Point.
Mahdi Haidari, [7] this paper proposed a new method i.e. ANN (Artificial
Neural Network) to track maximum power based on irradiance level and
temperature i.e. current in which PV operates at its Maximum power is
extracted.

M.B. Shaman, X. Li, Risible and H.A. Rub, [8] proposed MPPT
and decoupled power control for single phase grid- tied Photo
Voltaic system’s. Canadian, R. Ahmadi and H. Zargarhzadev [9]
suggested MP Controlled power electronic interference(PEI)based
on impedance source inverter for PV systems where this system has a
capability of operation in both grid connected and islanded mode.

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Mamaliga, H. Iman-Eini, Bajrang and Bacha, [10] presented a modified Buck-
Boost grid connected three-phase PV inverters where inverter structure has
inductive dc link is used between input and output.

1.3) ORGANIZATION OF THESIS:

Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction to the project, literature survey and
overview of organization of book.

Chapter 2 this chapter gives brief introduction to Solar PV Systems and its
components.

Chapter 3 deals with importance of inverter and its types with their
arrangements.

Chapter 4 deals with different MPPT Techniques with their advantage sand
disadvantages.

Chapter 5 this chapter contains Reactive Power Control Strategy for PV grid
connected Inverter.

Chapter 6 this chapter contains Simulink models of PV Grid connected

inverter model, MPPT based Reactive Power control strategy model,
complete model of project.

Chapter 7 consists of Simulation results and analysis presented in this

documentation.

Chapter 8 This project is concluded in this chapter with future scope.

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 CHAPTER 2
SOLAR PV
SYSTEMS

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2.1 INTRODUCTION

A Photovoltaic system, also photovoltaic power systems, solar PV

systems, PV system or casually solar array is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics.

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of converting solar energy into direct current

electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect
.A photovoltaic system employs solar panels composed of a number of solar
cells to supply usable solar power .Power generation from solar PV has long
been seen as clean sustainable energy technology which draws upon the
planet’s most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source-the
sun.

The sun's light energy can be converted directly into electricity in a

single process using Photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are made of
semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which exhibit a property known as
the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light and release
electrons.

Entire solar PV system consists of PV panels/modules which is a

device for direct conversion of sunlight into electricity, PV module consists
of number of PV cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a
support structure or frame these PV panels have been wired together in a
series/parallel to deliver the voltage and amperage a system requires.

Photoelectric effect: It is the ability of some semiconductors to convert

electromagnetic radiation directly into electrical current. The charged
particles generated by the incident radiation are separated conveniently to
create an electrical current. This effect can be attributed to the transfer of
energy from the light to an electron in the metal.

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PV array is a complete power generating unit, consists of any number of PV
arrays, consists of PV modules, consists of PV cells shown in below figure
.1.2.

figure 2.1. solar pv system components

2.2 Photovoltaic (PV) cell:

Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sun's light energy directly into
electricity. A PV cell is a thin plate of light sensitive material made primarily
of silicon. They have a working life of 20 -30 years. Individual PV cells vary
in size from about 1 cm to about 10 cm across. A cell of this size can only
produce 1 or 2 watts, which is not enough power for most applications. To
increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a module. Modules
are connected to form an array. The term "array" refers to the entire generating
plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules. The
performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight. Climate (e.g.
clouds, fog) has a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by
a PV array and, in turn, its performance. Local defects, such as a locally
reduced diffusion length, a strong local shunt resistance or a high local series

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resistance will adversely influence the cell’s global properties. Most
commercial photovoltaic modules are about 10 - 15% percent efficient in
converting sunlight to electricity with further research being conducted to
raise this efficiency. Experimental cells with conversion efficiencies more
than 30 per cent are now possible

