e-book - yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;

uGeyf sLwmpmpDpm&ku
d f - yawaizin
tacsmowf pdf wnf;jzwfol - eainoo

jrefrm e- book tjzpf

yxrtBudrf
Ek0d ifbmv? 2010

jrefrmrQm;ewfarmif uGejf rLewD zd&k rf;rS

xkwaf 0onf/

owday;csuf
þpmtkyfonf jrefrmusL;ypfrefbmrsm;rS
tcrJ Y wif q uf x m;aom pmtk y f j zpf y gojzif Y
tcaMu;acGjzifY ul;,la&mif;csjcif;? tusKd;tjrwf
wpHkw&m tvkdYiSm toHk;csjcif; wkdYukd jyif;xefpGm
wm;jrpfonf/
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 3

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 1119 ^ 2001

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 982 ^ 2001 (12)

pDpOfol

udkjrifhxGef;

yHkESdyfjcif;

yxrtBudrf - azazmf0g&D? 2002

tkyfa& - 1000

rsufESmzHk;yef;csD - baX;Munf
umvmcGJ -Prestige
uGefjyLwmpmpD - Quality
twGif;zvif - Quality

yHkESdyfol

a':pdefpdef (05404) a&mifpOfatmhzfquf

trSwf (163)? 48 vrf;? Adkvfwaxmif/

xkwfa0ol

OD;ausmfqef; (&Jatmifpmay) (0932)?

trSwf (2)? cRef; (1) vrf;? r*FvmawmifnGefY
&efukefNrdKU/

wefzdk;

900 usyf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 4

rmwdum

1/ rD;vif;aeaom za,mif;wdkif
2/ nrzwf& (odkYr[kwf) aoG;pkwfa&m*g
3/ owif;ay;ol
4/ rsufvHk;pdrf;uav;ESpfvHk;
5/ avmufvef;ozG,f 0dnmOfwG,f
6/ b0oHo&m
7/ aomMumjzL
8/ aoG;pkyfaumifBuD;
9/ tjzL&dyfBuD;\ vufcsuf
10/ ao&Gmjyefppfom;
11/ oHo&mjyefvufpm;
12/ yifhulb0
13/ rjrif&aompkwfcsuf

rD;vif;aeaom za,mif;wdkif

1930 ckESpfu pmtkyfrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0olwpfOD;onf uRefawmfhxHvma&mufí

yOö½lyHpmyHkESdyfwdkuf OD;cqdkola&;aom ]]wapäyHkjyif0w¬Krsm;}}uJhokdY 0w¬KnGefYaygif;
wpf t k y f u d k xk w f a 0vd k a Mumif ; ? yH k j yif r sm;r[k w f a pbJ ud k , f w d k i f a wG U zl ; ol r sm;?
EIwfrSajymqdkaom 0w¬Krsm; jzpfap&rnfhtjyif? xl;xl;qef;qef; taMumif;csif;&mrsm;
yg&Sd&rnfjzpfaMumif;? tu,fí wapäyHkjyif r[kwfapumrl wapäajcmufjcif;ESifh quf
oG,fvsuf vQdKU0SufeufeJaom taMumif;t&mrsm; yg&Sdu ,lrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymqdk
ojzifh uREfkyfvnf; xdktvkyfudk wm0ef,lí vufcHNyD;vQif jrefrmjynft&yf&yfodkY
vSnfhvnfcJh\/
wpfaeYwGif jrefrmjynfodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf rD;&xm;jzifh &efukefokdY jyefcJh&m
rD;&xm;ay:wGif trdefYawmf& OD;wifarmifqdkolESifh awGUí xdkolxHrS ,ckatmufwGif
a&;om;rnfh oludk,fwdkif awGUBuHKcJhaom tw¬KyÜwådwpfyk'fudk &&SdcJhygonf/ txufyg
yHkESdyfxkwfa0olonf jrefrmjynft&yf&yfwGif vSnfhvnfpHkprf;í uRefawmf&&SdcJhaom

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 5

tvGefvQdKU0SufeufeJonfh tw¬KyÜwådrsm;? xl;qef;aom wapäajcmufyHkrsm;rSpí uRefawmf

\0w¬Krsm;udk taMumif;rnDnGwfojzifh rxkwfa0bJ&Sd&m uRefawmfonf vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fcefYu odkrSD;xm;cJhonfh 0w¬Krsm;udk rnfonfhowif;pm? *sme,f?
0wåKwdkufrsm;udkrQ ray;bJ ,ck tvsOf;oifhaomtcgrSom qdkif&modkY ay;tyfjcif;
jzpfygonf/
tcgtcGifhoifhí taMumif;nDnGwfcJhygrl uRefawmfpkaqmif;xm;aom 0w¬Krsm;
udk þr*¾Zif;rsm;üyif qufvufí a&;om;oGm;rnfjzpfygaMumif;/

pma&;ol
1-3-51

1927 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvqef;avmufü uREfkyfrSm &efukefodkY oGm;&ef udpöwpfck

ay:aygufcJh\/ xdktcgu rD;&xm;rsm;rSm ,ckacwfuJhokdY vrf;wGif pdwfwxifhxifh
pD;&aom &xm;rsm;r[kwf? at;csrf;om,maom c&D;onfrsm;jzpfojzifh vufrSwfppfrsm;
udk vufrSwfjy&onfrSwpfyg; tjcm;pdwftaESmifht,Suf r&Sdacs/ tu,fí 'kkwd,wef;
ESifh vdkufygEdkifcJhygrl wpfenf;tm;jzifh vGefpGmyif pnf;pdrf&SdvSayonf/ nOfhOD;,HwGif
v,fuGif;rsm;rS wdkufcwfaom avnif;uav;rsm;udk cHpm;&if aq;wHudk yg;apmifü
cJvsuf owif;pmudk at;aq;pGmzwfum wNidrfhNidrfhvdkufygoGm;&aom c&D;oGm;jcif;rSm
wpfcgwpf&H c&D;oGm;olrsm;twGuf rqdx k m;bdO;D ? tpOftNrJ oGm;vmaeolrsm;twGuyf if
MunfEl;zG,f aumif;vSayonf/
a&SUaepmar;yGJrSm rwfvukef {NyDvqef;avmufwGif usif;yrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
uREfkyfrSm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 0ifa&mufajzqdkrnfjzpfí Oya'yg&*lrsm; pkíar;aom
aemufqHk;wpfvoifwef;udk wufEdkif&efvnf;aumif;? &efukefNrdKUat;csrf;aom ae&m
wpf c k w G i f tcef ; uav;wpf c k iS m ;&rf ; um pmrsm;ud k wd w f q d w f N id r f o uf p G m
avh u suf E d k i f & ef wpf a Mumif ; ? þuJ h o k d Y 3 vcef Y rS wif B ud K íoG m ;&ef
pDrHcJhjcif;jzpfavonf/
odkYESifh wpfaeYaom n&xm;ESifh 'kwd,wef;vufrSwfwpfapmifudk 0,f,lum
&efukefNrdKUodkY vdkufygvmcJh\/ eHeuf (6) em&DwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY a&muf&Sdí uREfkyfvnf;
ukefonfvrf;&Sd oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufaetdrfü wnf;cdk&ef jrif;&xm;wpfpif;
iSm;ívmcJh\/ jrif;&xm;onf yef;qdk;wef;wpfavQmufrS armif;cJhí ]]½lar;eD;,m;}}
[dwk ,faxmifo h Ykd a&mufaomtcg vuf0b J ufoYkd csdK;oGm;av\/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf
uREfkyfwnf;cdkrnfh oli,fcsif;tdrfrSm ]]½lar;eD;,m;}}[dkw,fESifh 3-4wdkufrQom
jcm;avonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 6

wdu k w f pfv;kH a&SUodYk a&mufí eHygwfuMkd unhNf yD;aemuf tay:xyfoYkd wufomG ;&m
‘'kwd,txyf wHcg;0wGif ,cifu csdwfxm;aeusqdkif;bkwfudk rawGU&awmhbJ xdkae&m
wGif qefyGJpm;ukvm;ukrÜPDwpfckudkom awGU&awmhojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfysufí oGm;rd
awmh\/ '&0rfukvm;udk ar;jref;Munhf&m ,cifu þtcef;wGif a&SUaewpfa,muf
aeoGm;zl;&m vGefcJhaom wpfvavmufuyif rnfonfhae&modkYrod? ajymif;oGm;NyD
jzpfaMumif; od&ojzifh rsm;pGmpdwyf sufryd gawmhonf/ odYk aomf oli,fcsif;a&SUaeudak wGUí
wnf;ckcd iG &hf apumrl pmudak umif;pGmusufEikd rf nfah e&m r[kwaf cs/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf
uREfkyf\oli,fcsif;a&SUaerSm om;orD; 5 a,muf? c,fr 2 a,muf? a,mu©rBuD;
wpfa,muf &Sdaeojzifh usOf;ajrmif;aom tcef;uav;wpfcef;ü þrQavmuf
td r f o l t d r f o m;rsm;onf h t d r f a xmif E S i f h twl a e&onf r S m pmar;yG J 0 if r nf h o l
wpfa,muftwGuf oifhavsmfonfhae&m r[kwfacs/
okdYESifh uREfkyfonf pdwfysufysufESifh wdkufay:rS qif;cJhNyD;vQif eHeufpm
vufzuf&nfaomuf&if; tBuHxkwf&ef jrif;&xm;udk ]]½lar;eD;,m;}} [dkw,fodkY vSnfhí
armif;ap\/ tcsdefrSm eHeuf 6 em&DcGJrQom &Sdao;í [dkw,frSm zGifhcgprQ&Sdao;&m
uREfkyfvnf; ]]csdKwm;[mZ&D}} udk rSm,lvdkufavonf/
pm;yGJwpfvHk;wGifxdkifum vufzuf&nfudk at;aq;pGmazsmfíaomuf&if;
wnf;cdkrnfhae&mudk tBuHxkwfvsuf&Sdav\/ A[ef;t&yfü rdwfaqGwpfa,muf&Sdzl;\/
odkYaomf xdkolrSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;olwpfa,muf jzpfojzifh uREfkyf wnf;ckdí oifhavQmfrnf
rxif/ xdkYjyif bdkifpukyfpaom yGJvrf;obif aysmf&TifrIrsm;&Sd&m NrdKUESifhvnf;
uGma0;vSojzifh uREfkyfwnf;cdk&ef rvdkvm;acs/
xdktcsdefü uREfkyfESifh pm;yGJwpfvHk;jcm;wGif xdkifaeaom vlwpfa,mufonf
uREf k y f x H o d k Y xívmNyD ; vQif rD ; jcpf a wmif ; av\/ rD ; jcpf a y;vd k u f a omtcg
ol\pD;u&ufudk rD;n§dNyD;aemuf [kdw,ftjyifbufodkY xGufoGm;av\/ xdkolrSm
rD;ckd;a&mif bavZmtuÐs? rD;cdk;a&mif befaumufvHkcsnf? wpfywf&pf aemufydwfzdeyf
tnd K ud k 0wf x m;\/ tom;jzLNyD ; vQif rsuf E S m rS m vnf ; oem;urm;&S d o jzif h
uREkfyfowdxm;vdkufrd\/
bGdKifukvm;uav;onf uREfkyf\ vufzuf&nftdk;xJodkY vufzuf&nfudk
vnf;aumif;? EdkYc&m;xJodkY EdkYtenf;i,fudkvnf;aumif;? jznfhpGufvsuf&SdpOf
ukvm;uav;rSm zswfvwfoGufvuf[ef&Sdojzifh uREfkyfu ...
]]bGdKif ... rif;wdkY[dkw,fem;rSm wdkufcef;vGwfwpfckavmuf r&Sdbl;vm;a[h}}
]]&Edkifygw,f qyf ... qyf tNrJaerSmvm;}}
]]tNrJawmh raebl;ayghuG,f? wpfv ESpfv aerSmaygh}}
]]uRefawmfwdkY[dkw,feJY wpfwdkufjcm; oHk;xyfwdkufwpfvHk; tay:qHk;xyfu
tcef;tm;aew,f qyf? tcef;u us,fvnf;us,fw,f? oefY&Sif;vnf;oefY&Sif;w,f?
avvnf; aumif;aumif;&w,f? 0&efwmvnf;&Sdw,f? "mwfrD;vnf; &Sdw,f? a&&Sdw,f
qyf}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 7

]]tif; taumif;om;bJ ... wdkuf&Sifudk rif;odovm;}}

]]odygw,f qyf? wdkuf&Sifaewmvnf; ra0;ygbl;? qyf Munhfcsif&if
uRefawmfvdkufjyr,f}}
xd k t cgu tcef ; vG w f r sm;rS m tvG e f a ygojzif h wd k u f & S i f r sm;onf
yGJpm;rsm;omru [dkw,ftapcHrsm;udkyif tiSm;aernfholrsm;ESifh qG,fay;&ef
taMumif;Mumm;xm;wwfMu\/ þodkY tdrfiSm;rsm; qG,fay;í aps;oifhjrwfaomtcg
xdkufoifhaom aumfr&SiftcEIef;rsm; &Muavonf/ þtaMumif;rsm;udk aemufrS uREfkyf
od&Sd&avonf/
uREfkyfonf bGdKifukvm;av;vufxJodkY aiGwpfusyfxnfhí vTwfvdkuf&m
bGdKifukvm;av;vnf; olYzcifxHrS tcGifhawmif;NyD;vQif vsifjrefpGm xGufoGm;avonf/
15 rdepfcefYMumvwfaomf jyefa&mufvm&m uREkfyfvnf; vufzuf&nfzdk; ]]bDvf}}udk
&Sif;vif;ay;cJhNyD;aemuf bGdKifukvm;uav;ac:&m wdkufwef;vsm;odkY vdkufygoGm;av\/
rsm;pG m ra0;vS o jzif h ajcusif a vQmuf o G m ;&m jrif ; &xm;ay:rS ypö n f ; rsm;ud k r l
[dkw,frefae*smxHwGif tyfxm;cJh&avonf/
tcef;vGwf&Sdaom wdkufrSm wpfxyfvQif tcef;av;cef;pDaqmufvkyfxm;aom
oH;k xyf wdu k w
f ef;vsm;BuD;wpfv;kH jzpfí atmufq;kH xyfwiG f bPfwu kd rf sm;? ouúvyfEiS hf
ydk;xnfa&mif;aomqdkifrsm;? zdeyfqdkifrsm;? bdvyfukefa&mif;aomqdkifrsm; jzpfNyD;vQif
tawmfyif om;em;oyf&yfpGm&Sday\/ 'kwd,txyfrsm;üvnf; tvkyfwdkufrsm;?
Adkvfujym;rsm;aeaom tcef;rsm;jzpfí oyfoyf&yf&yf &SdvSay\/ wwd,txyfrsm;
rSmvnf; vluHkxHrsm;yif ae[efwlavonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf orHwvif;cif;xm;í oHwdkifvuf&ef;rsm;&Sdonfh avScg;rS
wufcJhMu&m avScg;tauGUwdkif;ü "mwfrD;vHk;rsm;udk awGU&onfhtjyif uyfvsuf&Sdaom
tcef;rsm;rSmvnf; oHwdkifacgufwHcg;rsm;jzifh wyfqifxm;&Sd\/ wwd,xyfodkY
a&mufvwfaomf vuf0b J uf&t dS cef;BuD;rSm aomhcwfxm;ojzifh bGKd ifuv k m;uav;onf
olYtdwfxJwGif ygvmaom aomhjzifh zGifhvdkufav\/
tcef;wGif;ü tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;BuD;ESifhwuG acgif;&if;bufwGif tdyfcef; 1 ck?
ajc&if;ü tdyfcef; 1 ck&Sd\/ ajc&iftdyfcef;rS aemufaz;bufodkY avQmufoGm;aomf
xrif;pm;cef; 1 cef;? tapcHaeaom tcef; 1 cef;? acgif;&if;buf tdyfcef;aemufü
a&csdK;cef;? xdkaemufü rD;zdk&Sd\/ tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;wGif av;axmifhpm;yGJBuD;wpfvHk;?
ukvm;xdkif 4 vHk;? tdyfcef;ü ESpfa,muftdyfukwif 1 vHk;? rSefwifcHk 1 ck? bD½dk 1 ck?
xrif;pm;cef;wGif pm;yGJ 1 vHk;ESifh ukvm;xdkif 6 vHk;? tapcHcef;wGif uGyfyspfwpfvHk;?
ukvm;xdkif 1 vHk;ESifh pm;yGJa[mif;uav; 1 vHk;&Sd\/ "mwfrD; 4 yGifh? a&bHkbdkif 2 ck?
tdrfomrSpí oyf&yfpGm &Sd\/ teH ay 30? tvsm; ay 50 &Sdaom tcef;BuD;jzpfí
,ckacwfürl wpfvvQif tdrfvc usyf 200 xuf enf;rnfr[kwfay/
]]b,fES,fhvJ qyf? tcef;udk BudKufNyDr[kwfvm;}}
]]at;uG,f ... BudKufygNyD/ wdkufvcu b,favmufay;&rSmvJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 8

]]rrsm;ygbl; qyf/ tifrwef tzd;k csKd ygw,f/ wpfvajcmufq,fygyJ/ "mwfr;D vH;k

toHk;jyKwJhtwGufawmh rDwmrSmusoavmuf qyfu ay;&r,f}}
]]at;uG,f ... igem;vnfygw,f}}
]]tdrf&Sif rdef;rBuD;eJY wdkuf½dkufpum;ajym&atmif ... qyf vdkufcJhaygh}}
wdkuf&SifolaX;rSm &[l'DvlrsdK; rkqdk;rBuD;jzpfí xdkwdkufESifh wdkufESpfvHk;ausmfwGif
aexdkif&m bGdKifukvm;onf uREfkyftm; wdkuf&SifxH ac:oGm;NyD;vQif rdwfqufay;av\/
wdkufvcrSm bGdKifukvm;ajymonfhtwdkif; 60d^- u ravQmhEdkifaMumif;? ,cif 75d^-
ESifh iSm;aom wdkufcef;jzpfaomfvnf; aiGaMu; usyfwnf;&Sm;yg;onfhtwGuf tzdk;EIef;udk
avQmhxm;aMumif;? rD;a& tjynfhtpHk&Sdonfhtwdkif; rD;cudk rDwmwGif usoavmuf
cH&rnfjzpfaMumif;? pm;yG?J ukvm;xdik ?f bD½rkd sm;udk wdu k if mS ;aeonfth wGi;f oabmtwdik ;f
oHk;pGJEdkifaMumif;? wdkufvcudkrl wpfvtwGuf wifBudKí ay;xm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;ESifh
ajymqdkav\/ ukefonfvrf;BuD;rSm aeYtcgrsm;wGif [Gef;oHrsm;? vloHrsm;jzifh w*D*D
wa*:a*: qlnHvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; qdkifESifh tvkyfwdkufursm;ojzifh nOfhtcgrsm;ürl
aeYtcgü qlnHoavmuf wdwfqdwfaewwf&um; uREfkyftwGuf toifhavsmfqHk;ae&m
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYjyif ]]½lar;eD;,m;}} [dkw,frSmvnf; teD;qHk;wGif &Sdae&um;
tpm;taomuftwGufvnf; vG,fulayrnf/ odkYESifh uREfkyfonf wdkuf&SifESifh
aps;wnfhNyD;vQif wpfvtwGuf aiG 60d^- udk ay;vkdufav\/
xdkaeY eHeufpmudk ]]½lar;eD;,m;}} [dkw,fü pm;NyD;vQif bGdKifukvm;uav;udkyif
ulvDwpfa,muf iSm;apí tcef;udk trIdufo½dkuf &Sif;vif;okwfoifapNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfESifhygvmaom tdyf&mvdyf? oHaowåm? t0wfzm? pmtkyfxkwf ponfhypönf;rsm;udk
aeom;wus xm;od k j yif q if a p\/ þod k Y jzif h uREf k y f r S m tNrJ a exd k i f a om
tdrfiSm;wpfa,mufuJhokdY cHhnm;pGm &Sdaeawmh\/
uREfkyfrSm rdbESpfyg;aoqHk;NyD;aemuf tarGtjzpfjzifh ypönf;Opömtajrmuftjrm;
&&S d c J h & m? ,ck u J h o d k Y a&S U aepmar;yG J u d k 0if a &muf a jzqd k r nf BuH j cif ; rS m vnf ;
taysmfoufoufrQomjzpfí pmar;yGJ atmifonfjzpfap? ratmifonfjzpfap uREfkyftzdkYü
ta&;rBuD;vSacs/ odkYjzpfí &efukefü tydk 1 v? 2 vcefY at;aq;pGm aeNyD;aemufrS
Munfvifat;aq;aom OD;aESmufjzifh ajzqdkawmhrnf[k pdwful;rdavonf/
xdkaeY aeYvnfü uREfkyfonf aps;ESifh vrf;rawmfbufodkY oGm;í &Gufzsif
ukvm;xdik w f pfv;kH ESihf pm;p&mrsm;? opfo;D ESihf rkeYf aowåmrsm;? acsmhuvufrsm;? za,mif;
wdkifESifh rD;jcpfxkyfrsm;rSpí vdktyfaom ypönf; tcsdKUudk 0,f,lcJh\/ odkYESifh wdkufcef;odkY
jyefa&mufaomtcg &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifudkjzefYí xdkifum aq;wHudk aq;xnfhí aomuf
&if; þrQavmufus,f0ef;aom tcef;BuD;ü wpfa,mufwnf;ae&rnfhta&;udk awG;í
ysif;&dNiD;aiGUrd\/ tpm;tpmrsm;twGuf [dkw,frefae*smESifh pDpOfvQif wdkufcef;odkY
tcsdefrDvmí ydkYrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vufwdkvufawmif; ckdif;ap&ef oli,fwpfa,muf
vdk\/ tapcHcRwfu&m;xm;vQif jrefrmoli,frsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh aqmifh<um;<um;
oli,frsm;om aygNyD;vQif ½dk;ajzmifhwnfwHholrsm; &Sm;yg;vS\/ odkYjzpfí tvkyfudk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 9

vnf;aumif;? aiGudkvnf;aumif;? ocifudkvnf;aumif; usdK;EGH½dkaoavh&Sdonfh ukvm;

uav;rsm;udkom iSm;vdk\/
odkYjzpfí uREfkyfvnf; þudpöudk uREfkyf\rdwfaqG bdGKifukvm;ESifhyif pDpOf&&m
aemufwpfaeYü &ygaprnf[k 0efcH\/ xdkaeYnaeapmif; ae0if&Dwa&m tcsdefodkY a&muf
vwfaomf uREfkyfvnf; tjyifodkYrxGufrD uREkfyfae&rnfh tdrfcef;udk aocsmpGm vSnfhvnf
Munhf½Ird\/ tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;rSm qdktyfNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; av;axmifhpm;yGJBuD; 1 vHk;?
ukvm;xdkif 4 vHk;jzifh toifh&Sdae\/ uREfkyf\tdyfcef;rSm ESpfa,muftdyfckwif&Sd&m
xdktay:wGif uREfkyf\arGU,m? acgif;tHk;? jcifaxmifwdkYrSm jyifqifNyD;jzpfavonf/
rSefwifcHkay:wGif uREfkyf\bD;? acgif;vdrf;qD? a&arT;ykvif;wdkYrSm olYae&mESifhol &Sdae
Mu\/ a&csdK;cef;wGif pnfydkif; 1 vHk;&Sdonfhtwdkif; a&rsm;jynfhaeNyD;vQif pifuav;ay:
wGif qyfjymcJ? oGm;wdkufbl;? oGm;wdkufaq; tqifhoifh wifxm;jzpf\/ a&tdrfüvnf;
a&cGufESifh ]]b½dkrdkay;yg;}} ac: puúLvdyf toifh&Sd\/ xrif;pm;cef;odkY 0ifíMunhf&m
uREkfyf,lcJhaom 'gefcsdKifh? vufokwfyk0g? vufzuf&nfyef;uefpHk? ,dkbl;? rkefYaowåm?
ZGef;? cuf&if;xnfhaom aowåmESifh xrif;pm;yef;uefjym; 2 csyf &SdaeMuonf/ xdkaemuf
uREkfyfonf aemufaz;buf&Sd tapcHtdyfonfh tcef;odkY 0ifcJh&m ukvm;rsm;onf
xdktcef;odkY 0ifíjyifqif[efrwlacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf opfom;uGyfyspfuav;
ay:üyif zH k r sm;xl x yf p G m &S d a eNyD ; vQif pm;yG J 0 d k i f ; uav;ES i f h uk v m;xd k i f r S m
za,mif;wdkifpdkufíxGef;aom aMu;0gjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh ]]za,mif;wkdifpdkuf}}wpfck&Sd\/
xdkza,mif;wdkifpdkuf&mwGif topfpufpuf za,mif;wkdifwpfck&Sd\/ teD;üum;
za,mif;wdkif 10 wdkifESifh opfom;rD;jcpfwpfvHk; rD;jcpfqHtjynfhESifh &Sd\/
xdktapcHtcef;twGif;ü "mwfrD; r&Sdonfhjyif tcsdefrSmvnf; arSmifpjyKaeNyD
jzpfí uREfkyfonf ]]za,mif;wdkifpdkufcHk}}ay:wGif pdkufíxm;aom za,mif;wdkifudk
opfom;rD;jcpfjzifh trSwfrJh rD;xGef;vdkufrd\/ xdkaemuf za,mif;wdkifrD;a&mifESifhyif
tcef;twGif;wGif avQmufíMunhfrd\/ vlraeonfrSm tawmfMumNyDjzpfí rsufESmMuuf
wGif usyfcdk;rsm;ESifh tcef;axmifhrsm;wGif yifhultdrfrsm; &SdaeonfrSwpfyg; wpfpHkwpf&m
xl;jcm;jcif; rawGU&acs/ odkYESifh uREfkyfvnf; tjyifodkY xGufawmhrnfjzpfí za,mif;wdkif
rD;udk Nidrf;ypfvdkuf\/
xdYk aemuf tm;vH;k "mwfr;D rsm;udNk idr;f í uREfyk v
f nf; tcef;wHcg;rBuD;udk tjyifrS
aomhcwfNyD;aomf wdkufatmufodkY qif;cJhav\/ ]]½lar;eD;,m;}} [dkw,fwGif npmpm;í
uREfkyfonf wpfa,mufwnf; wdkufcef;üae&ef ysif;&dvSojzifh ]]*vkyf}} ½kyf&Sif½HkodkY
oGm;a&mufum 6 em&DyGJudk Munhf½Ivsuf yGJNyD;rS jyefcJhav\/ wdkufay:odkY wufrdaom
tcg avScg;rS "mwfrD;yGifhrsm; tm;vHk; rD;Nidrf;xm;onfjzpfí uREfkyfonf tdwfxJrS
rD;jcpfjzifhjcpfum wufcJh&\/ odkYaomf ½kyf&Sif½HkxJwGif aq;wHudk tawmfaomufrdcJhojzifh
rD;jcpfqHrSm ESpfacsmif;rQom usefawmh&m wwd,avScg;auGUokdY a&mufaomtcg
aemufqHk;rD;jcpfqH ukefoGm;ojzifh orHwvif; avScg;udk prf;í wufcJh&\/
wHcg;rBuD;udkzGifhvdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf uREfkyfonf tHhtm;oifhíoGm;rd\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 10

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tapcHtdyfaomtcef; jywif;aygufrS rD;a&mifxGufaeonfudk

jrif&aomaMumifhwnf;/ uREfkyfonf tdrfa&SU{nfhcef; "mwfrD;cvkwfudk rzGifhEdkifrD 2
rdepfcefYrQ Muufaoaoum &yfaerd\/ uREfkyf\pdwfonf uREfkyfudk rvSnfhpm;cJhaomf
atmufodkYrqif;rD uREfkyfonf za,mif;wkdifudk taotcsm rD;rIwfcJh\/ rnfolonf
þrD;udk vmíxGef;EdkiftHhenf;/
odkYESifh uREfkyfonf cg;xJwGif xdk;xm;aom "m;ajr§mifudk EIwfNyD;vQif tapcH
tcef;qDodkY oGm;av\/ tcef;wGif;odkY a&mufaomtcg za,mif;wdkifrSm pGyfíxm;aom
taygufxJodkY 0ifvkeD;yg; awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonfudk tHhtm;oifhpGm awGU&Sd&awmh\/
tcef;rsm;udk vkdufvH&SmazG&m rnfoludkrQ rawGU&onfhtjyif uREfkyf\ ypönf;rsm;rSm
vnf; ajc&mvuf&mrysuf&Sdaeonfudk awGU&av\/
pOf ; pm;&ef w pf c suf r S m td r f & S i f j zpf a p? td r f & S i f u vT w f v d k u f o l j zpf a p?
uREfkyfr&Sdcdkuf tcef;wGif;odkY 0ifNyD;vQif tapcHtcef;wGif;ü tvG,fwulawGU&aom
za,mif;wdkifudk rD;nd§xGef;xm;NyD;vQif tjyefbuf arhaumif;arhí oGm;ayvdrhfrnf/
uREfkyfudk,fwdkifyif xdkza,mif;wkdifudk rD;xGef;n§dcJhzl;ojzifh rD;udk rNidrf;owfbJ xm;rd
aumif;xm;rdayvdrhfrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf vlrsm;rSm owdcsdKU,Gif;rIrsm;
&Sdwwfojzifh wpfcgwpf&H rdrdrvkyfaomtvkyfudk vkyfrdonf[lívnf;aumif;
trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; xifwwfMuonf/ uREfkyfudk,fwdkifyif rD;rNidrf;EdkifbJ xm;cJh
[ef&Sdonf[k þxifjrifcsufESifhyif pdwfauseyf&NyD;vQif xdkntzdkY tcsdefukefNyD;vQif
tdyf&modkY 0if&av\/ nOfhtdyf&müvnf; wpfpHkwpf&m taESmifht,Sufr&SdbJ aumif;pGm
tdyfpuf&\/
Ä Ä Ä

aemuf w pf a eYü uREf k y f o nf ,ref a eYnu tjzpf t ysuf r sm;ud k

pdwfpaemifhpeif;&SdonfESifh eHeuf vufzuf&nfaomufNyD;aemuf tdrf&Sif&[l'DrBuD;
wkdufokdY vmcJhNyD;vQif uREfkyftm;ay;xm;aom tcef;ü tydkaomhwl &Sd r&Sdudk ar;jref;&m
&[l'DrBuD;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ...
]]r&Sdbl; 'Dwpfacsmif;yJ &Sdygw,f? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}}
]]&Sd&if vdkcsifvdkYygcifAsm? uRefawmhftapcHudk wpfacsmif; ay;xm;csifvdkYyg}}
þtajzESifh auseyfNyD;aemuf jyefcJh&\/ odkYaomf ,refaeYnu rnfolwpfOD;
wpfa,mufrQ uREfkyftcef;wGif;odkY zGifhr0ifaMumif; ydkí xif&Sm;NyD;vQif ]]rD;xGef;xm;aom
za,mif;wdkif}} rSmvnf; uREfkyf owdarhavsmhjcif;yif jzpfwef&m\[k atmufarh\/
xd k a eY ü uREf k y f o nf bd G K if u k v m;u iS m ;ay;ojzif h ]]rk e d } }qd k o l tapcH
ukvm;uav;wpfa,mufudk &&SdcJh&m ukvm;uav;rSm tvGefzswfvwfoGufvufí
cdkif;íaumif;vS\/ tprSm wpfaeYvQif 2 d^- rQay;&í ol\tvkyf0wå&m;rSm eHeuf
(6)em&DwGif a&mufí nae (6)em&DwGif jyef&rnfjzpfayonf/ ukvm;uav;
a&mufvmaomtcg eHeufpmESifh npmomru vufzuf&nfESifh aeYvnfpmrsm;udk ,lí

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 11

pm;aomufEdkifcJhavonf/
xdkaeYnaeü naepmudk [dkw,frS cyfapmapm,lí pm;NyD;vQif tm;vHk;
tvkyfudpörsm; NyD;aomtcg 6 em&DcGJavmufü rked jyefoGm;av\/ xdknü uREfkyfrSm
vrf;rxGufbJ pmzwfvsuf&Sdojzifh n 9 em&DausmfrS pmtkyfudk vufu csvdkufav\/
xdkYaemuf aemufaz;odkY udk,fvufokwfoif&efoGm;rnf[k tdyfcef;rS {nfhcef;
bufodkYxGufvdkuf&m tapcHcef;rS xdk;xGufaeaom rD;a&mifudk jrif&ojzifh uREfkyfrSm
tawmfyif tHhtm;oifhí oGm;rdjyef\/ uREfkyfonf csufcsif; oGm;íMunhf&m rnfonfh
tcsdefu xGef;xm;onfrod? za,mif;wdkifrSm pdkufonfhae&m taygufwGif;odkY a&muf
vkrwwf &Sdaeonfudk awGU&avonf/ xdktBudrfum; uREfkyf taotcsm rSwfrd\/
uREfyk of nf ,refaeYnu trSwrf xif za,mif;wdik t f opfwpfcu k kd pdu
k yf pfc\
hJ / odYk aomf
xd k a eY uREk f y f u d k , f w k d i f v nf ; rxG e f ; n§ d ? rnf o l r Qvnf ; xG e f ; n§ d j cif ; r&S d b J
rD;awmufaeonfrSm tHhMozG,f aumif;vS\/ uREfkyfrSm t,lonf;olvnf; r[kwfyg/
odkYyifjzpfvifhupm; þtcsif;t&mrsm;udk awGU&aomtcg MuufoD;arG;nif;rsm;xum
tjyif;txef wkefvIyfrd\/
tdrf&Sif&[l'DrBuD; ajymvdkufonfudk uREfkyf rauseyfEdkifacs/ olu cdkif;apaom
vlwpfa,mufaomfvnf;aumif;? uREfkyf pmxJwGif pdwf0ifpm;aeonfhtcdkuf tcef;udk
zGifhí 0ifrnfqdku 0ifEdkif\/ þodkYrS r[kwfcJhaomf ,cifu þtcef;udk iSm;&rf;aezl;ol
wpfa,muf vufxJwGif aomhwl 1 acsmif; &Sdaumif;&Sdayvdrhfrnf/ xdkolü rnf
onfh&nf&G,fcsuf &Sdavoenf;/
txufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk pdwfxJwGif ar;NyD;aemuf uREfkyfvnf; wpfa,muf
wnf; ae&jcif;xuf twlwltdyfEdkifrnfholwpfa,mufudk iSm;&rf;xm;&aomf pdwf
oufom&m &rnfhtaMumif; odonfESifh tdrf&Sifrdef;rBuD;xH pHkprf;&ef pdwfudk
ydkif;jzwfvdkufNyD;vQif tdyf&modkY 0ifav\/
aemufwpfaeYeHeufü uREfkyfonf wkduf&Sif &[l'DrBuD;xHodkY tvnftywf
vma&mufav[efjzifh pum;pjrnfajymqdkNyD;aemuf pum;pyfrdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
uREfkyfaeaomtcef;wGif ,cifu rnfolaezl;aMumif; trSwfrJh ar;jref;vdkufav\/
]]'Dtcef;rSm t&ifu rdef;rwpfa,muf aeoGm;zl;w,f}}
]]jrefrmvlrsdK;yJvm; cifAsm}}
]]jrefrmvdk ajymwmyJvm;? EdkYayr,fh uREfkyfpdwfxif &Srf;pyfeJYwlw,f}}
]]&Srf;jynfe,fu vmaewmvm; cifAsm}}
]]b,fu vmaewmawmh rodbl;&Sif}}
]]aemufawmh ol jyefoGm;ovm;}}
]]qHk;oGm;w,f&Sifh}}
]]aMomf ... aooGm;w,fvm;}}
]][kwfuJh ... 'DrSmyJ aooGm;&Smw,f}}
rdef;rBuD;onf olajymaompum;rsm; vGefoGm;avovm;[k xifrSwf[efjzifh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 12

aemufq;kH ajymvku d af om pum;rsm;udk cyfxpfxpfajymvku d \ f / xdt k cg rde;f r{nfo

h nfrsm;
a&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfvnf; EIwfqufí jyefvmcJh&\/
xdkaeYnaeü uREfkyfonf ]]*sLbDvDa[m}}wGif jyovsuf&Sdaom jyyGJodkY
oGm;csifpdwfay:vmonfESifh oGm;a&mufMunhf½Iav\/ jyyGJrSm naecif;rsm;wGif
tvGefvlpnfum;onfhtwdkif; tjcm;vufrIynmqdkif&mrsm;udk MunhfNyD;aemuf
ajrmufbufwHcg;teD;&Sd yef;csDum;rsm; jyonfh½HkokdY a&mufoGm;av\/ xdkae&mrsm;rSm
tjcm;ae&mrsm;avmuf vlrpnfum;aomfvnf; yef;csDum;wpfum;a&SUü vlrsm;
0d k i f ; íMunh f a eonf u d k jrif a wG U &ojzif h uREf k y f v nf ; a&maES m Munh f ½ I a erd \ /
0dkif;Munhf½Iaeaom vlpkrSm trsm;tm;jzifh Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;u rsm;\/ yHkrSm
(0ufpw H w
H m;)\ yHjk zpfí ae0ifcsdef aemufcx H m;um aq;a&mifpjkH zifh qGx J m;aom yHjk zpfNyD;
vQif taetxm; tvGefyif usvSay\/ uREfkyfonf xdkum; a&;qGJoltm; pdwfxJu
csD;usL;NyD;vQif ½Hka&SUjrufcif;ay:ü cif;xm;aom pm;yGJ½kHrS vifrepfwpfcGufudk rSmí
aomufav\/ xdktcsdefü vlwpfa,mufonf yef;csDum;Munhfaeaom vltkyfxJrS
wdk;xGufvmNyD;vQif uREfkyf\pm;yGJodkYyif vma&mufxdkifum vufzuf&nfwpfcGufudk
aomufvsuf&Sdavonf/ xdkolonf pum;ajymvdk[efjzifh uREfkyftm; cyfNyHK;NyHK; Munhf
vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfu ...
]]um;ujzifh odyfaumif;wJhum;Asm? aq;pyfyHka&m? tvif;tarSmifa&m?
tcsdK;tpm;a&m wu,fobm0uswJh um;ygyJ}}
]]aumif;qdk wu,fhae&mudkoGm;NyD; wu,f pdwfygvufygeJY qGJwJh um;
udk;cifAs}}
]]rdwfaqGu 'Dyef;csDum; qGJwJhvludk odvdkYvm;}}
]]'Dum;qGJwJhvlu uRefawmfygyJ}}
]]awGU&wm odyf0rf;omwmyJcifAsm/ usKyfu yef;csDynmudk rwwfayr,fh 'Dvdk
tEkynmonfawGudkawmh odyfNyD; MunfndKwmyJ/ rdwfaqGu &Srf;jynfuvm;}}
]][kwfygw,fcifAsm? 'gayr,fh &efukefrSm taersm;ygw,f}}
]]rdwfaqGemrnfu b,fvdkac:ygovJ}}
]]armifaomif;ygwJhcifAsm/ rdwfaqGuaum}}
]]udkwifarmifvdkY ac:ygw,f/ aeygOD; rdwfaqGudk usKyfwpfcg jrifzl;ygw,f}}
xdktcgrS uREfkyfonf olYtm; uREfkyf xrif;vcay;pm;aom ]]½lar;eD;,m;}}
[dkw,fwGif wpfBudrf awGUzl;aMumif; trSwf&vm\/ xdktcg uREfkyfwdkYrSm wpfa,muf
taMumif;udkwpfa,muf ar;jref;pHkprf;um ,cifuxuf ydkrdk&if;ESD;vmNyD;vQif wpfem&D
cefYrQ pum;vufqHkusvsuf &SdMuav\/
aemuf q H k ; ü uREf k y f v nf ; jyyG J r S jyef a wmh r nf j yK&m armif a omif ; onf
ol\tdwfxJrS vdyfpmuwfjym;uav;udk xkwfíay;&m uwfjym;ay:wGif (cG cGefaomif;?
yef;csDq&m? ausmufrJNrdKU? acwå &efukef? trSwf 112 uEém;vrf;) [k a&;om;yg&Sad v
onf/ uREfkyfrSm uwfjym;ay:wGif &efukefvdyfpm r½dkuf&ao;ojzifh uwfjym;eHab;rS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 13

wdkufeHygwf (...)? ukefonfvrf;? ]]½lar;eD;,m;}} [dkw,fteD;[k a&;ay;avonf/

cGefaomif; (c) armifaomif;onf uREfkyfvdyfpmudkjrifvQif wpfcPrQ tHhtm;oifhum
&SdaeNyD;aemuf uREfkyf\rsufESmudkMunhfvsuf ...
]]rdwfaqGaewJhwdkufu [dkw,ftaemufbuf? wpfwdkufjcm; wdkufeDBuD;vm;}}
]][kwfygw,f? tay:qHk;xyf tcef;eHygwf 14 av}}
]]aMomf ... [kwfvm;? 'Dtcef; uRefawmf todom;yJ}}
]]b,fvdkodyHkvJ}}
]]uRefawmhftodwpfa,muf t&ifu 'Dtcef; aeoGm;zl;w,f}}
]]apmrmvmqdkwJh r[ma'0Dwpfa,mufyg/ 'gayr,fh olYudk,fudk wjcm;vl
awGrodatmif emrnfajymif;NyD; (ryef;½Hk)qdkwJh emrnfeJY aeoGm;w,f}}
]]bmjyKvdkY emrnfajymif;NyD; ae&wmvJ}}
]]'DvkdygrdwfaqG? olYa,mufsm; apmfbGm;[m tifrwef pdwfcufxefwJh vl
wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/ wdkif;a&;jynfa&;eJY ywfoufNyD; wdkif;jynfrSm MoZmwduúrBuD;wJh
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif trwfBuD;wpfOD;eJY roifhrjrwfjzpfMuwmeJY aemufqHk; wdkif;jynfu
xGufoGm;Mu&w,f/ apmfbGm;tay:rSmvnf; 'Drdef;ru tifrwef MoZm&Sdw,f/
wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwmuvnf; 'Drdef;roabmtwdkif;yJ/ 'Drdef;r r&SdvQif a,mufsm;[m
onhfavmuf wdkif;oljynfom;tay:rSm qdk;oGrf;r,f r[kwfbl;/ 'geJY apmfbGm;u yxr
xGuo f mG ;w,f/ 'gayr,fh olxu G af jy;wmvnf; txrajrmufygbl;/ ausmufrb J w
l mrSm
rd e f ; rwpf a ,muf v uf c suf e J Y touf q H k ; &&S m w,f / Ed k Y ayr,f h rd e f ; ruawmh
BuHzefvGwfoGm;NyD; aemufqHk; &efukefa&mufvmw,f}}
]]aemuf 'Drdef;r b,fa&mufoGm;ovJ rdwfaqG}}
]]'DwdkufrSmyJ aooGm;w,f}}
]]'gjzifh {uEÅ 'Drdef;r r&Sdwkef;u tcef;aomhudk wpfa,mufa,muf &oGm;
NyDxifw,f}}
]]bmjyKvdkYvJ rdwfaqG}}
]]b,fhES,fAsm? tJ'Daomh &oGm;wJhvlu usKyftcef;udk rMumrMum 0ifNyD; aESmifh
,SufaewmyJ}}
]]b,fvdk0ifyHkvJAs}}
xdkolrSm olpdrf;wpfa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; uREfkyfvnf; pdwfxJwGif &SdorQudk
zGifhajymvdkojzifhwpfaMumif;? þodkYajymqdkjcif;jzifh uREfkyf\udpöwGif wpfpHkwpf&m
taESmift h ,Sujf zpfrnf rxifaomaMumifv h nf;aumif;? rD;xGe;f vsuf&adS om za,mif;wdik f
awGUonfhudpöudk yef;csDq&mcGefaomif;tm; tvHk;pHkzGifhí ajymvdkufav\/ xdktcg
armifaomif;u ...
]]rdwfaqG 'Dvkdxif&if rSm;rSmayghAsm/ apmrmvmrSm olaewJhae&mudk &efolawG
odoGm;rSmpdk;vdkY tapcHawmif rxm;0Hhbl; cifAsm/}}
]]aeygOD;/ cifAsm;u olYtaMumif; b,fvdkvkyfodovJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 14