2.3 Construction of Photovoltaic cell

A PV cell is a p-n junction which is made from two different layers of

silicon doped with a small quantity of impurity atoms: in the case of the n-
layer, atoms with one more valence electron, called donors, and in the case of
the p-layer, with one less valence electron, known as acceptors. When the two
layers are joined together, near the interface the free electrons of the n-layer
are diffused in the side, leaving behind an area positively charged by the
donors. Similarly, free holes in the p-layer are diffused in the n-side, leaving
behind a region negatively charged by the acceptors. This creates an electrical
field between the two sides that is a potential barrier to further flow.
Equilibrium is reached in the junction when electrons and holes cannot surpass
that potential barrier and consequently, they cannot move. This electric field
pulls the electrons and holes in opposite directions. So, the current can flow in
one way only: Electrons can move from the p-side to the n-side and the holes
in the opposite direction

figure .2.2. photovoltaic cell

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2.4 Working of Photovoltaic cell
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of radiant solar energy.
These photons contain various amounts of energy depending on the
wavelength of the solar spectrum. When the photons strike a PV cell, some
are absorbed while others are reflected. When the material absorbs sufficient
photon energy, electrons within the cell material dislodge from their atoms.
Only those with energy level above the band gap of the silicon can create an
electron-hole pair.

figure 2.3 working principle

Electrons migrate to the front surface of the pv cell, which is
manufactured to be more receptive to the free electrons. when many
electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel towards the front surface of
the cell, the resulting imbalance of charges between the cell's front and back
surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of
a battery. when the two surfaces are connected through an external load,
current flows. the pv array produces direct current (dc) electricity. the light –
generated current depends directly on the irradiation: if it is higher, then it
contains more photons with enough energy to create more electron-hole pairs
and consequently more current is generated by the pv cell.

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2.5 Modelling of Photovoltaic cell
Photovoltaic cell can be represented by the electrical model shown. Its
current- voltage characteristic

figure 2.4 equivalent circuit of a pv cell

where ‘I’ and ‘V’ are the PV cell output current and voltage respectively,
‘Io’ is the dark saturation current, ‘q’ is the charge of an electron, ‘A’ is the
diode quality (idealistic) factor, ‘k’ is the Boltzmann constant, ‘T’ is the
absolute temperature and ‘RS’ and ‘RSH’ are the series and shunt resistances
of the PV cell.

‘RS’ is the resistance offered by the contacts and bulk semiconductor

material of the solar cell. Shunt resistance ‘RSH’ is related to the non-ideal
nature of the p–n junction and the presence of impurities near the edges of the
cell that provide a short-circuit path around the junction.

In an ideal case ‘RS’ would be zero and ‘RSH’ infinite. However,

this ideal scenario is not possible, and manufacturers try to minimize the effect

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of both resistances to improve their products. The effect of the shunt resistance
is not considered, i.e. is ‘RSH’ infinite, and so the last term is not considered
in the above equation. A PV panel is composed of many cells, which are
connected in series and parallel. So, the output current and voltage of the PV
panel are high enough to the requirements of the grid or equipment.
Considering the simplification mentioned above, the output current-voltage
characteristic of a PV panel is expressed by following equation, where ‘np’
and ‘ns’ are the number of PV cells in parallel and series respectively.

2.6 Characteristics of PV cell

Photovoltaic cells have insolation and temperature dependent

nonlinear VI characteristics. Their operating point corresponding to
maximum power changes nonlinearly with the environmental conditions (e.g.,
insolation, temperature and degradation levels). The main reasons for the low
electrical efficiency of photovoltaic systems are the nonlinear variation of
output voltage and current. Two important factors that must be considered are
the irradiation and the temperature. Maximum Power Point varies during the
day and that is the main reason why it must constantly be tracked and ensured
that the maximum available power is obtained from the PV system. Two
nonlinear characteristics that can be plotted for a Photovoltaic cell are P-V
and I-V characteristics, which are shown in fig 2.5.

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 figure 2.5 i-v&p-v characteristics of pv cell
2.7 Irradiation
Irradiation is the amount of electromagnetic radiation received from
sun per unit area (W/m2) In other words –It is the amount of sun’s power
detected by a measuring instrument.