]]ol r[ma'0DtjzpfeJY aepOfu uRefawmfhtaru olYudk pmoifay;&w,fAs/

'gaMumifh olYtaMumif; uRefawmf aumif;aumif;odwmaygh/}}
]]'geJY aemuf b,fvdkjzpfovJAs? ajymprf;ygOD;/}}
]]&efukefudk olvmaeayr,fh olYaemufu &efolawG tNrJvdkufaewm/ olwdkYu
vQdKU0Suftoif;om;awGAs/ 'Drdef;rudk rowf&orQ olwdkY pdwfrauseyfEdkifbl;/ ausmufrJ
blwmrSm olYa,mufsm;udk owf&wmvnf; 'Dtoif;om;awG&UJ vufcsufy/J ol &efuek u f kd
a&mufvmw,fqdkwJhowif; uRefawmfMum;&awmh olYtcef;udk uRefawmfoGm;wm wpfcg
ESpfcgawmh ol vufcHpum;ajymygao;&JU/ aemufawmh uRefawmfhawmif tawGUrcHawmh
bl;Asm/ uRefawmfhvdk trsdK;om;csif;? Zmwdwltcsif;csif;udkawmifrS r,HkMunf
awmhbl;xifyg&JU}}
]]odyfvnf; aMumufae&Smw,f xifyg&JU}}
]]aMumufwmayghAsm/ ol'‘DrmS &Sw d ,fqwkd m odomG ;&if vmNyD; rkcsowfr,fqw kd m
'd|odwmyJcifAs/ vHk;BuD;aygufvSeJY tpu tifrwefacsmwJhrdef;r[m pdwfraumif;wm
aMumifh xifyg&JUcifAsm/ 0g;jcrf;jym;axmifxm;ovdk jzpfoGm;wmygyJ}}
]]tif; ajymygOD;Asm}}
]]xrif;pm;wmudkawmif [dkw,fu bGdKifukvm; rdef;ru vmydkY&w,f/ ydkYawmh
vnf; tdrfxJr0if&bl;/ tcef;wHcg;a&SUrSm csxm;cJh&w,f/ olaeawmhvnf; tdrfa&SUcef;
rSm vljrifrSmpdk;vdkY xifyg&JU cifAsm/ aemufaz;bufu tapcHaewJh tcef;rSmyJaew,f/
tdyaf wmhvnf; tJ't D cef;xJrmS yJ tdyw
f ,f/ 'geJY wpfaeYawmh xrif;vmydYk whJ bGKd ifuv k m;
rdef;ru tcef;wHcg;acgufwm r&wmeJY aMumufNyD; olYa,mufsm;ajym? olYa,mufsm;u
wqifh [dkw,frefae*sm ajymwmudk;cifAs/ 'Dawmh [dkw,frefae*smu ykvdyfudk
taMumif;Mum;NyD; tcef;wHcg;udk twif;0ifzGifhMunhfMuawmh tJ'DtapcHaewJh tcef;xJ
rSm aoaewm awGU&awmhwmyJcifAsm/ rsufESmrSmvnf; rsufvHk;ESpfvHk;[m aocgeD;
tifrwefaMumufNyD; aowJhvu©PmeJY ykZGefrsufaphvdk jyL;xGufaeowJhcifAs/ NyD;awmh
tem;rSmvnf; za,mif;wdkifwpfwdkif[m aemufqHk; t&nfaysmfNyD; avQmufpD;oGm;wJh
t&mudkyg awGU&w,fqdkwmudk;cifAs}}
]]aMomf ... ol Y td y f & mem;rS m za,mif ; wd k i f x G e f ; xm;cJ h w J h t &m awG U &
w,fqdkygawmh}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]tcef;uvnf; tapcHtcef;xJrSmaemf}}
]][kwfygw,fcifAsm/ tapcHtdyfwJhtcef;qdkvdkY 'Dwpfcef;yJ &Sdygw,f/ NyD;awmh
wpfck&Sdao;w,fcifAs/ 'Drdef;r raocifwpf&ufu tcef;a&SUrSmxm;wJh pmxnfhwJh
pmwdkufyHk;xJrSm (eifaewJhae&m odNyD/ eif owdomxm;NyD; aeawmh) qdkwJh owday;pm
wpfapmif &w,fqdkyJcifAs}}
]]'D[m toif;om;awGu owday;wmaygh}}
]][kwfygvdrfhr,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 15

aool ryef;½Hk (c) &Srf;r apmrmvm\ Zmwfvrf;rSm þae&mwGif NyD;qHk;ojzifh

aemufqHk;ü uREfkyfvnf; yef;csDq&mcGefaomif;tm; EIwfqufNyD;vQif wdkufcef;odkY
jyefcJhav\/
uREf k y f r S m wapä a jcmuf o nf q d k j cif ; ud k tvsOf ; ,H k M unf o l r [k w f o jzif h
wkdufcef;odkY jyefa&mufaomtcg aeNrJtwdkif; qufvufaexdkifí rkedtm; uREfkyftwGuf
npmudk [dkw,frS ,lcJhapNyD;vQif wdkufcef;ü pm;aomuf\/ nae 6 em&DcGJodkY a&muf
aomtcg rkedonf tdrfodkY jyefoGm;avonf/
rdk;csKyfonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf uREfkyfonf tcef;wHcg;udk twGif;rS aomhcwf
NyD;vQif (&we,f)a&;aom ausmif;om;oHk; oufaocHOya'pmtkyfudk zwfvsuf&Sd\/
wpfem&DausmfausmfcefY pmzwfíaeaomfvnf; uREfkyf\pdwfrsm;rSm pmxJodkYra&mufbJ
cG e f a omif ; ajymvd k u f a om þtcef ; ü aoqH k ; oG m ;onf h r[ma'0D apmrmvm
taMumif;udkom pdwfpGJvsuf&Sdojzifh rdrdudk,fwdkifyif rjrifzl;aomfvnf; tom;jzLjzL?
t&yfjrifhjrifh? rsufwGif;a[mufa[mufESifh 0g;jcrf;jym;axmifxm;ouJhodkY ydefBuHKvSaom
rdef;rwpfa,mufudkom pdwfxJwGif jrifvsuf&Sdav\/
uREfkyf\tcef;odkY ,refaeYnrsm;u vma&mufaESmifh,Sufolonf tcef;wGif;ü
uREfyk &f adS eNyDukd odaevdrrhf nfjzpfí ,cknwGif vma&mufaESmif, h u S af wmhrnf r[kwaf cs/
aemufaz;wHcg;? rD;zdkwHcg;ESifh jywif;aygufrsm;udkvnf; twGif;rSaeí uefYvefYxdk;um
aomhcsdwfcsí vHkNcHKpGmydwfxm;NyDjzpf&um; tu,fívmcJhaomf tdrfa&SUwHcg;rBuD;rS
aomhudkom zGifhí vmEdkifayawmhrnf/ xkdwHcg;udkvnf; taotcsm aomhcwfxm;NyD;
jzpfí aomhvnf; uREfkyftdwfxJü &Sdae\/ okdYESifh uREfkyfonf tdrfa&SUwHcg;rBuD;rS
toHudkyif em;pGifhaxmifvsuf&Sdavonf/ okdYaomf tdrfa&SUrS wpfcgwpf&H um;jzwf
oGm;oHrsm;? tvkyfwdkuf '&0rfrsm;\ toHrsm;udk Mum;&onfrSwpfyg; rnfonfhtoHrQ
rMum;&bJ wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sdav\/
uREfkyfonf pdwfyifrygvSaomfvnf; aq;wHudk wpfqHkNyD;vQif wpfqHk aq;
xnf h í aomuf & if ; Oya'pmtk y f u d k o m wG i f w G i f B uD ; zwf v suf & S d & m aemuf q H k ;
vufywfem&Dudk MunhfvdkufaomtcgrS 1 em&Dxdk;&ef 15 rdepfcefYomvdkawmhaMumif;
od&awmh\/ xdktcgrS uREfkyfvnf; aemufaz;xGuf&efESifh udk,fvufokwfoif&ef
trSwf&vmNyD;vQif za,mif;wdkifwpfwdkifudkxGef;nd§í {nfhcef;odkYxGufNyD;vQif tv,f
aqmifMum;vrf;rS aemufaz;bufodkYavQmufcJh\/ aqmifMum;rS uREfkyf\ za,mif;wdkif
tvif;a&mifrSwpfyg; arSmiftwdNyD;vsuf&Sd&m tapcHtdyfaomwHcg;rSm ydwfxm;onfudk
awGU&\/ rnfolydwfxm;avoenf;/ uREfkyfyif ydwfrdavoavm rajymwwfacs/
odkYaomf tcef;wGif;rS arS;rSdefpGmxGufvmaom tvif;a&mifudk aomhaygufrS jrifvdkuf&
ojzifh uREfkyfyif touf&SL&yfoGm;vkrwwf tHhtm;oifhí oGm;rd\/
tu,fí wHcg;udkzGifhMunhfvdkufu tom;jzLjzL? t&yf&Snf&SnfESifh ydefBuHK
vSaom rdef;rBuD;onf aoG;r&Sdaomtom;rsm;? ta&miftqif;r&Sdaom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh
uREfkyftm; &ifqdkifawGUrnfavm[k pOf;pm;vdkufrd\/ wapäo&Judk r,HkMunfaomfvnf;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 16

uREfkyfudk,fay:&Sd arG;nif;uav;rsm;tm; axmifívmap\/ uREfkyfonf tcef;wGif;rS

awmufavQmuf ajy;qif;oGm;NyD;vQif vrf;ay:wGif tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmaevdk
vS\/ odkYaomf pdwfom&Sdaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh rjzpfEdkifacs/
uREykf o
f nf avvGiv hf su&f adS om uREykf pf w d rf sm;udk jyefípkaqmif;vku d \ f / xdt k cg
uREfkyfonf e*dktwdkif;jyefjzpfvmí uREfkyfvnf; wHcg;udk ajcjzifh aqmifhuefvdkufNyD;vQif
rD;n§x d m;aom za,mif;wdik u f kd vufuudik u f m tcef;wGi;f odYk &Jwif;pGm 0ifomG ;awmh\/
tcef;wGif;üum; uREfkyfawG;xifonfhtwdkif; rnfonfht&mudkrQ rawGU&bJ ,cifu
&Sdonfhtwdkif; r[ma'0DaoqHk;oGm;onfqdkaom ckwifvGwfudkom awGU&avonf/
odkYaomf ckwifeHab; pm;yGJ0dkif;ay:&Sd za,mif;wdkifpdkuf aMu;wdkifay:wGif za,mif;wdkif
wpfwdkifonf rD;vif;um atmufajcodkY a&mufvkrwwfjzpfae\/
uREfkyfonf ukvm;xdkifvGwfay:wGif xdkifum xl;qef;aomjzpfysufyHkudk pOf;pm;
vsuf&f \ dS / aooGm;aom r[ma'0D\0dnmOfonf þtapcHtcef;xJü &Sad eum za,mif;
wdkifudk rD;xGef;n§djcif;jzpfavoavm/ rjrif&aomwpfpHkwpf&mudk aMumuf&GHUojzifh
aoolonf za,mif;wdik rf sm;udk aMumufpw d af jy&ef xGe;f n§cd jhJ cif;udk ,ckvnf; xd0k n d mOfyif
qufvufxGef;n§daejcif; jzpfavoavm/ uREfkyfonf 0dnmOfavmuudk t,HktMunf
r&Sdaomfvnf; 0dnmOfavmu\ xl;qef;yHkrsm;udk Mum;zl;cJhojzifh ¤if;wdkYudk ,HkMunf&
rnfavm/ þjyóemrsm;onf wpfcNk yD;wpfck qufvufxu G af y:vmaomfvnf; uREykf rf mS
&Sif;vif;jcif;iSm rwwfEkdifbJ rD;udkNidrf;owfí za,mif;wdkifwdkuav;udk ,lcJhNyD;vQif
tcef;jyifodkY xGufcJhNyD;aemuf tcef;udk ydwfcJhav\/
uREykf of nf uREykf Ef iS thf yd rf nfh tazmfa,mufsm;wpfa,muf tvd&k adS Mumif; rket d m;
ajymjyxm;zl;ojzifh aemufEpS &f ufrQMumaomtcg rkeo d nf vlwpfa,mufukd ac:cJah v\/
xdkESpf&uftwGif;ü uREfkyfonf n 7 em&DrS eHeufrdk;vif;onftxd twif;ZGwfrSdwfí
tdyaf ecJo h jzifh xdtk apcHtcef;xJoYkdvnf;ra&muf? za,mif;wdik f rD;vif;onf? rvif;onf
udv k nf; odciG rhf &cJah cs/ wpfenf;tm;jzifv h nf; uREfyk rf mS pdwo f ufomcGihf &&Scd ahJ vonf/
rkedac:vmaomolrSm touf 30 cefY&Sd armifbausmfqdkoljzpfí Zmwdtm;jzifh
tnmom;wpfa,mufjzpf\/ ol\tvkyt f udik rf mS eHeuf 6 em&Dx;kd onfEiS w hf pfNydKifeuf
toifhjyifqifNyD; rkefY[if;cg;rsm;udk ,lNyD;vQif a&ausmfaps;ü oGm;a&mufa&mif;cs&í
csufjyKwfjyifqif&ef rnfonfhwm0efrQ r&Sdacs/ odkYjzpf&m wpfnvQif tdyf½HkrQESifh aiG 1d^-
&rnfjzpfojzifh uREfkyfESifhtazmfvkyfum vmítdyf&ef oabmwljcif;jzpfavonf/ ol\
yHkyef;oGifjyifudk jrif&jcif;jzifh vl½dk;wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; tuJcwfrdonfhjyif [dkw,frS
bGKd iu
f vk m;uav;onfvnf; xdo k t l rd ef m;wGiaf eojzifh ol\taMumif;udk odNyD;jzpfaMumif;
tmrcH&m uREfkyfvnf; iSm;&rf;vdkufav\/
udkbausmfonf xdkaeYnaewGif tvkyf0if&ef ol\tdyf&mvdyfuav;udk ,l\/
uREfkyf wdkufcef;odkY ajymif;a&TUvmcJh&m rkedrSm tazmfwpfa,mufwdk;vmojzifh tvGefyif
0rf;ajrmufonfh vu©PmESihf &Sad eNyD;vQif uREfyk u f , kd wf ikd v
f nf; tazmfEiS hf tdy&f awmhrnf
jzpfojzifh tm;wufrd\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 17

udbk ausmo f nf tvdu k o f wd wfaom olwpfa,muf jzpfonft h wdik ;f tcef;rsm;&Sd

trIu d o
f ½du
k rf sm;udk &Si;f vif;okwo f ifjcif;? a&tdrEf iS hf a&csKd ;cef;udk &Si;f vif;okwo f ifjcif;?
uREfkyf\t0wfa[mif;rsm;udk zHkokwfjcif;rsm;udk rkedtm; ulnDvkyfudkifay;ojzifh uREfkyfrSm
tazmfaumif;wpfa,muf&ayNyD[k 0rf;ajrmufrd\/
td r f u d k & S i f ; vif ; NyD ; aemuf ud k b ausmf o nf ol \ td y f & mvd y f u av;ud k
tapcHtdyfaom tcef;xJodkY oGif;oGm;onfudk jrifojzifh uREfkyfu ...
]]udkbausmf ... b,frSmvJ}}
]]aemufaz;cef;uav;rSmayghq&m/ odyfNyD;ae&muswmyJ q&ma&U/ uRefawmfh
twGuf wrifvkyfxm;ovdkyJ/ uGyfyspfuav;eJY? tem;u ukvm;xdkifeJY? pm;yGJuav;eJY?
rtdyfcsifao;&if pmMunhfzdkY za,mif;wdkifawGvnf; <uufavQmufay:rSmawGUyguvm;
q&m&JU/ q&mxm;ovm;}}
]]rxm;ygbl;/ t&ifu tdrfiSm;aeoGm;wJhvl&JU ypönf;jzpfcsifjzpfrSmaygh/}}
]]q&m ... bmjzpfvdkY ar;wmvJ}}
]]usKyfu tdrfa&SUcef;rsm; tdyfrvm;vdkYyg}}
]]q&m tvd&k &dS if ac:vdu k wf maygh q&m/ ra0;vSygbl;/ NyD;awmh uReaf wmfvnf;
ttdyfqwfygw,f}}
]]at;av ... 'gjzifhvnf; tdyfwmaygh}}
xdt k cgu uREfyk u f zGií hf ajymvdu k rf nf[k atmufarhrad o;\/ odYk aomf uREfyk rf mS
tpGJtvrf;BuD;olwpfa,muf r[kwfojzifhwpfaMumif;? aMumufwwfonf[k olpdrf;
wpfa,mufu txiftjrifao;oGm;rnfukd pd;k ojzifw h pfaMumif;? uREykf u f ,
kd w f ikd uf vnf;
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r,HkMunfojzifhwpfaMumif; ,cifu tjzpftysufrsm;udk zGifhí
rajymvkdufrdacs/
tdrfwGif Munhf½Iapmifha&Smufrnfholrsm; vHkavmufpGm&SdNyDjzpfí uREfkyfvnf;
naeapmif;wGif bk&ifryef;NcH (,ck AE¨Kvyef;NcH) odYk tysi;f ajy vrf;avQmufxu G cf ahJ v\/
taemufbufqDodkYa&muf&m xdkifcHkwpfckay:wGif pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudkcJ&if; avnif;
cH a eaom cG e f a omif ; ud k tqif o if h a wG U &onf E S i f h uREf k y f v nf ; ol Y t em;wG i f
0ifa&mufxdkifrdav\/
]]b,feJYvJAs udkwifarmif/ b,fuvSnfhNyD; vmwmvJ}}
]]ysif;ysif;&SdwmeJY vrf;avQmufxGufvmcJhwmbJAsm/ tck tdrfrSm tazmf&aeNyDAs}}
]]cifAsm;ajymwJh ukvm;uav;r[kwfvm;}}
]]r[k w f y gbl ; Asm? uk v m;uav;u ½k y f & S i f ½ H k r S m aps;a&mif ; avawmh
nrtdyfEdkifygbl;/ ‘gaMumifh ntdyfr,fhtazmfwpfa,muf iSm;vdkuf&w,f}}
]]b,fuvJ}}
]]udkbausmfwJhAs/ vlu tnmom; vl½dk;wpfa,mufygyJ/ crsm qif;&J&Smw,f/
bmtvkyrf S rvky&f bJeYJ tdy½f ekH YJ wpfnwpfusyaf y;awmh olvnf; ody0f rf;omwmayghAsm}}
]]'gxuf olu b,frSmtdyfrSmvJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 18

]]tapcHtcef;uav;xJrmS ayghAsm/ tcef;uav; odyo f abmusw,fqNkd yD; usKyu f

bmrSrajym&ao;bl;/ olYtdyf&mvdyfuav; oGif;oGm;wmbJ}}
]]uRefawmfom udkbausmfqdk&if 'Dtcef;rSm rtdyfbl;q&m}}
]]bmjyKvdkYvJAs}}
]]tvum;yJ}}
]]'gayghAsm/ ol odwmrS r[kwfbJ/ vlqdkwm odrSaMumufw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]at;av ... tnmom; bkrodbrodrdkY udpöawmh r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayr,fh
uRefawmfwdkYt&yfrSm za,mif;wdkif 3 wdkif rD;vif;&if vlaowwfw,fqdkwJh t,l&Sdw,f}}
]]usKyfwdkYawmh t,lr&SdaygifAsm/ ,Hkvnf; bmrSr,Hkbl;}}
xdkYaemuf cGefaomif;vnf; pum;jzwfí yef;csDynmtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí
ql;avbk&m;\yHak wmfukd þae&mrSaeí jrif&yHu k kd a&;qGu J tvGeyf Pm&rnft h aMumif;udk
ajymqdkNyD;vQif twefi,farSmifvmonfESifh uRefawmfvnf; wdkufcef;odkY jyefcJh\/
uREfkyfwdkYvnf; xdknü tdyf&modkY apmapm0ifMu\/ udkbausmfonf eHeuf 6
em&D tdyf&mrSxrnfhtaMumif;udk ajymNyD;vQif tapcHaeaomtcef;odkY 0ifoGm;avonf/
xdn
k wGif uREykf rf mS tazmf&NyDjzpfí pdwEf v S ;kH 'H;k 'H;k csítdyaf omaMumifh wH;k xd;k xm;bdouJo h Ykd
tdyfaysmfíoGm;av&m eHeufwGif tcef;wHcg;udk tjyifu ukvm;uav; acgufaom
tcgrS Edk;avonf/
rkedudk wHcg;zGifhay;NyD;aemuf uREfkyfonf 0goemtwdkif; tdyfcef;xJwGif aq;wH
udk rD;xGe;f n§íd rSed ;f aepOf rke\
d tvefYwMum; atmf[pfou H kd Mum;&aomtcgrS tcef;xJrS
ajy;xGufvmrd\/ jzpf&yHkrSm rkedonf udkbausmftdyfaom tapcHtcef;udk tjyifrS
wGef;ízGifhMunhf&m rvIyfr,Suf rsufvHk;rsm;jyL;xGufaeaom udkbausmfudk jrif&ojzifh
vefYíatmfvdkufjcif;jzpfavonf/ uREfkyfvnf; tajy;tvTm;oGm;a&mufum udkbausmf
tdyfaom tcef;wHcg;udkzGifhvdkuf&m udkbausmfonf uGyfyspfay:wGif yufvufvSefum
ol\rsufvHk;rsm;onf acgifrdk;&Sd&modkY jyL;us,fpGmMunfhvsuf&Sdukef\/ vufoD;ESpfbuf
udv
k nf; uspu f spyf gatmif qkyx f m;ao;\/ teD;&Sd pm;yGaJ y:üum; za,mif;wdik pf u kd x
f w
J iG f
t&if;txd avmifíoGm;aom za,mif;wdkifudk awGU&avonf/
uREfkyfvnf; ½lar;eD;,m;[dkw,f refae*smxH oGm;NyD;vQif tdrfüiSm;ítdyfaom
tazmf aoqHk;oGm;aMumif; ajymjy&m refae*smonf qdkif&modkY taMumif;Mum;íay;\/
rMumrD q&m0efwpfa,mufESifh ykvdyfrsm; a&mufvmNyD;vQif tavmif;udkppfaq;&m
udbk ausmfrmS ½kww f &uf ESv;kH &yfomG ;ojzifh aoqH;k aMumif;rSwcf sufcsonfukd aemiftcg
uREfkyfod&\/ tavmif;udk aq;½HkodkY ,loGm;í udkbausmfrSmvnf; OD;BuD;awmf
pyfolwpfa,mufrSwpfyg; tjcm;aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm; r&Sdojzifh tokbudpötwGuf
uREfkyfuyif tukeftus cHvdkuf&\/
xdt k cgrS uREfyk v f nf; ,refnu olYtm; xl;qef;aom tapcHtcef;av;xJwiG f
tdyfcGifhjyKcJhonfrSm rSm;avNyD[k aemifw&rd\/ aiG 1d^- udk vdkcsif&Smojzifh uREfkyftm;
tazmfjyKum wpfpw kH pf&m rodem;rvnf&mS bJ aooGm;&aom udb k ausmtf wGuf uREyfk rf mS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 19

,lBuHK;r&jzpfrdawmh\/
þrQavmufpdwf'ku©ay;aom wdkufcef;wGif qufvufraexdkifvdkawmhojzifh
bGdKifukvm;tm; tjcm;tcef;vGwfwpfckudk &SmazGap&m (37)vrf;&Sd wdkufwpfvHk;
atmuf x yf w G i f tcef ; vG w f w pf c k tvG , f w ul E S i f h &&S d o jzif h xd k a eYyif
ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJhav\/
tcsdefonf wjznf;jznf; ukefvGefcJh&m xdk&ufrsm;twGif;ü uREfkyfonf
cGefaomif;ESifh *sLAvDa[müvnf;aumif;? bk&m;BuD;üvnf;aumif;? ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm;ü
vnf;aumif; rMumcP awGUqHkMuonfhtjyif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,mufvnf; ydkrdk
&if;ES;D vmcJ\ h / cGeaf omif;rSm jrefrm&Sr;f pyf jzpf[efwí l pum;ajymaumif;jcif;? avmuGwf
ysLiSm&Sdjcif;? tvdkufodwwfjcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; ol\awmufypl;&Saom rsufvHk;rsm;
atmuf w G i f euf e J a omt"d y Ü g ,f u d k a qmif o nf h vu© P mrsm;ud k awG U jrif & \/
tvGeef ufeaJ om a&wGi;f ü a&wdraf &eufukd rodEikd o f uJoh Ykd vnf;aumif;? arSmifru
kd af om
tcef;xJwiG &f adS om ypön;f rsm;udk tjyifrS rjrif&ouJo h Ykdvnf;aumif;? cGeaf omif;\ rsuv f ;kH
atmufwiG &f adS om t"dygÜ ,fukd awG;awmqifjcifEikd &f ef cJ,Of;vS\/ cGeaf omif;ESihf wpfaeY
wpfjcm; &if;ES;D vmcJah omfvnf; &if;ES;D oavmuf ol\tay:wGif ouFmruif;jzpfvmcJ\ h /
uREfkyfu udkbausmf xl;qef;pGm aoqHk;oGm;aMumif; ajymaomtcg ]] tif; ... cifAsm;
r,Hb k ;l qdwk m tckawmh xdNyDr[kwv f m;}} [k wpfceG ;f rQom jyefíajymojzifh ol\tay:wGif
omírouFmjzpfum rkef;wD;pdwfrsm;yif ay:ívmcJh\/
udb k ausmf aoqH;k oGm;NyD;aemuf we*FaEG ESpyf wfcefYrQ Mumaomtcg uREykf o f nf
]]½lar;eD;,m;}}[dkw,fwGif cGefaomif;ESifhtwl npmpm;aomufvsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfu ...
]]xl;qef;wmwpfcku cGefaomif;&,f? usKyf'‘Dwdkufcef;udkpGefYNyD; 37 vrf;u
wdkufcef;udk ajymif;aecJhayr,fh [dkwkdufcef;udk oGm;aecsifwJh pdwfu tNrJ&Sdaew,fAs/
NyD;awmh wdkufem;a&mufjyefawmhvnf; txJudk r0ifcsifjyefawmhbl;}}
]]cifAsm;ajymif;oGm;rS t&ifwdkufcef;udk a&mufao;ovm;}}
]]ra&muf a wmh y gbl ; Asm/ wd k u f v c wpf v twG u f wif x m;wmawmif
tqHk;cHvkdufygNyD}}
]][kwfw,fAs? xl;qef;w,f/ vlrsm;[m wpfckckudk aMumufrSjzifh trsdK;rsdK;awG;?
trsdK;rsdK;xifwwfMuwmyJ xifyg&JU/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfMum;zl;wmu aooGm;wJhvl&JU
0dnmOfawG[m olwdkYaowJhae&mrSmyJ aewwfMuowJh udkwifarmif&JU/ 'D[mwif
ruao;bl ; / vl u d k o wf z l ; wJ h vl r sm;[m ol w d k Y o wf w J h a e&mu wjcm;a0;a0;
a&SmifoGm;zdkYawmif tifrwefcJ,Of;w,fqdkyJ}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&if usKyfpdwfxifjzifh ...}}
uREfkyfonf qufrajymbJ þae&mwGif pum;udk &yfxm;vkdufav\/
]][kwfw,f udkwifarmif}}
]]usKyfpw
d x f ifjzifh cGeaf omif;udk wu,fvYkd t&ifusKyfaewJt h cef; wpfem&Davmuf
oGm;ae&atmifvdkY usKyfuac:&if trSefrvdkufcsifbl;xifw,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 20

(cufxefaomrsuEf mS jzif)h ]] uReaf wmfu vdu k &f r,f [kwpf - bmjzpfvYkd uReaf wmf
u vdkuf&rSmvJ}}
uREf k y f o nf qwf c eJ jyef í ajymvk d u f a om cG e f a omif ; \pum;rsm;ud k
Mum;&aomtcg tHhtm;oifhoGm;rd\/ odkYESifh uREfkyfonf avoHudkESdrfhvsuf ...
]]tazmfr&SdvdkY ac:wmyg rdwfaqG}}
(avoHajymif;vsuf) ]]aMomf ... 'Dvdkvm;/ 'Dvkdqdk&if uRefawmfrvdkufbJ
aeyghrvm;Asm/ vdkufrSmaygh}}
]]rvdkufawmhrvdkufcsifbl;vm;}}
]]vdkufvnf;vdkufcsif&JU? rvdkufvnf; rvdkufcsifbl;cifAs/ trSefajym&&if
r[ma'0DaooGm;wmeJY cifAsm;tcef;xJrmS jzpfysucf w hJ hJ udpaö wGeYJ qufaeawmY '‘Dtcef;udk
uRefawmf a&mufcsifaewmvnf; MumvSNyD? oGm;&rSmvnf; aMumufw,f}}
]]udkif; ... 'gjzifhvnf; vmcJhAsm/ tckyJ oGm;MupdkY}}
uREfkyfonf ajymajymqdkqdkESifh ukvm;xdkifay:rS xav\/
(uREfkyftm; twefi,f rouFm[efjzifh wpfcsufrQvSrf;í MunhfNyD;aemuf)
]]aumif;ygNyD? oGm;Muwmaygh/ cifAsm;rSm aomhyg&JU r[kwfvm;}}
]]yg ygw,f}}
odkYESifh uREfkfyfwdkYonf [dkw,frSxGufí uREfkyf\tcef;&Sd&m wdkufeDBuD;bufodkY
avQmufcJhMuav\/
cGeaf omif;onf avScg;odYk a&SUrS xGuo f mG ;ojzifh uREykf v f nf; ¤if;aemufrS vku d yf g
oGm;av\/ oH;k xyfoYkda&mufí wHcg;0ü &yfrMd uaomtcg cGeaf omif;onf avoHErdS v hf suf
]]aeygOD; udkwifarmif&JU/ uRefawmfwdkY‘'Dudkvmwm bmudpövJ}}
]]bmvJ ... cifAsm;u aMumufvdkY xGufajy;csifNyDvm;}}
]]r[kwyf gbl;Asm? bm&nf&, G cf surf S r&Sb
d J vlBuD;ESpaf ,mufjzpfvsuef YJ 'Da&mufvm
wm xl;qef;vGef;vdkY}}
]]tcef;xJusawmh udpu ö dk usKyfajymjyr,fayghAsm}}
odYk EiS hf uREfyk o
f nf tdwxf rJ S aomhukd xkw, f Nl yD;aemuf wHcg;udk zGiv hf u
kd af v\/
xdkYaemuf "mwfrD;cvkwfudkvnf; zGifhvdkufavonf/
]]"mwfrD;vnf; &Sdygw,fAs/ vmav ... xdkifyg/ at;at;aq;aq; cP
pum;ajymMuwmaygh}}
cGeaf omif;onf wHcg;udk jyefíydwNf yD;aemuf uREykf af c:&m {nfch ef;odYk vdu k vf mcJNh yD;
vQif ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:ü xkdifav\/ xdkYaemuf uREfkyfu aq;wHudk rD;n§daomuf&m
oluvnf; pD;u&ufbl;udkxkwfí pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;n§dí aomufavonf/
]]'gyJvm;As? ukvm;xdkifay:xkdif? aq;vdyfaomufNyD; jyefMua&mvm;}}
(wpfpHkwpf&mudk &SmazG&if;) ]]aeygOD;Asm? za,mif;wdkifuav;rsm;&&if taumif;
om;/ usKyfrSm za,mif;wdkifawG trsm;BuD; xm;cJhygw,f}}
]]bmjzpfvdkY za,mif;wdkif &Smae&wmvJAsm/ "mwfrD;&Sdom;yJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 21

]]tcef;awGMunhfcsifvdkYAs}}
odkYESifh uREfkyfonf aemufaz;rD;zdkcef;odkY oGm;a&mufum za,mif;wdkifwpfwkdifudk
,lcJhavonf/ xdkYaemuf uREfkyfu ...
]]usKyfxm;cJhwJhtwdkif; awGUcJhNyD}}
]]'gawmh awGU&rSmayghAsm/ aeygOD; ... usKyfwdkY tck bmvkyfMurSmvJ}}
]]cifAsm;ajymovdak yghAsm/ vlowfraI wG jzpfomG ;wJah e&mqdw k m aMumufvefYp&m
aumif;NyD; vlrsm;[m awG;csifovdkawG;? xifcsifovdk xifwwfMuw,fqdk? NyD;awmh
aooGm;NyD;wJhaemuf 'Dae&mrSmyJ aewwfMuw,fqdk}}
]][kwfw,f ... Mum;zl;wmyJ}}
]] 'gxuf ... cifAsm;ajymwJt h wdik ;f ryef;½Hak ooGm;wm tifrwefrS aMumufvefYNyD;
aooGm;wmayghaemf}}
]]'gayghcifAsm}}
]]oem;p&mAsm? olYvifvnf; owfao;&JU/ olYvnf; vdkufowfMuwmaygh}}
]]'gayr,fh oludk,fwdkif tifrwef&ufpufwJh rdef;rwpfa,mufyJ/ cifAsm;u
taMumif;rodvdkY}}
]]cifAsm;rdwfaqGyJ r[kwfvm;}}
]]uReaf wmhtf aru olYukd pmoifay;zl;wmeJY uReaf wmfrh w d af qG jzpf&awmhrmS vm;Asm}}
cGefaomif;onf jyL;aMumifaom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh uREfkyftm; tuJcwfí aebd
ouJhodkY Munhf½Ivsuf &Sd&\/ xdkYaemuf uREfkyfu qufvufí ...
]]onfawmh bmjzpfovJ}}
cGefaomif;onf pum;jyefírajym&ef BudK;pm;ouJhodkY yg;pyfrsm;udk wif;MuyfpGm
ydwfxm;\/ xdkYaemuf twefi,f wkef&DaomtoHjzifh ...
]]uReaf wmf cifAsm;ar;wm jyefrajymcsib f ;l Asm/ 'gayr,fh apmrmvmaowJh tcef;
vnf;a&mufa&m pum;rajymbJudk raeEkdifoavmufjzpfwmyJ? odyfNyD; xl;qef;wmyJ}}
]]'gjzifh ajymav ... ajymp&m&Sdwm ajymaygh}}
]][kdw,frSmwkef;u uRefawmfajymwm rSwfrdao;w,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]bmvJ}}
]]vlowfzl;wJhvl[m ... vlowfzl;wJhae&mu a0;a0; roGm;Edkifbl;qdkwmav}}
]]tif; ... rSwfrdygw,f}}
]][kwfw,fcifAs? uRefawmfvnf; onftwdkif;bJ}}
]]cifAsm; ... [kwfp}}
]][kwfw,f ... apmrmvmudk uRefawmfowfwmyJ}}
uRefawmfonf tHtm;oifhum ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:rS ckefíxvdkufrdav\/
]]aeygOD; udkwifarmif? uRefawmfowfwJh vufeufu pmwpfapmifygAs}}
]]bmt"dyÜg,fvJ}}
]]olYpmwku d yf ;kH xJukd pmxnfw
h m wjcm;vl r[kwb f ;l / uRefawmfy/J olaewJah e&m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 22

udk odNyDvkdY a&;vdkufwmeJY taMumufvGefNyD; aooGm;wmyJ}}

uREfkyfonf ukvm;xdkifay:odkY jyefíxdkifvdkufNyD;aemuf ...
]]cifAsm;u 'Dvkda&;wmu ol vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; ajy;EdkifatmifvdkYvm;}}
]]r[kwfbl;cifAs ... aoatmifvdkY}}
]]bmjyKvdkYvJ}}
]]olraovnf; uRefawmfu owfrSm trSefyJ}}
]]cifAsm;tarudk oli,fi,fu Munhf½Ixm;zl;w,fqdk/ cifAsm; aus;Zl;&SifyJ
r[kwfvm;}}
]]'Dvu dk ;kd cifAs/ uRefawmfu trSeaf wmh vGwv f yfwvhJ wl pfa,muf r[kwaf ybl;/
olwYkd toif;u toif;om;wpfa,mufy/J toif;u qH;k jzwfcsufukd uRefawmf vdu k ef m&
ygw,f/ apmrmvmudkowfzdkY rJcswJhtcg uRefawmfusygw,f}}
cGefaomif;onf txufygpum;rsm;udk wkefvIyfpGmajymNyD;aemuf wpfpHk
wpfa,mufudk arQmfvifhaeouJhodkY wHcg;qDodkY wpfcgESpfcg vSrf;íMunhf\/
]]uRefawmfu &efukefrSmaewmeJY uRefawmfowfzdkY wm0efusygw,f ... r[kwf
ygbl;cifAsm ... uRefawmfu olwdkYudk ajym&wmr[kwfygbl; ... cifAsm;u uRefawmfhudk
b,fvdkxifvdkYvJ}}
]]tifrwef pdwf"mwfckdifwJh vlwpfa,mufvdkY xifwmaygh}}
]]bmjzpfvkdYvJ}}
]]tusKd ;taMumif; usKyu f ajymNyD;wJah emufawmif cifAsm; '‘Dae&mudk jyefvmvdYkaygh}}
]][m ... [m ... uRefawmfraMumufygbl;}}
]]wu,fvm;}}
]]wu,fyJ raMumufygbl;}}
]]raMumuf&if ‘Dtcef;rSm wpfa,mufwnf; tck ntdyfrvm;}}
]]uRefawmfu bmjzpfvdkY tdyf&rSmvJ}}
]]tvum; r[kwfygbl; cGefaomif;&JU ... tavmif;tpm;eJYyg/ usKyf ydkufqH
csr;f omw,fqw kd m cifAsm;todom;yJ/ onfawmh tckajymwJt h wdik ;f 'Dtcef;xJrmS tckn
tdyf0HhvdkY&Sd&if usKyfu aiG 1000d^- ay;r,f? rtdyf0Hh&if? xGufajy;&if cGefaomif;u aiG
5d^- xJ ay;awmh ... wpfaxmifeJY ig;usyf avmif;r,f}}
]]tdyfr,fAsm? pdefvdkuf ... 'gayr,fh cRif;csufwpfck ay;&r,f}}
]]bmvJ qdkprf;ygOD;}}
]]aemufaz; tapcHtdyfwJhtcef;rSmawmh usKyf rtdyfbl;aemf}}
]]rvdkygbl;/ cifAsm; tdyfcsifwJhae&mrSm tdyfyg}}
]]udkif; 'gjzifh cifAsm;&JU tavmif;tpm;udk uRefawmfvufcHNyD}}
]]eufjzef b,ftcsdefavmuf vlcsif; awGUMurvJ}}
]]7 em&DayghcifAsm}}
]]'gjzifh 7 em&Dwdwd usKyf a&mufatmifvmcJhr,f/ 'DawmhrS ½lar;eD;,m;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 23

[kdw,foGm;NyD; ESpfa,muftwlwl vufzuf&nfaomufMuwmaygh}}

]]aumif;NyD}}
]]za,mif;wdkifaum rD;xGef;zdkY ,lOD;rvm;}}
]]aus;Zl;wifygw,fAsm? r,lawmhygbl;? uRefawmfhrSm rD;jcpfygygw,f}}
xdYk aemuf uREfyk o f nf xrif;pm;cef;xJoYkd 0ifc&hJ m cGeaf omif;onf uREfyk af emufrS
vdu k v
f m\/ xdt k cg w½kwu f yf jywif;aygufwpfck yGií hf aeojzifh uREykf of nf jywif;ayguf
udk ydwf&ef teD;odkY oGm;a&mufav\/ tcsdefrSm rsm;pGm nOfhreufao;aomfvnf;
vrf;ay:wGif vloGm;vlvm jywfvsuf&Sd\/ taemufbufaumif;uifrS wpfjcrf;yJh
vav;onf rIerf mT ;pGm omvsuf&\ dS / wdu
k ef BD uD;ESihf rsufEmS csif;qdik üf uGuv
f yfwpfc&k &dS m
xdkuGufvyfay:wGif uREfkyfwdkYwdkufqDodkY armfMunhfaeaom vlwpfa,muf\ rnf;rnf;
yH k o P² m ef w pf c k u d k awG U jrif & av\/ xk d Y a emuf uREf k y f v nf ; jywif ; ayguf u d k
ydwfvdkufav\/
]]udkif; oGm;awmhr,f cGefaomif; ... *GwfEkduf}}
]]*Gwf('‘)Edkuf udkwifarmif}}
uREfkyfonf cGefaomif;tm; wpfa,mufwnf; þodkY xm;cJh&onfudk 0rf;enf;
bdouJhodkY pdwfrsm;ay:vm\/
]]cGefaomif;? cifAsm; wu,fae&pfrSmvm;}}
]]wu,fayghcifAsm/ cifAsm; uwdudk uRefawmfvufcHNyD;rSyJ}}
]]cifAsm; raMumuf ...}}
(pum;rqHk;rD) ]]tdk ... raMumufvdkYayghAsm}}
cGeaf omif;rSm aiG&vdrk aI Mumifo h mr[kwb f J olu, kd w
f ikd u
f yif aecsifpwd &f í
dS vm
[ef&Sd\/ odkYESifh uREfkyfonf wHcg;tjyifbufodkY xGufí olYtm; vufqGJEIwfquf&m
ol\vufrsm;rSm a&cJuJhodkY at;at;aq;aq; &Sdaeonfudk awGU&\/ xdkYaemuf uREfkyf
vnf; wdkufay:rS qif;vmcJhav\/
Ä Ä Ä

uREykf f tcef;opfoYkd a&mufaomtcg uREykf jf yKvkycf o hJ nfukd pOf;pm;ír&Edik af tmif

&Sdav\/ uREfkyfonf rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh cGefaomif;tm; xdktcef;ü wpfnae
apvdkoenf;/ wapäo&Judk r,HkMunf[k qdkapumrl uREfkyfonf ,HkMunf&m a&mufvsuf
ae\/ aool\ 0dnmOfrsm;onf olwYkd\ tavmif;aumifu, kd uf m,rS xGucf mG í olao
qHk;&modkY jyefíaeMuonfqdkaom pum;udk uREkfyfr,HkMunf[k EIwfuajymaomfvnf;
tjyKtrltm;jzifh uREfkyfvufcH&m a&mufae\/
aemufwpfaeYeeH ufü 7 em&Dtcsed w f iG f uREykf o
f nf wdu k ef BD uD;\ tay:qH;k xyfoYkd
wufíoGm;av\/ cGefaomif;tm; trnfudkac:NyD;vQif wHcg;udk tBudrfBudrfacguf&m
r&ojzifh uREfyk v f nf; twGi;f odYk wGe;f zGi0hf ifomG ;&m tcef;xJwiG f cGeaf omif;tm; rawGU&
awmhacs/ yxr uREfkyf\ tcef;üvnf;aumif;? {nfhcef;üvnf;aumif;? a&csdK;cef;ü

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 24

vnf;aumif;? rD;zdak qmifüvnf;aumif; &SmazG&m t&dyrf aiGUrQ rawGU&awmhacs/ pOf;pm;í

ae&ef vdrk nfrxifacs/ cGeaf omif;onf tavmif;tpm;udk vufcaH omfvnf; uREykf q f if;vm
cJhNyD;aemuf pdwfajymif;um ol\aetdrfodkY at;csrf;pGmjyefoGm;jcif;yif jzpf&ayrnf/
uREfyk o f nf pOf;pm;í 0rf;omrd\/ okYd EiS hf uREfyk o f nf jyefíqif;awmhrnf[k avScg;qDoYdk
avQmufvmcJhNyD;vQif 3-4 xpfrQ qif;cJhrd\/ odkYaomf wpfpHkwpf&mudk trSwf&ojzifh
jyefíwufvmcJhjyef\/
uREykf rf Munh&f ao;aom wpfae&museaf o;\/ ¤if;rSm tapcHcef;yif jzpfav\/
uREfkyfiSm;xm;aom tcef;us,fBuD;wGif þtapcHtcef;uav;wpfckom aMumufp&m
taumif;qHk;? ab;tEÅ&m,ft&SdqHk; ae&mjzpf&m þtaMumif;rsm;udk aumif;pGmod&SdNyD;
vlwpfa,mufonf tb,fenf;ESirhf Q 0ifíaernfr[kwaf cs/ vlwYkd\obm0onf rdr\ d
ab;tEÅ&m,fudk wwfEdkiforQ umuG,fa&SmifMuOf&onf r[kwfygavm/ uREfkyf
oGm;a&mufMunhf½Iaomfvnf; tydkyifjzpfacsrnf/
odkYaomf rMunhfrdonfhae&m r&Sd[k ajym&avatmif uREfkyfvnf; cef;rBuD;xJodkY
jyefí0ifcJhNyD;vQif tapcHcef;&Sd&m aemufaz;aqmifodkY avQmufvmav\/ tcef;uav;
a&SUodkYa&mufaomtcg wHcg;rSm aph½Hkomaphíxm;ojzifh uREfkyfvnf; wHcg;udkwGef;í
twGi;f odYk 0ifvu kd af v\/ uGyyf spaf y:üum; cGeaf omif;onf udb k ausmu f ohJ Ykdyif vufo;D
ESpfbufudk wif;MuyfpGmqkyfum rsufvHk;rsm;onfvnf; rsufvHk;tdrfxJrS aygufxGufvk
rwwf jyL;xGufvsuf aoaeonfudk awGU&av\/ teD;&Sd pm;yGJay:üum; rD;Nidrf;pyif
&Sdao;[efwlaom za,mif;wdkift<uif;tusefwpfckrS za,mif;&nfrsm; pD;usaeonfudk
awGU&avonf/
cG e f a omif ; tm; rnf o l v mí owf a voenf ; / od k Y r[k w f tvG e f
aMumuf&UHG jcif;aMumifyh if cGeaf omif;aoavoavm rajymwwfay/ aool\ 0dnmOfonf
towfcH&aomae&modkY jyefívmwwfaMumif; cGefaomif;onf ,HkMunf\/ ol,HkMunf
onfhtwdkif; þae&mü aooGm;aom 0dnmOfrsm;onf cGefaomif;tm; vma&muf
vufpm;acsjcif; jzpfavoavm/
wpfcsufvnf; pOf;pm;&ef&Sd\/ cGefaomif;onf tjyif{nfhcef;odkYvnf;aumif;?
uREfkyftdyfaom tdyfcef;üvnf;aumif; tdyfEdkifygvsuf xdkae&mrsm;wGif rtdyfbJ ab;
tEÅ&m,f&adS om tapcHtcef;xJoYkd a&mufaejcif;rSm ol\e*dpk w d uf kd 0dnmOfu aoG;aqmif
íyif jzpfavoavm[k pOf;pm;&ef&Sd\/ rnfoludkrqdkar;vQif [kwfvdrfhrnf[k ajzMum;
ayvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tavmif;tpm;jyKpOfuyif þtcef;ürtdyf&ef
cRif;csufawmif;cJhaom olwpfa,mufonf rdrd\pdwfudk vmítkyfpdk;aom tjcm;0dnmOf
wpfc\ k wdu k w f eG ;f qGaJ qmifrrI &Sbd J þtcef;odYk oGm;rnfr[kwaf cs/ ,cka&mufaejcif;rSm
þurÇmvlom;wdkY pOf;pm;Edkifonfh tcsufr[kwfay/
aemufq;kH tcsuw f pfcrk mS ,refaeYnu jywif;aygufukd uREyfk yf wd af epOf wdu k Ef iS hf
rsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sd uGufvyfay:wGif uREfkyfwdkYtcef;udk Munfhaeaom vlwpfa,mufyif
jzpfavonf/ cGefaomif;rSm tvGefvQdKU0Sufaom? vufpm;acs&mwGif vufjrefvSonfh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 25

toif;om;wpfOD;jzpfí toif;om;wpfa,mufa,mufyif þtcef;ü þnwGif

cGeaf omif;&Sad eaMumif; odojzifh vma&mufowfjzwfjcif;ayavm[k awG;&eftcsufvnf;
usefao;onf/
xdkYjyif vlaoíoGm;wdkif; za,mif;wdkifrD; vif;aeonfhudpu ö &Sdao;\/ 0dnmOf
onf 0dnmOfr[kwb f J vljzpfíom rD;xGe;f n§Ed ikd o
f avm/ þtcsurf mS þ0w¬KwGif pOf;pm;
&ef ta&;BuD;qHk;tcsufyif jzpfavonf/ odkYaomf uREfkyfpdwfxiftm;jzifh txufyg
tjzpftysuf\ vQdKU0SufeufeJrI\aomhcsufudk udkifxm;olrSm uREfkyfjywif;aygufudk
ydwfaepOf uREfkyftcef;&Sd&modkY pdkufíMunfhaeaom ]]ol}} yifjzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfrd
ygaMumif;/
Ä Ä Ä

cGeaf omif;aoqH;k aMumif; udw k ifarmifonf ½lar;eD;,m;[kw d ,f refae*smrSwqifh

qdik &f modYk wdik Mf um;&m ykvyd rf sm;onf udw k ifarmiftay:ü rouFmjzpfum udw k ifarmifrmS
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cH&avonf/
odkYaomf ½Hk;odkYa&mufaomtcg þtcef;rSm wapäajcmufaomtcef;jzpfí
tavmif;tpm;vkyu f m cGeaf omif;u oabmwlí tdyaf Mumif; 0wfvw kH pfO;D iSm;um wdik yf if
íxG u f q d k \ / q&m0ef \ aq;pmouf a ocH c suf r S m vnf ; aool o nf tvG e f
aMumufwwfí pdwv f yI &f mS ;um ESv;kH aoG;rNidrrf oufaom a&m*g&Sad eaMumif;? taMumuf
vGeí f jzpfap? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;vGeí f jzpfap pdwu f ½kd w
k w
f &uf xdcu
kd u
f m NAHK;ceJ aoqH;k oGm;Edik f
aMumif ; ? ,ck a oqH k ; onf r S m vnf ; ES v H k ; aoG ; ½k w f w &uf &yf o G m ;jcif ; aMumif h
aoqHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif; tppfcHavonf/
okdYESifh udkwifarmifrSm trIrS vGwfajrmufav&m avmif;aMu;aiG 1000d^- udk
cGefaomif;tm; ay;&rnfhtpm; trIjzpfí iSm;&rf;&onfh 0wfvHkodkY ay;cJh&avownf;/

uavmifpHkr*¾Zif;? 1951 ckESpf {NyDv

nrzwf & (od k U r[k w f ) aoG ; pk y f a &m*g

jzL;NrdKUteD;&Sd anmifyifom&GmBuD;rSm vlux

kH rH sm; aexdik í
f obm0tm;jzifv
h nf;
vSypdkjynfaom &Gmwpf&Gm jzpfonfhtwdkif; tawmfyifom,mpnfum;aom &GmBuD;wpf&Gm
jzpfavonf/ &efukef-rEÅav; vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif wnf&Sdí ,if;vrf;rBuD;rSm &Gmudk
awmifESifhajrmuf tv,frS xufjcrf;cGJíxm;ouJhokdU wnf&Sd\/ vrf;ab; wpfbuf
wpfcsufüum; vloGm;vrf;uav;&Sd\/ &GmxdyfwGif t"du& anmifyifBuD; wpfyif&Sd&m
xdkanmifyifBuD;udk tpGJjyKí ]anmifyifom}[k ac:wGif[ef&Sdavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 26

anmifyifBuD;\ awmifbufwGif uyfvsuf &GmOD;bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sd\/

ajrmufbuf wpfzmvHkcefU a0;aomae&mü &GmocFsKdif;&Sdavonf/ ocFsKdif;\ ta&SUbuf
2 zmvHck efUavmufwiG f acsmif;uav;wpfacsmif;pD &Sí d aEG&moDrsm;wGif crf;ajcmufvrk wwf
&Sd\/ &Gm\ ta&SUbufwGif &IarQmfí rqHk;aom v,fuGif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
taemufbufwGif yJcl;&dk;rawmifajcxda&mufatmif us,fjyefUaom uGif;jyifBuD;rsm;ESifh
v,fcif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? tcsdKU ae&mrsm;wGif pdrf;vef;aom opfyiftkyfrsm;ESifh
tjcm; &Gmi,fuav;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tvGefom,maom &IarQmfcif;udk jzpfap\/
&GmxJüvnf; wpfNcHESifh wpfNcH uyfaeonfh NcHrsm;twGuf o&uf? MoZm? rmvum? ydEéJ
paom pdrf;vef;aomtoGifudk aqmifvsuf&Sdav\/
opfyif 0g;yifrsm;\ pdr;f vef; om,mjcif;onfvnf; a&? rd;k eD;onft h wGuyf if
jzpfav&m jcHwpfjcHwGif a&wGif; wpfwGif;uspD &Sd\/ ajrrSm EHk;? &TUH? oJajrpyf jzpfNyD;vQif
6awmif? 7awmifEiS yhf if a&rsm;udk atmifjrifpmG &&Sad vonf/ þodUk jzifh anmifyifom&GmrSm
wpfaeUwpfjcm; pnfum;vsuf&Sdum jzL;NrdKU tNidrf;pm;t&m&Sd tcsdKUonfvnf;aumif;?
unGwu f iG ;f e,f pma&;pmcsrD sm;onf vnf;aumif;? anmifyifom &Gmuav;wGif ajrMoZm
rsm; 0,f,lum vma&muf aexdkifMuonf/
xdktcg uRefawmfonf anmifyifom &Gmav;ü acwåaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyf
pmwwf vl&, G v
f v
l wfrsm; enf;yg;aom ae&myif jzpfonft h wdik ;f a'gufwm a&Toifqo kd l
wpfa,mufESifh tawmfyif cspfcif&if;ESD;cJh\/ OD;a&ToifrSm &efukefaumvdyfausmif;wGif
owåaA'bufqikd &f m ouf&t dS &mrsm; jyKjyifyt
kH wwf (Physiology) ]]zDqtD v
kd *kd s}D } ynmwGif
ygarmu©wpfOD;jzpfí touft&G,ftm;jzifh EkysdKzswfvwfonfht&G,f ig;q,frQyif
rjynfhao;aomfvnf; tvkyfrS EIwfxGufcJhNyD;vQif yxr jzL;NrdKUü aexdkifcJh\/ xdkYaemuf
anmifyifomrS rdwfaqGwpfOD;\ wkdufwGef;zdwfac:csuft& ay 100 ywfvnfcefU &Sd
NcHwpfjcHudk 0,f,lum wpfxyftdrfuav; wpfvHk; aqmufvkyfí wynfh wpfa,mufESifh
twl at;csrf;pGm aexdkifcJhol jzpfavonf/
OD;a&Toifonf vma&mufonfh tcsdefrSpí uRefawmfESifh todtuRrf;jzpfcJh&m
ZeD;qHk;olcsif; uHwl tusdK;ay;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYrSm tjcm;olrsm;xuf
ydkrdk &if;ESD;cJhMuavonf/ vlcsif;yif&if;ESD;aomfvnf; 0goemcsif;um;rwlvSacs/
uRefawmfrSm iSufypfjcif;? trJvdkufjcif;? ig;jr§m;jcif;wdkYwGif 0goemygí OD;a&Toif\
ouf&t dS &mrsm; jyKjyifyt
kH wwfynmü 0goemrygacs/ a'gufwma&Toifonf tdyrf ufjcif;?
pdwfndSKUjcif;? vdyfjymudk ac:,ljcif;? vdyfjymudk appm;jcif; paom twwfwdkYü
txl;0goemygjyD;vQif vl\ udk,fcE¨mwGif&Sdaom vlwdkY\ 0dnmOfESifh ywfoufonfh
twwfynmrsm;udk aeYpOfESifh trQ avhusifh&SmazGaeolvnf; jzpfavonf/ olonf
wapäo&Jrsm;udkvnf; ,HkMunfí vlaojyD;aemuf xdkol\ 0dnmOfonf ]]aqmufwnf&m
r&ao;aom b0}}ü &SdaepOf uRefawmfwdkYonf tcgtcGifhoifhí wdkufqdkifu
jrifEdkifaMumif;jzifhvnf; ajymjy\/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwdkY jrif&aom½kyfrSmomref
uvyfpnf;wdkYjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;tyfaom ]]aoG;om;}}&kyfrsdK; r[kwfbJ xdk0dnmOfESifhtwl

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 27

uyfíygvmaom cyfa&;a&;rQ jrifEdkifonfh wHvSyfozG,f t&dyfta,mifrQom

jzpfaMumif;ESifhvnf; ajymjyavonf/
wpf a eYwG i f a'guf w ma&T o if o nf ol \ td r f ü uRef a wmf h t m;
vufzuf&nfMurf;tdk;jzifh {nfhcH&if; awm&Gm\ om,mMunfEl;zG,faumif;yHkrsm;? "avh
xH;k pHrsm;? &efuek Nf rdKUuJoh Ykd vl½yI v
f al yGrsm; raygrsm;bJ &d;k om;nHzh si;f í rodem;rvnf&mS aom
awmom; v,form;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHí aumif;yHkrsm;udk wpfvSnfhpDajym&if;
ol0goemygaom pkef;? o&J? wapä paom 0dnmOfavmu taMumif;odkY wjznf;jznf;
pum;a&mufí oGm;av\/
(a&T) ]]'gxuf udkwifarmif.. pkef;qdkwm ,Hkovm;}}
(uRefawmf) ]] Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JUAsm.. EdYk ayr,fh rawGUzl;ygbl;? rawGUzl;awmh
r,Hkbl;bJ qdkygawmh}}
]] uRefawmf pl;prf; &SmazG&oavmufuawmh pkef;[m tMurf;tm;jzifh 2rsdK;?
2 pm;&Sdw,fAs/ yxr trsdK;uawmh rdrd&JU 0dnmOfudk wjcm;ol&JU 0dnmOfeJYoGm;jyD;
a&mpyfatmif vkyEf ikd w f hJ wefc;kd owå&d wdS hJ vlawG &Sw
d ,fAs... 'kw, d trsKd ;uawmh olu, kd w
f ikd f
u tjcm;0dnmOfudk ryl;uyfEdkifbl;/ odkYaomf tjcm;0dnmOf wpfckckvm&if cH,lEdkifwJh
wefcdk;&Sdw,f... tJ'gu 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;/ yxr trsdK;tpm;u Active qdkygawmhAsm/
'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;u Passive aygh/ odYkaomf yxrtrsKd ;tpm;jzpfayr,fh olomG ;jyD; yl;uyfr,fh
vl&JU 0dnmOf[m tm;enf;jcif;? tm;aysmhjcif;? cH,lEdkifjcif; pwJh tiftm;enf;yg;wJh
vu©Pm&SdrS olu 0ifEdkifwmudk;As/ jrefrmpum;eJY ajym&&ifawmh vdyfjymi,fwJhvludkom
yl;uyfEdkifw,fqdkygawmh... cH,lEdkifjcif;wefcdk;owåd&SdwJh 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;uvnf;
'Denf;twdkif;yJ/ oludk,fwdkifu aysmhnHhwJhpdwf&Sdw,f? tm;i,fwwfw,f? ‘'gaMumifh
tjyifu wjcm;0dnmOfwpfcck v k m&if olvufcEH ikd w f ,f/ tJ'v D kd vufcEH ikd w
f t
hJ cg 0ifvmwJh
0dnmOf&UJ wefc;kd udk ol&jyD; tJ'0D n d mOf cdik ;f apwJt
h wdik ;f olvyk w f ,f/ 'gaMumifh pke;f yl;w,f
ewfy;l w,fq&kd if rde;f reJY uav;awGomrsm;w,f/ cifAsm;wdYk usKyfwYkdvkd pdwm”f wfBuHYcikd w f hJ
a,musfm;&ifhrMuD;awGudk olwdkY ruyfEdkifbl;/ usKyfodoavmuf tMurf;zsOf;ajym&&if
'D[myJAs/ usKyfvnf; 'Dbufudk vdkufpm;wm odyfrMumao;awmh '‘DavmufyJ prf;oyf
&SmazGvdkY &ao;w,f}}
]]uRefawmfjzifh olwdkYpGJwm uyfwmawG em;rvnfygbl;Asm/ wpfcgrSvnf; udk,f
awGU rMuHKzl;bl;/ cifAsm;&Si;f jywJh twdik ;f uawmh pdwyf nmoabmeJY Munfah wmif tifrwef
,k w å d & S d w myJ . .. pd w f t m;i,f w J h v l u d k pd w f t m;BuD ; rm;wJ h v l u Ed k i f w ,f q d k w m
obm0twdkif;yJ}}
wpfywfvQif wpfBudrrf Q jzL;odYkjzpfap? unTwu f iG ;f aps;odYkjzpfap ig;yd? qD? iHjym&nf?
ig;ajcmuf? xef;vsuf? oMum;? EdYk qD paom&dum© rsm;udk vlMuHKjzifyh g;íaomfvnf;aumif;?
wynfhwpfa,mufudk apvTwfíaomfvnf;aumif; 0,f,lap\/ qefrSmrl &GmxJuyif
armif;axmif;qefrsm; aygrsm;í tjyifodkY t0,fxGuf&ef rvdkay/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf
wdkYrSmvnf; jcHwdkif;vdkyif a0qmvsuf&Sdojzifh vdkonfxufyif ydkíaeawmh\/ þodkYjzifh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 28

uRefawmfwYkd onf om,mMunfE;l zG,af umif;aom anmifyifom&Gmuav;wGif aysmf&iT pf mG

aexdkifvsuf&SdMuav\/
olBuD;OD;pHNzdK;\om; armifoli,fqdkolrSm awmifilwGif ausmif;q&mvkyfae&mrS
ausmif;aumfrDwDrsm; ta&;,lavmufaom pm&dwåESifh ywfoufonfh jypfrIwpfcktwGuf
tvkyfrS xGufcJh&av&m t*Fvdyfpmwwfwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYESifh
taygif;toif;jzpfcJh\/ xdkoli,frSm uRefawmfwdkYxuf 10 ESpfcefY i,fonfhtjyif
taomuftpm; 0goemxHkolwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwdkif; &Hzef&Hcg uRefawmfwdkYxH
vma&muf\/
xdkYaemuf uRefawmfwdkY taygif;toif;wGif wpfa,mufwdk;vmjyef\/ ¤if;rSm
]rrdk;ol} (c) rkqdk;r t&m&Sduawmfa[mif; wpfa,mufjzpfavonf/ rrdk;olrSm touf
t&G,ftm;jzifh 40 ausmf t&G,faumif;wkef;rQ&Sdao;í½kyf&nfoefYjyefYaom rdef;racsm
wpfa,mufjzpf\/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif vifa,musfm; aoqHk;jyD;aemuf &efukefodkYjyefí
acwåaexdkifcJh&m toHk;tpm;rrQwojzifhwpfaMumif;? anmifyifom&GmodkY acwå
tvnf t ywf v mcJ h & mrS &G m \ taetxm; wd k ; wuf v myH k E S i f h om,mMunf E l ;
zG,faumif;aom ½Icif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? a&S;rdbvufxufrS rdwfa[mif;aqGa[mif;
tcsdKUudkvnf;aumif; awGU&jyD;vQif oabmusum wpfcgwnf; ajymif;a&TYvmcJhol
jzpfavonf/
odYk EiS hf pum;ajymazmfa&Gjcif;? taygif;toif;qefYjcif;? cifrifwwfjcif;wdYk aMumifh
rrdk;olonf rMumrD uRefawmfwdkYESifh cifrif&if;ESD;vmcJhjyD;vQif wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmf
wdkY0dkif;odkYyif 0ifa&mufum pum;pjrnf a&maESmajymqdkvsuf &Sdwwfavonf/ &efukefrS
vma&mufajymif;a&TU aexdkifolrsm;rSm uRefawmfwdkY(3)OD;om &Sdojzifh uRefawmfwdkYvnf;
wpfcgwpf&H a'gufwma&Toiftrd üf vnf;aumif;? wpfcgwpf&H uReaf wmft h rd üf vnf;aumif;?
{nfhcHauR;arG;í pum;0dkif;zGJY ajymwwfav&m wpfaeYwGif rrdk;oluvnf; ol\tdrfodkY
zdwfac:um xdkaeY npmauR;í {nfhcHav\/ armifoli,fqdkolrSmrl uRefawmfwdkYESifh
taygif;toif;[kom qdk&aomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&Hom vma&mufwwfojzifh xdkaeYu
tjcm;ol i ,f c sif ; rsm;ES i f h &G m xJ w G i f aomuf p m;rl ; ,pf u m uRef a wmf w d k Y 0 d k i f ; od k Y
ra&mufvmacs/
npm pm;aomuf M ujyD ; aemuf td r f a &S U Murf ; jyif w G i f zsmrsm;cif ; um
vufzuf&nfMurf;udk yJavSm?f xef;vsufwYkd jzifh jrnf;&if; pum;vufqu kH svsuf&adS v\/
rrd k ; ol u txuf & S r f ; jynf e ,f w G i f ol Y a ,musf m ;ES i f h aepOf u awG U BuH K cJ h a om
tawGUtBuHKrsm;udv k nf;aumif;? uRefawmfu usm;ypfjcif;ESihf nOft h csdew f iG f rD;vif;zdEk iS hf
,kev f ukd jf cif; taMumif;rsm;udv k nf;aumif; wpfvn S phf aD jymjyjyD;aemuf a'gufwma&Toifh
tvSnfh a&mufvm\/ a'gufwma&Toifonf rrdk;oltm; wpfrsdK;wpfzHk pdwf0ifpm;
ouJo h Ykd aom rsufv;kH rsm;jzifh wpfcgwpf&H tuJcwf Munfah ewwf\/ rrd;k olEiS hf rdwaf qG
o*F[tjzpf aygif;oif;&müvnf; uReaf wmfuo hJ Ykd [uf[ufyufyuf r&Sv d bS J cyfat;at;
&Sdaewwfav&m þtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí uRefawmfonf a'gufwm

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 29

a&Toiftay:wGif em;rvnfEdkifatmif &Sdawmh\/

rrdk;olonf yef;uefvHk;xJrS usefaomvufzuf&nfMurf;udk eHab;odkY
yufvu kd jf yD;aemuf-
]]udkif;.. a'gufwm.. ajymaeus wapäyHkrsdK;yJ ajymyg.. uRefruvnf; wapäyHk
odyfMudKufwm a'gufwm&JU}}
]]uRefawmfajymrSmu wapäyHkr[kwfygbl; rrdk;ol.. vlwpfa,mufaojyD;aemuf
olY&JU0dnmOfu b,fvdk oGm;vmusufpm;w,f? 0dnmOf&JU t&dyfta&mifudk vlomrefrsm;
jrifEdkifrjrifEdkif.. jyD;awmh 'D0dnmOfu tm;i,fwJhvlrsm;&JU 0dnmOfudk yl;Edkif ryl;Edkif pwJh
t,ltqawGudk avhvmaewJh taMumif;awGyg}}
]]ajymygav.. bmyJajymajym a'gufwmajymwmawG[m odyef m;axmifaumif;wm
bJ}}
]]aMomf.. 'gxuf.. (rajymaumif;ajymaumif;) aoG;pkyaf &m*gqdw k m Mum;zl;vm;}}
]]rMum;zl;ygbl;Asm}}
]]cifAsm;aum Mum;zl;vm; rrdk;ol}}
]]rMum;zl;aygif&Sif}}
]]aoG;pkyq f w kd m usKyfu twdak umufajymwmud;k As.. aoG;udk tpkycf &H jyD; csufcsif
;tm;jywfjyD; aowJh a&m*grsdK;aygh.. 'DvAkd s usKyft&ifu cifAsm;udk wpfcgajymzl;wJt h wdik ;f
0dnmOfwpfc[ k m tjcm;0dnmOfwpfcu k kd vmuyfjyD; vl&UJ aoG;udk pky,
f v
l Ykd jzpfwahJ &m*gaygh..
tuyfcH&wJh 0dnmOf[m wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ tifrweftm;i,fwJh 0dnmOfwpfckyJ/ vmjyD;
uyfwJh 0dnmOfuawmh usKyfajymwJh vlwpfa,muf&JU aqmufwnf&m r&wJh 0dnmOfyJ/
tJ'D0dnmOf[m vlYaoG;udk pkyfjyD; tcsdefMumjrifhpGm aeEdkifw,f.. usKyfwdkY jrefrm
t,ltqeJYqdkawmh vmjyD;uyfvmwJh 0dnmOfudk ]]zkwf}}vdkY ac:rvm;rodbl;.. 'DtcgrSm
tuyfcH&wJh yifudk,f0dnmOf[m jyifyu 0dnmOfeJY yl;aygif;rdwJhtwGuf bmrS rwwfEdkif
awmhbl; ... tjyifty 0dnmOfu apcdkif;wJhtwdkif;vkyf&awmhwmyJ}}
]]'gjzifh cifAsm;ajymwJhtwdkif;qdk&if vlaumif;udk zkwf0dnmOfu vmjyD;
0ifEdkifw,fqdkwmaygh}}
]][kwfw,f udkwifarmif? 'Dtwdkif;yJ... 'gaMumifh tJ'Da&m*grsdK;[m &Sdw,fvdkY
usKyfajymwmaygh... vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygif; 100 ausmfavmufu &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f ]0}e,fpyf
uGrf;vHkrSm tMuD;tus,fjzpfjyD; vm;&dI;udk a&mufvmw,f/ 'Daemuf awmifydkif;
&Srf;jynfe,fa&mufjyD; ]vG,fvif}em;u &Gmuav;wpf&Gmqdkwm wpf&GmvHk;ysufoGm;wJh
txdy/J jyD;awmh bmMumao;vdYk vAJ s/ vdKG ifaumfrmS wpfO;D ESpOf ;D jzpfw,fqw kd m od&w,f/
'Dawmh 'Da&m*g[m wpfcgwnf; vHk;0 wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;jyDvdkY rqdkEdkifbl;}}
]]owif;pmawGbmawGxJrSmawmh w,frawGUzl;bl;}}
]]owif;pmqdw k mu 'grsdK;udk odyjf yD; pdw0f ifpm;wmrS r[kwb f .J .. udw k ifarmif...
EdYk ayr,fh jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m usef;rma&;eJY aq;tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS usKyfawGUvdu k w
f ,fAs}}
rrd;k olonf xdn k Ofu h &,fp&m armp&mrsm;pGm rajymvSbJ EIwq f w d v f su&f &dS mrS...

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 30

]]uRefrwdYk awmh rMum;vdu k yf guvm; a'gufwm... vGecf w hJ hJ 2 ESpaf vmufuqd&k if

uRefrwdkY vdGKifaumfrSm &SdaewmbJ}}
]]'guawmh odcsifrS odrSmaygh rrdk;ol.. tvdk}}
a'gufwma&ToifvufxrJ S vufzuf&nfMurf; yef;uefonf jAHK;ceJ vGwu f somG ;jyD;
aemuf Murf;jyifatmufodkY usum tpdwfpdwftrTmtrTm uGJoGm;av\/
xdktcgrrdk;olonf ]]atmifrav; q&m&JU}} [k vefYí atmf[pfvdkufjyD;vQif
rsufpdrsufESm ysufoGm;\/
a'gufwma&Toifonf rawmfwqjzpfonft h wGuf nnf;nLvsu&f &dS m rrd;k olu
]]tdk... q&muvnf; nnf;raeprf;ygeJY? rawmfvdkY jzpfwmyJ/ tzdk;wefwJh ypönf;
vdkufvdkY}}
]]aMomf.. 'gxuf rrdk;olu vefYwwfovm;}}
]]rvefYwwfygbl; q&m&JU? a,mifatmfrdwmyg}}
xdkYaemuf uRefawmfvnf; tjcm;pum;rsm;udk qufvufajymqdkjyD;vQif
twefi,fnOfeh ufvmonfEiS hf rrd;k oltm; EIwq f ufjyD;um tdro f Ykd jyefcMhJ uav\/ vrf;wGif
a'gufwma&Toifonf uRefawmhftm; pum;tenf;i,frQom ajymvsuf wpfpHkwpf&m
eufeJaom udpw ö pfckudk awG;awm pOf;pm;vsuf&Sd[efjzifh tvGefyif qdwfjidrfvSawmh\/
xdkaeYrSpí a'gufwma&ToifESifh uRefawmfonf &ufaygif; 20 cefYrQ rawGUbJ
&SdaecJhavonf/
yltdkufaom &moDodkY a&mufvmNyDjzpf&m &GmtwGif;tjyif&Sd opfyifrsm;onf
&Gufa[mif;rsm; a<uusum t½dk;NydKif;NydKif;&Sdae\/ ,cifu pdrf;vef;cJhaom v,fcif;rsm;
onf 0g0if;aom zkef;qdk;wdkYjzifh jynfhvsuf rdk;wGif;u xlxJaom jrufcif;rsm;wGifvnf;
ajcmufaoGUaom aumuf&;kd yHrk sm;? ½d;k jywfpnf;rsm;udk awGUjrif&awmh\/ nOft h csderf sm;wGif
rnf;eufaom rSufjcif&dkif;wpfrsdK;onf ta&SUt&yfrS ysHoef;vmí ½dk;jywfpnf;rsm;ESifh
zkef;qdk;rsm;ay:wGif tyfcsp&mr&Sdatmif em;aeMuvsuf &GmxJrS tykyftpyfrsm;udk
pm;aomufjyD;vQif vlrsm;ESihf uREJ mG ; wd&pämefrsm;udk n§mwmjcif;uif;rJph mG udu k cf MJ uuke\ f /
xdkjcifrsdK;rSm &GmxJ&Sd touft&G,fBuD;&ifhaom vlBuD;rsm; ajymjycsuft&
(10)ESpftwGif; wpfBudrfrQyif rvmwwfaMumif;? þjcifrsdK; usa&mufvmu &GmwGif
a&m*gqdk;rsm; jzpfwwfaMumif;jzifh Mum;od&avonf/
vludk udkufcJaomtcg tqrwefBuD;rm;vSaom taumifBuD;rsm;onf
vl\ud, k af y:wGif yxrem;aejyD;aemuf vnfyif;qDoYkd wa&GUa&GU avQmufvm\/ xdYkaemuf
vnfrsdKrS aoG;aMumtwGif;odkY xdk;oGif;um aoG;rsm;udk pkyf,lav&m xdktcgrS tudkufcH
&olu odjyD;vQif armif;ESifypfEdkifavonf/ tudkufcH&olu vnfyif;taMumay:wGif
tyfpl;&muJhodkY taygufuav; 2 ayguf usefae&pfcJhwwf\/ yxr ,m;,H&mrS ysm;
xdk;ouJhodkY tqdyfwufaom a0'emudk cHpm;&avonf/
wpfaeYwiG f uReaf wmfonf awmifio l Ykd udpw
ö pfcEk iS hf 10 &ufcefY oGm;&í jyefa&muf
vm&m rrdk;oltdrfwGif xrif;csufaom t&D;qHk\ om;uav;rSm tawmfyif emrusef;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 31