2.8 Effect of Irradiation

Two curves, I-V and P-V characteristics are shown in Fig.2.5 and
Fig.2.6. For example, consider four levels of irradiation: 300W/ m2, 500W/
m2, 700W/ m2, 1000W/m2. The photo-generated current is directly
proportional to the irradiance level, so an increment in the irradiation leads to
a higher photo-generated current. Moreover, the short circuit current is
directly proportional to the photo generated current; therefore, it is directly
proportional to the irradiance. Hence, an increase in irradiation shifts the
curves upwards. Maximum Power Point is also shifted upwards. Irradiation
mainly affects the PV current.
It has negligible effect on open circuit PV voltage, due to logarithmic
dependence of light generated current. Hence, the overall effect is positive.
Increase in irradiation causes positive increase in current and hence increase
in power extracted, resulting in enhanced Maximum Power Point.

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 Fig 2.6 P-V characteristics with varying irradiation

Fig 2.7 I-V characteristics with varying irradiation

2.9 Conclusion
This chapter presents the overview of solar PV systems and its
components like solar PV arrays, modules which contains solar PV cells. This
chapter also includes the construction, working of solar cell and its equivalent
circuit along with its P-V & I-V characteristics.

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 CHAPTER 3
GRID-TIED INVERTERS/SOLAR INVERTERS

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3.1 INTRODUCTION
A grid –connected power inverter, or simply inverter, is the core of
any Photovoltaic (PV) system to produce solar power from sunlight .As we
known that PV systems usually produce direct current .However, alternating
current is required to feed into the public grid and to operate most electrical
appliances as after a brief war of currents in 19th century, AC power was
chosen as the standard for central power generation, transmission and
distribution. So, until this day most of house hold electric appliances expect
to be fed AC power, even though sometimes the internal circuitry of
appliances may use dc. 1)A power inverter converts direct current solar power
from the Photovoltaic system into alternating current.
For grid-connected Photovoltaic systems, we have PV power
inverters from the following brand manufacturers in our range: DELTA,
AGE Industrial solar, Fronius, SMA, KOSTAL, SAJ. All the solar power
inverters offer have a maximum efficiency for long-term high yields. This
applies to both single-phase and three phase inverters with and without
transformers. Grid-tied inverters are used to place between local electrical
power generators. To inject electrical power efficiently and safely into the
grid, grid –tie inverters must accurately match the VOLTAGE and PHASE of
the grid sine wave AC waveform.

2)The PV inverters is not only used to produce AC from solar power.

Another important component of the device is MPP tracking. MPP is the
abbreviation for Maximum Power Point. The electrical properties of the PV
systems change with the strength and direction of solar irradiation and
temperature. MPP tracking ensures that the system always operates in
optimum range. It is therefore essential for the efficiency of the PV systems.
The solar energy is never 100%converted into electricity. Today’s efficiency
of PV systems is between 98% and 99%.

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 Inverters that implement an MPPT mechanism before inverting the
voltage, thus ensure that the PV module or Arrays operating at their maximum
operating point (MPP)

Requirements for good solar inverters while selecting for PV systems

• If possible, a photovoltaic system should be installed with an

inclination of 350 to the south, this ensures the best yield of solar
power.

• Solar inverters are expected to be as efficient as possible at least 95%

at rated conditions.
• Depending on topology, it is expected that the inverter has built in
MPP trackers
• Grid –tied inverters are expected to have active islanding detection
capability(Anti-islanding)
• In lot of situations solar inverters are exposed to ambient conditions
they must can withstand any temperature and humidity conditions of
the location.
• Solar inverters are expected to have very low harmonic content on the
line currents (since grid tied inverters pump power into grid they are
expected to maintain very high quality so, not to corrupt the power
flow in gird)
• A good inverter should have 10-12 years of life time under favourable
conditions as PV modules can last over 25 years.

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 figure 3.1. solar inverter

3.2 Types of Inverters

Inverters are classified based on their mode of operation, their size,
implementation topology…….