jzpfaeaMumif;jzifh Mum;od&\/ oli,fav;rSm touf 16 ESpfom;om &Sdao;\/ rrdk;ol

jcHtwGif;&Sd jcHaxmifh wJi,fuav;ü qif;&JpGmaexdkif&\/ aemufwpfaeYü ¤if;tm;
aq;ukaom &GmxJrS aq;q&mMuD; OD;pHz;l xHrS xdt k aMumif;ESihf ywfoufí tawmfpv kH ifpmG
Mum;od&jyef\/ uRefawmfESifh a'gufwma&ToifwdkYonf OD;pHzl;tdrfodkY oGm;a&mufjyD;vQif
oli,fav;\ a&m*gtaMumif;udk ar;jref;Munfh&m atmufygtwdkif;od&Sd&\/
jciftkyfMuD;rsm; usvmjyD;aemuf 3 &ufajrmufaom aeYwGif oli,fav;onf
nOfh 12 em&Davmufu ol\ vnfyif;udk uif;xdk;ygonf[k ua,mifuwrf; xí
atmfaMumif;? tr,fMuD;onf rD;cGufxGef;í tdyf&mrS xMunfhaomtcg tdyf&mteD;tyg;
wGif rnfonfh yd;k rTm;wd&pämefrS rawGU&aMumif;? odYk aomf vnfrsdKteD;&Sd aoG;aMumay:wGif
tyfp;l &muJo h Ykd aoG;pdYkaeonfh taygufuav; 2 aygufukd awGU&aMumif;? aemufwpfaeYwiG f
oli,fav;onf rMumcP rl;a0vsuf xdt k csderf sdK;wGif ua,mifacsmufcsm; ajymaMumif;?
xrif;udkrl Nrdef&SufpGmpm;í rMumcPvnf; xrif;awmif;aMumif;? odkYaomf 4 &ufrQ
tMumü wpfcgwnf; ydeMf uHKazsmu h somG ;jyD;vQif wpfvud;k owif; rrmaeaom vlrrmBuD;
uJhodkY &kyfvu©Pmrsm; usqif;oGm;aMumif;? odkYaomf tpm;taomufudkrl ,cifu
usef;rmpOfuxufyif ydí k pm;aomufEikd af Mumif;? aq;0g;wdu k íf tm[m&jzpfapEdik af om
ig;O? c&rf;oD;? trJom;wdkYudk auR;aomfvnf; tiftm;rjzpfbJ vlrrmrSm t&dk;ay:wGif
ta&wifrQ &SdaeaMumif;? ,ckaeYrSm 11 &ufajrmufaomaeYjzpfí uav;twGuf
arQmfvifhcsuf tenf;i,frQom &SdaeaMumif;jzifh ajymjyavonf/
tdrftjyefwGif a'gufwma&Toifu...
]]usKyfMum;zl;wJh a&m*geJYawmh udkufaewmyJAsdKU.. olwdkY taemufEdkifiHrSmawmh
‘Da&m*gudk uyfa&m*gwpfrsKd ;qdjk yD; tifrwefaMumufMuw,fqykd AJ s.. yxr *sed ;f bk&if tkypf ;kd
pOftcgu 'Da&m*grsdK;[m t*Fvefu ul;pufvmw,fvdkY ,lqMuw,f.. 'Dawmh
uav;vnf; oufom&m&atmif jyD;awmh usKyfvnf; 'Da&m*gtaMumif; vufawGU
avhvmEdkifatmif eufjzef usKyftdrfudk a&TYxm;r,fAsm}}
]]rrdk;olu oabmwlyghrvm;}}
]]wlcsifwl rwlcsifaeAsm.. uav;udk olydkifwmrS r[kwfbJ? jyD;awmh olwdkY
aumif;zdkYvkyfwm.. tr,fBuD;u bmoabmrusp&m&SdvJAs/ tr,fBuD;udk usKyf&atmif
ajymr,f}}
þodkYjzifh uav;\ a&m*grSm a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu jzpfyGm;cJhzl;aom ]aoG;pkyf}
a&m*gjzpfaMumif;jzifh a'gufwma&Toifonf wpfxpfcs ,HkMunfvsuf&Sdav\/ aemuf
wpfaeYü a'gufwma&Toifonf tr,fBuD;\ oabmwlnDcsuft& vlrrmuav;tm;
apmifukd ykcufjyKvyk í f vl2 a,mufxrf;apjyD;vQif arQmv f ifch surf &Sad om vlrrmudk '‘kuc© í
H
ol\ tdrfodkY a&TYajymif;av\/ rrdk;olurl arQmfvifhcsufr&Sdaom vlrrmudk 'ku©cHí
a&TYajymif;jcif;jzifh tusKd ;xl;rnfr[kwaf Mumif;? awmifirl S q&m0efBuD;rsm;ESihf ukojcif;u
ydkí c&D;a&mufrnfxifaMumif;jzifh ajymjy\/ 0rf;xJurl xdkuJhodkY a&TUajymif;onfudk
oabmwl[ef vu©Pm r&Sdacs/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 32

xdknu rrdk;olonf owif;pmiSm;&ef uRefawmfhtdrfodkY a&mufvm&m tr,fBuD;

rSm olYom;twGuf a'gufwma&Toiftrd o f Ykd oGm;aeojzifh wpfa,mufwnf; vm&aMumif;
ajymjy\/ uRefawmfu aumfzD? bDpuGwfrkefYrsm;jzifh {nfhcHjyD;vQif pum;pjrnf
ajymqdkvsuf&Sd&m vlrrm taMumif;udk pum;pyfrdMu\/
]]'gxuf udw k ifarmif... &Siahf 'gufwmuvnf; vlwpfrsKd ;yJ&iS .hf . bmrsm;pdwu f ;l &jyD;
uav;udk olYtdrfa&TUwmvJ rajymwwfbl;}}
]]uav;jzpfwJh a&m*g[m &dk;&dk;r[kwfbl;/ a&S;ESpfaygif; 100 avmufwkef;u
&Srf;jynfe,f rSm pjzpfcJhzl;wJh uyfa&m*gwpfrsdK;vdkU ol,lqw,fav/ olUtqdku jynfy
0dnmOfwpfck yl;uyfNyD; jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'D 0dnmOftaMumif; avhvm&atmif jzpfrSmaygh/
olu pdwfynmorm; wpfa,mufyJ}}
]]r[kwfygbl;&Sif.. ½dk;½dk;tm;jywfwJh a&m*geJU wlygw,f}}
]]EdkUayr,fh xl;qef;wmwpfcku uav;[m tpm0ifoavmuf tm[m&rjzpfbJ
wpfaeUwjcm; ydefvmw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]'guawmh a&m*goabmud;k udw k ifarmif&UJ / uRerf wdUk vnf; q&m0efr[kwaf wmh
b,fodrvJ.. NyD;awmh uav;[m arQmf..}}
]]udik ;f .. 'DaeU owif;pmay;prf;ygOD; udw k ifarmif.. jyefO;D r,faemf? tr,fBuD;r&Sv d Ukd
tdrfaomhcwfxm;cJh&w,f.. aMomf.. 'gxuf ntdyf&if udkwifarmif jywif;ayguf zGifhtdyf
ovm;}}
]]zGifhtdyfw,f rrdk;ol.. odyftdkufwmAs/ usKyfu avr&&if rtdyfEdkifbl;/ NyD;awmh
usKyfwdkU&GmrSm olcdk;ol0Suf pdk;&drf&wmrS r[kwfbJ}}
]][kwfw,f udkwifarmif.. uRefrvnf; avvHkae&if raewwfbl;/jywif;ayguf
awG tm;vH;k zGit hf yd &f rS.. jcifaxmifuakd wmif rvTo J mvdUk cs&w,f/ udik ;f .. owif;pmvnf;
&NyD? uRefrjyefr,f udkwifarmif}}
rrd k ; ol jyef o G m ;NyD ; aemuf uRef a wmf o nf jywif ; ayguf r S wjzL;jzL;
wdkufcwfvsuf&Sdaom avjynfudk cHpm;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;av&m tvGef aMumufrufzG,f
aumif;aom tdrfrufwpfckudk jrifrufav\/ tdrfrufxJu uRefawmfonf tdyf&mrS
Ed;k aeí jywif;ayguf 2aygufpvH;k ydwaf eonfukd awGU&\/ odUk ESihf touf½LS MuyfNyD;vQif
tdy&f mrSxum yxr jywif;aygufwpfck &S&d modUk oGm;í wHcg;&Gurf sm;udk wGe;f zGiv hf ukd \f /
jywif;aygufüum; yHkoP²efwpfckonf vif;EdkUuJhodkU tjyifrS wGJ&&GJcdkvsuf&Sd&m
,if;yHkoP²ef\ rsufESmrSm rrdk;ol\ rsufESmjzpfavonf/ uRefawmfonf vefUzswfum
wpfudk,fvHk; wkefvIyfoGm;\/ cPMumrS owd&ojzifh jywif;wHcg;udk jyefí
ydwfvdkuf&avonf/ xdkUaemuf 'kwd,jywif;aygufqDodkY oGm;NyD;vQif zGifhvdkufjyef\/
okYd aomf xdjk ywif;ayguf yGio hf mG ;aomtcgüvnf; rrd;k ol\ rsufEmS udk jrif&jyefavonf/
uRefawmfonf jywif;aygufudk jyefí ydwfvdkuf\/
xdktcg uRefawmfvnf; avr&Sdaom tcef;xJwGif touf&SLMuyfum teD;&Sd
vufvSrf;rDorQ t&m0wåKrsm;udk qGJudkifzspfn§pfNyD;vQif toHukef [pfatmfvsuf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 33

&Sdav\/ odkUaomf toHonf tjyifodkU rxGufvmbJ vnfacsmif;xüyif epfjrKyfaysmuf

uG,fí oGm;avonf/
xdktcsdefü uRefawmfonf tdyf&mrS vefYEdk;&m jywif;ayguf 2aygufrSm yGifhvsuf
&S\
d / at;jraom avoHonfvnf; wjzL;jzL; wdu k cf wfvsu&f &dS m refusn;f yif xdyzf sm;rsm;
qDoUkd a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom v0ef;onf MunfvifpmG omvsuf ¤if;\ aiGa&mifjcnfrsm;udyk if
uRefawmf\ tdyf&mwpfjcrf;ay:odkU usa&mufapvsuf&Sd\/ tcsdefrSm 12em&DrQom
&Sdao;\/
toufudk tm;yg;w& wpfBudrf ½SL½dIufvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; xl;qef;
aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom tdyfruftaMumif;udk jyefvSefpOf;pm;&if; rdrdudk,fudkyif rdrd
jyefíNyHK;rdao;\/ nOfhtdyfcgeD;wGif rrdk;ol tvnfvmpOfu ajymcJhaom pum;rsm;udk
pGJvef;um jrifrufjcif; jzpfavoavm[k atmufarhrd\/
aemufwpfaeU eHeufü uRefawmfonf tdrfrS xrif;csuf oli,fav;ESifh vlwpf
a,muf pum;ajymoH Mum;ojzifh tdyf&mrS vefUíEdk;av\/ tcsdefrSm 6em&DcGJ
&SdNyDjzpfí rdk;pifpifvif;vsuf &SdaeavNyD/ wHcg;zGifhvdkufaomtcg a'gufwma&Toifonf
tcef;xJodkU ysm&D;ysm,m 0ifvmavonf/
]]tckrS Edk;ovm;As.. udkwifarmif}}
]][kwfuJh.. uRefawmf nOD;ydkif; aumif;aumif; tdyfraysmfvdkU rkd;vif;oGm;w,f/
cgwdkif;qdk&if ig;em&DcGJ xwmyJ.. apmapmpD;pD; bmrsm;taMumif;xl;vmvdkUvJAs...}}
]]xl;w,fAsdKU.. taMumif;uawmh odyfxl;wmyJ/ raeUnu uav;&JUa&m*g
tajctaeudk q&mOD;pHz;l eJU wkid yf ifNyD; ppfaq;Munfw h ,fAs.. vnfyif;u taygufuav;
2 ayguf tckxufxd&Sdao;w,f/ uav;&JU a&m*gtajctaea&m? olUpdwfae oabm
xm;a&m qef;ppfMunfhwJhtcgrSm jrefrmpmayeJU aq;ynmt&a&m? usKyfbufuvnf;
]&lyaA' obm0odyyHÜ nmt&a&m? a&S;a[mif; aq;&mZ0ift&a&m oli,fav;&JU a&m*g[m
0dnmOfwpfckcku aoG;pkyfNyD;aewJh a&m*gjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;w,fAs/ q&mOD;pHzl;vnf;
usKyfajymwmudk oabmaygufw,f/ NyD;awmh vlrrmudk usKyftdrfudka&TUwJhtcgwkef;u
cifAsm; rrd;k olu usKyftay: rauseyfb;l udw k ifarmif? cifAsm;awmh &dyrf v d m; rajymwwf
bl;/ usKyfawmh olYrsufESmudk jrif½HkeJU &dyfrdw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Drdef;rudk usKyfrouFmbl;
udkwifarmif}}
]]usKyfjzifh enf;enf;rS em;rvnfygbl;Asm}}
]]udik ;f .. 'gjzifeh m;axmif. '‘Daemuf bmjzpfrvJqw kd m usKyfajymjyr,f/ raeUnu
10 em&DavmufrSm uskKyfvnf; pm;yGJwif rSeftdrfrD;udk Nidrf;NyD; tdyfw,f/ vlrrm uawmh
tcef;axmifrh mS olUtarBuD;eJU tdyw f ,f/ 'geJU tdycf geD;rSm usKyt f yd w
f hJ tdy&f m&JU vuf0bJ uf
u jywif;aygufuav;wpfayguf[m wHcg;&Guw f pf&u G f yGiahf ewm usKyf owdrxm;rdb;l /
tdyfaysmfoGm;wmudk;As.. 'geJY n 12em&Dxdk;NyD;avmufrSm usKyftdyf&mu wpfa&;Edk;awmh
jywif;ayguf jyifbufuaeNyD; jywif;wHcg;udk zGifhaeovdk vufonf;eJU jcpfoHvdkvdk
toH wpfoH Mum;&wmud;k .. udw k ifarmif&YJ .. b,fEh , S vfh nf;.. vlyv J m;.. aMumifyv J m;..

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 34

iSuv f m;/ usKyf trsKd ;rsKd ;awG;rdw,f/ usKyt f rd u f ajcwH&n S af qmufxm;wJt h rd f r[kwv f m;/
jywif;ayguf[m ajrBuD;uaejyD; ay 20 jrifhw,fAs/ 'geJY usKyfvnf; tdyf&mux? ajc
oHrMum;atmif jywif;aygufqD avQmufoGm;jyD; cef;qD;axmifhwpfbufudk arSmif&dyfu
tomrjyD; Munfv h u
kd af wmh vm;.. vm;.. rrd;k ol rsuEf mS BuD;udk usKyfjrif&w,f udw k ifarmif/
olYvufwpfbuf[m vif;EdkYrsm; opfudkif;wG,fxm;ovdk jywif;aygufabmifay:
wG,fxm;w,f/ 'geJY usKyfvnf; tHhtm;oifhae&mu t&JpGefYNyD; wHcg;&Gufudk *sdKif;ceJ
qGJydwfvdkufwmbJAsdKU/ vufawmif enf;enf; xdoGm;w,fxifw,f}}
]]jzpfEdkifr,frxifygbl;udka&Toif.. cifAsm;pdwfu xifvdkYrsm;vm;}}
]]usKyf oli,fESyfpm; r[kwfygbl; udkwifarmif/ usKyfrsufpdeJUudk wyftyf
jrif&wmyg.. 'gwGif b,furvJ.. usKyfrtdyfbJ xdkifapmifhaeawmh tjyifrSm wG,fuyfae
ao;ovm; rajymwwfb;l / tawmifcwfov H v kd kd vufonf;eJY jcpfov H v kd kd Mum;ae&wm
rd;k omvif;a&m/ udik ;f . '‘Dawmh jzpfEikd rf jzpfEikd f usKyfajymwJh tcsuaf wG aygif;pyfMunfrh ,f..
jyD;awmh cifAsm;awmifiloGm;aewkef; usKyf bmvkyfw,fxifvJ/ vdGKifaumfrSm&SdwJh
usKyfrdwfaqG q&m0efwpfOD;qDudk rrdk;oltaMumif; pma&;jyD;ar;w,f udkwifarmif..
usKyfrdwfaqGuvnf; wwfEdkiforQ pHkprf;jyD; 5 &ufavmuftMumrSm jyefpm&w,f/
ol Y a ,musf m ;u vrf ; buf e J Y aqmuf v k y f a &;t&m&S d w pf O D ; As/ ol Y a ,muf s m;u
ukvm;ujym;emrnf rpöwma';ApfwJh/ olYa,mufsm;[m wjznf;jznf; tm;enf;jyD; aoG;
qkww f hJ a&m*geJY aoowJAh s/ jyD;awmh NrdKUay:rSm wjcm;vl 4-5 a,mufvnf; 'Da&m*grsKd ;eJY
aoMuowJh udkwifarmif&JU.. a&m*g&JY trnfudkawmh olvnf; aumif;aumif;
rac:wwfbl;wJh/ 'gayr,fh vlrrm[m tpm;taomufudk irf;irf;wuf pm;wm&,f?
vnfyif;u emw,femw,f nnf;vdYk Munfv h u kd af wmh jcifuukd &f mvdv
k kd ysm;wkww f mvdv
k kd
taygufuav; 2 ayguf awGU&w,f/ jyD;awmh rMumrMum rl;a0jyD; ua,mifacsmufcsm;
ajymwmawG&,f?f aEGO;D ayguftcsed f jzpfwm&,f? usKyfajymwJh aq; &mZ0ifrmS ygwJh ]]aoG;pky}f }
a&m*gqdkwJh ]]jyify 0dnmOf}} wpfcku vlYaoG;udk vmpkyf,lwJha&m*geJY vu©PmawGcsif;
udkufnDaewmyJ udkwifarmif}}
uRefawmfonf ,refaeYnu jrifrufaom tdyfrufudk pOf;pm;um awGa0í
aerdygonf/
(a'gufwma&Toifu qufvufí) ]] 'Dawmh yxrtcsufu olYa,musfm;jzpfwJh
a&m*geJY tck olYtrd rf mS xrif;csufaewJh rde;f rBuD;&JU om;uav;jzpfwhJ a&m*geJY vu©Pm
csif; wlw,f/ 'kwd, tcsufu rrdk;ol[m 'Duav;udk usKyftdrfa&TY,lwm rMudKufbl;/
wwd, tcsufu rrdk;ol[m bmr[kwfwJh [muav;eJY zswfceJvefYjyD; rsufpdrsufESm
ysufoGm;wwfw,f.. usKyfwdkY olYtdrfrSm t&ifwpfcg vufzuf&nfaomufwkef;u
vufzuf&nfyef;uefwpfvHk; wrifwumcscGJjyD; usKyfu prf;vdkufawmh a,mifatmfjyD;
rsufpdrsufESm ysufoGm;w,f r[kwfvm;/ a,mifwmuawmh vlwdkif;vdk jzpfwwfvdkY
xm;ygawmh/ 'guav; 'Davmuf rsufpd rsufESmysuf? rsufESm jzLzyfjzLa&mf jzpfoGm;w,f
qdkwmawmh vGefvGef;w,f.. 'DtcsufawGaMumifh olYudk usKyf rouFmbl; udkwif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 35

armif..eD;pyf&mudk t&ifqHk; wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwmvnf; usKyf ,HkMunfw,f}}

xktd cgrS uReaf wmfvnf; ,refnu jrifrufaom tdyrf ufukd a’gufwma&Toiftm;
ajymjyav\/
]]cifAsm; wpfenf;tm;jzifh uHaumif;w,fAsKd U udw k ifarmif/ olY0nd mOfu raeYnu
tjyifudkxGufjyD; usufpm;w,fqdkwm xif&Sm;NyD/ tdyfrufqdkwm cifAsm;&JU odwwfwJh
pdwfeJY rodwwfwJh pdwfpyfMum;rSm jzpfay:vmwJh t&dyfta,mifbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dtajctxd
a&muf&if cifAsm; usKyfudk ulnD&vdrfhr,f}}
]]b,fvdk ulnD&rSmvJ}}
]]vlrrm oli,fav;udk apmifha&SmufwJh ae&mrSma&m 'D0dnmOfudk usKyf&SmazG
azmfxw k w f hJ ae&mrSma&mayghAsm.. aoG;&d;k om;&d;k r[kwbf ;l udw
k ifarmif/ jyifyu 0dnmOfwpfck
'Drdef;rudk pGJuyfaewm trSefyJ.. a&SUudk b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmawmh usKyfwdkY Munfhao;
wmaygh.. taMumif;tcsuf 2 ck&Sdw,f udkwifarmif/ yxrtcsufu 'Doli,fav;&JU
toufukd apmifah &SmufumuG,zf Ykd? 'kw, d tcsuu f cifAsm;twGub f .J . 'grsKd ;[m eD;pyf&mudk
t&ifwu kd cf ukd w
f wfvYkd usKyu
f kd rke;f oavmuf cifAsm;udk cifrifw,f.. b,fEh , S v
hf J ulnrD ,f
r[kwfvm;}}
]]ulnDyghr,fAsm}}
uRefawmfwdkYonf xdktcgrSpí vlrrmteD;wGif tjrJaexdkifvsuf tcsdef
tenf;i,frQ tvpfray;bJ apmifha&Smuf jyKpkvsuf&Sdav\/ odkYESifhtom;tenf;i,frQ
auR;arG;aomtcg vlrrmonf rsufESmu aoG;a&mifvQrf;um tiftm;jynfhwif;í
vmawmh\/
Ä Ä Ä

4 &ufajrmufaomaeYü uRefawmfESifh a'gufwma&ToifwdkYonf vlrrmteD;ü

ol\ rdcifBuD;ESihf xrif;csuf oli,fav;udk tapmifx h m;cJjh yD;vQif &Gmtv,f um;vrf;ab;
wpfavQmufrS awmifbufodkY avQmufvmcJhMu\/ xdktcgrSm eHeuf 8 em&DcefY jzpfojzifh
pyg;wifaom avmfvDum;BuD;rsm;? awmifiloGm; bwf(pf)um;ESifh c&D;onfwif &efukef
rEÅÅav;um;rsm; tawmfyif ½Iy, f uS cf wfvsuf&&dS m uRefawmfwYkd rmS rMumcP vrf;ab;rS
a&SmifxGufoGm;&\/
&G m vnf & S d wH w m;uav;teD ; a&muf a omtcg uRef a wmf w d k Y ES i f h
rsuf E S m csif ; qd k i f b uf r S vuf q G J j cif ; uav;wpf c k u d k ud k i f í vmaom rrd k ; ol E S i f h
yufyif;ygawGU&\/ rrdk;olonf uRefawmhftm; yxrMunfhjyD;vQif a'gufwma&Toiftm;
rvTJomojzifh Munfh&onfh tMunhfrsdK;jzifh MunfhjyD;aemuf..
]]b,fhES,f .. apmapmpD;pD; udkwifarmifwdkY vrf;avQmufMu rSwfw,f..}}
[k ajymum jyHK;&,fvdkuf\/
(uRefawmf) ]][kwfw,f rrdk;ol.. cifAsm;aum b,fuvmwmvJ}}
]]taemufbufwef;u [if;&Gucf ;l jyD; jyefvmw,f.. 'gxuf atmifped f b,fEh , S hf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 36

aeao;vJ/ tawmfoufomaeNyD Mum;w,f}}

]][kwfw,f rrdk;ol.. raeYu EdkY 50 om;avmuf aomufEdkifvmNyD ... NyD;awmh
tpm;taomufvnf; avmbwBuD; r[kwfawmhbJ tawmfrSefvmjyD}}
]]aumif;ygavwJh&Sifh oufomygap/ uRefrvnf; tckvmMunfhygOD;r,f}}
xdktcsdefxd £ajE´BuD;pGmjzifh pum;rajymbJ &Sdaeaom a'gufwma&Toifonf
rrdk;ol\ rsufESmteD;odkY a&mufatmif vufnSdK;xdk;um ...
]] 'DrSm rrdk;ol? cifAsm; usKyftdrfudk rvm&ifaumif;r,f/ cifAsm;udk usKyf
enf;enf;av;rS rouFmbl;.. '‘Dtvkyu f kd cifAsm; &yfvu kd &f if aumif;r,f.. usKyf owday;
vdkufygay&JU.. jyD;awmh}}
pum;rqH;k rD rrd;k olonf a'gufwma&Toif\ vufnK§d ;udk rMunf0h o hH nf[h efjzifh
rsufvHk;rsm;udk rSdwfum vufwpfbufjzifh a&Smif&Sm;umuG,fvsuf &Sdav\/ ol\
vuf,mbuf vufñdI;rSm t0wfpuav; wpfckjzifh pnf;aESmifxm;onfudk awGU&ojzifh
uRefawmfvnf; a'gufwma&Toif ajymjyaom ,refnu tjzpftysufrsm;udk owd
&rdvu kd \
f / rrd;k ol\rsuEf mS vlaorsuEf mS uJo h Ykd &kww
f &uf csucf si;f jzLa&mfíoGm;jyD;vQif
e*dk½kyfyif ysufíoGm;onf[k uRefawmf xifrd\/ þrQavmuf ½kyfysufqif;ysuf jzpfí
oGm;aom rsuEf mS rsKd ;udk uReaf wmf\ wpfoufwiG f rawGUjrifz;l acs/ vufEiS hf a&Smif&mS ;vsuf
&S&d mrS olonf wpfu, kd v
f ;kH wqwfqwf wkev f mjyD;vQif urlay:odYk ajcacsmfí eif;vdu k f
rdojzifh vrf;ab;odkY vJusoGm;av\/ xdkcPüyif ]]abmf}}ceJ jrnfvdkufaom um;oH
wpfoHudk Mum;vdkuf&\/
uRefawmfwdkY tHhtm;oifhjcif;rQ raysmufrD ukefwifum;wpfpD;onf rrdk;ol\
udk,fay:odkY &ifrS pvG,fodkif;jzwfum eif;Budwfí oGm;avjyD/
uReaf wmfwYkdonf tjrefarmif;ESio f mG ;aom um;udk *½krpdu k Ef ikd b
f J uReaf wmfonf
rrd;k oltm; ayGUcs, D v
l ukd &f m rrd;k olonf a0'em cHpm;&ojzifh ½HUI rJv h su&f o dS nfh tMum;rSyif
uRefawmfhtm; cifrif Muifemonfh t”dyÜg,fygaom rsufvHk;rsdK;jzifh wpfcsufrQ Munfhvdkuf
ao;\/ xdkYaemuf yg;vTmaom yg;pyfuav;udk wpfcsufrQ [vdkufjyD;vQif uRefawmfh
vufay:üyif toufaysmufí oGm;&Smawmh\/
rrd;k ol\ tavmif;udk &Gm\xH;k pHtwdik ;f &GmxJoYkd roGi;f bJ &Gmtjyifu xm;\/
tokbudpu ö kd tultnDjzifh uReaf wmfwYkdEpS af ,mufuyif acgif;aqmifNyD;vQif xdak eYnae
udpNö yD;atmif aqmif&GufMu\/
Ä Ä Ä

rrdk;olrSm þwGif Zmwfodrf;cJhavNyD/ odkYaomf ol\ taMumif;t&mrsm;um;

quf&ef&Sdao;\/
aeY&ufrsm;onf ukefvGefíoGm;&m &GmwGif rrdk;ol\ taMumif;udkvnf;
wpfaeYwpfjcm; arhavsmhyaysmufí oGm;cJhavjyD/ cifrif&if;ESD;cJhaom uRefawmfwdkY
ESpfa,mufcsif;om tawmftwef owd&vsuf &Sdae\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 37

aEG&moD ukefajrmufí rdk;OD;us uqkefvqef;odkY a&mufvmcJh\/

wpfaeYaom nu uRefawmfonf olBuD;om; armifoli,fu npmzdwfí
auR;arG;ojzifh oGm;a&muf&m xrif;pm;jyD;aemuf vufzuf&nfMurf; aomuNyD;vQif
,if;aemufwGif ]]ydkum}}0dkif;rSm omíaumif;ojzihf nOfh 11 em&Dxdk;rS tdrfodkYjyefcJh&\/
xdkaeYrSm vjynfhausmf(1)&ufaeYn jzpfojzifh Munfvifaom vrif;onf xdefvif;
pGmomvsuf &Sdae\/ armifoli,f aeaomtdrfrSm &Gm\ ajrmufbuftpGefwGif &Sdojzifh
uRefawmfvnf; &Gmv,fvrf;rS avQmufí jyefcJh&m rrdk;olaeaom tdrf0if;teD;odkY
a&mufaomtcg vlraeaomtdrfrS 0g;x&Hjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom 0if;wHcg;onf
twGif;bufrS yGifhoGm;jyD;aemuf rdef;rwpfa,muf\ yHkoP²meffonf tjyifvrf;ray:odkY
xGuv f m&m ¤if;rSm aumif;pGmjzD;vdr;f 0wfpm;xm;aom rrd;k olyif jzpfavonf/ uReaf wmf
onf MuufoD;rsm; xíoGm;jyD;vQif ,if;yHkoP²meftm; tHhMojcif;? aMumuf&GHUjcif;?
awGa0jcif;wdkYjzifh acwårQ ai;pdkufMunfhaerd\/ uRefawmf a&muf&Sdaeaom ae&mrSm
tdrfajc&if;bufwGif pdkufxm;aom tkef;ESJyif\ t&dyfatmufwGif &Sdaeí rrdk;olonf
uRefawmhftm; jrif[efrwlacs/ ywf0ef;usifum; wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd\/
xdkoP²mefonf wjznf;jznf; vrf;ray:odkY wufum vrf;udk ausmfjzwf
oGm;jyD;aemuf xef;yifuav; 2 yifMum;rS rsufapmif;xdk; tdrf0if;xJodkY 0ifoGm;jyD;vQif
wHpufNrdwfatmufodkY a&mufaomtcg aysmufuG,fí oGm;av\/
odYkEiS hf uReaf wmfvnf; acgif;em;yef;BuD;um ajcvSr;f udk cyfow k o
f wk f vSr;f cJjh yD;vQif
tdrof Ykdr0ifao;bJ uReaf wmhf tdrEf iS hf rsuaf pmif;xd;k wGi&f adS om a'gufwma&Toif\ tdro f Ykd
oGm;jyD;vQif wHcg;udk acgufav\/ a'gufwma&Toifonf pmzwfNyD;p tdyf&may:wGif
vSJ&HkrQom&Sdao;í uRefawmfhtm; csufjcif;yif wHcg;zGifhíay;avonf/
]]b,fhES,fhvJ udkwifarmif.. ysm&dysm,meJY bmjzpfwmvJ.. cifAsm;pajymrvm;..
'grS r[kwf&if usKyftawG;udk ajym&rvm;}}
]]cifAsm; rawG;Edkifygbl;Asm}}
]]rawG;Edkifbl;xm;awmh.. txifajym&&if [dkrdef;r jyefvmwm cifAsm;
jrif&w,fr[kwfvm;/ udkif;.. ajymprf;Asm}}
uRefawmfonf a'gufwma&Toiftm; uRefawmf awGUjrifcJhorQudk tptqHk;
jyefajymav\/
pD;u&ufaomuf&if; em;axmifaejyD;aemuf a'gufwma&Toifonf pD;u&ufwu kd kd
aiGvifyef;xJwGif yGwfacsvdkufav\/
]]tJ'Dtdrf[m udkw½kwfjzLtdrfAs.. acgif;&if;bufrSm xef;yifuav; 2 yif&Sdw,f
av}}
]][kww f ,f.. tJ'x D ef;yifuav; 2 yifMum;xJuyJ 0ifomG ;w,f/ 'gjzifh usKyfwYkd
b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ}}
]]b,fvv kd yk Mf urvJq.kd . vkyzf Ykdenf;vrf; &Sm&rSmaygh udw
k ifarmif/ udik ;f .. tJ't D rd f
qDudk usKyfwdkY cP vrf;avQmufMunfh&atmif}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 38

OD;w&kwfjzL\ tdrfrSm ESpfxyftdrfwpftdrfjzpfí tdrfa&SUodkY a&mufaomtcg

tdrfay: jywif;aygufeSpfayguf yGifhaejyD;vQif rD;rsm; xdefvif;vsuf tdrfxJrS vloHrsm;
udkvnf; Mum;&\/ xdkcPü OD;w&kwfjzLonf uRefawmfwdkY acwå&yfMunfhaeonfudk
jrifojzifh tdrfjyifodkY xGufvmavonf/
(jzL) ]]aMomf.. udkwifarmifeJY a'gufwma&ToifwdkYygvm;.. nOfheufvSjyD..
b,foGm;MurvdkYvJ}}
(uRefawmf) ]]armifoli,ftdrfu jyefvmMuwmyg.. aemifawmfaum b,fvJ}}
(jzL) ]]uRefawmf q&mOD;pHzl; oGm;ac:rvdkYyg/ uRefawmfhrdef;r rNidrf;[m
b,fvdkjzpfrSef;rodbl; a'gufwm&JU/ ntdyf&m0ifwkef;u taumif;bJ/ uRefawmf
[dkbuftdrfu pum;ajymjyD; jyefvmawmh rsufESmu jzLzyfjzLa&mf jzpfNyD; armw,f..
armw,f ajymaew,f/ udkif;.. uRefawmfhudk wpfqdwf cGifhjyKygcifAsm.. OD;pHzl;udk oGm;EId;&
OD;r,f}}
(oif) ]] 'DrSm cPaeygOD; OD;w&kwfjzL.. vnfyif;uaum emw,fajymvm;}}
(jzL) ]]ajymw,fcifAs.. rD;cGufrSm MunfhwJhtcg ysm;wkwfwJh t&mav;vdk
aoG;xGufaewJh tyfaygufavmuf taygufuav; 2 aygufawGY&w,f/ aMomf.. 'gxuf
t&ifu rrd;k oltrd rf mS xrif;csufwhJ a':pHh om;uav;vnf; vnfyif;rSm rSurf J tudu k cf H
&jyD; rMumrMum armaew,f Mum;&w,f..'‘Da&m*grsdK;vm; rajymwwfygbl;cifAsm}}
OD;w&kwfjzLonf nnf;nLí xGufoGm;aomtcg a'gufwma&Toifvnf;
uRefawmfhtm; vufukyfí ...
]]udkif;.. usKyfwdkY tvkyfpMu&vdrfhr,fAsdKU.. vmAsm.. udkwifarmif}}
tdrfodkY ac:oGm;NyD;aemuf a'gufwma&Toifonf uRefawmhftm; ol\
aygufcRef;wpfck? 0uftlvSnfh wpfacsmif;? BudK;acGwpfacG? vufESdyf"mwfrD;wpfvufudk
,lcJhNyD;vQif uRefawmfhtm;vnf; a*:jym; wpfckudk ,lcJhapí tdrfrSxGufcJh&m uRefawmfhrSm
¤if;\ tBuHtpnfudkyif r&dyfrdcJhay/
]]udkif;.. vm udkwifarmif/ usKyfwdkYoGm; Mur ,f}}
]]b,fudkvJAs}}
]]&GmocsØKif;udkav}}
Ä Ä Ä

uRefawmfwdkYvnf; vlolav;yg; rawGUap&ef &Gmvrf;rBuD;twdkif; aemufaz;

vloGm;vrf;uav;wavQmufrS &GmocsØKif;&Sd&modkY vmcJhMuav\/ vrf;wGif a'gufwm
a&Toifu ..
]]'DrSm udkwifarmif.. usKyfawG;wJhtwdkif;rSef&if rdk;rvif;cif rsufpdeJY
cifAsm;udk,fwdkif wwftyf jrif&vdrfhr,f/ olY0dnmOf&JU yHkoP²meft&dyfta,mifudk cifAsm;
trSwfrxifawGYwm usKyfwdkY uHaumif;w,f/ {uEÅ vlYaoG;udkpkyfwJh 0dnmOf[m '‘Drdef;r
raocif olYudk,fxJ0ifjyD; olY0dnmOfeJY yl;aygif;jyD; 'Dtvkyfudk vkyfw,f.. tck olao

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 39

oGm;jyD;wJhaemufvnf; 'D0dnmOf[m olYudk,fxJrSmyJ &Sd&r,f/ &SdvdkYom olraocifu

t&dyt f a,mifukd aqmifNyD; noef;acgifrmS &GmxJxu G jf yD; usupf m;wmjzpf&r,f/ trSeaf wmh
cifAsm;jrifcJh&wm uHaumif;wmyJAsdKU/ usKyfwdkY rykyfrodk; awGY&vdrfhr,f/ a[m[dku
refusnf;yiftkyfuav;[m &GmocsØKif;yJ r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfwdkYonf &GmocsØKif;odkY a&mufvmcJhNyDjzpf&m trSwftom; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
pdkufxlxm;aom ajryHkocsØKif;&mrsm;onf va&mifatmufwGif aMumufzG,fvdvd &Sday\/
&Gmokomef ]]wpfpjyif}} wpfckvHk;rSm va&mifatmufwGif xdefxdefvif;vsuf&Sdav&m
uRefawmfwdkYvnf; rrdk;ol\ ocsØKif;&m ajryHkudk tvG,fwul awGY&Sd&av\/
rrd;k olocsKØ if;rSm Z&yfEiS hf 0g;av;jyefcefYom a0;ojzifh a'gufwma&Toifonf uReaf wmht f m;
Z&yfay:&Sd arSmif&yd wf pfco k Ykd ac:oGm;NyD;aemuf uReaf wmfwYkdonf xdak e&mrSyif apmifq h ikd ;f &ef
ae&m,llMuav\/
]] 'DvdkAs udkwifarmif... cifAsm;awGUcJhwJh rrdk;ol t&dyfta,mif[m olY0dnmOf
[kwfcsifrS[kwfr,f/ oltouf&SdpOfu olYudkrSDaewJh tjyiftyu aoG;pkyf0dnmOf fjzpfcsif
jzpfr,f/ 'D0dnmOf[m olaooGm;jyD;wJhaemuf wjcm;udkroGm;bJ olY&JU udk,fcE¨mxJudk
0ifaew,f.. aeYtcg olYudk,fcE¨mBuD;xJrSm udef;atmif;jyD; ntcgusrS udk,fxJrS
xGufusufpm;wwfwmrsdK;udkAs}}
]]jzpfEdkifyghrvm;Asm}}
]]'gawmh usKyfwdkY rMumcifawGY&rSmaygh.. tJ'Dvdk vSnfhvnf usufpm;NyD;
rlvudk,fcE¨m twåabmqDudk rdk;rvif;cif jyefw,f.. aeYtcsdefrSm oludef;atmif;aewJh
&kyftavmif;xJu b,fenf;eJYrS rxGufEdkifbl;.. tJ'Dvdk noef;acgifrSm usufpm;NyD;
jyefvmwJhtcg tavmif;[mvnf; aoG;om;jynfh0NyD; rykyfrodk;bJ &Sdaewwfw,f}}
]]cifAsm;ajymovdkawmh tifrwefxl;qef;wmyJ}}
]]0dnmOfavmu&JU xl;qef;yHkawG[m ajymvdkY rukefoavmufbJ udkwifarmif..
cifAsm;wdkY usKyfwdkY tckaewmu vlwpfa,muf touf&Sifaewkef; olYrSm&SdwJh
pdw"f mwfavmufuo kd m tay:,HoMd uwmud;k As.. aoonf\ tjcm;rJh olY0n d mOfa&mufomG ;
wJh avmuudk usKyfwdkYrS rodbJ/ Oyrm.. bmeJY wlovJqdk&if vltrsm; awGUwJh odwJh
ajryHkavmufom cifAsm;wdkY usKyfwdkY odwmudk;As.. urÇmay:rSm vlawG rayguf ra&muf
zl;ao;wJh awmawmifa&ajr pMum0VmawG &Sdovdk usKyfwdkY rjrifzl;?rawGUzl;wJh ae&mawG
&Sdwmaygh.. 3 em&Dawmifxdk;jyD}}
uRefawmfwYkd onf Z&yfaxmifw h pfaxmif&h dS arSmif&yd w
f iG f yifyef;BuD;pGm apmifq h ikd ;f
vsuf &SdMuav\/
tdyfcsifidkufjrnf;jcif;? qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;? aq;vdyfaomufcsifjcif;rsm;onf
uRefawmhftwGuf rcHr&yfEdkifatmif &Sdaomfvnf; wHawG;udk rsdKcsjcif;jzifhom wif;wdrf&
awmh\/ em&DvufwHonf puf0dkif;udk wjznf;jznf; vnfywfcJhjyD;aemuf 4 em&DodkY
a&mufívm&m &GmxJrS MuufwGefoHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? &GmOD;bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rS
ukvm;wufacgufoHudkvnf;aumif; Mum;&\/ odkYaomf xdktcsdefxd wpfpHkwpf&m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 40

taMumif;rxl;acs/ a'gufwma&ToifrmS rdrx d ifjrifonft

h wdik ;f jzpf&rnf[al om rsuEf mS rsKd ;
jzifh vGefpGmyif pdwftm;xufoefvsuf &Sdavonf/
v0ifomG ;jyD;aemuf twefi,f arSmifíoGm;aomfvnf; Mu,frsm;\ta&mifonf
va&mifeD;yg;rQ qufvuf awmufyvsuf&Sd\/ 5 em&DodkYyif a&mufcJhavNyD/
wpfcPrQMumaomtcg &Gmxdyfbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;qDrS acG;tloHwpfoH
Mum;vdkuf&jyD;aemuf a'gufwma&Toifonf wpfae&mudk vufñdI;nTefum uRefawmf\
vufwpfzufudk jznf;nif;pGmukwfítcsufay;vdkufojzifh olvufñdI;nTef&modkY
Munfhvdkuf&m jcHpnf;½dk;qDrS tv,focsØKif; ajryHkrsm;&Sd&modkY wa&GYa&GY vmaeaom
rdef;rwpfa,muf\ yHkoP²mefudk awGUjrif&av\/
udk,fvHk;udk,faygufESifh vIyf&Sm;yHk[efyefudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh rrdk;olESifh
wlvSacs\/ wa&GYa&GY vmaeaom oP²mefrSm ajcjzifhvSrf;oGm;onfxuf a&GYvsm;jcif;u
ydkrsm;onf[k qdk&ayrnf/
teD;odkYa&mufaomtcg Mu,frsm;\ tvif;a&mifu usifhom;&vmNyDjzpfaom
uRefawmf\ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm rrdk;ol\ rsufESmudk aumif;pGm rSwfrdawmh\/ yg;pyfESifh
EIwfcrf;ywfvnfu eD&Jaom t&nfrsm; pD;usvsuf&Sd\/ yHkoP²mefonf rrdk;olYocsØKif;
ajryHkwnfhwnfhay:odkY a&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf EIwfcrf;rsm;udk okwfonfh[efjzifh
vufwpfbufudk yg;pyfqDodkY ajr§mufvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf aumif;uifodkY vufESpfbuf
udk ajr§mufNyD;vQif MuufoD;arG;nif; xavmufatmif jyif;pGmaom &,farmoHBuD;jzifh
&,farmjyD;aemuf ajrBuD;xJodkY vQdK;0ifaysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
]]udkif;.. vmAsdKU udkwifarmif}} [kac:ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; a'gufwma&Toif
aemufodkY vdkufygoGm;&av\/
a'gufwma&Toifonf rrd;k ol\ ocsKØ i;f &mudk aygufcRe;f jzifh wl;qGav&m uReaf wmf
u a*:jym;jzifh ajrrsm;udk ,ufxkwfay;&\/ rdepf 20cefY tMumwGif 3 aycefYrQ teuf
wl;rdNyDjzpfí ]]acgif;zHk;}}udk aygufcRef;jzifh aygufrdav\/acgif;udk awGY&aomtcg
uRefawmfwdkYvnf; acgif;eHab;rS vufudkifaMu;uGif;rsm;udk BudK;jzifhpGyfNyD;vQif
yifyef;BuD;pGmjzifh tay:odkY qGJwifMuavonf/
a'gufwma&Toifonf acgif;zHk;rS 0uftlrsm;udk wpfacsmif;pD 0uftlvSnfhjzifh
jzKwfNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkYvnf; acgif;zHk;udk zGifhvdkufMu\/ xdktcsdefwGif aet&kPf
wufvmNyDjzpfí vif;a&mifrsm; ajy;ívmavjyD/ uRefawmf\pdwfxifrSm ykyfyGíaeaom
rrdk;oltavmif; udkaomfvnf;aumif;? tom;rsm;usoGm;ojzifh t&dk;pkrQom &Sdaeonfh
ur®Xmef;aumifudkaomfvnf;aumif; awGU&vdrfhrnf[k awG;xifrd\/ odkYaomf uRefawmf
awG;xifonfhtwdkif;r[kwfay/ rrdk;ol\ tavmif;rSm armfawmfum;eif;xm;aom
'Pf&maMumifh eH&dk;rsm;aMurGNyD;vQif 0rf;Adkufrsm; jym;uyfvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; rsufESmrSm
,refaeYu aoaomolwpfa,mufuJhodkY vwfqwfpGm&Sdae\/ ezl;ESifh yg;jyifrS oeyf
cg;rsm;yif tcsdKYae&mu rysufao;acs/ rsufESmESifhwuG awmifhwif;aomvufrS
taMumrsm;onfvnf; aoG;a&mifrsm; vQrf;jyD;vQif tdyfaeaom olwpfa,mufuJhodkY