Based on mode of operation

Considering the classification based on the mode of operation, inverters
can be classified into three broad categories: The first three types are most
commonly used

01) Stand-alone Inverters (supply stable voltage and frequency to load)

02) Grid connected Inverters (the most commonly used option)

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 03) Bimodal inverters (Inverters that can be applied in situations that
require both connection types, usually more expensive and used less
often)

Types of grid –connected Inverters

• Central inverters, which are usually around several Kw to 100MW
range
• String inverters, typically rated around a few hundred watts to few KW
• Multi-String inverters, typically rated around 1KW to 10KW range
• Module inverters or micro inverters, typically rated around 50to 500w

01) Central Inverter

Let’s start with central inverter as shown in figure below this PV array
that consists of three strings, where each string has three series connected
modules. Before these strings are connected to the utility grid a power
conditioning unit is required as an interface between array and the grid.
Designers can use one central inverter where all strings are connected to the
DC side of the inverter and the single AC output is connected to the utility
grid.

Advantages of a central inverter

• The most traditional inverter topology
• Easy system design and implementation
• Low cost per Watt
• Easy accessibility for maintenance and troubleshooting
Disadvantages of central inverter
• High Dc wiring costs and power loss due to voltage drop
• Single MPPT for the entire PV system

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 • System output can be drastically reduced in case of partial shading and
string mismatch
• Difficult to add strings or arrays for future expansion
• Single failure point for the entire system
• Huge size

figure 3.2 central inverter topology

02) String Inverter

Now we are moving to String Inverters shown in figure assuming the
same PV array that consists of three strings, another way to connect it to
grid is using three string inverter as shown in fig .In this case, each PV
string is connected to a single string inverter at the DC side, and all AC
outputs of the inverters are combined and connected to the utility grid.

As the name suggests each sting of PV modules have its own inverter
as shown in below figure….

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 figure 3.3. string inverter topology

Advantages of string inverters

• Smaller in size when compared to central inverters.
• Better MPPT capability per string.
• Scalability for future expansion by adding parallel strings.
• Short DC wires.
• Monitoring at string level.
Disadvantages of string inverter
• The installation requires special racking for the inverter for each
string.
• Poor flexibility at partial shading.
• Higher per Watt cost than central inverter.

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03) Module inverter
Finally, let’s look at the module inverters .these are also referred to as
module inverters .In this case, each module has one dedicated inverter
connected on the back of the module .The module DC terminals are connected
to the DC side of the inverter and then all AC wires of all terminals are
combined and then connected to the utility interconnection point as shown in
figure….

As the name suggests, each module has a dedicated inverter with an

MPPT tracker.

figure 3.4 module inverter topology

Advantages of module inverters

• Resilience to partial shading effects as compared to the central and
string inverters.
• MPPT at module level.
• Highest system flexibility for future expansion.
• Minimum DC wiring costs.

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 • Monitoring at module level.
Disadvantages of module inverter
• High per Watt cost.
• High maintenance costs.
• Difficult access for maintenance since the installation is under the PV
modules

3.3 Conclusion
This chapter presents the importance of grid connected inverter for PV
systems. This chapter also presents inverter types and their arrangements
along with its advantages and disadvantages are explained.

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 CHAPTER 4
MPPT TECHNIQUES

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
The previous chapter explained about the PV and the I-V, P-V
characteristics of a PV cell. To get the maximum power point we can use
maximum power point tracking method. Maximum Power Point Tracking
techniques are used in Photovoltaic systems to extract maximum available
power under any atmospheric condition. This algorithm involves tracking the
voltage at which maximum power occurs.

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an algorithm that is included in
controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module
under certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce
maximum power is called ‘Maximum Power Point’, VMP. Maximum power
varies with solar radiation (sunshine & cloud), ambient temperature and cell
temperature. MPPT is used to automatically find the voltage (VMPP) or current
(IMPP) at which a PV array should operate to obtain the maximum power
output (PMPP) under a given temperature and irradiance.

NECESSITY OF MPPT –MPPT is used to automatically

find the voltage (VMPP) or current (IMPP) at which a PV array should operate
to obtain the maximum power output (MPP) under a given temperature and
irradiance. Under partial shading conditions it is possible to have multiple
local maxima, but overall, there is still only one true MPP. This increases the
PV power which is connected to grids in large scale and small scale and for
efficient use of PV cells.

WORKING OF MPPT- Maximum Power Point is estimated

from (a) Voltage (b) Current (c) Irradiance (d) Using empirical data (e)
Mathematical expressions of numerical approximation. The estimation is
carried out for a specific PV generator installed in the system. The MPPT

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controller is a DC to DC transformer that can transform power from a higher
voltage to power at a lower voltage. The amount of power does not change
(except for a small loss in the transformation process). Therefore, if the output
voltage is lower than the input voltage, the output current will be higher than
the input current, so that the product P = V x I remains constant.

*In MPPT Tracking we have 2 methods of tracking

01) Indirect Tracking

a) Fixed voltage method

b) Fractional open circuit voltage method

02) Direct Tracking

a) Incremental Conductance method

b) Perturb and Observe method

4.2 Indirect Tracking

In this kind of tracking a simple assumption sand periodic estimation of
the MPP are made with easy measurements.

4.2.1 Fixed voltage method

The Fixed Voltage (FV) algorithm is the simplest MPPT control
method. Here in this method on seasonal basis voltage values are fixed by us
like VMPP are higher during winter and lower during summer for same level of
irradiation.

*Limitations
Not accurate because for a same day irradiation fluctuates example
in summer we do not have a same hotness full day. The FV method assumes
that insulation and temperature variations on the array are insignificant on the

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VMPP, Therefore, the operating point is never exactly at the MPP and different
data must be adopted for different geographical regions.

4.2.2 Fractional open circuit voltage method

The near linear relationship between VMPP and VOC of the PV array,
under varying irradiance and temperature levels, has given rise to the FVOC
method. VMPP can be computed with VOC measured periodically by
momentarily shutting down the power converter. It is necessary to introduce
a static switch into the PV system to open the circuit for the OCV method.

*Limitations
This method causes temporary loss of power. It does not follow the
instantaneous time trend. These techniques cannot calculate the new
Maximum Power Point, until the new level of solar insulation is measured. It
is an approximate method.

4.3 Direct Tracking

This kind of MPPT involves direct measurements of current, voltage
or power and more accurate /faster response than the indirect method.

4.3.1 Incremental Conductance Method

The Incremental Conductance (Incremental Conductance) algorithm
was developed to overcome drawbacks of other conventional methods under
rapidly changing weather conditions. In incremental conductance method the
array terminal voltage is always adjusted according to the Maximum Power
Point voltage. It is based on the incremental and instantaneous conductance
of the PV module.

This method exploits the assumption that the ratio of change in output
conductance is equal to the negative output Instantaneous conductance i.e. the
PV module operates at its Maximum Power Point when the Incremental

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Conductance di/dV is equal to its direct conductance -I/V. While, if the PV
module dI/dV is greater than the its conductance -I/V, then the controller
would increase the PV module voltage by adjusting the duty ratio of a DC –
DC converter, otherwise, the perturbation would be in the opposite direction
or to increase the duty ratio of the converter in order to reduce the voltage and
shift the operating point back to the Maximum Power Point.

*Limitation of Incremental Conductance method

The limitation of Incremental Conductance is that it requires complex

control circuits.

4.3.2 Perturb and Observe method

In the P&O algorithm, the operating voltage of the PV system is

perturbed by a small increment, and the resulting change in power, ∆P, is
measured. If ∆P is positive, then the perturbation of the operating voltage
moves the PV system’s operating point closer to the Maximum Power Point
(MPP). Thus, further voltage perturbations in the same direction (that is, with
the same algebraic sign) should move the operating point toward the
Maximum Power Point.

If ∆P is negative, the system operating point has moved away from

the MPP, and the algebraic sign of the perturbation should be reversed to
move back towards the MPP. Thus, if the magnitude of power is increasing,
the perturbation will continue in the same direction in the next cycle,
otherwise the perturbation direction is reversed.

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 fig 4.1 p-v curve

*Advantages of Conventional P&O

The advantages of conventional P&O are

01)This method is relatively simple.