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 41

vwfqwfpmG &Sad eonfukd xl;qef;pGm awGYjrif&\/ txl;qef;qH;k rSm ydwaf eaom rsuv f ;kH
tpHkonf uRefawmfwdkY Munfhae&if;yif zGifhvmjcif;jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfonf ajcwpfvrS ;f aemufoYkd qkwjf yD;vQif ]]tvdak v;.. bk&m;.. bk&m;..}}
[k yg;pyfu a&&Gwfvdkufrd\/ xdktcg a'gufwma&Toifu ]]udkif;..udkwifarmif
cifAsm;rMunfh0Hh&if [dkbufvSnfhaeAsdKY}} [k ajymvdkufao;\/ odkYaomf vlwdkYrnfonf
aMumufrufzG,faumif;aomt&mudk rMunfh&ef wm;jrpfaomtcgrS ydkíMunfhvdkao;\/
a'gufwma&Toifonf aygufcRe;f udk vufcsed &f atmif wpfxmG cefYrQ ud, k Ef iS chf mG vdu
k Nf yD;vQif
rsuvf ;kH rsm;yGiahf eaom tavmif;\ vuf0b J uf&iftu kH kd ]]cGy}f }ueJ jrnfatmif wtm;pdu k íf
aygufcsvu kd af v\/ xl;qef;onfxuf xl;qef;aomt&mrSm 'Pf&mrS aoG;rsm; yef;xGuf
ay:vmcJah vjyD/ uRefawmfwYkd onf acgif;udk jyefícsjcif;? ajrrsm;zdYk jcif;? ajc&mvuf&mrsm;
azsmufjcif;? 10 rdepftwGif;NyD;pD; Muavonf/ xdkYaemuf &GmodkY jzwfvrf;rS jyefcJh&m
uHaumif;axmufrojzifh vrf;wGif rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ rawGY&acs/
a'gufwma&ToiftdrfodkY a&mufaomtcg EdkYwpfcGufpDESifh bDpuGwfrkefYrsm;udk
pm;aomufjyD;aemuf ]]udkif;.. 'Dudpöawmh vlodcHvdkYrjzpfbl; udkwifarmif/ ocsØKif;u
tavmif;udk trdeYfr&Sb d J wl;azmfwmu &mZ0wfrAI s/ cifAsm;vnf; odom;yJ}} [k txyfxyf
ajymMum;avonf/
vlrrmrsm;\ a&m*grSm ,lypfvdkufouJhodkY aysmufoGm;NyD;vQif xdktcsdefrSpí
anmifyifom &Gmuav;rSm at;csrf;om,mpGm &SdcJhavownf;/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;

owif ; ay;ol

'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrD 5ESpfcefYavmufu &mZ0wftkyf udkxGef;vIdifqdkolonf

rdrdtvkyfvkyfaom *gwfESifh reD;ra0; 37 vrf;&Sd tdrfcef;wpfcef;wGif iSm;&rf;um tdrf&Sif
ta':BuD;xH xrif;vcay;í pm;aomufaexdkifcJhavonf/ om;r,m;r&Sd wpfudk,f
wnf;jzpfonft h wdik ;f udx
k eG ;f vIid rf mS tvky0f wå&m;rusaom tcsed rf sm;ü rdr\ d ynmÚmPf
xufoefap&ef taemufEikd if rH S pHak xmuf0w¬K¬ rsm;udzk wfjcif;? rdru
d ,
kd t
f *Fg BuHYcidk af wmifw
h if;
ap&ef tm;upm;trsdK;rsdK;udk avhusifhjcif;wdkYjzifh tcsdefudk ukefvGefap\/
½kyf&nftm;jzifh udkxGef;vIdifrSm acsmarmolwpfa,mufr[kwfay/ t&yfrSm 5 ay
4 vufromjrifhNyD;vQif wkwfckdifaom udk,ft*Fg&Sdvsuf vufarmif;uJhodkY oefrm
awmifhwif;aom vufBuD;rsm; &Sdavonf/ omrefvl 2 a,mufudk vufeufrygbJ ol\
vufarmif;BuD;rsm;jzifh Edkifeif;pGm csKyfwD;xm;Edkifaom ykvdyft&m&Sdwpfa,mufaywnf;/
udkxGef;vdIif\ 0goemrSm tvkyfESifhywfoufaom aomursm;onf tvkyfcGifü

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 42

usef&pfcJhí tdrfodkYa&mufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf vGwfvyfaom vlwpfa,muftaeESifh

&SdaecJhavonf/ odkYaomf udkxGef;vdIifü BuD;rm;aom qE´ 2 ck&Sd\/ yxrarQmfrSef;csufrSm
&mxl;wufvdkjcif;jzpfí 'kwd,arQmfrSef;csufrSm wifhawmifhwifhw,f vufxyfvdkjcif;
jzpfavonf/ odkYaomf yxrarQmfvifhcsuf jynfhpHkrSom 'kwd,arQmfrSef;csufudk
vufvSrf;Edkifrnfhtjzpfudk awG;rdavonf/
odkYjzpfí udkxGef;vIdifonf vGefcJhaom wpfESpfcefYrSpí &mxl;wdk;wuf&m
wdk;wufaMumif; enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGvsuf&Sd&m xdktcgu &mZ0wfrIBuD;wpfckckudk
zrf;qD;&rdEdkifrSom &mxl;wdk;wufzdkY vrf;&Sdavonf/
wpfnü udkxGef;vIdifonf n (8) em&DavmufwGif tvkyf0wå&m;NyD;ojzifh rdrd
aeaom tdrcf ef;odYk jyefvmcJah v\/ tdrcf ef;wHcg;udk zGií hf pm;yGw
J ifreS t f rd u
f kd rD;xGe;f xm;cJh
NyD;vQif tay:tuÐsudk tcef;eH&H tuÐscsdwfü csdwfcJhNyD;aemuf twGif;cef;odkY 0ifrnfjyKpOf
pm;yGJaemufbuf ukvm;xdkifay:wGif vl&dyfuJhokdY jrifvdkufojzifh aemufodkY jyefí zswfceJ
vSnv hf u
kd af vonf/ ukvm;xdik af y:üum; tom;rnf;rnf;ESihf pkwjf ywfjywf vlwpfa,muf
tcefYom; xdkifvsuf&Sdonfudk jrif&\/ xdkolrSm t0wftpm; tpkwfpkwftjywfjywf
&Sdae½HkrQru vGefpGmydefBuHKvsuf rGJajcmufaom tom;ta&vnf; &Sdavonf/ rSeftdrfrS
rD;a&mifonf xdo k \
l ydecf u
G af om vuf0b J uf yg;jyifay:odYk arS;rSed pf mG usa&mufvsu&f &dS m
rsufvHk;rsm;rSmrl tvif;bufodkY usa&mufwdkif; pdrf;vJhvJh ta&mifxGufaeouJhodkY
udkxGef;vdIif xifrd\/ xdkolonf pum;vnf;rajym/ udkxGef;vdIiftm; vSnfhírQyif
rMunfhacs/
vdIif/ ]]b,fhES,fhvlygvdrfh bmudpövJ}}
xdkolonf pum;jyefí rajymacs/
vdIif/ ]]cufvdkufygbdu½dkU ... bmudpövJAs/ cifAsm; usKyfudk awGUcsifvdkYvm;}}
xdktcgrS vlydefonf acgif;udk rodrom ndwfvdkufavonf/
vdIif/ ]]bmajymcsifovJ ... ajymav}}
xdkolu yg;pyfudk vufñdI;xdk;um OD;acgif;udk &rf;íjym\/
]]bmvJ ... pum;rajymwwfbl;vm;}}
xdkolu acgif;udkndwf\/
]]'gjzifh pmeJY a&;jyrvm;}}
xdkolu OD;acgif;udk xyfí ndwfjyefavonf/ odkYESifh udkxGef;vdIifonf pma&;
puúLuwfESifh cJwHudk xdkola&SUodkY wdk;íay;vdkufavonf/
udxk eG ;f vdiI u
f EIwjf zifah r;vdu
k w
f idk ;f xdo
k u
l puúLay:wGif pmjzifh a&;íajzojzifh
¤if;rSm pum;rajymwwfaomfvnf; aumif;pGm em;Mum;í pma&;wwfaMumif; od&av
onf/
(udkxGef;vIdif\ ar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh xdkolu jyefíajzqdkcsufrsm;udk atmufwGif
a&;om;azmfjyxm;aMumif;)
vdIif/ ]]cifAsm; bmvdkcsifvdkYvJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 43

xdkol/ ]]usKyf owif;wpfck ay;csifvdkY vmw,f}}

]]bmowif;vJ rdwfaqG}}
]]vlqdk;armifarmifudk cifAsm; Mum;zl;rSmaygh}}
]]yef;qdk;wef; "m;jyrIeJY wpfuRef;usoGm;wJh armifarmifav}}
]]vufjywfarmifarmif r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]odwmaygh ... 'Dtaumif wpfuRef;u xGufajy;vdkY ykvdyfrSm awmfawmf
tvkyf½Iyfaew,f/ tckvnf; &efukefjyefa&mufaeovdkvdk owif;Mum;w,f}}
]]&efukefjyefa&mufaeNyD ... a&muf½Hkb,furvJ/ 'DuaeYnyJ wdkufwpfwdkufudk
azmufawmhr,f/ 'DrSmvmNyD; usKyfowif;ay;wmyJ}}
]]b,frSmvJ ... cifAsm; b,fvdkodovJ[if/ cifAsm; b,folvJ}}
&mZ0wftkyf udkxGef;vdIifonf toufudkrQ r½SLEdkifbJ ar;cGef;rsm;udk pOfwdkuf
ar;vdkufavonf/
]]usKyf b,folvJqdkwm rajzEdkifbl;}}
]][kwfom;yJ ... usKyf owdvpfoGm;vdkYyg/ owif;ay;ol&JU trnfemrudk
xkwfazmfjcif;rjyK&bl;qdkwJh Oya'udk usKyfodygw,fAsm}}
]]'Dtaumifudk qkaiG 1000d^- xkwfxm;w,f r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]'gxuf cifAsm;udk wpfckar;&OD;r,f ... cifAsm;&JU b0c&D;pOfrSm tifrwef MuD;
rm;wJh arQmfvifhcsufBuD; 2 ck &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]tvdk ... cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyfodvJ}}
]]b,fvdkododav ... 'D[m ta&;r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dtaumifudk cifAsm; zrf;rd&if
cifAsm;vdktifqE´BuD; jynfh0awmhr,f}}
]][kwfwmayghAsm ... aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}
]]aus;Zl;wifp&mrvdkygbl;/ usKyfudk,fwkdif owif;ray;bJ raeEdkifvdkY vmay;&
wmyg}}
]]cifAsm;u oleJY BuHazmfBuHzufvm;}}
]]t&ifwkef;uawmh [kwfygw,f}}
]]tckawmhaum}}
]]tckawmh usKyfu e,fjcm;aeygNyD}}
]]b,fvdke,fjcm;aewmvJ}}
]]'D[mawG ar;raeygeJYav ... cifAsm;eJYvnf; rqdkifygbl;/ vdk&if;tcsufu
olb,fukd vmvdrrhf ,fqw kd m odzYkdyJ r[kwv
f m;/ ol vmr,fah e&mu olYukd apmifzh rf;½Hak ygh}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]olYrSm aoewf&Sdw,faemf ... owdxm;? "m;vnf;ygw,f}}
]]aumif;ygNyD;Asm ... EdkYayr,fh usKyfrSmvnf; aoewf&Sdom;yJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 44

]]NyD;awmh 'Dtaumifu tifrwef vufjrefw,f}}

]][kwfw,f ... usKyfvnf; Mum;zl;w,f}}
]][,fvyifvrf;u a':jroDwdkufudk cifAsm;odvm;}}
]]rkqdk;r olaX;uawmfBuD; a':jroDr[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,f}}
]]tJ'w D ukd uf kd tckn 1 em&Dx;kd rSm olazmuf0ifvrd rhf ,f/ cifAsm; oGm;NyD; apmifah y
awmh .../ aemufaz;rD;zdk jywif;aygufuzGifhNyD; tdrfrBuD;xJ 0ifvdrhfr,f ...}}
]][m ... w,fodwJhvlyguvm; ... aeOD; ... aeOD; ... cifAsm;ajymwmawG usKyf
'dik ,f m&DxrJ mS aoaocsmcsma&;NyD; rSw&f OD;r,fAs/ NyD;awmh cifAsm;trnfeYJ ae&yfvyd pf myg
rSwx f m;&OD;r,f ... 'D[mu usKyfwYkd xkwaf zmfNyD;ajymzdYk r[kwyf gbl;/ tud;k tum;&atmif
rSwfxm;zdkYvdkw,f ... cPaeOD;Asm}}
'dkif,m&DpmtkyfrSm ukwftuÐstdwfxJwGif xnfhxm;ojzifh udkxGef;vIdifonf
tcef;eH&q H o D YkdomG ;um tuÐscsw d w
f iG f csw
d xf m;aom tuÐstw d t
f wGi;f rS 'dik ,
f m&Dpmtkyuf kd
EdIuf,lav\/ odkYaomf jyefí vSnfhvdkufaomtcgüum; xdkolr&Sdawmhacs/
odkYESifh udkxGef;vIdifonf 0&efwmwavQmufwGif Munfhaomfvnf; xdkoludk
rawGU&ojzifh avScg;atmufoYkd qif;í vdu k af v\/ atmufxyfoYkda&mufvQif {nfch ef;a&SU
wHcg;aygufwGif tdrf&Sifta':BuD;ESifh tazmfrdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufudk awGU&ojzifh ...
vdIif/ ]]ta': ... vlwpfa,muf qif;oGm;wm rjrifbl;vm;}}
a':/ ]]rjrifyguvm; armif&,f ... b,fwkef;uvJ}}
]]tckyJcifAs ... 1 rdepfavmufyJ &SdOD;r,f}}
]]qif;rvmygbl;}}
]]ta':wdkY pum;ajymaewm b,favmufMumNyDvJ}}
]]uGrf;wpf&mnufom &SdygNyD ... qif;vm&if jrifrSmaygh}}
]]r[kwfygbl; ... 'Dvl b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh}}
]]tdrfay: &Sdcsif&SdOD;rSmaygh}}
odkYESifh udkxGef;vIdifonf vsifjrefpGm aysmufoGm;aomvludk tay:xyfwGif
vdkufí&Smjyef\/ okdYaomf rnfonfhae&mwGifrQ rawGU&acs/ odkYESifh udkxGef;vIdifonf
rdrt d rd cf ef;xJoYkd jyefí0ifum pm;yG?J ukvm;xdik rf sm; atmufygrusef &SmazGMunf½h aI vonf/
xl;qef;aomolum; ae&müyif ajrrsdKíoGm;ouJhodkY aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufuG,fí
oGm;cJhav\/
Ä Ä Ä

udkxGef;vdIifonf umuD&SyfESifh abmif;bDwdkudk 0wfNyD;vQif ajcoHrMum;aom

ywåL&Guzf sizf ed yfukd pD;av\/ xdYkaemuf ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfukd vuf,mbuf abmif;bD
tdwfü xnfhNyD;vQif vuf0JbufwGif vufESdyfm” wfrD;wpfvufudk xnfhavonf/
xdkYaemuf rMumrD wuúpDwpfpD;jzifh [,fvyifvrf;odkY oGm;a&mufav\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 45

vrf;axmifah rSmif&yd w f pfcw

k iG f wuúpuD m;udk jyefívTwNf yD;aemuf rif;uawmfBuD;wdu k &f &dS modYk
oGm;av\/ NcH0if;0&Sd tapmifhtm; rdrduwfjym;av;udk xkwfay;vkdufNyD;vQif acwå
apmifhqdkif;ae&m wpfcPrQMumvwfaomf tapmifhjyefvmí udkxGef;vIdiftm; NcHwHcg;udk
zGifhíay;av\/
{nfhcef;wGif rif;uawmfBuD;onf udkxGef;vIdiftm; ae&mxdkifcif;ay;um
awGUqHkav\/ udkxGef;vdIifu xdknwGif vlqdk;wpfa,muf rif;uawmfBuD;tdrfudk azmuf
xGi;f &ef BuHpnfonfukd owif;&ojzifh vma&mufaMumif;? rdrrd mS ykvyd t f &m&Swd pfO;D jzpfí
f
tvkyf0wå&m;twdkif; vma&mufcJhjcif;jzpf&m xdkvlqdk;udk zrf;qD;&rdu qkaiG 1000d^-
&&Srd nft
h jyif &mxl;wd;k wufa&;twGuf arQmfvifch suf&adS Mumif;ESihf ,if;udprö mS rdr\ d b0
c&D;udk jyKjyifay;rnfhudpjö zpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyav\/
]]ta':u 'Dvrf;rSm enf;enf; emrnfuav;vnf;&Sjd yef? tdro f al ,mufsm;vnf;
r&Sdjyefqdkawmh BuHpnf0HhwmyJcifAsm}}
]]NyD;awmh armif&ifrYkd ajym&OD;r,f/ tckwavm ta':u pdet f a&mif;t0,fuav;
vkyfaew,farmif&JU}}
]]aMomf ... 'gaMumifhudk;/ 'Dtaumifu tifrwefvsifwJh taumifvm;cifAsm/
wpfuRef;uawmif vufvGwfxGufajy;vmwJhtaumifyJ}}
]]emrnfub,folwJh}}
]]vufjywfarmifarmifwhJ cifAs ... vuf0b J uf vufoef;uav;wpfacsmif; jywf
aevdkY vufjywfarmifarmifvdkY ac:Muw,f}}
]]armif&ifvmwm wpfa,mufxJyguvm; ... jzpfyghrvm;}}
]]udprö &Syd gbl;cifAsm ... uReaf wmfraMumufygbl; ... 'gxuf tapcHawGu b,frmS
tdyfMuovJcifAs}}
]]atmufxyfrmS yg armif ... ta':u tdraf y:u tcef;xJrmS wlrav;wpfa,muf
eJY twlwl tdyw f ,f/ atmufxyfrmS awmh tdraf &SUrSm awmufwrkd ,f&cdik ;f wJh aumifuav;
tdyfw,f/ rD;zdkbufrSm xrif;csufwJh vifr,m;&Sdw,f ... 'gygyJ}}
]]'gjzifh - tdrfa&SUrSm tdyfw,fqdkwJh oli,f - 'DuaeYn tdrfay: ajymif;tdyfyg
apvm; cifAsm}}
]]aumif;ygNyD armifhoabmtwdkif;ygyJ}}
]]aemufaz; rD;zdak csmiftyd wf hJ vifr,m;udak wmh tdraf &SUcef; ajymif;tdyaf pcsiwf ,f}}
]]'gvJ jzpfEkdifygw,farmif}}
]]atmufxyfudk uRefawmf wpfqdwfavmuf Munhfyg&apcifAsm}}
]]Munhf&ygw,f ... Munhf&ygw,f - vmyg}}
odkYESifh udkxGef;vIdifonf rif;uawmfBuD;ESifhtwl atmufxyfodkY qif;cJhav\/
atmuf x yf t d r f a &S U buf w G i f tacsmwd k u f x m;aom Murf ; jyif a y:wG i f
pm;yGJwpfvHk;udk0kdif;um Budrfukvm;xdkifykuav;rsm;udk csxm;\/ tcef;0wGif AD½dktvS
2 vHk;&Sdí rD;zdkESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom tcef;üum; 3 aycefYtjrifh&Sdonfh rD;cHaowåmBuD;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 46

&Sdavonf/
xdkYaemuf udkxGef;vIdifonf tdrfaemufaz; rD;zdkESifhwuG rD;zdkrS tdrfrodkY0ifaom
wHcg;tajctaeudkvnf;aumif;? rD;cHaowåmBuD;xm;aom tcef;udkvnf;aumif;
Munfh½Ivsuf&Sdav\/ rD;cHaowåmxm;aom tcef;üum; tjcm; ajymyavmufaom
ypönf;wpfpHkwpf&mr&SdbJ tdrfoHk;ypönf;tcsdKU wifxm;aom pm;yGJ 2 vHk;ESifh rD;cHaowåmESifh
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik b f uf cyfapmif;apmif;usaom ae&mwpfcw k iG f pmtkyaf [mif;rsm;xnfo h nfh
rwfwwfA½D Bkd uD;wpfv;kH &Sad vonf/ udx k eG ;f vIid of nf xdAk ½D rkd S aomhukd rif;uawmfBuD;xHrS
awmif;,lavonf/
xdkYaemuf udkxGef;vdIifvnf; rif;uawmfBuD;tm; oHaowåmtwGif;rS tzdk;wef
vuf0wfvufpm;ESifh aiGrsm;udk xkwf,lodrf;qnf;xm;apNyD;aemuf ...
]]'gxuf atmufu b,fvdktoHrsdK;yJMum;Mum; rif;uawmfBuD;udk,fwdkif qif;
rvmygeJYcifAsm/ uRefawmftvdk&Sd&if ac:vdkufygr,f - cdkif;wJh oli,fav;eJY xrif;csuf
udkvnf; 'Dtwdkif; trdefYay;xm;yg}}
]]aumif;ygNyD armif}}
rif;uawmfBuD;\ tdro f m;rsm;tm; rnforl Q tjyifoYkd rxGu&f efEiS hf apmapmtdy&f ef
pDpOfrmS Mum;NyD;aemuf udx k eG ;f vIid of nf rD;cHaowåm&Sad om tcef;odYk vmcJah v\/ xdYkaemuf
12 em&Dxdk;vwfaomf AD½dkBuD;twGif;odkY 0ifcJhavonf/
us,f0ef;aom NcHBuD;rsm;jzifh vlaetdrfajc enf;yg;aom &yfuGufvnf;jzpfjyef
tcsdeuf vnf; nOfeh ufívmjyef&um; udx k eG ;f vdiI o
f nf rdr\ d touf½LS oHEiS hf vufywf
em&Duav;rS puúeYf vufwo H mG ;oHuav;rsm;udyk if us,favmifpmG Mum;&\/ rdepfyikd ;f rQ
aom tcsed u f av;udyk if tvGeMf umanmif;onf[k atmufarhr\ d / jynfvrf;rBuD;ESiv hf nf;
rsm;pGm ra0;vSojzifh wpfcgwpf&H oJceJ &SJceJ jzwfoef;ajy;oGm;aom um;oHrsm;onf
qdwNf idraf om tarSmifxu k kd ausmv f mT ;um rdryd ek ;f atmif;aeaom AD½t kd wGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvm
onf[kyif xifrd\/ tdrf\ ywf0ef;usifüum; qdwfNidrfNrJ qdwfNidrfvsuf &Sdavonf/
tcsdefrSm 1 em&D 8 rdepfrQ &SdavNyD/ udkxGef;vIdifonf aemufaz;bufrS ]cRwf}ceJ
toHwpfcu k o hJ Ykd Mum;vdu k &f ojzifh em;pGií hf axmifr\ d / toHrjrnfatmif apmapmuyif
qDxnfhxm;aom rdrd AD½dkwHcg;udk vufr0ufcefY zGifhíMunfh\/ xdktcdkuf rD;zdkbufrS
wHcg; ½kwfw&ufyGifhvmNyD;vQif t0wftkyfxm;ojzifh arS;rSdefpGm xGufay:vmonfh "mwf
rD;a&mifuav;onf rD;cHaowåmBuD;&S&d modYk a0SY&rf;jzwfoef;í xd;k vdu k of nfukd jrif&\/
xd k c Pü abmif ; bD t euf u d k 0wf x m;onf h ud k , f v H k ; ud k , f a yguf
awmifhwif;[ef&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufonf Murf;jyifudk aMumifuJhokdY ayghyg;pGmeif;vsuf
tcef;wGif;odkY 0ifvmavonf/ xdkolonf tcef;axmifhrsm;&Sd&mokdY vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk
cyftyk t f yk f a0SY&rf;xd;k vdu
k Nf yD;vQif rD;cHaowåm&S&d modYk 0ifvmavonf/ xdak emuf aowåm\
aomhaygufrsm;udk aocsmpGm MunhfNyD;vQif ae&mwpfckudk a&G;cs,fae[efjzifh vufESdyf
"mwfrD;jzifh xdk;um &SmazGvsuf &Sdavonf/ xdktcsdefü "mwfrD;a&mifonf acsmarGU
ajymifvufaom oHaowåm\ rsufESmjyifay:okdY usa&mufvsuf&Sd&m tvif;a&mifonf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 47

ol\ rsufESmjyifay:okdY jyef[yfvsuf&Sdavonf/

udkxGef;vIdifonf acsmif;ajrmif;Munhf½I&mrS xdkvlqdk;\ rsufESmudk ab;apmif;
jrif&aomtcg vlqdk;pm&if;"mwfyHkwGif rdrdjrifcJhzl;í pdwfxJwGif pGJrSwfxm;aom vlqdk;
armifarmif\ rsuEf mS udk rSwrf ad v\/ wpfBudrw f iG f "mwfr;D a&mifonf xdo k \l vuf0b J uf
vufay:odYk usa&mufomG ;&m jywfíaeaom vufoef;uav;udk &dycf eJ jrifvu kd &f ojzifh
ydkí aocsmae\/
vlq;kd armifarmifonf abmif;bDtw d t f wGi;f rS tvsm; 6 vufr? teH 4 vufr?
xk 2 vufrcefY ud&, d mwpfcu k kd xkw,f v
l u
dk \ f / xdYk aemuf em&Drsm;udk aomhay;ouJo h Ykd
2 ywf? 3 ywfrQ vufwHwpfckudk vSnfhvdkufNyD;vQif ¤if;udk oHaowåmrsufESm0
tv,favmufwGif awhíxm;um cvkwfwpfckudk ESdyfvdkufavonf/ xdktcg ]w&SD&SD}
jrnfaomtoHrsm; ay:xGufvmNyD;aemuf xdkud&d,mtwGif;rS vQyfppfrD;yef;a&mifuJhodkY
ao;i,faom a&mifjcnfwef;uav;wpfck xGuaf y:vmav\/ xdt k cg armifarmifonf
,if;vQyfppfa&mifudk rdrdtvdk&Sdaom ae&mwpf0dkufodkY vSnfhywfíay;avonf/
,if;uJo h Ydk jyKvkyv f suf&&dS m wpfBudrw f iG f armifarmifonf pufu&d , d muav;udk
&yfum rouFm[efjzifh wpfcef;vHk;udk vuffESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh xdk;Munhfaeaom tcgüum;
udkxGef;vIdifonf wpfcgwnf; ypfcsvdkufawmhrnf[k aoewfarmif;ay:üyif vufwif
vdkufrd\/ odkYaom vufESdyf"mwfrD;a&mifonf wHcg;0udk ausmfvGefNyD;aemuf vsifjrefpGm
aysmufuG,fí oGm;avonf/
tcsed af ESmif;íae&ef rjzpfawmhNyD/ udx k eG ;f vIid o
f nf AD½w
kd cH g;udk zGiv
hf u kd Nf yD;aemuf
armifarmif\ aemufausmudk usm;uJhodkY wpf[kefxkd; ckefítkyfvkdufum vufESpfzufudk
csKyfuikd af v\/ odYk aomf armifarmifum; udx k eG ;f vIix f ufyif vsifjrefouJo h Ykd &Sad wmh\/
udkxGef;vIdif\ tav;csdefaMumifh armifarmifrSm a&SUodkY [yfxdk;vJusoGm;aomfvnf;
xdtk cdu k t f wefYüyif armifarmifonf cg;Mum;xJrS "m;ajr§mifukd qGx J w k uf m udx k eG ;f vIid \f
vuf0Jbufvufarmif;udk wpfcsufxdk;vdkufavonf/
xdt k cg udx k eG ;f vIid rf mS rwwfomawmhojzifh armifarmif\ vuf,mbufvufukd
vTwv f ukd Nf yD;vQif aoewf½;kd jzifh armifarmif\csKd apmif;udk wpfcsuf jyif;xefpmG ½du k v f ukd &f m
armifarmifonf owdarhum Murf;jyifay:odkY vJusoGm;awmh\/
rMumrD rif;uawmfBuD;ESifhwuG tapcHrsm; a&mufvmMu&m udkxGef;vIdif\
nTeMf um;csut f & tdref ;D csi;f tcsKd Uyg vma&mufNyD;vQif 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnMD uavonf/ tdref ;D csi;f
ppfAv kd wf pfa,mufu udx k eG ;f vIid \ f vufarmif;rS 'Pf&mudk t0wfpwpfcjk zifh pnf;aESmif
ay;\/ rif;uawmfBuD;u ajymjyaomtcgrSom rif;uawmfBuD;\ tdrt f wGi;f odYk vlq;kd wpf
a,muf xG i f ; azmuf 0 if a &muf a Mumif ; ES i f h yk v d y f t &m&S d w pf O D ; u owif ; t&
vma&mufapmifhqdkif; zrf;qD;aMumif; odMu&av\/
em&D0ufrQ Mumaomtcg tjcm;ykvdyft&m&SdwpfOD;ESifh ykvdyfom; 2 a,muf
a&mufvmí vlqdk;udk XmeodkY ydkYtyfvdkufMuavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 48

aemuf 7 &ufcefYMumaomtcg udx k eG ;f vIid o

f nf vufjywfarmifarmifxrH S olYtm;
awGUqHvk akd Mumif; aq;½Hrk S a&;vdu k af om pmwpfapmif&&So d jzifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHak v\/
tcsed rf mS aeYvnfjzpfojzifh aq;½HBk uD;rSm tawmftwef vl&iS ;f íaeNyD;vQif tcsKyf
orm;rsm;xm;aom tcef;wpfcef;&Sd ckwifwpfv;kH ay:wGif armifarmifukd awGU&avonf/
ykvdyfom;ESpfa,mufu reD;ra0;rS apmifhMunhfvsuf&Sd&m armifarmifonf udkxGef;vIdifudk
jrifaomtcg OD;acgif;wGif ywfxm;aom ywfw;D udk txufoYkd twefi,f jr§iw hf ifvu kd uf m
udkxGef;vIdiftm; azmfa&GpGm EIwfqufNyD;vQif ae&mxdkifcif;ay;avonf/
armif/ ]]xdik yf gq&m ... uReaf wmfjzifh q&m vmrSvmyghrvm;vdYk atmufarhrw d ,f}}
(tm;emonfh[efjzifh udkxGef;vIdifu) ]]ig enf;enf;vufvGefoGm;w,fuG,f?
armifarmif pdwfr&SdeJYuGJUaemf}}
]]r&Sdygbl;q&m ... uRefawmfodygw,f? 'g[m q&mhtvkyf0wå&m;yJ ... NyD;awmh
q&muom vufrOD;&if tckavmuf&Sd wmarGvm; BuHawmvm; q&ma&mufaeNyD}}
]][kwfwmayghuGJU ... 'gaMumifh}}
]]'gxuf aeygOD;q&m&JU/ q&mhudk 'DudpörSm b,folrsm; owif;ay;ovJ}}
]]rodcsifygeJYuG,f ... b,folay;ay; rif;wynfhxJu jzpfrSmaygh}}
]]uRefawmf wynfhrarG;bl;q&m/ wu,fvdkY arG;&ifvnf; b,fawmhrS olwdkYudk
'DvdkudpörSm todray;bl; ... txl;ojzifh tckudpörSm - uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf;
BuHpnfwm q&m&JU/ b,folYrS rodbl;}}
]][kwfuJhvm;}}
]][k w f y gw,f q &m&,f ... uRef a wmf u tck t ajca&muf r S q&mh u d k
vdrfajym&OD;rSmvmm; .../ eufjzefoefbufyJ axmifa&mufawmhr,f}}
ud k x G e f ; vI d i f o nf rd r d x H o d k Y xl ; qef ; pG m vma&muf o wif ; ay;aom
vl\taMumif;udk twefMum awGa0pOf;pm;vsuf &Sdav\/
]]q&m bmpOf;pm;aewmvJ ... ajymprf;ygq&m/ 'Dvl uRefawmf odcsifveG ;f vdYk yg}}
]]armifarmifuvnf;uG,f ... tckrS rodcsifygeJYawmh ... ighrSm ajymzdkYvnf;
0wå&m;r&Sdbl;uGJU ... NyD;awmh wu,fvdkY ig ajymcsifOD; olYemrnfvnf; rodbl;/ ol
b,fxGufoGm;w,fqdkwmawmif ig rodvdkufbl;}}
]]b,fES,fhajymwmvJ q&m}}
]]t[kwfudk igrodbl; armifarmif ... pum;awmif igeJY ajymvdkYrqHk;ao;bl;/
'Dvl aysmufoGm;w,f}}
]]q&mh[muvnf; ra&&mvkdufwm/ b,fhES,fh[mvJ}}
]]EdkYayr,fh ola&;jywJh tdrfa&m? tcsdefa&m udkufaewmyJuGJU}}
]]bm q&m&JU ... a&;jyw,f [kwfp}}
]][kww f ,f ... pum;rajymbl;/ pmeJY a&;jyw,f ... pum;rajymwwfb;l xifyg&JU
uG,f ... igar;orQ olu pmeJYcsnf; a&;jywmbJ}}
]]vlyHku tom;rnf;rnf; rGJajcmufajcmuf qHyifqHwdkeJY}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 49

]][kwfw,fa[h ... [kwfw,f}}

]]tvdkav; ... bk&m; ... bk&m; u,fawmfrlyg ... vufpowfawmh pum;
rajymwwfwJh t-t pH&Tef;yguvm;}}
]]'gjzifh rif; olYudk odwmaygh}}
]]od½b kH ,furvJ q&m ... olYukd uReaf wmf owfvu kd w f m wpfvavmuf&NdS yDcifAs
... yg;pyfuom pum;rajymwwfwm/ tifrwef tuif;yg;wJh ]]tnmom;rGJajcmuf t
aumif}}
]][if ... rif; olYudk owfNyD;NyD [kwfvm;}}
]]owf½Hkawmifrubl;/ olUtavmif;udk uRefawmfudk,fwkdif wGif;wl;jr§KyfcJhw,f}}
]]'gjzifh owif;vmay;wm vlr[kwfbl;aygh}}
]]olaooGm;awmh olY&JU wapäjzpfrSmaygh q&m}}
]]xl;qef;vdu k af v armifarmif&,f ... ighwpfoufeYJ wpfu, kd f rBuHKzl;ygbl;uG,}f }
]]'Dvdkq&m&JU uRefawmf wpfuRef;u xGufajy;vmNyD; axmufBuHhrSm aqGrsdK;
wpfa,muf&w dS meJY tom½kyzf suNf yD; ckad ewke;f 'Dtaumifu uReaf wmft h aMumif; b,fwek ;f
uodvmrSef; rodygbl;cifAsm/ uRefawmfhtaMumif; ykvdyfudk owif;ay;wmudk; cifAs/
'geJY uReaf wmfvnf; &GmrSmrae0Hah wmhbJ xGuaf jy;NyD; vSn;f ul;rSm ckad e&w,f/ wpfaeYawmh
ae0if&Dwa&m &GmtjyifbufrSm wpfa,mufcsif;awGUwmeJY toHvnf;rMum;atmif
"m;ajr§mifeYJ xd;k owfvu kd &f w,f/ yxr tcsuu f ]]csuaf umif;}} rxdavawmh olYtw d x
f u
J
cJwHeJY puúLuav; uysmu,mxkwfNyD; uRefawmfhudk pma&;jyoGm;w,f}}
]]bmwJhvJ ...}}
]]'Db0rSm owif;ray;&&if eifhudk aemufb0uvmNyD; owif;ay;r,fwJh}}
]]tif; ... olajymwJhtwdkif; vmvkyfwmyJ}}
]]'gaMumifh uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf; usdwfNyD; vkyfwJhtvkyfudk olodwmaygh
q&m&JU ... q&mhvufutemaum tawmfoufomvm;}}
]]oufomygNyDuG,f udpör&Sdygbl;/ rif;"m;u tay:&H&SyfNyD; jywfoGm;wmyg/
t½dk;udkrxdygbl;}}
]]aumif;ygav&JU cifAsm ... 'DvdkMum;&wm uRefawmf 0rf;omygw,f}}
xdknü &mZ0wftkyf udkxGef;vIdifrSm rdrdtm; xl;qef;pGm owif;ay;vmol\
rsufESmudkom wa&;a&; jrifa,mifí aeavawmhownf;/

½Ir0r*¾Zif;? 1956 ckESpf? rwfv

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 50

rsuf v H k ; pd r f ; uav;ES p f v H k ;

pdwfESifh ½kyfudk cGJjcm;ír&acs/ uREfkyfwdkY\ udk,fcE¨¨mBuD;onf pdwf"mwfjzifh

vTrf;NcHKtkyfpdk;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfwdkY\ pdwfudk pdwåaA'yg&*lwdkY tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh (3)rsdK;
a0zefydkif;jcm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ]]self }} (c) twåpdwf ]]Herd}} (c) taygif;toif;pdwfESifh
]]Sex}} (c) vdifpdwfwdkY jzpfayonf/ ,if; (3)rsdK;teuf twåpdwfonf rnfonfhowå0g
rsKd ;rqdk yxrqH;k t&if;cHpw d jf zpf&um; ig[lí tpGt J vrf;BuD;aom rmefrmew&m;wdYkonf
xdkpdwfrS xGufay:vmaom tusdK;w&m; jzpfavonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifonf xdt k wåpw d u f kd tewåxifjrifatmif a[majym\/ odYkaomf
uREykf w f Ykd\ rl&if;pdw"f mwfjzpfaom xdt k wåpw d rf mS avmb? a'go? arm[wdYkjzifh xlxyfpmG
vTr;f NcHKvsu&f &dS um; rdrw d Ykd\ rNrJaomb0udk rjrifEikd b f J ae&mwumwGif igwnf;[laom
rmefrmew&m;jzifh zHk;vTrf;vsuf&Sdavonf/ rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;jcif;? wpfudk,faumif;
BuHwwfjcif;? aumif;aom tcGifhta&;udkom cHpm;vdkjcif; ponfwdkYonf xdktwåpdwf\
tnGeYf twufuav;jzpfavonf/ xdpk w d rf mS uREfyk w f Ykd \ rl&if;yxr t&if;cHjzpf&m rnf
onfhowå0grQ xkdpdwfESifh ruif;ay/ odkYaomf tenf;ESifh trsm;om uGmjcm;Muavonf/
xdkpdwfrsdK;udk uav;oli,frsm;ü ydkíawGUEdkif\/ uav;oli,frsm;onf tjyifavmuudk
wpfpw kH pf&m rMunfw h wf? rodwwfao;bJ rdrv d t kd ifqE´uo kd m odojzifh olwYkd\ &mcdik Ef eI ;f
90 rQ zHk;vsuf &Sdavonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\ cE¨mudk,fBuD;onf pdwf\ qGJaqmif&modkY vdkufem&onfhtwdkif;
trSefudkvnf; jyKrd\/ trSm;udkvnf; jyKrd\/ ½kyfESifhemrfonf 'GefwGJvsuf&Sd&um; uREfkyf
wdYkonf &mckid Ef eI ;f 90 rQ pdw\ f aemufoYkd vdu k Mf u&\/ xdt k wåpw d rf sm;onf toGit f jyif
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh uREfyk wf Ykd \pdwu f kd zH;k vTr;f vsuf&adS vonf/ olwpfyg;ajymvQif ,Hv k ,
G jf cif;?
aMumufwwfjcif;? pdwaf umufv, G jf cif; ponfwYkd rmS vnf; xdrk v l pdwrf S jzpfay:vmonfh
vufwufuav;rsm;om jzpfavonf/
txufyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tud;k tum;jyKNyD;vQif ajreDuek ;f t0dik ;f BuD;teD;&Sd
ajrEkvrf; vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&; toif;wdkufwGif vGefcJhaom trwfa&G;aumufyGJ usif;y
pOfu pdw\ f taMumif;udk rlwnfNyD;vQif pdwaå A'uxdu udak tmifjrifo h nf y&dowftm;
a[majymvsuf &Sd\/ xdkaemuf uxdu OD;atmifjrifhu qufvufí ...
]]NyD;awmh ... vl&JU pdwf"mwfqdkwm pyg;BuD;a>reJY wlw,f/ udk,fu olrsm;udk
ñdIU&ifvnf; olrsm;u cH&wwfw,f/ olrsm;u udk,fhudk ñdIU&ifvnf; udk,fu cH&wwf
w,f/ trSefawmh tñdIUaumif;wJhvlbufudk ygMupNrJyJ/ pdwf&JUwefcdk;[m tifrwef
BuD;w,fqw kd m uReaf wmf txl;csUJ xGiNf yD;awmh rajymvdyk gbl;/ jzpfawmhr,fvYkd pdwx f if&if
wu,fu h kd jzpfvmwwfw,f/ rjzpfawmhb;l vdYk pdwcf sae&if rjzpfurkd jzpfawmhb;l / 'gaMumifh
ynma&;rSmyJjzpfjzpf? pD;yGm;a&;rSmyJjzpfjzpf? rdrd&JUpdwfudk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf tm;xkwfNyD;vkyf&if
vkyfwJhtwdkif; rkcsatmifjrif&r,f .../ 'DrSm ... wpfck uRefawmfajymr,f/ tpnf;ta0;
wpfckrSm tjypf&SdwJhvlwpfa,muf[m olYtjypf&SdrSef; vlwdkif;odMuayr,fh pum;udk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 51

em;0ifcsKd Eikd o
f rQ csKd atmifajymNyD; olYtjypfukd cGiv hf w T zf Ykd wdu
k ½f udk rf ajymbJ oG,0f u kd wf ehJ nf;eJY
oltajymaumif;&if olYudk tjypfay;r,fvdkY pdwful;xm;wJhvlawG olvm&if wpfcgwnf;
olYtjypfudk zGifhcsvkdufr,fqdkwJh vlawG[m ... wpfcgwnf; yg;pyfta[mif;om;eJY
NidrfusukefwmyJ cifAsm ...
tJ'g bmvJqakd wmh em;axmifwhJ y&dowf&UJ pdwu f kd olYpw d "f mwftm;eJY olYbufukd
ygatmif qGJwJh pdwfwefckd;yJcifAs/ olu pyg;BuD;a>r? em;axmifwJh y&dowfu ol&JU trJ
awGycJ ifAsm/ ol[m y&dowf&UJ pdwu f kd ñdUI aewmyJ/ 'gaMumifrh Ykdvnf; Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmif
vkyfaewJholawG[m 'Denf;y&d,m,fawGoHk; ... vlxkudk wpfenf;enf;eJY olwdkYbuf ryg
ygatmif qGaJ qmifNyD; enf;y&d,m,ftrsdK;rsdK;oH;k ? olwYkd vckd sifwhJ &mxl;&atmif vkyaf eMu
wmyJcifAsm/ uRefawmfu EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,muf r[kwfayr,fh olwdkY&JU ñdIU"mwfudk
uReaf wmfjrifw,f/ olwYkd[m cifAsm;wdYk uReaf wmfwYkdxuf vlxt k &dyt f uJukd ydNk yD;odw,f/
wcsdKU[m wu,fhynmwwfBuD; r[kwfayr,fh (qdkifudkvdk*sD) qdkwJh pdwfynm enf;pepf
uav;awGukd wwforQ rSwo f rQ &SmazGpak qmif;NyD; ,H, k MkH unfMunf toH;k jyKMuw,fcifAsm/
tcsdKvdkwJhvludk tcsdKay;? tcsOfBudKufwJhvludk tcsOfauR;w,f/ 'gawG[m uRefawmfwdkY
b0c&D;rSm tifrweftoH;k usr,fh t&mawG jzpfwt hJ wGuf A[kow k twGuv f nf; uReaf wmf
wdkY rSwfom;xdkufygw,f}}
w&m;a[molonf a&wpfcGufudk aomufvkdufNyD;aemuf qufvufajymjyef
avonf/
]]pdw&f UJ qGaJ qmifreI YJ ywfoufNyD; Munhyf gvm; cifAsm/ uReaf wmfwYkd&UJ tm½Hik g;yg;?
cyf&Sif;&Sif; tpD&ifcH&&if ... vSvSuav;jrif&if Munhfcsifw,f/ arT;arT;uav;awGU&if
erf;csifw,f/ toHcsdKcsdKuav;Mum;&if em;axmifcsifw,f/ jrufjrufuav;&Sw d hJ tpmudk
pm;csifw,f/ El;nHhwJht&mudk xdcsifawGUcsifw,f/ 'D[mawG uRefawmf tus,fcsJUNyD;
ajymzdkYrvdkygbl;/ cifAsm;wdkYu ydkNyD; odygw,f/ owif;pmrsufESmzHk;awGrSm aeYwdkif;
‘DtaMumif;awG ygaewmyJ}}
(MobmoHrsm;)
]]'gaMumif h uRef a wmf aemuf q H k ; ajymvd k w mu pd w f q d k w m tif r wef
odraf rGUEl;nHyh gw,f/ rmvd&k if rmEdik w f ,f/ aysmv h &kd ifaysmEh ikd wf ,f/ ajr§muf&ifajrmufw,f/
acsmuf&ifaMumufw,f/ awG;&ifaqG;w,f/ aESmuf&ifaemufw,f/ vlwpfa,mufudk
Edkifcsif&if 'Dvl&JU pdwf"mwfudk odatmifvkyfNyD; EdkifwJhtcsufudkom udkifvdkufEdkif&r,f/
vlwpfa,muf&UJ pdw"f mwfukd ud, k b hf ufrygygatmif qG, J El ikd w
f ,f/ odYk aomf wpfct k a&;
BuD;wmu qGJwJhvl&JUpdwfu vlwpfzufom;&JU pdwf"mwfxuf ydkNyD; jyif;xefxufoefwJh
wefc;kd tmedoif &S&d r,f/ EdYkrv S nf; qG, J El ikd w
f ,f .../ 'gaMumifh rdrpd w d "f mwfukd wpfzufom;
&JU pdwxf uf ydNk yD; &ifo h efxmG ;BudKi;f vmatmif jyKjyifavhusiahf y;&r,f/ b,fvakd vhusi&hf r,f
qdw k mawmh avhusichf ef;oifcef;pmawG uReaf wmf aemufwpfBudrrf sm; 'DrmS pum;ajymcGi&hf &if
uRefawmf tpD&ifcHygOD;r,f/
]]NyD ; awmh oH v d k u f [ m oH u d k qG J , l E d k i f o vd k pd w f " mwf w pf c k [ mvnf ;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 52

tjcm;pdwf"mwfwpfckudk qGJ,lEdkifw,f/ ajymifvufwJh t&m0wåKrsm;[m olwdkY&JU ½lyg½HkeJY

vlwpfa,muf&JU pdwf"mwfudk qGJ,lEdkifw,f/ 'gaMumifh vSywJh t&m0wåKwpfck? cspfp&m
aumif;wJh t&m0wåKwpfckudk jrifvdkuf&if vlwpfa,muf&JU rsufvHk;[m 'D[may:udk
pdwftm½Hka&mufoGm;wmyJ/ aMumufp&maumif;wJh t&m0wåKwpfckawmif aMumufvkdYyJ
olYudkxyfNyD; MunhfcsifwJhpdwfay:vmw,f/ olvnf;yJ pdwf"mwfudk qGJaqmifEdkifwmyJ/
cifAsm;wdkY tifrwefoabmuswJh vHkcsnf? tuÐs? zdeyf? ypönf;toHk;taqmifrSpNyD; qdkif
wpfqikd xf uJ rSeAf ½D x
kd rJ mS xnfNh yD; tvSjyxm;&if cifAsm;wdYk &UJ tm½Hk (6)yg;udk qGaJ qmifae
vdkYyJ/ 'gaMumifh rdef;uav; acsmacsmvSvSawG tem;rSm ausmif;om;awG[m ta0;udk
½kwfw&ufxGufroGm;EdkifbJ &pfoD&pfoD vkyfaeMuwm[m tJ'D ½lyg½Hkpdwf"mwfawG&JU
qGJaqmifrIaygh}}
(MobmoHrsm;)
xdkodkY ajymqdkNyD;aemuf uxdu OD;atmifjrifhonf ]]udkif; ... 'DuaeYtzdkYawmh
‘DavmufeJY awmfavmufygNyD/ uRefawmf yxrtpu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; orm"dw&m;
vufudkifxm;NyD; rdrd&JU pdwfwefcdk;BuD;vmatmif aeYpOf avhusifhay;Muprf;yg/
b,fae&mrsdK;rqdk atmifjrifrI&vdrfhr,f}}
pum;tqHk;owfí udkatmifjrifh xdkifvdkufaomtcg tpnf;ta0;\ obm
ywdjzpfol vli,frsm;? toif;OuúXu rwfwyf&yfí rEÅav;NrdKUrS {nfo h nfawmftjzpfjzifh
acwåa&muf&Sdvmaom pdwåaA'uxdu OD;atmifjrifhu ,ckuJhodkY rdrdwdkY toif;wdkufokdY
vma&mufNyD;vQif pdwfynmtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufonfh ynm&yfrsm;udk a[majymojzifh
txl;aus;Zl;wifygaMumif;? rEÅav;odkY rjyefrD aemiftcgtcGifhoifhu vma&muf
a[majym&ef xyfrHawmif;yefygaMumif; ed*Hk;csKyf aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif
a[majymyGJudk ½kyfodrf;avonf/
Ä Ä Ä

OD;atmifjrifo h nf a[majymyGNJ yD;onfah emuf rdrw d nf;ck&d m jynfvrf;odYk um;av;jzifh

jyefcNhJ yD;vQif um;uav;onf tvGeu f s,f0ef;aom NcHBuD;wpfNcHtwGi;f odYk 0ifcahJ vonf/
NcH\tv,fwGif wdkufcHtdrfBuD;wpfvHk;&Sd&m xdktdrfBuD;rSm ygarmu© OD;jrifhvGifhESifh
a':cifpef;MunfwdkY aexkdifavonf/
OD;atmifjrifrh mS touf 27 ESprf Qom &Sad o;í wuúov kd wf iG f aepOfu OD;jrifv h iG f
ESihf tvGecf spcf if&if;ES;D cJah vonf/ OD;jrifv h iG u
f m; touf 30 rQ &SNd yDjzpfí a':cifpef;Munf
ESihf vufxyfc&hJ m oH;k OD;pvH;k rEÅav;Zmwdrsm;jzpfMuonft h wdik ;f wpfa,muftaMumif;udk
wpfa,mufodaom i,faygif;BuD;azmfrsm; jzpfavonf/
OD;jrifv
h iG rf mS owåaA'ESihf udrv d aA' ynm&yfrsm;wGif txl;avhvmxl;cRecf ahJ om
(Zoo-logist) jzpfonft h wdik ;f wuúov kd wf iG f ygarmu©tjzpf vkyu f ikd af eoljzpf\/ odYk aomf
rdr0d goemudk vufawGUvkyu f ikd v
f o
kd jl zpfonft h wdik ;f csKyfcs,fjcif;ruif;aom ,leAD mpDwD
ajray:wGif raebJ txufygtdrfESifhNcHBuD;udk tdrfc BuD;jrifhpGmay;í vGwfvyfpGm iSm;&rf;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 53

aexdik cf ohJ l jzpf\/ odYk EiS hf OD;jrifv

h iG \
f us,f0ef;vSaom NcHBuD;twGi;f wGif avSmiftrd rf sm;
jzifvh nf;aumif;? oHcsdKifrh sm;jzifv h nf;aumif; arG;jrLxm;aom ,kerf sm;? yl;rsm;? <uufrsm;?
a>rygrsm;? a>rrsm;tjyif tjcm;xl;qef;aom ydk;rTm;trsdK;rsdK;udkyg arG;jrLxm;avonf/
{nfhonfOD;atmifjrifhonf xdktdrfü wnf;ckdvsuf&Sd&m tdrfoltdrfom;jzpfaom
OD;jrifv
h iG Ef iS hf a':cifpef;MunfwYkdu avmuGwyf sLiSmaumif;vSaomfvnf; NcHxw J iG f tESYHtjym;
arG;jrLxm;aom ydk;aumifrTm;aumifrsm;udk jrif&ojzifh rdrdudk,fwdkif vlat;wpfa,muf?
pdwfynmq&mwpfa,muf? tEkynmonfwpfa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; wpfcgwpf&H pdwf
rcsrf;rom jzpfrdavonf/
OD;atmifjrifh jyefa&mufaomtcg tcsdefrSm eHeuf 10 em&DomomrQom &Sdao;í
NcHwiG ;f odYk um;0ifvmaomtcg a>rrsm;xm;aom ½Hw k ef;vsm;a&SUwGif NcHapmifu
h v k m;onf
<uuft&Sifrsm;udk ql;ESifhxdk;um a>rwpfaumiftm; tpmauR;aeonfudk jrif&ojzifh
OD;atmifjrifhonf tjcm;wpfbufodkY rsufESmvTJvdkufum ESmacgif;½HIUrdav\/ um;onf
qif0ifatmufodkY 0ifonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf a':cifpef;Munfonf tdrfxJrS xGufvmum
um;armif;ol armifyktm; um;udk tdrfab; um;½HkxJodkY oGif;&ef trdefYay;NyD;aemuf ...
]]b,fhES,fhvJ ... q&mBuD; ... awmfawmfarmcJh&JUvm;}}
]]armawmharmwmaygh rcifpef;Munf&,f/ EdkYayr,fh udk,f0goemygwJh tvkyf
qdak wmh wpfem&Davmuf a[m&wm ud, k phf w
d xf rJ mS ig;rdepfavmufyJ Mumw,f atmufarh
&w,f}}
]]uRerf wdYk trd uf vlvnf; 'Dv0kd goemrsKd ;aMumifh cufaewmaygh udak tmifjrif&h ,f/
wpfaeYwpfaeY olYa>rawGukd tpmauR;&wmeJY <uufawG prf;oyf&wmeJY? ,keaf wG aq;xd;k
ay;&wmeJY? yl;awGudk cGJpdwf&wmeJY tcsdefukefaewmygyJ}}
]][kwyf gw,fcifAsm/ 'DvYl taMumif; uRefawmfoyd gw,f/ ausmif;aeuwnf;u
'Dydk;aumif rTm;aumifawGudk tifrwef 0goemygwJhvlAs/ wpfcgvnf; a>rwpfaumif
zrf;vmNyD; olYtcef;xJrmS aowåmuav;eJY xnfx h m;wm wpfaeYawmh aowåmuav;yGiNhf yD;
a>r[m uyfaewJt h cef;buf ul;oGm;awmh [db k ufcef;uvlvnf; vefYNyD; 0g'ifukd wdik v f m;
jyKvm;eJY 'Dudpaö Mumifh ausmif;tkkyfBuD;eJY tawmfpum;rsm;&ao;wmuvm;}}
]]uRefrjzifh 'D[mawG 0goemrygvdkufwmrS vGefa&m udkatmifjrifh&,f}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&if a&S;vlBuD;rsm; pum;yHk rSm;NyD}}
]]bmrSm;wmvJ}}
]]toGifrwl tdrfolrjzpfqdkwJh pum;yHkav}}
]]'guawmh udkatmifjrifh&,f ... ezl;pmygvdkY nm;vmMuayr,fh 0goemcsif;u
wlcsifrSwlrSmudk;&Sifh}}
]]'gjzifh ... rcifpef;Munfu bm0goemygvdkYwkef;}}
]]uRefruawmh owif;pmawGzwf? r*¾Zif;awGzwf? EdkifiHjcm;uvmwJh *sme,f
awGzwf? Zmxdk;yef;xdk;awG twkcdk;wefcdk;? tcsuftjyKwfbufu enf;,lwef,l? 'D[m
awG v nf ; 0goemygw,f / rd e f ; rqd k w muvnf ; a,muf s m;vd k r [k w f b J

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 54

tdrfaxmifuwpfzuf xdef;&ao;wmudk;&Sifh}}
]]'gjzifh MunfMunfu usKyfvdk pdwful;,Oform;wpfa,mufyJ}}
(NyHK;í rsufapmif;xd;k vsuf) ]]tdk ... udak tmifjrifu
h vnf; MunfMunfawGbmawG
ac:raeprf;ygeJY/ udkjrifhvGifMum;oGm;&if tvum; txifrSm;aeOD;r,f}}
]]b,fES,fh ... w,f pum;aumif;aeMuygvm;AsdKU/ udkif; ... xrif;pm;Mur,f/
Munf ... udk,fawmh qmNyDa[h}}
[laom OD;jrifhvGif\ toHudk Mum;&ojzifh ESpfa,mufpvHk; wpfcPrQ
tHt
h m;oifvh suf &Sad eMuonf/ xdak emuf rcifpef;Munfonf udak tmifjrifb h ufoYkd vSnu
hf m
]]udkif; ... udkatmifjrifh a&jrefjrefcsdK;ayawmh/ uRefrwdkY xrif;pm;MupdkY/ 10
em&Dawmif cGJaeNyD}}
[k &,f&,farmarmajymqdkNyD;aemuf aemufaz; rD;zdkcef;odkY 0ifoGm;av\/
(vGif) / / ]]a[hvl ... jrefjref a&csdK;avAsm/ usKyf xrif;qmvSNyD cifAs}}
(jrifh) / / ]]tvum; apmifhaew,fAsm/ pm;ESifhMua&maygh/ tm;emp&mBuD;}}
]]tr,f ... cifAsm;u bmrsm; tm;empum; ajymae&ovJ/ ausmif;wkef;uvdk
oabmxm;ygAs/ usKyf [efBuD;yefBuD; b,fawmhrS rvkyfwwfygbl;}}
]]'gaMumifhrdkYvnf; cifAsm;tdrf wnf;wmaygh q&m&,f}}
]]udkif; ... vkyfavAsm/ jrefjrefa&csdK;? xrif;pm;Mur,f}}
Ä Ä Ä

xrif;pm;yGüJ uxdu OD;atmifjrift h m; pm;yGxJ yd w

f iG f ae&may;xm;&m udjk rifv
h iG Ef iS hf
rcifpef;MunfwdkYu vuf0Jvuf,m rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifMuavonf/
(Munf) ]]udkatmifjrifh tm;remeJYaemf ... a[m'D c&rf;csOfoD;eJY qvwf&Guf[m
uRerf wdYkNcHxuG &f iS /hf pm;Munhpf rf;yg/ a[m'gu 0ufom;uifav/ 'gvnf; Munfu, kd w
f ikd f
uifwmyJ}}
(jrifh) ]][kwfuJh}}
(vGif) ]]Munfuvnf;uGm ... 'Dtaumif odyfNyD; 0ufom;awG rauR;ygeJY/
0ufom;rBudKufygbl;}}
(jrifh) ]][kwfygw,f/ rBudKufygbl;/ usKyfu tom;b,fawmhrS rpm;bl;/
tacgufyJ pm;w,f}}
xdktcg tm;vHk; 0dkif;í&,farmMu&m rcifpef;MunfrSm oD;ívmrnfpdk;ojzifh
zefcGufxJrS a&tenf;i,fudkyif ,líaomufvdkuf&\/
xdktcg oli,fcsif; 2 a,mufwdkYonf rcifpef;Munftm; NyHK;&,fMunhf½Ivsuf
&Sdavonf/
rcifpef;MunfrmS acgif;avQmfNyD;pjzpfojzifh qHyifukd wpfywfvQdK xH;k xm;NyD;vQif
oeyfcg;a&usu J av;rQ vdr;f usu H m ESi;f qD0gwpfyiG u
hf kd OD;acgif;tv,fü yefvsu&f adS v\/
0g0if;vsuf&Sdaom ESif;qDyGifh\ta&mifonf ydwHk;a&mif aemufcH&Sdaom qHyiftv,fü

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 55

xif&mS ;ay:vGiv f su&f \ dS / c&rf;yGiahf &mif wpfywf&pf zJvckH snu f vkd nf;aumif;? c&rf;Eka&mif
EdkifvGeftuÐsudkvnf;aumif;? qifwl0wfxm;ojzifh 0g0if;aomtom;ESifh yeH&vsuf&Sd&m
vnfwikd Ef iS u hf yfí cyfwif;wif;csnx f m;aom ykvyJ w k ;D uav;rSm aMumh&iS ;f aom vnfwikd f
udk ydkíausmh&Sif;apbdouJhodkY &Sd\/ wpfbuf 4 &wDcefY&Sd pdefwpfvHk;em;uyfuav;rSm
pum;ajymvdu k w f ikd ;f oGm;\ta&mifEiS t hf wl a&m,Sux f uG af y:aeouJo h Ykd xif&avonf/
udkatmifjrifhonf rcifpef;Munfu [if;udkvSrf;í xnfhay;aomtcgwdkif; olr\udk,frS
]]atmf'u D vH;k }} a&arT;eHYuav;udv k nf;aumif;? ]]tD;AD;eif;tify&J pf}} aygif'geHYEiS hf a&míae
aom oeyfcg;eHYuav;udv k nf;aumif; rodrom ½SL½SKd ufrad omtcg ½SL½SLd ufo\ l pdwuf kd
ydrk q
kd aJG qmifouJo h Ykd rSwx f if&avonf/ xdt k cg i,fpOfu tjzpftysurf sm;onf udak tmif
jrifh\ rsufpdxJü ½kyf&SifjyouJhodkY ay:aygufvmav\/
udjk rifv h iG f (bD-tufp-f pD) atmifNyD;aomtcsed w f iG f udak tmifjrifrh mS (tdik -f tufp-f
pD) txufwef; atmifjrifNyD;pom &Sad eao;ojzifh ausmif;ydwí f rEÅav;NrdKUü vnfywfMu
onft h cgrsm;wGif rcifpef;Munftm; olYxufig vufaqmifrsm; ay;MuyHu k kd trSw&f rd\/
rcifpef;Munf\ zcif ppfuJBuD;OD;omcifonf aemufqHk;ü orD;unm tcg
rvifah pESi[ hf al om pum;udk vufawGUoH;k onft h vm; aumif;pGmt&G,af &mufNyD;jzpfaom
orD;twGuf orufavmif; a&G;cs,f&awmh\/ udkjrifhvGifrSm olaX;om;vnf;jzpfjyef?
bDtufpaD tmifNyD;í tvky&f vkqq J vJ nf;jzpf&um; (tdik -f tufp-f pD) atmifNyD;pjzpfaom
udkatmifjrifhESifh EIdif;pmaomf udkjrifhvGifbufuom rJta&twGuf omvsuf&Sdavonf/
odkYESifh udkjrifhvGifrSm vlyHkvlyef;tm;jzifh ykuGuG &Sdaeaomfvnf; ynmt&nftcsif;
aumif;ojzifhwpfaMumif;?? ypönf;OpömESifhjynfhpHkaom olaX;om;jzpfojzifhwpfaMumif;
rcifpef;Munfwnf;[laom yxrqkudk tvG,fwul qGwfcl;EdkifcJhavonf/
xdktjzpftysufrsm;onf udkatmifjrifh\ rsufpdü wa&;a&; ay:vmcJhav\/
xdktcgu rcifpef;Munfonf udkatmifjrifh? udkjrifhvGif oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufay:wGif
wlnaD omarwåmudk xm;½Hrk Qru tom;vwfvwf? t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif;&Sad om
udak tmifjrift h ay:wGif tenf;i,f rodromrQyif ydo k uJo h Ykd xif&avonf/ odYk jzpf&um;
rcifpef;Munfonf udjk rifv h iG Ef iS hf taMumif;ygcJah omfvnf; i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk
jyefí pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcgwdkif; udkatmifjrifhtm; rnfonfhtcgrQ rarhcJhacs/
xdktaMumif;udk udkatmifjrifhuvnf; odavonf/
vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfcefYu jzpfysufcJhaom txufygtjzpftysufrsm;udk
udak tmifjriho f nf xrif;pm;&if; pOf;pm;vsu&f \ dS / rcifpef;Munfuvnf; 0ufom;uifukd
vSD;jzwf&mwGif tvGefaES;uefpGm vSD;aeojzifh ]]aMomf ... olvnf; ighvdkyJ pOf;pm;aewm
xifyg&JU}} [k pdwful;,Ofrd\/ pdwfynmorm;wpfa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif;yif ig\
pdwf"mwfonf olYxHodkY ul;pufoGm;avNyD[k xifrd\/ udkjrifhvGifrSmrl pdwful;,Oform;
wpfa,mufr[kw?f vufawGUvkyw f wfow l pfa,muf jzpfonft h wdik ;f rdrZd eD;ESihf {nfoh nf
udkatmifjrifhwdkYtm; wpfvSnfhpD &,f&Tef;zwf&Tef;ajymum bJaygif;udkom wGifwGifBuD;
vS;D jzwfpm;aomufvsuf &Sad vonf/ udjk rifv h iG o f nf wpfzef 0ufaygifuifukd cuf&if;ESihf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 56

xdk;,lNyD;aemuf ...
]]a[hvl udkatmifjrifh pm;avAsm/ 0ufacgufuif BudKufw,fqdk}}
]]&,fp&majymwmygAsm/ tacgufudk usKyf enf;enf;rS rBudKufbl;As}}
]]'gaMumifh cifAsm; ydefaewmyJ}}
(Munf) ]]tdk ... [kwyf g&JU/ tck pum;pyfrv d Ykd ar;&OD;r,f/ udak tmifjrifh i,fi,fu
ESvHk;a&m*g &Sdw,fqdk}}
]][kww f ,f rcifpef;Munf ... ½Sw d ,f/ 'gaMumifh tckvnf; a'gufwmpdeb f ef;qDu
aq;udk usKyftNrJaomufae&wmaygh}}
]][kwfw,f/ udkatmifjrifhMunhf&wm odyfNyD; tm;&SdyHkr&bl;/ aq; BudK;pm;
pm;yg&Sif/ rayghygeJY}}
(vGi)f ]][kww f ,fu, kd vhf l ... raygheYJ / ESv;kH a&m*g&Sw d v hJ ql wkd m NAHK;ceJ xdwpf &m?
vefYp&m&S&d if rl;ceJ? rdu k cf eJ jzpfomG ;wwfw,fAs/ ol&aJ jcmufwahJ e&mrsm; roGm;aveJYaemf
...}}
]][m ... udkjrifhvGifqdkwJhvlu wu,faemufwJhvlyJ/ ausmif;wkef;utusifhawG
cifAsm; tckxd razsmufao;bl;vm;}}
(Munf) ]][kwfom;yJ armifuvnf;? tvum; bmvdkY rawmfwmawG
avQmufajymae&wmvJ}}
]]NyD;awmh cifAsm; xDvnf; b,fawmhrS rxdk;aveJY q&m}}
]]tvdk ... bmjzpfvkdYygvdrfhAsm}}
]]wu,fvdkY yxrodef;qkrsm; aygufvmw,fqdk&if}}
(Munf) ]]awmfyg&Sif ... pm;rSmpm;prf;yg/ olajymwmawG em;axmifraeeJY
udkatmifjrifh/ a[m'D 12 rsdK;[if;csdKuav;u rcsdKbl;vm;}}
]]csdKyghAsm ...}}
xrif;pm;NyD;í wa&;warm tdy&f mxJwiG f xrif;vH;k pD&if; wpfem&DcefYrQ tdypf uf
Muavonf/
aeYvnf 2 em&DcefYwGif aeYvnfpm pm;MuNyD;aemuf udkatmifjrihfonf
pmtkyu f av;wpftyk u f kd qGcJ NhJ yD;vQif tdrahf emufaz; O,smOfxo J Ykd xGuv f mcJah v\/ odYkaomf
opfyifatmuf&Sd cHk&Snfay:odkY oGm;rnfjyKpOf vrf;wGif udkjrifhvGifESifhawGUojzihf ]]vmAsm
udkatmifjrihf usKyfa>rawG tpmauR;wm oGm;Munfh&atmif}} [kajymum a>r½HkqDodkY
twif;qGaJ c:oGm;ojzifh udak tmifjrifrh mS a>rudk aMumufwwfow l pfa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;
jiif;qefu ½dkif;rnfpdk;ojzifh udkjrifhvGifaemufodkY vdkufoGm;&av\/
a>rxm;aom½H k r S m td r f v uf , mbuf a b;&S d opf y if w pf c k a tmuf ü &S d í
wd&pämef&HkuJhodkY 5uefY? 6uefYrQ uefYíxm;aom tcef;uav;rsm;onf aMumiftdrf
BuD;rsm;ozG,f wpfcEk iS w hf pfck oHqefumBuD;rsm;jzifh trsKd ;rsKd ;? tqift h wef;trsKd ;trsKd ;aom
a>rBuD;a>ri,fwYkdonf tapmifu h v k m;u pl;ESix hf ;kd íay;aom raor&Sif <uufuav;rsm;udk
trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk udkufpm;0g;rsdKvsuf &SdMuukef\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 57

a>ra[mufrsm;? a>rayG;rsm;? ief;trsdK;rsdK;rsm;? a&a>rESifh a>rpdrf;rsm;udk

vdkufvHjyoNyD;aemuf aemufqHk;wGif tayguftusOf;qHk; oHZumwpfcküxm;aom 3
aycefY &Snfvsm;onfh a>reufwpfaumifudk jyav\/ xdktcsdefü ukvm;wpfa,mufonf
zm;t&Sif 2 aumifudk xdka>rtdrftay:aygufudkzGifhum atmufodkY ypfcsvsuf&Sdaeonf/
(vGif) ]]'DrSm ... udkatmifjrifh usKyfwdkYaewJh urÇmBuD;rSm a>rtrsdK;aygif;
b,favmuf&Sdvdrfhr,f cifAsm;xifovJ}}
(&GH&Sm[efjzifh) ]]trsdK;ESpfq,f tpdwf&SdrSmayghAsm}}
]][m ... b,furvJAs}}
]]'gjzifh 100-90 aygh}}
]]cifAsm; a&Smfao;wmyJ/ tm;vHk; a>rtrsdK;aygif; 2000ausmf&Sdw,fAs/ wpfrsdK;eJY
wpfrsdK;[m ta&miftqif; taoG;tuGufrSmomr[kwfbl;/ olwdkY rdwfvdkufyHk? tpm&SmyHk?
ñIdYyHk? &pfywfyHk? zrf;qD;yHkupNyD; wpfrsdK;eJYwpfrsdK; rwlMubl; udkatmifjrifh}}
(pdwfrygvSbJ) ]][kwfrSmaygh}}
]]a>rrSm em;&Guf&Sdovm;}}
]]BuHBuHzefzefAsm ... b,fodrvJ}}
]]em;&Gufr&Sdbl;As}}
]]'gjzifh toHudk b,fvdkvkyf Mum;ovJ}}
]]'DvdkAs/ a>rqdkwm tjyifem;&GufeJY aomwtm½Hkudk cHpm;EdkifwJh toH vufcHtdrf
uav; r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh tjyifuvmwJh toHvIdif;udk olwdkY zrf;r,lEdkifbl; qdkwmaygh/
EdYk ayr,fh a>rtwGi;f uvmwJh toHvidI ;f udk zrf;,lEikd w f hJ vufc"H mwftrd &f w dS ,f/ 'gaMumifh
zswfceJqdk olwdkY Mum;wmaygh}}
]]tif; ... cifAsm; vdkufpm;wJh bmom&yfu tawmf½Iyfom;yJ}}
]]tJ'D½IyfwmawGudkyJ usKyfu pdwf0ifpm;w,f}}
]]odygw,fAsm/ ausmif;wkef;uawmif cifAsm;[m jrufa&SmwdkY? viff;a>rwdkYzrf;?
tcef;xJrSm aowåmeJYavSmifxm;/ [dkvlUjy? 'DvlYajcmufeJYvkyfwm usKyftodom;yJ}}
]]'Da>r[m bma>rvJ... odvm;}}
]]rodaygifAsm ...}}
]]pyg;BuD;rsuv f ;kH pdr;f vkYd ac:w,fAs/ usKyfwYkd jrefrmEdik if rH mS r&Sb
d ;l / tmz&duwdu k f
,l*ef'ge,fwpfe,frSmom awGU&w,f/ t*Fvdyfvdk ]]bdktm;uGefx&ufwm*&if;}}vdkY
ac:w,f/ olYrsufvHk;udk cifAsm; aoaocsmcsm Munhfprf;}}
]][kwfw,fAsdKU ... ta&mifu cyfpdrf;pdrf;yJ}}
]]ñdYIwahJ e&mrSm wefc;kd tBuD;qH;k taumifrsKd ;ayghAsm/ olYtqku d jzifh xGmqdik af vmuf
&S&d if jcaoFah wmif ñdYIEikd of wJ/h olwYkd tmz&duwdu k rf mS awmh jcaoFu h tifrwefaygwmud;k As}}
]]cifAsm; b,fu,lvmovJ}}
]]usKyf umvuwåm; a&mufwek ;f u trsKd ;om;jywdu k u
f q,faygifay;NyD; 0,f,cl hJ
&w,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 58

]]cifAsm;vnf; 'D[mawG pdwf0ifpm;ygayhAsm/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvnf; ya&mfzufqm

jzpfaewmxifyg&JU}}
]]vlwpfudk,f 0goemwpfrsdK;aygh ... udkatmifjrifh/ cifAsm;uvnf; pdwf
ynmpmtkyfeJYaysmf? usKyfuvnf; usKyftaumifawG tavSmifawGeJY aysmfaewmyJaygh}}
]]ud k i f ; Asm ... oG m ;Mupd k Y cif A sm;taumif a wG Munf h & wm usKyf j zif h
w,fpdwfrcsrf;omygbl;}}
]]udk,fhvlvnf; cufwmyJ/ tckxd a>raMumufwkef;yJvm;}}
]]trSefajym&rSmjzifh 'Dowå0grsdK;udk usKyftaMumufqHk;yJAsdKU}}
xdak emuf oli,fcsif;ESpaf ,mufwYkd onf yef;NcHKwpfcak tmufwiG f cif;íxm;aom
cHk&Snfay:ü xkdif&ef oGm;Muavonf/ xdkae&mü xdkifrdMuaomtcg udkatmifjrifhonf
pmtkyfudkzGifhí zwfrnfjyKpOf udkjrifhvGifu a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk píajymaeojzifh
zwfrnfjyKaom pmtkyfudkyif ydwfxm;vdkuf&av\/
ausmif ; aepOf u tjzpf t ysuf w d k Y rnf o nf ajymírqH k ; Ed k i f a om
taMumif;rsm;jzpfojzifh ,leDAmpDwDaumf&pf'güvnf;aumif;? tjyifüvnf;aumif;?
,leAD mpDwo D l vSysKd jzLwdYktm; rdrw
d Ykd rnfuohJ Ykd yd;k yef;cJMh uyH?k txl;ojzifh rcifpef;Munftm;
rnfuJhodkY ydk;yef;cJhMuyHk ponfwdkYudk pm;NrHKUjyefvsuf&SdMu&m ESpfaygif;tawmfMum
uGJuGmaeaom oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufwdkYonf pum;vufpowfí rukefEkdifatmifyif
&Sdawmh\/
]]tdk ... 'gxuf vpfvDwpfa,mufaum a,mufsm;r&ao;bl;vm;AsdKU}}
]]cifAsm; rMum;ao;bl;vm; ...}}
]]rMum;ygbl;Asm ... olvufxyfwmmu owif;pmxJrSm rygbJudk;}}
]]&aeNyDAs/ ausmufaoG;wef;u pufolaX; OD;omu'dk;om; udkcspfvGifqdkwm
cifAsm; odrvm; rajymwwfygbl;}}
]]udkcspfvGifvm; ... odwmayghAsm tom;ndKndK ausmufaygufrm oufoufeJY
vlr[kwfvm; ... 'Dvl q,fwef;atmif&JUvm;As}}
]]ratmifayr,fh ydkufqH&Sdw,f q&ma&U}}
]]vpfvD½kyfu racbl;aemf}}
]][m ... cifAsm; ydk;aewm cifAsm; todqHk;aygh}}
]]bke;f BuD;trI &GmvmNyD; rywfygeJY q&m&,f/ 'Djh yifvl rodayr,fh cifAsm;taMumif;
usKyfu twGif;odyg}}
]]bmodwmvJ}}
]]rcifpef;Munfudk cifAsm;eJYusKyf twlwlydk;cJhMuwmav}}
xdktcg udkatmifjrifhrSm rarQmfvifhbJ Mum;vdkuf&aom pum;jzpfojzifh rsufpd
rsufESm ysufoGm;\/ tjcm;udpörsm;wGif aemuf&Twfajymifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY
tNydKiftqdkifydk;cJhaom rcifpef;MunfESifh ywfoufírl þrQtxd ajymifavSmifvdrhfrnf
rxifcahJ cs/ rsuEf mS udk cyfwnfwnfxm;í aemufajymifwwfaom udjk rifv h iG f taMumif;udk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 59

odNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; udkatmifjrifhrSm vGefpGmrsufESmysufvsuf &Sdav\/