02)The time complexity of this algorithm is very less for calculating the

Maximum power

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4.3 Flow Chart

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4.4 Limitations of Conventional P&O
In Fig.4.3, the case is considered in which the irradiance is such that it generates
the P–V curve characteristics, curve 1. In this way, the operating voltage initially
oscillates around the maximum point, from A to A1. Now, an increase in the power
will be measured because the solar irradiation has increased from curve 1 to curve 2.
Then, if one assumes that being in point A, that it comes from a diminution of the
voltage, and before the following disturbance takes place, the irradiance is increased,
with the curve characteristic being now curve 2, and the operation point will occur at
B1.

Indeed, since there has been a positive increase in power, the disturbance will
continue in the same direction. In other words, voltage will diminish and go to point B.
Furthermore, if the irradiance is increased again quickly to curve 3, there will be
another increase in positive power, with which the operation point will now be C. That
is, due to two increases of irradiance, the operation point has been transferred from A
to C, moving away from the maximum point. This process remains until the increase
of the irradiance slows or stops.

Fig 4.2 deviation from mpp

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The disadvantages are as follows

01)Once the MPP is reached, there are many oscillations around this point

02) It is a trial and error process.

03)The system may fail to track the MPP under varying atmospheric
conditions.

04)Under varying atmospheric conditions, there may be several peaks and

the algorithm may not be able to track the true power

05)It is a slow method to find the Maximum Power Point.

Thus, the conventional MPPT techniques are presented. Conventional P&O

method has been described in detail.

4.5 Combination of Inverter Control and MPPT Algorithm

Flow chart
Here we want to combine MPPT and Inverter control algorithm so, we
modified power control algorithm for current control whose flowchart is
shown below.

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 Measurement
Il(K),Vin(k),I(k),V(out)

Calculate

P(k)=Vin(k)*I(k)

∆P=P(k)-P(k-1)

∆V=Vin (k)-Vin(k-1)

Yes No

∆𝑃 > 0

∆V>0 ∆V>0

Yes No Yes No

Iref,=Iref +∆ Iref,=Iref - ∆ Iref,=Iref - ∆ Iref,=Iref +∆

Iref

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4.6 Conclusion
This chapter provides an overview of different MPPT techniques and
their limitations. This chapter also presents combined algorithm for inverter
control.

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 CHAPTER 5
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY

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5.1 INTRODUCTION

fig 5.1 basic structure of grid connected inverter

This is the basic structure of grid connected inverter, we have a dc

source at input then the inverter bridge which can be single phase, or three
phase topologies and it has made using power electronic switches such as
MOSFET/IGBT. At the output we have filter to mitigate the harmonics in grid
current. The filter can be an L Filter /LC Filter /LCL Filter.

fig 5.2 the equivalent circuit

where Vinv – inverter volta Vg – grid voltage ,Ig – grid current, VL is

a voltage across filter inductance, by applying KVL along with the loop we
get Vinv =Vg +VL.

ACTIVE CURRENT TRANSFER

In order to send active current to grid inverter need to generate a

voltage which has to lead the grid voltage by some angle, we can increase or
decrease power by adjusting angle as active power P = (Vinv Vg /ὠL)*SIN⸹.

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REACTIVE CURRENT TRANSFER

To send lagging reactive current -magnitude of Vinv Is higher than Vg

and phase difference between Vinv , Vg is zero.

To send leading reactive current -magnitude of Vinv is lower than Vg

and the phase difference between Vinv , Vg is zero.

5.2 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY

High generation of renewable energy increases the risk of grid in
stability using convention control schemes. Here we used Id ,Iq current control
schemes to improve the grid stability as compared to conventional schemes.
This reduces reactive power stress on grid and give smooth control of power.
This d-q axis principle used is widely implemented in inverters for solar and
wind applications.

5.2.1 PARKS TRANSFORMATION AND DYNAMIC MODEL IN d-

q-o REFERENCE FRAME
This transformation converts a-b-c variables to new set of variables
called d-q-o (Direct Quadrature-Zero). abc -dqo block uses a park
transformation to convert a three phase abc signal to dqo roatating reference
frame, the angular position of rotating frame is given by input “wt” in radians.

In this control scheme Id is compared to reference current Iref to

generate error signal which is passing through PI Controller to produce Id
reference which controls the active power. Normally reactive power current
is made zero to provide maximum active to grid in controlled way.