(atmif) ]]udjk rifv
h iG u
f vJAsm ... tvum; r[kww f mawG avQmufaemufaewmyJ}}
(vGif) ]]bmaemufwmvJAs/ tck usKyfeJYnm;awmif cifAsm; ydk;wkef;yJr[kwfvm;
... reufwkef;u cifAsm;wdkY tdrfa&SUcef;rSm pum;ajymaewm usKyf tjrifom;yJ}}
(ae&mrSxí oGm;rnfjyKum) ]]awmfAsm ... udjk rifv h iG f aemufw,fqw
kd m 'Davmuf
txdawmh aemufawmh raumif;awmhbl;}}
(NyHK;vsuf) ]]tif; ... usKyfrdef;rudkrsm; cifAsm; &D;wD;,m;wm; rvkyfeJYaemf ...
rsufvHk;pdrf;uav;udk nus&if usKyfvTwfvdkufr,f odvm; ... [J ... [J ...}}
Ä Ä Ä

xdak eY aeapmif;ü udak tmifjrifo

h nf xrif;yGw J iG f udjk rifv
h iG Ef iS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik &f ef
rsufESmylvSojzifh NrdKUxJrS rdwfaqGwpfOD;u xrif;pm;zdwfxm;aMumif;ESifh tapcHrsm;tm;
rSmxm;cJhNyD;vQif tdrfuum;udk r,lbJ oGm;av\/
taemufyikd ;f &Sd w½kw[ f w
kd ,fwpfcük npmpm;NyD;vQif 2 em&DcefYrQ tcsed u f ek af tmif
jzKef;wD;NyD;aemuf tawmfuav; nOfheufrS tdrfodkY jyefcJhav\/
tdrfodkY a&mufaomtcg atmufxyf&Sd {nfhcef;wGif rcifpef;Munfonf
tjymEka&mif odk;arT;q,fwmtuÐsudk0wfum ajctdwfxdk;aeonfudk jrif&ojzifh
udkatmifjrifhonf rjrif[efaqmifNyD;vQif tdrfay:odkY wufoGm;rnfjyKav\/
(Munf) ]]jyefvmNyDvm; udkatmifjrifh rxdkifawmhbl;vm;}}
(jrifh) ]][kwfuJh rxdkifawmhbl; ... tjyifoGm;wm enf;enf; tat;rdovkdjzpfNyD;
aeraummif;wmeJY cyfapmapm tdyfawmhrvdkY}}
]]tdru f um;udk bmjzpfvYkd ,lroGm;wmvJ&iS hf ... udak tmifjrifh oGm;csiw f ahJ e&moGm;zdYk
atmifykudk ajymxm;NyD;om;yJ}}
]]udpör&Sdygbl; rcifpef;Munf/ bwf(pf)um; tqifoifhom;yJ ... NyD;awmh
cifAsm;wdYk trd f wnf;&wm odyt f m;emp&m aumif;w,fAsm/ xrif;tvum; pm;½Hrk ubl;/
um;vnf; tvum;pD;eJY ...}}
]]tdk ... udkatmifjrifhuvnf; b,ftcgrqdk tm;emp&mcsnf; ajymaewmyJ}}
]]'geJY [dkq&mwpfa,muf rjrifygvm; ... b,foGm;vJ}}
]]NrdKUxJrSm tpnf;ta0;wpfck &Sdw,fxifyg&JU&Sif ... awmfawmfMum jyefvmyg
vdrfhr,f ... udkatmifjrifh odyfaeraumif;jzpfvmovm;}}
]]enf;enf; tat;ywfvmwmeJY wlygw,f/ udpör&Sdygbl;}}
]]tdraf y:a&mufawmh tuf(pf)y&ifuav; eJeJ aomufvu kd yf gvm;&Sif ... "mwfA;l xJ
rSm a&aEG;vnf; toifh&Sdom;yJ ... Al;teDxJrSm aumfzDazsmfNyD;om;yJ toifh&Sdw,faemf}}
]][kwfuJh rcifpef;Munf}}
tdraf y:xyfoYkd a&mufaomtcg udak tmifjrifo h nf 0wfaumif;pm;vSrsm;udk cRwí f
zvefe,f &SyftuÐsay:rS qG,fwmvufjywfudk xyfí0wfqifum tuf(pf)y&if tenf;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 60

i,fudk a&aEG;ESifh aomufcsvdkufavonf/ xdkaemuf pm;yGJteD;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGifxdkifum

pm;yGJwifrD;udk zGifhvdkufNyD;vQif t*Fvdyfr*¾Zif;wpfapmifudk qGJ,lzwf½Ivsuf&Sdav\/
odYk aomf r*¾Zif;wGif pdwrf ygvSbJ aeYvnfu yef;NcHxw J iG f udjk rifv
h iG f ajymvdu k f
aom pum;rsm;udkom wEkHYEkHY jyefvnfpOf;pm;vsuf&Sdavonf/
]]'Dv[ l m wjcm;ae&mrSmom uacsmu f cRwef YJ &,fp&m ajymcsiaf jymr,f ... r,m;eJY
ywfoufvmawmh wu,fvkyfcsifvkyfr,fhvl/ reufu a&csdK;cgeD;wkef;u olYrdef;rudk
ig t&ifi,fi,fwkef;uvdk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; MunfMunfvdkY ac:vdkufwmrsm; Mum;oGm;vm;
rodb;l ... aemufaeYvnfusawmh olu rsufEmS xm;eJY cifAsm; &D;wD;,m;wm; rvkyef YJ aemf
... vkyf&if rsufvHk; pdrf;uav;eJY pyg;BuD;a>rteufrsdK;udk usKyf vTwfvdkufr,fwJh ...
bk&m; ... bk&m; ... olYrdef;rudk 'Dvdk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ac:vdkufrdwm igrSm;wmyJ}}
udkatmifjrifhrSm pdwfynmorm;wpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwdkif; wpfpHkwpfckudk
awG;rdvQif ½kww f &uf raysmufbJ pGpJ v JG rf;vrf; EIu d Ef udI cf RwfcRwf awG;wwfonft h wkikd ;f
qufvufpOf;pm;vsuf &Sdjyefavonf/
]]b,fvdkvJ oli,fcsif;? cifw,fqdkayr,fh r,m;xd "m;Munhfqdkwmvdk 'Dvl
{uEÅ ighudk pdwfqdk;oGm;NyD xifw,f ... rSm;NyD ... rSm;NyD ... ig 'Dtdrfwnf;rdwm rSm;NyD}}
þuJhodkY rdrd\ cspfcifaom ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif;tdrfwGif wpfpHkwpf&m
tm;rembJ pdwfcsrf;omrIudk arQmfvifhívnf; wnf;cdkcJhonfrSm trSm;BuD;rSm;NyD[k
aemifw&rdav\/
xdkcPü tdrfa&SUrS um;oHMum;&av&m ... udkjrifhvGif jyefvmaMumif; od&\/
tu,fí rdrdxifonfhtwkdif;r[kwfbJ pdwfrqdk;cJhaomf udkjrihfvGifonf tdrfay:
odYk wufvmí rdrd aexdik rf aumif;onfukd ar;jref;NyD;vQif &,fp&marmp&myif qufvuf
ajymayvdrrhf nf/ odYk aomf em&D0ufcefY apmifq h ikd ;f aeonfw h ikd af tmif tay:xyfoYkd rnforl Q
wufrvmacs/
]][kwyf gw,f ... igxifwt hJ wkid ;f ygyJ ... 'Dv[ l m yg;pyfu NyHK;pdped YJ ? vkypf &m&S&d if
wu,fvyk w f vhJ /l ausmif;wke;f u Munfyh gvm;/ tnmu ausmif;om;wpfa,muf olYukd
r[kwb f J ausmif;olwpfa,mufeYJ orkw&f rvm;qdNk yD; "m;eJYvu kd wf m tem;uaumifawG
renf;qGJxm;vdkYaygh ... yg;pyfu &,f&Tef;ywf&Tef; ajymwJhvlrsdK;[m omNyD; aMumufp&m
aumif;ao;w,f}}
xdktcsdefwGif tdrfa&SUrS zGifhíxm;aom rSefjywif;aygufwpfcsyfrS avuav;
wpfcsuf okwfí0ifvm&m udkatmifjrifhrSm ausmxJwGif pdrfhceJjzpfoGm;í jywif;aygufudk
xíydwf&\/
udak tmifjrift h m; tdrt
f ay:xyf tdraf &SUcef;wpfcef;vH;k udk ay;xm;í udjk rifv h iG Ef iS hf
rcifpef;MunfwdkYu atmufxyfwGif tdyfMu\/ udkatmifjrifhtwGuf wpfa,muftdyf
uRe;f ukwiftopfwpfv;kH udk arGU&m? Zmjcifaxmif? acgif;tH;k rsm;jzifh tdrOf ;D cef;bufcyfusus
jyifay;xm;\/ ckwif\ ajc&if;bufwGif uav;upm;p&muav;rsm;? t½kyfuav;rsm;
wifxm;aom pifwpfck&Sd\/ udkjrifhvGifESifh rcifpef;MunfwdkYrSm vufxyfNyD;cgpwGif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 61

xGef;um;cJhzl;&m 3 cgvnf ausmfausmfavmufrS uav;qHk;oGm;ojzifh vifr,m;

ESpfa,mufwdkYrSm ,lBuHK;r& jzpfcJhzl;\/
xdktcgu udkjrifhvGifESifh rcifpef;MunfwdkYu udkatmifjrifhxHodkY rdrdwdkYü
om;a,mufsm;uav; &&SdaMumif;? ykcufwifESifh emrnfay;r*Fvmudk crf;em;pGm
jyKvkyrf nfjzpfaMumif;? uav;\emrnfukd rdbESpyf g;trnfygatmif ]]armifjrifph rf;}}[lí
rSnfhac:rnfjzpfaMumif;jzifh pma&;cJhzl;\/ xdkr*Fvmtcrf;tem;odkY udkatmifjrifhtm;
zdwfMum;aomfvnf; udkatmifjrifhrSm xdktcgu rvma&mufEdkifcJhacs/ pmwdkufrS
vufaqmifrsm;udo k m ydYk vukd &f \/ uav;rSm tcgvnfausmfNyD;aemuf wGww f ;D wGww f m
t&G,fodkY a&mufvwfaomf armifjrifhvGifrSm uav;tm; txl;cspfciftvdkvdkufum
upm;p&mtrsdK;rsdK;? t½kyftrsdK;rsdK;udk 0,fjcrf;ay;cJh\/ þodkYjzifh uav;qHk;oGm;NyD;
aemufüyif rcifpef;MunfrSm armifjrifhprf; touf&SdpOfu upm;cJhaom upm;p&m
t½k y f a v;rsm;ud k rypf & uf E d k i f b J tvG r f ; ajy Munh f E d k i f & ef pif u av;ay:ü
wifíxm;cJhavonf/
udak tmifjrift
h yd af om wpfa,muftyd u f wk ifteD;&Sd pmtkyt f enf;i,fwifxm;aom
pmMunhpf m;yGu J av;ay:wGif pm;yGw J if "mwfr;D wdik uf av;wpfc&k í dS yvwfpwpftpdr;f a&mif
tkyfaqmif;jzifh tkyfxm;\/ þodkYjzifh pm;yGJwif"mwfrD;rS ta&mifonf ukwifacgif;&if;
bufü ydkívif;NyD;vQif ukwifajc&if;ydkif;rSm arSmif&dyfusí aeavonf/
xdck Pü <uufuav;wpfaumifonf ukwifajc&if;bufrS ajy;xGuv f mNyD;vQif
pmtkyrf sm;wifxm;aom pm;yGt J eD;odYk a&mufaomtcg udak tmifjrif\ h ajcay:odYk jzwfum
ukwifajc&if;atmufodkYyif jyefí 0ifoGm;av\/ udkatmifjrifhonf zswfceJ vefYí
oGm;NyD;aemuf ]]atmifrav;}} [k a,mifíyif atmfvdkufrdao;\/
udkatmifjrifhonf <uufuav; 0ifoGm;aom ckwifajc&if;bufodkY twefi,f
iHkYíMunhfvdkufrd\/ ,if;uJhodkY MunhfvdkufrdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf wpfudk,fvHk; wGefYceJ
jzpfíoGm;NyD;vQif rdr\d OD;acgif;rSm ykwaf vmufBuD;í oGm;ouJo h Ykd xifvu kd rf \d / 0rf;xJrS
tonf;ESvHk;rsm;onf &if0qDodkY ckefwufvmonfhtvm; rsufvHk;rsm;rSmvnf; jymceJ
jzpfíoGm;avonf/
udkatmifjrifh jrif&aom t&mrSm ckwifatmufajc&if;qDrS wvufvuf
awmufíaeaom rsufvHk;pdrf;uav; 2 vHk;yif jzpfawmh\/
]]bk&m; ... bk&m; ... rsufvHk;pdrf;uav; 2 vHk;yguvm;}}
[k pdwfxJu a&&Gwfrd\/ odkYaomf toHum; rxGufawmhacs/ rsufvHk;uav;
2 vHk;rSm aysmufíroGm;bJ ,cifuxufyif awmufyvmum rdrdtm; aphaphMunhf
aebdouJhodkY xifrSwf&av\/
]]bk&m; ... bk&m; ... olYa>rBuD; ighqDvTwfvkdufygNyDaum}}
udak tmifjrif\h vufrmS wqwfqwfwek í f aeacsNyD/ odYk EiS hf olonf ukvm;xdik f
vufwef;udk wif;MuyfpmG qkyu f ikd xf m;\/ odYk aomf qkyu f ikd í
f r&bJ vufrsm;rSm wjznf;
jznf; avsmhívmojzifh vufwef;udk vTwv f u kd &f \/ rsufv;kH uav;rsm;rSm xdt k wdik ;f yif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 62

awmufypGm &Sad eNyD;vQif rdrt d m; pdr;f pdr;f Munhaf ebdouJh &Sad eavonf/ rsuv f ;kH pdr;f uav;
2 vHk;\ qGJaqmifrIum; vGefpGmyif BuD;rm;vSayonf/
udak tmifjrifrh mS xdq
k aJG qmifraI Mumifh ukvm;xdik af y:rS zif<uum rwfwwf &yfvu kd f
\/ atmufxyfodkY [pfatmfí ac:vkdufrnf[k pdwful;rd\/ odkYaomf yg;pyfzsm;rSm [
ír&awmhacs/
olonf tdyfrufxJwGif wpfvSrf;csif; vrf;avQmufí aeaomoluJhodkY a&SUodkY
wpfvrS ;f wd;k í oGm;jyef\/ ol\ rsufv;kH rsm;rSmvnf; ckwifatmufrS rsufv;kH pdr;f uav;
2 vH;k &S&d modYkom pl;pduk Mf unh½f v I su&f adS v&m rsuv f ;kH pdr;f uav; 2 vH;k uvnf; olYtm;jyefí
qGJaqmifzdwfac:aeouJhodkY &Sdavonf/
udak tmifjrifrh mS aZmacR;rsm; jyefívmavNyD/ ol\ pdwt f m½Hrk mS rnfonfah e&modYk
rQra&muf/ ol\ rsufvHk;rsm;ü pka0;um wvufvufawmufyvsuf&Sdaom rsufvHk;pdrf;
uav; 2 vHk;qDodkYom ol\ pdwfm” wfudk tpGrf;ukefvTwfvsuf&Sdavonf/
udak tmifjrifo h nf vufEpS b f ufukd a&SUodYk qefYwef;um ol\ajcvSr;f rsm;rSmvnf;
a&SUodkY wpfvSrf;rQ wdk;íoGm;av\/
]]rsufvHk;pdrf;uav; 2 vHk;eJY a>rBuD;awmh ighudkn§dKUaeNyD}}
[laom todudkum; 0rf;xJu odae\/ odkYaomf pdwf"mwfrSm jyif;xefvSojzifh
ajcvSrf;udk jyefíwkefY&ef owdr&bJ &Sdaeawmh\/ rsufvHk;av;ESpfvHk;\ nd§KU"mwfonf
vnf; wpfpuúeYf xufwpfpuúeYf jyif;xefívmum olYtm; tjyif;xefq;kH aom wefc;kd jzifh
qGJiifvsuf &SdaeavNyD/
xdt k csed u
f m; udak tmifjrifrh mS tpGr;f ukef wkev f yI v
f mNyDjzpfí aqmufwnf&mr&bJ
'l;rsm;auG;í Murf;ay:odkY bkef;ceJ vJusoGm;av\/
atmufxyfüum; udjk rifv h iG o f nf tdycf ef;twGi;f &Sd yufvufuv k m;xdik af y:wGif
pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk zGmvsuf&Sd&m rcifprf;Munfurl ckwifay:ü yufvufvefum
0w¬Kzwfvsuf&Sdavonf/
(vGif) ]]udkatmifjrifhwpfa,mufawmh tdyfNyDxifw,f? toHrMum;awmhbl; ...
pdwfynmq&mBuD;av owå0grsm;rSm pdwf"mwftm;[m ta&;BuD;qHk;vdkY ,lqwJh
vlwpfa,mufaygh}}
(Munf) ]]tdyfa&maygh ... NyD;awmh enf;enf;tat;rdvmw,f ajymw,f}}
]]aq;uav;bmav; rwdkufvdkufbJudk;}}
]]acR;xkwaf q;aomufzYkd Munf owday;vdu k yf gw,f/ NyD;awmh a&aEG;udk "mwfb;l
eJY toifh xnfhxm;w,f/ aumfzDvnf; xnfhay;xm;w,f}}
]]'Dvlu odyf½dk;wJhvl Munf&JU ... odyftm;emwwfwmyJ/ NyD;awmh odyfvnf;
aMumufwwfwJhvl/ ausmif;aewkef;u oleJYarmif[m tcspfqHk;yJ ... b,favmufpp
pdwfrqdk;bl;}}
]]olYMunhf&wm Munfjzifh tm;r&bl; armif&,f/ rsufESmu jzLzwfjzLavsmfeJY/
aoG;om; odyftm;enf;wmyJ ...}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 63

]]ESv;kH a&m*g&Sw d v
hJ q
l w kd m 'Dvykd J Munf&UJ / NyD;awmh 'grsKd ;qdw
k m xdwpf &mvefYp&m
wpfckckeJYawGU&if pdwfudk csufcsif; xdcdkufwwfw,f ... NyD;awmhvnf;}}
udkjrifhvGif pum;rqHk;rD tay:xyfrS 'Hk;ceJ toHwpfoH Mum;vdkuf&ojzifh ...
]]tvdk tdrfay:u bmoHygvdrfh}}
[k rcifpef;Munfu atmfvdkufav\/
xdak emuf owd&vmMuaomtcg vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufwYkdonf um;armif;orm;
armifykESifh tapcHr,fjrwdkYtm; [pfatmf toHjyKcJhNyD;vQif tay:xyfodkY tl,m;zm;,m;
ajy;wufoGm;Muav\/ armifykESifh r,fjrwdkYvnf; aemufrS wufívdkufoGm;&m olwdkY
awGUjrif&aom ½Icif;um;? oem;zG,fvnf;aumif;? pdwfESvHk; wkefvIyfzG,fvnf; aumif;
vSay\/ ckwifeHab;wGif udkatmifjrifhonf Murf;ay:ü tvsm;arSmuf vJusum ckwif
ajc&if;bufodkY vuf,mbufvufudk tpGrf;ukef qefYwef;vsuf&Sd\/ xdkvufrSm ckwif
atmufoYkdyif wpfaycefY a&mufvsu&f adS vonf/ xdv k uf\ a&SUwpfxmG cefYa0;aom ae&m
üum; upm;p&mrsm;xm;aom pifrS rawmfwqusae[efwlaom ,kef½kyfav;wpf½kyfudk
awGU&\/ ,ke½f yk u f av;\ rsufv;kH ESpv f ;kH rSm tvGeaf wmufyaom tpdr;f a&mif a<uykw;D
aphuav;ESpfvHk; wyfqifxm;av\/
udkatmifjrifhtm; rdrd usDpm;Ncdrf;ajcmufvdkufaom pum;rsm;onf t½kyfpifrS
rawmfwq vdru hf sae[efwal om ,ke½f yk u f av;\ tpdr;f a&mif rsuv f ;kH rsm;ESihf taMumif;
csif;wdkufqdkifum udkatmifjrifhrSm taMumufvGefí oGm;[efwl\/ e*dkuyif ESvHk;a&m*g
&So
d jzifh xpfceJqv kd Qif txdww f vefY jzpfwwfow l pfa,muftm; þuJo h Ykd uspD m;rdonfrmS
rSm;avNyD[k udkjrifhvGifonf BuD;pGm aemifw&rd\/
udkjrifhvGifu OD;acgif;udk ajz;nif;pGm &rf;vsuf ...
]]Munf&,f ... toufr&Sdawmhygbl;}}
[k ajymvdu k v
f Qif rcifpef;Munfonf csHK;cs idak <u;&Sm\/ udjk rifv h iG o
f nf ,keu f
av;udk vSrf;íMunhfvdkuf&m ¤if;\rsufvHk;tpHkrSm arS;rSdefaom "mwfrD;a&mifatmufwGif
tpdrf;a&mifxGufum wvufvuf awmufyvsuf&Sdaeonfudk awGU&\/ okdYESifh rcifprf;
Munf &dyrf rd nfp;kd ojzifh udjk rifvh iG v
f nf; atmfoaH Mumifh ajy;wufvmaom tapcH armifyk
tm; rsuf&dyfjyvsuf t½kyfuav;udk pifay:odkY wifcdkif;vdkuf&onf/
xdkaemuf udkjrifhvGifonf udkatmifjrifh\ tokbtwGuf qufvuf jyifqif
Mu&avawmhownf;/
aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1957 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

avmuf v ef ; ozG , f 0d n mOf w G , f

ouf&Sdowå0grSeforQum; y#doaE¨aejcif;ESifh uif;uGmír&acs/ y#doaE¨

aejcif;rSm (1) Oyywf y#doaE¨[íl ,cifb0u 0dnmOfcsKyo f nfEiS hf wpfNydKief uf ewf?jA[®m?
Nydwåmrsm;uJhodkY aemufb0wGif bGm;ceJ rm;rm;rwfrwf ½kyfoP²mefjzpfay:vmjcif;/ (2)

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 64

oHao'Z y#doaE¨[í l tn§u d pkd íJG tvGeaf o;i,faom uvmyfpnf;wpfcrk S wjznf;jznf;

BuD;xGm;vm&onfh ydk;avmufwdkYuJhodkY y#doaE¨rsdK;/ (3) t@Z y#doaE¨ [lí Muuf?
iSufponfwdkY aygufzGm;&ouJhodkY OtcGHrS aygufzGm;aom y#doaE¨rsdK;/ (4) vl? acG;
ponfwdkYuJhodkY rdcif\ om;tdrfrS aygufzGm;&onfh ZvmAkZ odkYr[kwf *AÇao,su
y#doaE¨rsdK;[lí av;rsdK; ydkif;jcm;vsuf &Sdavonf/
xdyk #doaE¨av;rsdK;teuf yxrOyywf y#doaE¨rw S pfyg; usefo;kH rsdK;wdYk rmS uREfyk f
wdYkavmuwGif awGUjrifae&aom y#doaE¨rsKd ;rsm; jzpfavonf/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;jzpfaom
oHao'Z y#doaE¨rmS ,ckrsujf rif tñSrd jS zpfonfh yd;k avmufrsm;omru a&S;tcg ]]vl}}rsm;
yif oHao'Z y#doaE¨rsKd ;jzifh aygufzmG ;Edik af Mumif; a&S;usr;f *efrsm;wGif uREykf w f Ykd awGU&\/
refusnf;yifrSzGm;aom pdOörme owdkYorD;? Mumzl;rSzGm;onfh y'kra'0D? 0g;wGif
oaE¨wnfcJhonfh a0VK0wDrif;orD;wdkY jzpfavonf/
Oyywfy#doaE¨udk xyfrHpOf;pm;u ewfjA[®m? NydwåmwdkYuJhodkY vlwdkYwGif rjzpfEdkif
oavm[laom tcsufwGif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jzpfEdkifp&m taMumif;r&Sd/ jzpfEdkifonf
[lívnf; rMum;zl;acs/ odkYaomf vl\ udk,fcE¨mtdrfxJodkY tjcm;0dnmOfwpfckonf aq;
ynmtpGr;f aMumifah omfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;taMumif;wpfpw kH pf&maMumifah omfvnf;aumif;
0ifa&mufEdkifaMumif;udkrl &Hzef&Hcg uREfkyfwdkY Mum;zl;avonf/
aojcif;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;vQifvnf; 0dnmOfonf wpfcgwnf; aysmufuG,f
csKyfNidrf;íroGm;bJ tjcm;b0opfwpfckodkY y#doaE¨tjzpfjzifh oGm;a&mufpGJuyfjcif;rQom
jzpfavonf/ odYk jzpfí b0wpfcEk iS w hf pfcrk mS tvGeef uf½iId ;f rnf;arSmifvaS om acsmufBuD;
wpfckodkY a&mufaomtcg tjcm;bufurf;wGif jzpfysufcJhonf rdrdb0a[mif;rS tjzpf
tysufwYkd ukd jyefveS af jymqdEk ikd af vonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tdyrf ufruf&mrS zswfceJ vefYíEd;k
aomtcg tdyfrufxJwGif a&;a&;rQxifcJhonfh taMumif;t&mwdkYudk jyefíowd&
ouJhodkYyifwnf;/
Ä Ä Ä

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfp &efukefNrdKUrS 48em&DtwGif; xGufcGmoGm;&ef trdefY

xkwjf yefonfah eYu eHeufapmapmtcsed w f iG f vl 150cefYygonfh ppfwyfuav;wpfwyfonf
t*Fvyd uf yÜwed wf pfa,muf tkycf sKyfum r*Fvm'Hrk S ]]jynf}}bufoYkd qkwcf mG vmavonf/
ppfom;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh a*:&cg;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfMuí jrefrmvlrsKd;
vlESpfq,fcefY yg0ifavonf/
t*Fvyd w f Ykd onf tdE,
d́ jynftxd qkwcf mG rnfukd odaomfvnf; a*:&cg; ppfom;
rsm;onf usdK;EGH½dkaopGm vdkufygvmMu\/ odkYaomf tcsdKU jrefrmppfom;uav;rsm;rSm
,ckppfonf rdrw d Ykd trdjrefrmjynfBuD;tm; uRefwiG ;f rS vGwaf p&ef zefw;D vmaom ppfjzpf
onf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif; *syefwdkYbufrS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufvdkaom pdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm;
ay:aygufum vrf;ckvwfrS xGufajy;&ef BuHpnfvsuf &SdMuukef\/
þodkYjzifh vufyHwef;NrdKU\ tjyifbuf um;vrf;jzpfaom uRef;uav;&Gmü

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 65

wyfpcef; csaeonfhtcg jrefrmppfom; ig;a,mufwdkYonf vufeufrsm;ESifhwuG

wdwfwqdwf xGufajy;Muavonf/ odkYaomf ppfwyfrSm txufjrefrmjynfodkYa&mufvQif
½kyfodrf;thHqJqJ &SdaeojzifhwpfaMumif;? ppf\ tajctaeudk axmufxm;ojzifh
uyÜwdefonf aysmufqHk;aom ppfom;rsm;udk wpfpHkwpf&m vdkufvH&SmazGjcif;rjyKbJ
qkwfNrJqkwfcJh\/
xdxk uG af jy;aom ppfom;ig;a,mufxw J iG f e,fom; armifa&Tav;qdo k w l pfa,muf
yg0ifav&m armifa&Tav;onf oH;k &ufrQ awmxJwiG f ykeaf tmif;aeNyD;aemuf vl0wfvu J m
vufyHwef;NrdKUodkY vmcJhav\/ xdktcsdefrSm wdkif;jynfA½kwfA&uf jzpfaeonfhtcsdefjzpfí
armifa&Tav;onf xrif;qdkifwpfqkdifü tcaMu;aiGay;í xdkxrif;qdkifüyif wpfv
udk;oDwif; aexdkifcJh\/
xdkaemuf acwfBuD;onf wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmawmh\/
*syefppfwyfESifh jrefrmppfwyfwdkYonf &efukefNrdKUudk odrf;ydkufrdawmh\/ rMumrD
t*Fvdyfukefypönf;rsm; wjznf;jznf; &Sm;yg;ívm&m t*FvdyfaiGpuúLrsm; aysmufuG,f
oGm;awmh\/ a'gufwmbarmf tpd;k &tzGUJ onf wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyu f m bDtikd af ttjzpfoYkd
ul;ajymif;vmMu\/ xdktcg ,cifu A½kwfA&ufjzpfcJhaom wdkif;jynfonf tawmfyif
Nidrf0yfydjym;ívmawmh\/ NrdKUwdkif;NrdKUwdkif;ü ,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;udk zGJUpnf;Mu\/
*syefppfwyfrsm;onf NrdKUwdik ;f &Gmwdik ;f ae&mtESYHtjym; pcef;csvsuf &Sad eMuNyD;vQif wdik ;f jynf
twGuf toufudkpGefYrnfh om;aumif;&wemrsm;jzpfMuaom jrefrmppfom;rsm;udk
trsm;tjym; awGU&awmh\/
xdt k cg rdrwd Ykd td;k tdrrf sm;udk pGeYfíajy;cJ&h aom olrsm;onf tcsKd U rdrw d Ykd t&yfa'o
odkY rjyefbJ a&muf&mt&yfüyif vkyfudkif&SmazGum pm;aomufvsuf&SdMu\/ ta&mif;
t0,frsm;onf ae&mwdkif;ü pnfum;vsuf rD;&xm;rsm;onfvnf; jzpforQ wGJrsm;? puf
acgif;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfcw k af rmif;vsuf &SMd u\/armfawmfum;rsm;onfvnf; wpfNrdKUrS wpfNrdKU
odkY ul;oef;um ukefypönf;rsm;udk o,faqmifí oGm;Mu\/ vcpm;rsm;xuf ukefonf
tvkyfudk vkyfaomolrsm;onf pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifhvsuf &SdMu\/
,if;uJhodkY ppfBuD;jzpfaeonfhtwGif; tawmftwef acwfjyefí aumif;vm
aomtcsdeüf armifa&Tav;onf tjcm;olrsm;uJo h Ykd ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;üvnf;
ruRrf;usifojzifh vufyefwef;NrdKU&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif omrmefpma&;uav;tjzpfjzifh
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvsuf &Sdavonf/
ppf\ ab;'PfaMumifh wdr;f a&Smifxu G af jy;Mu&ukeaf om wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;um
rdrdwdkY ae&yfZmwdyif r[kwfapumrl taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm aexdkifMu&ukef\/
wpfaeYoü armifa&Tav;onf jynf&xm;odkY vdkuf&ef {nfhonfwpfa,muftm;
vduk yf YkdpOf &xm;ay:wGif jynfNrdKUom; armifxeG ;f a&Tqo kd El iS hf awGUí wpfNrdKUwnf; aexdik of l
rsm;onf tjcm;wpf&yfwpf&Gmü awGUqHkrdMuaomtcg tvGefcifrifwwfonfhtwdkif;
armifa&Tav;onf 15rdepfcefY &xm;apmifah eonft h csed wf iG f pum;pjrnfajym&ef armifxeG ;f
a&Ttm; vufbuf&nfqdkifwpfqdkifodkY ac:cJhav\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 66

vufzuf&nfEiS rhf ek Yfrsm;udk rSmxm;NyD;aemuf armifa&Tav;onf jynfNrdKUodYk ra&muf

cJo
h nfrmS 6ESpaf usmf 7 ESpcf efYrQ &Sad eNyDjzpfojzifh vlrsm; wuGw J jym;pD &Sad eonfth aMumif;rSpí
jynfNrdKUrS rdwfaqGo*F[rsm; taMumif;rsm;udk ar;jref;vsuf&Sdav\/
xGef;/ / ]]'gxuf jynfrSm udka&Tav;&JU aqGrsdK;awG &Sdao;vm;}}
av;/ / ]]t&if;tcsmxJuawmh r&Sdygbl; udkxGef;a&T/ tarBuD;vnf; uRefawmf
ppfxJrvdkufcifuav;wGifyJ qHk;oGm;&Smw,f}}
xGef;/ / ]][kwfw,fav ... uRefawmftodom;yJ}}
av;/ / ]]EdYkayr,fh tarbufu wlrwpf0rf;uGaJ wmfwhJ rrESi;f qdw k mawmh&w dS ,f/
t&ifuawmh aps;BuD;&JU tjyifbufwef;rSm pufcsKyfw,f}}
xGef;/ / ]]aMomf ... a':ESif; ... a':ESif; ... odNyD/ cifAsm;eJY bmawmfovJ}}
av;/ / ]]tpfr ESpf0rf;uGJavmuf awmfwmayghAsm/ tck bmvkyfaeovJ
rajymwwfbl;}}
xGe;f / / ]]olu uRefawmfwYkd xuf eJeBJ uD;vdYk uRefawmfwYkd u a':ESi;f vdYk ac:w,f/
olYtaMumif; cifAsm; rMum;ao;bl;vm;}}
av;/ / ]]rMum;ao;ygbl;Asm/ jynfudkvnf; uRefawmfra&mufbl;/ 'DrSmyJ
ukyfaewmyJ/ oGm;p&muvnf; taMumif;r&SdbJ udkxGef;a&T&JU}}
xGef;/ / ]][kwfwmayghav/ uRefawmfwdkYuom ukefonfqdkawmh jynfeJY&efukef
tdrfOD;eJYMurf;jyif jzpfaewmyJ/ wpfvudk tenf;qHk; ESpfacguf? oHk;acgufa&mufw,f}}
av;/ / ]]'gxuf rrESif;taMumif; ajymprf;ygOD;}}
xGef;/ / ]]a':ESif; tdrfaxmifusoGm;NyDAs/ jynfrSm AHk;awGbmawG usvmawmh
olwdkYu ykwD;ukef;udk ajy;w,f/ 'geJY ykwD;ukef;u ajrydkif&Sifwpfa,mufeJY taMumif;yg
oGm;owJ/h vlBuD;u rkq;kd zdk yifpifpm;BuD;qdk xifyg&JUAsm/ 0ufyw k wf Ykd tif;rwdYk rmS ajrawG
trsm;BuD; &Sdw,fqdkyJ/ toufuawmh rESif;xuf BuD;wmayghav/ EdkYayr,fh vlBuD;u
ydkufqHcsrf;omw,f ... 'geJY 0ufykwfu NcHBuD;wpfNcHxJrSm oGm;aew,fvdkY Mum;&w,f/
usKyfwdkYt&yfxJu udkpdefwdkY aygif;wnfoGm;wkef;u awGUcJhowJh udka&Tav;&JU}}
av;/ / ]]tif;Asm? Mum;&wm 0rf;omygw,f/ tckvdk acwfBuD;rSm tm;vHk;
usef;usef;rmrm&SdMu&if NyD;wmyJ}]
xGe;f / / ]]'gayghAsm/ udik ;f ... oGm;MuOD;rSb/J &xm;xGucf sdef eD;aeNyD/ cifAsm;aum
'DrSmae&wm aysmf&JUvm;}}
rdwfaqGESpfa,mufwdkYonf pum;wajymajymESifh rD;&xm;&Sd&modkY wjznf;jznf;
avQmufí vmcJhMuavonf/
av;/ / ]]aysmfw,fvYkd r[kwyf gbl; udx k eG ;f a&T&,f/ uRefawmfvnf; ukyrf u d yk &f m
aeawmhwmyJ/ b,frSvnf; ra&mufbl;}}
xGef;/ / ]][kwfyg&JUAsm/ cifAsm;vnf; odyfaeEdkifwJh vlwpfa,mufyJ/ jynfudkrsm;
wpfacgufwpfav vmcJha&maygh/ usKyfwdkYvnf; t&Sdom;eJY}}
]]tif;av ... wpfacgufawmh a&mufatmif vmcJhOD;raygh}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 67

]]cifAsm; tpfrqDaum tvnftywf oGm;ygOD;vm;}}

]][kwfuJh olaewJhae&m od&rSyJ oGm;OD;r,f/ 0ufykwfukd b,fblwmu qif;
&ovJ}}
]]ykw;D uke;f uqif;NyD; jrif;vSn;f uav;eJYomG ;&if a&mufwmayghAsm/ oH;k av;rdik f
avmuf a0;wmyJ}}
]]udkif; ... udkif; ... oGm;ayawmh udkxGef;a&T ... awGU&wm 0rf;omoAsm}}
tcsdefonf oHk;vrQ MumoGm;\/ wpfaeYoü armifa&Tav;onf jynfNrdKUodkY
toGm;wGif 6 ESpaf usmf 7 ESpcf efYrQ uGaJ eaom tpfrESp0f rf;uGJ rESi;f tm; awGU&ef ykw;D uke;f
blwmwGif qif;cJhav\/ blwmuav;rSm twuftqif;enf;yg;aom blwmuav;
jzpfojzifh rD;&xm;qdkufaomtcsdefrSm nae 5 em&DcefYyif &SdaeavNyD/
armifa&Tav;onf blwm½HkteD;wGif a&mif;aom jrefrmxrif;qdkifwpfqdkifodkY
0ifNyD;vQif xrif;wpfyGJudk rSmípm;&if; qdkif&Sifrdef;rBuD;tm; 0ufykwf&GmodkYoGm;&ef
xdktcsdefwGif jrif;vSnf;uav;wpfpD; &Edkifygoavm[k ar;&m rdef;rBuD;u aps;bufodkY
vufñ;Id \ñTev f suf aemufq;kH 6 em&Dtxd &Edik af Mumif;? odYkaomf tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;r&bJ
rdrw
d pfa,mufwnf; oGm;&rnfqu kd jrif;vSn;f cudk 5d ay;&rnfjzpfaMumif;ESihf ajymqd&k m
armifa&Tav;vnf; xrif;pm;NyD;aemuf aps;bufodkY xGufvmcJhav\/ xdkaemuf
tjcm;c&D;onfrsm; rawGU&onfESifh toifhawGUaom jrif;vSnf;wpfpD;udk 5day;í
iSm;&rf;NyD;aomf 0ufykwf&Gmuav;odkY armif;ESifap\/
ykwD;ukef;blwmrS xGufvmcJhaomtcg jrif;vSnf;oGm;&m vrf;uav;onf
tawmfyifom,mvsuf 0J,mwpfbufwpfcsuf&dS v,fuiG ;f rsm;onfvnf; 0ifvq k aJ om
aea&mifwGif jrpdrf;a&miftqif;uJhodkY &Sdae\/ ]]avmif;BuD;}}&GmrS vGefaomtcg xef;yif
rsm;onf vrf;wpfbufwpfcsufwGif BudKMum;aygufa&mufvsuf csHKzkwfrsm;onfvnf;
vrf;ab;ESihf qufpyfvsu&f adS om awmpyfuav;rsm;wGif uGuw f u
d uG u f sm; aygufa&muf
vsuf &SMd uavonf/ ta&SUbufoYkd ½IarQmí f Munhaf omf tjymEka&mifaumif;uifukd aemufcH
xm;vsuf cyfa&;a&;rQ jrif&aom ]]ta&SU½d;k r}} awmifwef;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? taemuf
bufwGif tjyma&mifjzifh tawmfeD;uyfpGm awGUjrif&onfh ]]yJcl;½dk;r}}awmifwef;
onfvnf;aumif;? om,maom ½IarQmfcif;rsm;udk jzpfap\/ ½dk;rawmif\aemufbuf
awmifp, G wf iG f 0ifvqk aJ om aewpfjcrf;\ a&mifjcnfrsm;onfh opfyifay:odYk usa&mufum
vS n f ; vrf ; uav;ay:ü t&d y f r sm;ud k xif a p\/ armif a &T a v;pD ; vmaom
jrif;vSnf;uav;onf cyfrSefrSef oGm;vsuf&Sdavonf/
jrif;vSn;f orm;onf vl&, G w
f pfa,mufjzpfí aq;ayghvyd w f ukd kd yg;pyfüudu k uf m
ao;auG;csnefh YJ aom jrif;uav;udk rMumcP MumyGwo f aH y;um cyfreS rf eS f ESiv
f su&f \dS /
av;/ / ]]b,fhES,fhvJAs awmfawmfeD;NyDvm;}}
jrif;vSn;f orm;/ /]]wpfrikd af vmuf vdyk gawmhw,f/ [dak &SUu auGUuav;ausm&f if
&Gmudk jrif&ygNyD/ q&mu b,folYtdrfudk oGm;rSmvJ}}
av;/ /]]a,mufsm;emrnfawmh rodbl;Asm/ olYrdef;ru rESif;wJh? jynfNrdKUu