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5.3 CONCLUSION
This chapter provides an overview of Reactive power control strategy
by using d-q axis principle which is widely implemented in inverters for solar
and wing applications .

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 CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION OF MPPT CONTROL GRID
CONNECTED INVERTER MODEL

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6.1 MATLAB/SIMULINK
MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was written
originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the
LINPACK (linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package)
projects. MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing.
It integrates computation, visualization, and programming environment.

MATLAB is a modern programming language environment: it has

sophisticated data structures, contains built-in editing and debugging tools,
and supports object-oriented programming. These factors make MATLAB an
excellent tool used for teaching and research.

Simulink is a block diagram environment for multi domain simulation

and Model-Based Design. It is integrated with MATLAB, enabling to
incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation results
to MATLAB for further analysis. Simulink provides a graphical editor for
building models as block diagrams, allowing to draw models similar to using
pencil and paper. Simulink also includes a comprehensive library of sink,
source, linear and nonlinear component, and connector blocks.

If these blocks do not meet needs, however, provision is there to create

own blocks. The interactive environment simplifies the modelling process,
eliminating the need to formulate differential and difference equations in a
language or program.

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 fig6.1 complete model

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6.2 SIMULATION MODEL OF MPPT CONTROLLED
GRID CONNECTED INVERTER
MATLAB/SIMLINK models and MPPT control 50KW grid
connected PV system. Elements of model are following ……..
1. Grid connected inverter with pv systems model
2. MPPT based reactive control model
3. THD calculation block
4. PV systems power, Voltage, Reactive power, Active power blocks

6.2.1 GRID CONNECTED INVERTER WITH PV SYSTEM

A PV model has been built which takes two inputs Temperatrure’T’ and
irradiation Irr, across this voltage of PV model, current of PV model is measured.
Constant temperature of 250C,irradiance of 1000 W/m2 are set in PV model. This PV
model is connected to L Filter as converter introduced a lot of harmonics before
connecting to grid so output of inverter is passed through filter. Here we want to do
design a system with one stage power conversion .
The inverter currents,voltage (Vabc,Iabc) are given to 3 phase V-I measurement
block and is again given to three phase voltage source. Fig 6.2 shows grid connected
inverter with PV system.

fig 6.2 grid connected inverter with pv systems model

6.2.2 Obataining I-V,P-V Characterstics

The electrical specifications for solar module listed in the table 6.1 the value
of irradiance 1000 W/m2 is imposed to PV module per time to simulate. The
temperature used for this work was constant 250C. From obtaining I-V,P-V
characteristics we can observe the following values given in table 6.1 .

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Specifications:
Peak Power (Ppeak) 53139.2W
Max.power point voltage(Vmpp) 850.5V
Max.power point current(Impp) 65A
Table 6.1
The obtained I-V,P-V characteristics of solar panel are given in fig.6.3 and 6.4

fig 6.3 i-v characteristics

fig 6.4 p-v characteristics

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6.2.3 MPPT Based Reactive power control model
In this model MPPT block implements MPPT algorithm for
controlling inverter control current. It has three inputs and one output,
Inputs: Enable MPPT ,MPPT parameters V(PV model voltage), I (PV
model output current). It has one ouput which is Iref.
• Enable MPPT: It is a signal used to enable MPPT.
• V: The voltage generated by PV model is given as input to
controller.
• I: Output current of PV model given as input.
• Iref : The MPPT algorithm gives I ref this is given to inverter,
this is used for switching inverter accordingly.

Reactive power control block implements Id,Iq axis control scheme

by using Park Transformation and produces Switching signals for inverter
by using PWM generator fig.6.5 shows MPPT based Reactive Power
Control Model.

fig 6.5 mppt based reactive power control model

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ALGORITHM
function Iref = MPPT(V,I,deltaD)
Iref_init = 0.1;
Imin=0;
I_max=150; %max inverter current
persistent Vold Pold Iref_old;
if isempty(Vold)
Vold=0;
Pold=0;
Iref_old=Iref_init;
end
P= V*I;
dV=V-Vold;
dP=P-Pold;
Iref=Iref_old;
if dP~=0&&V>400

if dP<0
if dV<0
Iref=Iref_old-deltaD;
else
Iref=Iref_old+deltaD;
end
else
if dV<0
Iref=Iref_old+deltaD;
else
Iref=Iref_old-deltaD;
end
end
end
%these are limits the I between minimum and maximum
if Iref>=I_max
Iref=I_max;
end
if Iref<Imin
Iref=Imin;
end
Iref_old=Iref;
Vold=V;
Pold=P;

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6.2.4 THD Calculation Block:
Total Harmonic distortion is a measurement that tells you how much of the
distortion of V Or I is due to harmonics in signal, THD should not be more than
5%.THD block input is Iabc (inverter current ) given to THD after providing some gain
value and some 50HZ frequency to saturation we can calculate THD.
Solar PV voltage ,Solar PV current ,Reactive power and Active Power Inverter
Models are also shown ….

Fig 6.6 thd block

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 CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

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7.1 Inverter Results
The performance of proposed control algorithm has been tested under varying
irradiance conditions. Fig 7.1 shows the irradiance curve.

fig 7.1 irradiation curve

7.1.1 Inverter Currents
The inverter currents are successfully fixed to reference value (Iref) by proposed
algorithms. Because of MPPT algorithm changesthe reference value current, the output
currents of inverter so changed depending on the irradaiation curve shown in above fig
7.1.

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 fig 7.2 inverter currents

7.1.2 THD

The figure shows the harmonics are lower than 5% for bigger power values than
5KW .

fig 7.3 inverter currents thd

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7.1.3 Inverter Power Results
The power loss between inverter output power and ideal maximum power
curve can be seen in fig below, especially power losses are increased around nominal
power. It caused by filter inductance.

fig 7.4 inverter power

7.1.4 Inverter Active Power, Reactive Power Results

fig 7.5 inverter active ,reactive power

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7.2 PV Results

7.2.1 PV Voltage

fig 7.6 pv voltage

7.2.2 PV Current

fig 7.7 pv current

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 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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CONCLUSIONS :
• A PV system with grid connected inverter controlled by MPPT and
inverter control algorithms was modelled and simulated .
• It is concluded that the reactive power control is done by using d-q
axixs principle so that reduce the risk of instability of grid systems .
• It is concluded that proposed combined control algorithm fast
dynamic response is obtained effectiveness of proposed control
approach has been tested under varrying irradiation.

FUTURE SCOPE:

• In secondary control algorithms we can prefer such as MPC and SMC

algorithm which are popular methods to increase sensitivity and
dynamic capability.
• Fast dynamic response, robustness and insensitive to system
parameters are certain advantages of SMC and MPC algorithms.
• By giving reference signal (current) to MPC algorithm ,we can
generate switching signals to inverter.

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 REFERENCES

1] M. Metry, M. B. Shadmand, R. S. Balog and H. Abu-Rub, “MPPT of

photovoltaic systems using sensorless current-based model predictive
control,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 2,
pp. 1157-1167, March-April 2017.
2] E. Kabalci, G. Gokkus and A. Gorgun, “Design and implementation
of a PI-MPPT based Buck-Boost converter,” 2015 7th International
Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence
(ECAI), Bucharest, 2015, pp. SG-23-SG-28.
3] D. Haji and N. Genc, "Fuzzy and P&O Based MPPT Controllers under
Different Conditions," 2018 7th International Conference on
Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Paris,
2018, pp. 649-655.
4] M. B. Shadmand, X. Li, R. S. Balog and H. A. Rub, “Model predictive
control of grid-tied photovoltaic systems: Maximum power point
tracking and decoupled power control,” 2015 First Workshop on
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (SGRE), Doha, 2015, pp. 1-6.
5] S. Sajadian, R. Ahmadi and H. Zargarzadeh, “Extremum seeking-
based model predictive MPPT for grid-tied z-source inverter for
photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected
Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 216-227, March 2019.
6] M. Kamalirad, H. Iman-Eini, B. Farhangi and S. Bacha, “A Reliable
threephase transformerless grid-connected PV inverter with inductive
DC link,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1305-1312,
Sept. 2018.

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