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 68

ppfajy;NyD; vm&if;rSm tdrfaxmifusaewm}}

rm;/ / ]]rESif; ... rESif; ... uRefawmfodwJh rESif;vm; rajymwwfbl;}}
]]cifAsm;odwJh rESif;u b,fvdk yHkyef;oP²mefvJ ... ajymprf;ygOD;}}
]]touf 30 ausmfavmuf ½kyu f oem;urm; tom;vwfvwf cyfawmifah wmifh
t&ifu ykwD;ukef;rSmaew,f}}
]][kwfNyDAsdKU [kwfNyD? olwdkYtdrf oGm;rvdkYAs/ rESif;u uRefawmfhtpfr
ESpf0rf;uGJavmuf awmfw,f}}
]]tJ'DrESif;udkawmh uRefawmfodygw,f/ olYa,mufsm;u ypönf; tawmf
csrf;omw,f/ toufawmhBuD;NyD/ olwdkYaewJh NcHBuD;u acsmif;ab;rSm tus,fBuD;yJ}}
]]tJ'Dtdrfa&mufatmif ydkYAs}}
]]tdraf &mufatmifawmh ydYkvYkdrjzpfb;l q&m/ olwYkdtrd t f xd jrif;vSn;f raygufb;l /
wHwm;xdyfem;rSm xrif;qdkifwpfqdkif&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dxrif;qdkifa&SUrSm q&mqif;ayawmh/
xrif;qdkifab;vrf;Mum;u ajrmufbufwnfhwnfh acsmif;ab;twdkif; wpfac:avmuf
q&mavQmufoGm;&if olwdkYNcHBuD; 0ifwdk;rdwmyJ/ NcHpnf;½dk; awmfawmfjrifhjrifh cwfxm;wm
'Dae&mrSm olwdkYNcHyJ&Sdw,f}}
]]tif;Asm 'gjzifhvnf; cifAsm;ajymwJh xrif;qdkifa&SUyJ cscJhwmaygh ... olwdkYu
NcHrSm bmvkyfovJ}}
]]olYa,mufsm;u jrif;arG;w,f q&m&JU/ jrif;awGrS taumifEpS q f ,ftpdw&f wdS ,f/
ckaetcg wpfaumifudk wpfaxmif? axmifhig;&m &wmaygh}}
xdok Ykd ajymqdv
k su&f pdS Of jrif;vSn;f uav;rSm vSn;f vrf;rS wmvrf;ay:odYk wufNyD;
vQif vuf0JbufodkY wnfhwnfhcsdK;NyD;aemuf 0ufykwf&GmxJodkY 0ifvmav\/
jrif ; vS n f ; ay:rS q if ; cJ h N yD ; vQif armif a &T a v;onf wH w m;xd y f & S d
xrif;qdkifuav;xJodkY 0ifcJhav\/ qdkifuav;rSm ae0if&Dwa&m tcsdefjzpfí
vlrsm;&Sif;vif;vsuf&Sd&m qkdif&Siftbdk;BuD;tm; ykwD;ukef;rS rESif;aexdkifaom NcHodkY
oGm;&mvrf;udk ar;jref;vsuf&Sdav\/
BuD;/ / ]]armifu b,folvJ}}
av;/ / ]]uRefawmfu vufyefwef;uygcifAsm ... tck uRefawmfar;aewJh
rESif;qdkwmu uRefawmfhtpfr ESpf0rf;uGJ awmfygw,f}}
BuD;/ /]]a[m'Dtrd af b;u vrf;uav;twdik ;f om ajrmufbufwnfw h nfh avQmuf
oGm;ayawmh/ NcHBuD;udk awGUvdrfhr,f ... olYa,mufsm;u OD;cspfaomif;wJh/ toufawmh
tawmfBuD;ygNyD/ olwYkdu jrif;awGtBuD;tus,af rG;NyD; a&mif;pm;w,f/ ckaetcg wpfaumif
1500d-2000d tenf;qH;k &wmaygh/ *syefppfAv kd af wGawmif olYNcHxu
J jrif;awGukd vmvm
0,fMuw,f ... udkif; ... udkif; ... ighwl oGm;ayawmh? rdk;csKyfaer,f}}
armifa&Tav;onf xrif;qdkif&Sif tbkd;BuD;tm; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymNyD;vQif
acsmif;ab;&Sd vloGm;vrf;uav;twdkif; ajrmufbufodkY ESpfzmvHkcefY avQmufrdaomtcg
tvGefus,f0ef;aom NcHBuD;wpfNcH\ 0if;wHcg;0odkY a&mufvmcJhavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 69

0if;wHcg;rSm ydwí f xm;ojzifh armifa&Tav;onf [pfatmftoHjyKav&m yxrü

acG;a[miforH sm; Mum;&NyD;aemuf 0if;wHcg;qDoYkd vlBuD;wpfa,muf cyfreS rf eS f avQmufvm
onfudk jrifav\/ tcsderf mS 6 em&DcrJG Q &SNd yDjzpfaomfvnf; aeomaom pufwifbmv\
naecsr;f jzpfojzifh tvif;a&mif raysmufwwfao;acs/ vlBuD;onf vufxw J iG f MumyGwf
wpfacsmif;udk udkifxm;avonf/
BuD;/ / ]]bmudpövJ armif}}
av;/ / ]]uRefawmf rrESif;eJY awGUcsifvdkYygcifAsm/ rrESif;u uRefawmfh&JU tpfr
ESpf0rf;uGJ awmfygw,f}}
BuD;/ / ]]aMomf [kwfvm; armifu b,fuvJ}}
av;/ / ]]uRefawmf Zmwdu jynfyg ... ppfxJvdkufoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf}}
armifa&Tav;onf a&SUodkYrqufbJ pum;udk ½kwfw&uf jzwfvdkufavonf/
rodaomvlcsif; awGUqHkpum;ajymqdkMuaomtcg wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf
apmif;yg;&dyfajcMunhfum tuJcwfwwfMuonfhtwdkif; vlBuD;onf twefi,f ouFm
ruif;aom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh rdrdtm; Munhfaeonf[k armifa&Tav;pdwfwGif xifrd\/
rdrd\ tpfr0rf;uGJ rESif;\a,mufsm; NcH&Sifjzpf[efwlí &Srf;abmif;bDteufESifh
pGyfus,ftuÐsvuf&Snfudk 0wfxm;\/ vlBuD;\rsufESmrSm xdyfbufwGif um;ae&mrS
atmufbufodkY wjznf;jznf; ½SL;íusqif;oGm;&m ESmacgif;rS twefi,fa&SUodkY aigxGuf
vsuf&Sdonf[k xif&\/
odYkjzpf&um; rdrjd rifz;l orQ a,mufsm;xJwiG f t½kyq f ;kd qH;k vlwpfa,muf[k owdjyK
vdkufrd\/
xdktcsdefü rESif;udk,fwdkif NcHwHcg;teD;odkY a&mufvmNyDjzpfí armifa&Tav;
jzpfaMumif; odonfESifhwNydKifeuf tHhtm;oifhum acwårQ MunhfaeNyD;aemuf wHcg;zGifh
ay;av\/
]][Jh armifa&Tav;yguvm; ... rif; b,fuvmovJ}}
]]vufyefwef;u vmcJw h ,f rrESi;f ... uReaf wmf jynfomG ;rvdYk [m vrf;BuHKwmeJY
0ifvmcJhwmyJ/ rrESif;wdkY tm;vHk;rm&JUaemf}}
]]at; ... at; ... rmMuygw,f/ rrESif; 'DrSm&Sdw,fvdkY rif;b,folajymovJ}}
]]vufyefwef;blwmrSm jynfu udkxGef;a&TeJY awGUwmeJY rrESif;wdkY ykwD;ukef;rSm
yxraew,f/ tckawmh 0ufyw k rf mS &Sw
d ,fajymvdYk ? uReaf wmfvnf; rawGU&wm MumwmeJY
owif;ar;NyD; vdkufvmwm rrESif;&JU}}
]]at;uG,f 0rf;omw,f .. vm ... vm}}
xdktcsdefü vlBuD;onf jrif;aZmif;rsm;&Sd&modkY xGufoGm;avNyD/
rrESif;u a&SUuoGm;ojzifh armifa&Tav;onf aemufrS vdkufygoGm;av\/
NcHpnf;½dk;twGif; wpfbufwpfcsufüum; tdrfwef;vsm;rsm;ozG,f aqmufvkyfxm;onfh
jrif;aZmif;rsm;&S\ d / jrif; oH;k av;aumifrmS NcHBuD;twGi;f üyif BudK;rsm;jzifh vSex f m;onfukd
vnf; awGU&avonf/ tdrfwpfaqmifteD;odkY a&mufvmaomtcg touf 40ausmf?

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 70

50cefY&dS rde;f rBuD;wpfa,mufonf vufqrJG eS t f rd w

f pfv;kH udk udik u
f m vrf;jyojzifh rESi;f ESihf
twl armifa&Tav;onf tdrfxJodkY0ifí vdkufoGm;avonf/
tdrfuav;rSm oHk;yifESpfcef; ysOfcif;oGyfrdk; ESpfxyftdrfuav;jzpfí tdrfwGif;ü
NrdKUqefaom tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm;pGm r&SdbJ {nfhcef;wGif ½dk;½dk;Budrfukvm;xdkif 4 vHk;?
pm;yGJ0dkif;wpfck tay:rS xGef;n§dxm;aom a&eHqD vomrSeftdrfwpfvHk;om &Sd\/ {nfhcef;
aemufü ajc&if;acgif;&if wpfbufwpfcsufwGif tdyfcef;ESpfcef;&Sdí tv,fü aemuf
az;rD;zdkodkY oGm;aom vrf;&Sdavonf/
rESif;onf armifa&Tav;tm; {nfhcef;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:wGif xdkifapí
armifa&Tav;\ vG,t f w d Ef iS hf vufqo
JG m;a&tdwu f kd axmifw h pfaxmifwh iG f csxm;av\/
av;/ / ]]NcHwcH g;0rSm uReaf wmfeYJawGUwJh vlBuD; ...}} (pum;rqH;k rD rESi;f ujzwfí)
]][kwfw,f tJ'g rrESif; a,mufsm; OD;cspfaomif;qdkwmyJ ... toufawmh
rrESif;xuf trsm;BuD; BuD;wmaygh/ oabmaumif;ygw,f armifav;&JU}}
av;/ / ]][kwfuJh ...}}
ESif;/ / ]]'gxuf rif; xrif;pm;cJhNyDvm;}}
av;/ / ]][kwfuJh NyD;cJhygNyD/ uRefawmf ykwD;ukef;uwnf;u pm;vmw,f}}
]]jzpfrS jzpf&avuG,f ... tvum;yJ pm;vmw,f/ 'DrmS rrESi;f wdYk&w dS m todom;eJY}}
]]tdk ... udprö &Syd gbl;/ rrESi;f uvnf; ... NcHxrJ mS jrif;awG trsm;BuD; arG;xm;w,f
aemf}}
]]at; ... 'D[mu olYtvkyfudkuGJU/ jrif;awGudk azmufNyD; a&mif;w,f/ olu
tifrwef 0goemygwmyJ}}
]]aumif;ygw,f rrESif;&,f/ 'Dtvkyfu tifrwef 0ifaiGaumif;wJhtvkyfyJ}}
]]wpfaumifq&kd if awmfawmftzd;k &ygw,f/ wpfcgwpfcg *syefppfAv kd af wGvmNyD;
ESpfaumifoHk;aumif 0,foGm;wmyJ/ EdkYayr,fh 'Dtvkyfudk rrESif; oabmrwlygbl;uG,f/
'Djyif[m wpfckck a&mif;0,fpm;&if aumif;wmaygh/ rif;aum tck bmvkyfaevJ}}
]]uReaf wmfawmh pma&;yJ vkyaf e&wmyJ rrESi;f &,f/ ppfxu J xGuv f mNyD;wJah emuf
vufxrJ mS t&if;tES;D vnf; r&Sad wmh jzpfuwwfqef; qif;vkyaf ewmyJ/ pdwu f ygvSw,f
r[kwfygbl;}}
]]at;aygh ... acwfysufxJrSm usbef;aygh/ a[m ... tudkBuD;awmif jyefvmNyD}}
rESif;onf tdrfxJodkY 0ifvmaom OD;cspfaomif;bufodkY vSnfhí EIwfquf
vdu k Nf yD;aemuf armifa&Tav;ESihf OD;cspfaomif;wdYk tm; rdwq f ufay;NyD;vQif armifa&Tav;rSm
rdrzd cifbufrS pyfvQif armifErS ESp0f rf;uGJ awmfpyfaMumif;? t*Fvyd v f ufxufu ppfxo J Ykd
0ifcNhJ yD;aemuf tdE, ´d odYk ygroGm;yJ ,ck vufyw H ef;wGif tkycf sKyfa&;bufü pma&;tvkyu f kd
vkyaf eaMumif;? jynfNrdKU&Sd rdwo f *F[rsm;xH tvnftywfomG ;&mwGif vrf;BuHKojzifh owif;
ar;jref;um 0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh OD;cspfaomif;tm; ajymjyvsuf&Sdav\/
aomif;/ / ]]tif; ... awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f armifa&Tav; ... udkif; xrif;pm;
Mur,f rESi;f a& ... NyD;awmhrS pum;ajymMuwmaygh ... {nfo h nftwGuyf g xrif;jyifyguG,}f }

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 71

ESif;/ / ]]ol pm;cJhNyD;NyDwJh tudkBuD;&JU}}

av;/ / ]][kwfw,f uRefawmf ykwD;ukef;u pm;vmygw,f}}
]]'Dvmwm 'DusrSyJ pm;a&mayghuG,f ... udkif; 'gjzifh vufzuf&nfwdkY bmwdkY
vkyfMuawmh ... rx,fudk jyifay;ygap}}
ESif;/ / ]][kwfuJh tudkBuD;}}
xdkYaemuf aemufaz;rD;zdk xrif;pm;cef;ü tdrf&Sifrsm; xrif;pm;Muav&m tapcH
a':x,fonf vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifh yJBuD;avSmfokyf? xef;vsufrsm; ,lvmNyD;vQif
armifa&Tav;\ pm;yGJü csxm;avonf/
xrif;pm;aomufNyD;aomtcg OD;cspfaomif;ESifh rESif;wdkYonf tjyif{nfhcef;odkY
xGufvmNyD;vQif armifa&Tav;tm; pum;pjrnf ajymvsuf&SdMuav\/
ESif;/ / ]]rif; ppfxJvdkufoGm;wm rrESif;jzifh wpfESpfavmufMumrS odw,f/
&efukefrSm aew,fyJ atmufarhaewm}}
av;/ / ]][kwfuJh &efukefuaeNyD; vkdufoGm;wmyJ}}
ESif;/ / ]]wdkuf&cdkuf&ao;vm;}}
av;/ / ]]r&Sv d yS gbl; rrESi;f ... e,fjcm;rSm wpfcgyJ awmyke;f awGeYJ wdu k cf &hJ w,f/
rajymyavmufygbl;/ 'Daemuf bmrS rMumbl;/ *syefu ppfvnf;aMujima&m uReaf wmfwYkd
&efukefu jyefvmNyD; &efukefuae qkwfcJhwmyJ}}
ESif;/ / ]]rif;u xGufcJha&mvm;}}
av;/ / ]][m xGufvdkYb,f&rvJ rrESif;&JU/ uRefawmfwdkYppfwyf vufyHwef;
ta&mufrSm oli,fcsif;eJY twlxGufajy;wmaygh}}
aomif;/ / ]]aMomf 'gjzifh ppfwyfxJu xGufajy;vmwmaygh}}
av;/ / ]][kwu f hJ wyfuvnf; ysufawmhr,ft h wlwl rxl;bl;qdNk yD; uRefawmfwYkd
vnf; uif;apmifhuswJhtvSnfhrSm wpfcgwnf; vpfcJhwmyJ tudkBuD;a&}}
aomif;/ / ]]rif;wdkYudk vdkufr&Smbl;vm;}}
av;/ / ]]vl½dkao½Hkavmuf &SmrSmaygh tudkBuD;&,f ... *syefwyfuvnf; &efukef
a&mufzkdY eD;vmawmh olwdkYvnf; ‘a&maomyg; qkwf&wmyJ/ ompnfu jrif;wyfjzifh
jrif;awGawmif tm;vH;k r,lEikd b f ;l / wpfcsKd Uwpf0ufavmuf,Nl yD; ud, k af zsmufomG ;Muw,fvYkd
Mum;&wmyJ}}
aomif;/ / ]]'gjzifh jrif;awG b,fvdkjzpfukefvJ}}
av;/ / ]]t&yfom;awG vufOD;&m ,lMuwmaygh tudkBuD;&,f}}
aomif;/ / ]]wu,fhjrif;aumif;awGeJY wlw,fa[h}}
jrif;qdak ompum;udk Mum;vdu k &f onfEiS whf pfNydKifeuf OD;cspfaomif;rS em;pGiu hf m
rsufvHk;rsm;jyL;um pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ar;vsuf&Sdav\/
]]ajymrSajymyav tudkBuD;&,f ... wu,facsmwJh jrif;BuD;awGaygh}}
]]bmrsdK;vJuGJU}}
]]trsKd ;awmh uReaf wmfvnf; aumif;aumif;rajymwwfb;l tudBk uD;a&U/ EdYk ayr,fh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 72

tifrwef t&yftarmif;aumif;wJh ]]tm&yf}} rsdK;awGeJY wlygw,f}}

]]at;ayghuG,f tckacwfrSmawmh ]]a0;v(p)}} EdkifiHu jrif;awGudk ]]a0vm}}rsdK;wJh?
MopaMw;vD,mrsdK;wJh? vnfyif;&Snf ]]*&pfzif}}rsdK;wJh? trsdK;rsdK; ac:Muwmaygh/ 'gayr,fh
wdYkjrefrmusr;f *eft&qdak wmh jrif;Zmwd tjym;rsKd ; 10 yg;&,fvYkd 10 yg;yJ&w dS ,f/ odaE¨mrsKd ;?
ok0PÖomrrsdK;? t*Fvyd u f vnf; olwYkd x;kH pHtwdik ;f aygufzmG ;&mEdik if v
H ukd Nf yD; ac:wmaygh
... ouú#tóMuE¨qdkwJh usrf;xJrSm jrif;eJYywfoufvdkY tm;vHk; tus,f&Sdwmaygh}}
av;/ / ]]tckNcHxJu tudkBuD;&JUjrif;awGu bmrsdK;awGvJ}}
]]rsKd ;aumif;awG r[kwyf gbl;uG,/f &GuMf urf;a&BudKawGaygh ... EdYkayr,fh tudBk uD;&JU
]]abmfjzL}}qdw k hJ jrif;BuD;uawmh tmumobdEé trsdK;tEG,x f uJ eJY wlygw,f/ wud, k v
f ;kH
qGwfqGwfjzLBuD;yJ/ tmumobdEéqdkwmu trsdK;tm;jzifh wwd,avmufvdkufwJh
trsdK;xJuaygh ... eufjzefawmh armifa&Tav; jy&OD;r,f}}
]][kwfuJh Munhf&wmaygh ... uRefawmfvnf; jrif;taMumif; em;rvnfayr,fh
0goemawmh eJeJ&Sdygw,f}}
]]at; ... 'Dvq kd &kd if tudBk uD;u oabmuswmaygh/ tJ'D ]]abmfjzL}}qdw k hJ aumifBuD;
uawmh tudkBuD;&JU tcspfawmfyJa[h}}
]]vSvnf; vSaywmudk;cifAs}}
rESif;onf armifa&Tav;twGuf tdyf&mudk tdrfa&SUüyif jyifqifay;av\/
armifa&Tav;rSm jrif;udk tvsOf;0goemrygaomfvnf; tdrf&Sif\"mwfudk odonfhtwdkif;
0goemyg[efaqmifvsuf &SdcJhavonf/
þodYk jzifh OD;cspaf omif;ESihf armifa&Tav;wdYk onf nOfh 11em&Dx;kd onftxd pum;
aumif;vsuf &SdMuav\/
ESp&f uf oH;k &ufrQom aernf[k tvnftywf vma&mufcahJ om armifa&Tav;onf
wpfvrQ MumcJhavNyD/
a&mufNyD;aemuf 10&ufcefYMumaomtcgü OD;cspfaomif;onf rdrd\udk,fpm;
jrif;rsm;udk Munh½f aI pmifah &Smuf&ef armifa&Tav;tm; ol ,cifu &&Scd ahJ om vpmtwkid ;f ay;í
iSm;&rf;cJ&h m armifa&Tav;uvnf; oabmwlvufcv H u kd \
f / ,if;uJo h Ykd vufcv H u kd jf cif;rSm
aqGrsdK;enf;yg;vSaom vl&G,fwpfa,muftwGuf rdrdtm; tawmftwef *½kpdkufonfh
tpfr0rf;uGw J pfa,mufEiS hf twlae&jcif;rSm rnfoYkd yifjzpfap rdr\ d b0c&D;pOfü ud, k pf w d f
csrf;omrIudk ay;vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfojzifh wpfaMumif;? pma&;tvkyfwGif raysmfydkuf
ojzifhwpfaMumif; vufcHvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/
armifa&Tav; a&muf&Sdaomtcsdefü jrif;taumif 30 ausmfcefY&Sd&m jrif;r 18
aumifcefY&í dS jrif;uav; oH;k av;aumif&\ dS / usejf rif;rsm;rSm om;pyfjrif;vm;BuD;rsm;jzpfí
trsm;tm;jzifh NydKifjrif;rsdK;rsm; jzpfavonf/
OD ; cspf a omif ; onf jrif ; rsm;ud k Munh f ½ I & ef vl i S m ;ig;a,muf x m;í
ukvm;oH;k a,mufwYkdu jruf&yd af y;&NyD;vQif jrefrmESpaf ,mufwYkdu ESyd ef ,fjcif;? a&csKd ;jcif;?
tpmauR;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&avonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 73

armifa&Tav;url NrdKUrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufum jrif;twGuf aq;rsm;0,fjcrf;&jcif;?

jrif;rsm; emruse;f jzpfu q&m0efEiS hf aq;xd;k jcif;? tpmauR;jcif;tvkyu f kd jyKvky&f jcif;ESihf
&Hzef&cH g jrif;0,forl sm;&S&d modYk vdu k vf pH yfpm;jcif;? a<u;NrDrsm; awmif;cHjcif; ponfwYkd ukd
OD;cspfaomif;udk,fpm; aqmif&Guf&\/
armifa&Tav;onf rESi;f tm; cifrifonft h jyif OD;cspfaomif;udv k nf; aus;Zl;&Sif
wpfa,muf[k oabmxm;um tvkyu f kd ud,
k zf &d ifzd vkyuf ikd af qmif&u G \ f / wpfcgwpf&H
OD;cspfaomif;onf txuftnmodkY jrif;rsdK;aumif;rsm; 0,f&ef nOfhtdyfnOfhae c&D;xGuf
wwf&m xdktwGif;ü armifa&Tav;yif jrif;Munhf½I auR;arG;olrsm;tay:wGif pDrHtkyfcsKyf
cJh&avonf/
odkYaomf uHMur®monf rnfuJhodkY zefwD;vmOD;rnfrod/ atmufygtaMumif;rsm;
um; jzpfay:vmcJhavonf/
wpfaeYoü xrif;0dik ;f wGif rESi;f u ]]armifav; rrwdYkukd tm;remeJYaemf pm;ompm;}}
[kajymum Muufom;[if;cGux f rJ S tonf;zwfwpfzwfukd ZGe;f ESiahf umfí armifa&Tav;\
xrif;yef;uefxo J Ykd xnfah y;\/ wpfcPrQ Mumaomtcg OD;cspaf omif;onf yef;uefxrJ S
xrif;udkyif ukefatmifrpm;bJ &ifjynfhívmaMumif;ajymum xrif;yGJrS xoGm;av\/
wpfBudrfwGifvnf; armifa&Tav;onf a<u;awmif;&ef udpöwpfckESifh aygif;wnfNrdKUodkY
c&D;oGm;rnfhqJqJü pGyfus,fa[mif;wpfxnfudkudkifum a&csdK;&ef aemufaz;cef;odkY
0ifvm\/ xdktcg rESif;u ]]a[h armifa&Tav; jrif;vSnf;rrDbJ aer,faemf/ a&csdK;NyD;
jrefjrefoGm;/ rif;tuÐsudk rrzGwfxm;vdkufr,f}} [k ajymvdkuf&m OD;cspfaomif;onf
tdrfacgif;&if;wHcg;udk a*smif;ceJydwfum rnfolYudkrQ pum;rajymbJ tdrfa&SUodkY
xGufoGm;onfudk ESpfa,mufpvHk;yif owdjyKvdkufrdMuavonf/
£omrpä&, d pdwrf sm;um OD;cspaf omif;\ &ifxw J iG f wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:ívmawmh
[ef wl\/ xdktcsdefrSpí OD;cspfaomif;onf armifa&Tav;tay:wGif tqdyfygaom
rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh Munhf½IaeouJhodkY xif&\/ rESif;rSmrl wpfcgwpf&H armifa&Tav;tm;
oem;pzG,f rsu&f nfrsm;0dik ;f um awGa0Munh½f í I aewwf\/ rESi;f tay:ü OD;cspaf omif;\
tjyKtrlrsm;onfvnf; wpfaeYwjcm; at;pufrmausmívmaMumif; armifa&Tav; owdjyK
rd\/ þodYkjzifh yxrü aysmaf rGUzG,f aumif;oa,mifa,mif xifrw S cf ahJ om armifa&Tav;\
b0c&D;wGif taESmifht,Suf t&dyfta,mifrsm; oef;ívmawmh\/
wpfaeYoü OD;cspfaomif;onf ykw;D uke;f odYk udpw ö pfcEk iS hf oGm;a&muf&m armifa&T
av;rSm tdrfOD;cef;wGif jrif;aq;rsm;xnfhaom AD½dkudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;vsuf&Sday\/
rESi;f url tdraf &SUcef;wGif wHjrufpnf;vSn;f vsuf &Sad vonf/ ,cifu ud, k v f ;kH ud,
k af yguf
tm;jzifv h nf;aumif;? tom;t&nftm;jzifv h nf;aumif; Munh½f í I aumif;aom rESi;f onf
,cktcgürl tawmftwef ydefBuHKUíoGm;½HkrQru Munfvifaom rsufvHk;rsm;onfvnf;
tHkYrIdkif;aomtoGifudkaqmifum wpfcgw&H rsuf&nfprsm;udkyif jrif&avonf/
armifa&Tav;onf {nfhcef;qDodkY avQmufívmcJh\/
av;/ / ]]rrESif; pdwfrcsrf;ombl;qdkwm uRefawmfodygw,f rrESif;}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 74

ESif;/ / ]]at; ... rif;xifwJhtwdkif;yJ armifa&Tav;&,f}}

]]trSefawmY 'g[m uRefawmhfaMumifh jzpf&wmyJ rrESif; ...}}
]]r[kwb f ;l ... r[kwb f ;l ... rrESi;f pdwrf csr;f omwm tckrrS [kwb f ;l / MumvSNyD/
trSefawmh bmrS 0rf;enf;p&mr&Sdbl;/ rrESif; ukodkvfyJ ...}}
]]b,fvdkvJ ajymprf;ygOD; rrESif;}}
]]rif; b,folYrS rajymeJYaemf ... pdwfcsyg&ap armifav;&,f}}
]]uRefawmf rajymygbl;/ pdwfcsyg}}
]]rrESif; oleJYae&wm aysmfw,fxifovm;}}
]]yxrawmh xifrw d ,f ... EdYkayr,fh tckawmh olYtaMumif;od&vdYk rxifawmhb;l }}
]]wpfaeYrS rrESif; pdwfrcsrf;omygbl;}}
]]'guawmh vifeJYr,m;qdkwm 'Dvdkaygh rrESif;&,f/ avmuBuD;rSm rrESif;
wpfa,mufwnf; &Sdwmr[kwfygbl;/ 'Dvdk pdwfrcsrf;om&wJh vifr,m;awG 'keJYa';yJ}}
]]olYtaMumif;aum rif; b,fvkd tuJcwfro d vJ/ wdYk armifErS csi;f rdYk ar;wmaemf}}
]]uReaf wmfawmh olYukd odyo f abmrusb;l / olYpw d of abmxm;vnf; rBudKufb;l /
olY[eftrlt&mvnf; rBudKufbl;/ NyD;awmh ...}}
]]trSerf mS awmh b,forl jyK rdrrd q I okd vdak ygh armifa&Tav;&,f/ rru tdraf xmif
rjyKcsiyf gbl;/ yxr jiif;ygw,f/ EdYkayr,fh ykw;D uke;f u tdru f tr,fBuD;u aeYa&mna&m
wdkufwGef;avawmh tm;emNyD; ygrdwmyguG,f}}
]][kwfrSmayghav}}
]]'gxuf rif;ajymwm olYpdwfoabmvnf; rBudKufbl;? olYtrlt,mvnf;
rBudKufbl;/ NyD;awmh bmrBudKufwm&Sdao;vJ}}
]]rrESif; ar;vdkY&SdrS ajym&rSmyJ/ olYrsufESmBuD; Munhf&wmudk usufoa&r&Sdygbl;
rrESif;&,f}}
]]rif; rSefrSefajymprf; armifa&Tav; ... olYrsufESm[m bmeJYwlovJ}}
armifa&Tav;onf rdrdxifjrifcsufudk ajym&vQif aumif;rnfavm wpfcPrQ
awGa0pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdavonf/
]]rrESi;f udk tm;remeJY/ rif;pdwx f rJ mS &Sw
d majymprf;/ olYrsuEf mS Munh&f wm bmeJYwl
ovJ}}
]]uRefawmfhpdwfxif ajym&rSmjzifh jrif;eJYwlw,fxifw,f}}
]]tif; ... [kww f mayghuUJG / 'DvBl uD;u tifrwefx;l qef;wJh vlBuD;wpfa,mufy/J
A[kokwvnf;&Sdw,f/ ÚmPfynmeJYvnf; tifrwefjynfhpHkw,f ... wjcm;vlrSmr&SdwJh
ÚmPfrsdK;awmif olYrSm&Sdw,f ... Oyrm qdkMuygpdkYuG,f ... jrif;awGajymwJhpum;
olem;vnfw,f}}
]][kwfyghrvm; rrESif;&,f ...}}
]]tif;av ... rrESi;f vnf; yxrawmh r,Hrk b d ;l aygh ... jrif;awGajymwJph um;qdw k m
vleJYvlcsif; t&dyftuJodovdk jrif;awG&JU t&dyftuJudk oltm;vHk;odw,f/ jrif;awG[m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 75

olajymwJhpum;udk tm;vHk;em;axmifw,f}}
]]wd&pämefqdkwm ocifudkawmh cspfwwfpNrJyJ ...}}
]]'gwifrubl; armifa&Tav;&JU ... taMumif;&Sdw,f ... olwpfcg t&uf
aomufvmwke;f u rrESi;f udk ajymzl;w,f/ rESi;f rif; ighrsuEf mS udk aphaphMunhpf rf; bmeJYwl
ovJwJh ... 'Dawmh rrESif;vnf; rajym&ufwmeJY bmrSrajymbl; ... wpdrf;w&Hudkawmif
ajym&rSm tm;emzdkYaumif;w,fr[kwfvm; ... EdkYayr,fh olur&ruar;avawmh ...
rrESif;u aemufqHk;rSm tpfudkBuD;rsufESm[m ]]abmfjzL}} rsufESmeJYwlw,fvdkY &,fovdk
armovdk ajymvdu k w
f ,f ... 'Dawmh olu bmajymovJov d m; ... olYrsuEf mS [m jrif;eJYrwl
bJ aeyghrvm; ... ol[m t&ifb0u jrif;jzpfcJhw,fwJh/ abmfjzLeJYawmif nDtpfudk
awmfcJhao;w,fwJh/ 'gaMumifh ol[m jrif;awGvkyforQ em;vnfNyD; jrif;awGuvnf;
olYudk jyefcspfw,fwJh ... NyD;awmh aemufxyfolu wpfckajymao;w,f/ olao&if
aemifb0rSm jrif;yJjyefjzpf&r,fwJh/ olwdkYESpfa,muf[m t&ifb0a[mif;u nDtpfudk
awmfcJhzl;vdkY olao&ifjrif;jzpfr,f ... abmfjzLao&if abmfjzL[m vljyefjzpfr,fwJh}}
]]xl;qef;vdkufwm ... rrESif;&,f}}
]]NyD;awmY 'Dpum;udk olr;l vmwJt h cgusrS ajymw,f ... trl;ajyoGm;&if b,fvrkd S
ar;vdkYr&awmhbl;}}
]]aomufaumaomufwwfovm;}}
]]aomufwwfw,fvYkdawmh r[kwyf gbl;uG,f ... wpfcgw&H oleYJ vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf
t&m&Sda[mif;BuD;awG bmawGawGUvdkY taygif;toif;pHkwJhtcgrsdK;om vkyfwwfwmyg}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&if awmfygao;&JU rrESif;&,f}}
]]EdYk ayr,fh tJ'v D kd rl;vmwJt h cgus&if avxd;k atmifw h wfw,fuUJG ... rif;ra&muf
cifuav;wGifyJ wpfcgwav atmihfvdkYESdyfvkduf? eif;vdkufMu&wm rajymygeJYawmh ...}}
]]'gxuf tckvdktwdkif;qdk&if uRefawmfawmh a&muf&ma&muf? ayguf&mayguf
oGm;csifawmhwmyJ rrESif;}}
]]'Dvv kd nf;rvkyyf geJYO;D uG,f ... rrESi;f udk wpfa,mufwnf;ypfxm;cJah wmhrvm;}}
armifa&Tav;onf wpfpHkwpf&mudk eufeJpGm pOf;pm;aeouJhodkY &Sdav\/
]]aMomf ... 'gxuf rif;udk wpfckajym&OD;r,f ... rif; oJukef;udkoGm;wJhaeYwkef;u
aeYvnf a&csKd ;NyD;vdYk a':xnfzw G af y;wJh t0wfawG rrESi;f u vSe;f r,fqNkd yD; tdraf &SUxGuf
tvmrSm abmfjzL[m jrif;aZmif;wHcg;u rif;wkyu f kd olYEw
I of ;D eJY jzKwx
f u
G v
f mNyD; rrESi;f udk
twif;vdkufudkufawmhwmyJuG,f ... qdwfukvm; yefa';u 0g;vHk;eJY twif;½dkufvdkYom
oufom&m&awmhw,f/ uHaumif;vdkYayghuG,f}}
]][kww f ,f rrESi;f ... tck rrESi;f ajymrS uRefawmfowdxm;rdw,f/ abmfjzL[m
uRefawmfhudkvnf; jrifrSjzifh EIwfacgif;BuD;½HIU oGm;BuD;NzJNyD; rmefzDaew,f}}
]]rif; owdxm;aemf ... armifa&Tav; ... abmfjzLUtem;udk rif; ruyfeJYaemf/
abmfjzLu t&ifueJYrwlbl;}}
]][kww f ,f ... t&ifwek ;f u Munh&f wm rrESi;f udk tifrwefcspfw,f/ rrESi;f udk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 76

odyfyGwfoD;yGwfoyfvkyfwmyJ}}
]]tck 'Dvdkjzpfwm bmjzpfvdkYvJ odvm;}}
]][ifhtif; ... rodbl;}}
]]tpfudkBuD;u wdkYESpfa,mufudk tck rkef;aew,fr[kwfvm; ... 'gaMumifh
oluvnf; rke;f wmayghuUJG / tpfuBkd uD;csp&f if olucspw
f ,f/ tpfuBkd uD;rke;f &if oluvnf;
rke;f w,f/ tpfuBkd uD;ajymwJt
h wdik ;f aemufb0rSm vljzpfr,fqw
kd m rrESi;f jzifh ,Hck siv
f mNyD/
olYocif&JU tvdkudk odyfodwmyJ}}
]]odyftHhMop&maumif;wmyJ rrESif; ...}}
]]a[m ... tdrfa&SUu ac:oHMum;w,fa[h ... tpfudkBuD;jyefvmNyDxifw,f ... 6
em&Dawmif xdk;awmhrSmyJ}}
Ä Ä Ä

OD;cspfaomif; a&mufvmaomtcsdefrSm ae0ifzsdK;zs &SdaeNyDjzpfí rdk;uav;vnf;

wpfzGJzGJusvsuf&Sdojzifh rD;cGufrsm;yif xGef;n§dpjyKavNyD/
rESif;u acgif;aygif;ESifh tay:tuÐsudk odrf;,loGm;NyD;aemuf csnfvHkcsnf
wpfxnfudkay;&if; ...
]]tpfudkBuD; a&csdK;ygOD;vm; ... NyD;awmh ... xrif;cl;ay;r,fav}}
]]igrqmbl; ... ykwD;ukef;u pm;vmw,f ... w½kwfqdkifrSm OD;xGef;yGifheJYawGUvdkY
enf;enf;aomufcJh&ao;w,fa[h}}
]]a[m ... tpfudkBuD; vkyfvmjyefNyD}}
]]armifa&Tav; ... vm ... ighuw kd NJG yD; tdrcf ef;xJu yufvufuv
k m;xdik q
f D ydYk prf;}}
xdktcg rESif;ESifh armifa&Tav;wdkYonf OD;cspfaomif;tm; wpfbufwpfcsufpD
wGNJ yD;vQif yufvufuv k m;xdik &f &dS modYk ydYkMuav\/ rESi;f onf OD;cspaf omif;tm; ZufaMum
udk tomt,m qGJay;NyD;vQif ,k,pGm ,yfcyfay;vsuf&Sd\/
]]'DuaeYnae abmfjzL tpmaumif;aumif; pm;&JUvm;a[h ... armifa&Tav;}}
]]pm;ygw,f tpfudkBuD;}}
]]yefa';uaum abmfjzLudk ESdyf&JUvm;}}
]]EdSyfygw,f tpfudkBuD;}}
]]wjcm;jrif;awGudkaum ...}}
]]xGef;at;eJY pHarmifu ESdyfygw,f}}
]]at; ... at; ... aumif;w,f/ jrif;0,fr,fhvlrsm; igr&Sdwkef; vmao;vm;}}
]]rvmbl; tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]aygif;wnfuvlawG 'DuaeY vmzdkY ajymxm;wm bmaMumifh rvmygvdrfh ...
tvdk ... tvdk ... rESif;}}
]]&Sif ... tpfudkBuD;}}
]]a[m'Dbufav;udk eJeJaxmufay;prf; ... aq;tpdrf;&nfykvif; &Sdao;vm;}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 77

]]&Sdw,ftpfudkBuD; ... wpfcGufwdkufr,faemf}}

]]at;ayghuG,fh ... wdkufprf; ... jrefjref ... tvdk ... tvdk ... eJeJ a[m'Dbufu
atmifhvmw,fa[h}}
rESi;f onf aq;wpfcu G u f kd ,lcNhJ yD;vQif OD;cspaf omif;tm; wdu k af v&m armifa&Tav;
u atmifah omae&mudk tomt,m vufjzifh axmufay;vsu&f \ dS / a':x,fu aemufaz;
rD;zdck ef;wGif tvky½f yI v f suf&\ dS / OD;cspfaomif;onf oufjyif;wpfcsuf csNyD;aemuf twef
i,f NidrfíoGm;avonf/ xdktcsdefü avwdkufcwfav&m tdrfeH&Hrsm;udkyif odrfhodrfhwkefí
oGm;ap\/ rESif;ESifh armifa&Tav;wdkYonf OD;cspfaomif;tm; ,k,jyKpkvsuf&SdMu\/
odYk&pdS Of jyif;xefpmG [Dvu kd af om abmfjzL\ [Dou H kd Mum;vdu k &f \/ OD;cspaf omif;
onf rsufvHk;rsm;udkpHkrSdwfum toufjyif;pGm ½SLvsuf&Sd&mrS ...
]]abmfjzL ... abmfjzL}}
ESif;/ / ]]tpfudkBuD; ... pum;rajymeJYav ... armr,f}}
aomif;/ / ]]igoGm;r,f ... oGm;r,f ...}}
ESif;/ / ]]tdk ... tpfudkBuD;uvnf; r[kwfwmawG ajymaejyefNyD ... b,fudk
oGm;&rSmvJ}}
]]tif; ... tif; ... atmifhvdkufwm ... zd ... zd ... zd ... rESif; ...}}
]]rESif;zdxm;w,fav/ tpfudkBuD; oufomatmif}}
odkYESpfa,mufpvHk; zdESdyfxm;&mrSyif OD;cspfaomif;onf wpfcsufrQaumhí
xdk;vdkufNyD;vQif rsufvHk;rsm; tay:odkY vSefíoGm;um NidrfoufoGm;av\/ abmfjzLu
tjyifbufrS wpfcsuf [Dvdkufjyefav\/
rESif;onf OD;cspfaomif;\ rsufESmudkiHkYMunhfum ...
]]r&Sdawmhbl; armifav;&,f ... tpfudkBuD; toufr&Sdawmhbl;}}
tvefYwMum; ]] [if [kwfuJhvm; ... [kwfuJhvm;}}
ESif;/ / ]][kwfygw,fuG,f ...}}
rESi;f onf id, k v kd su&f &dS m armifa&Tav;u OD;cspaf omif;tm; aoG;rsm;prf;Munh\ f /
OD;cspfaomif;rSm toufr&Sdawmhacs/
a&T/ / ]][kww f ,f rrESi;f ... r&Sad wmhb;l ...jzpfrjS zpf&avAsm/ jrefyjJ refveG ;f w,f
rrESif;&,f}}
rESi;f ESihf armifa&Tav;wdYk onf eHab;rS rwfwyf&yfum tavmif;udk Munfah eMu
\/ ZufusKd ;vsuf acgif;idu k pf ukd u f saeojzifh OD;cspaf omif;\ rsuEf mS rSm jrif;\rsuEf mS ESihf
ydkíwlae\/
tjcm;jrif;rsm;rSm wkwfwkwfrQ rvIyfbJ &SdaeonfhtwGif;rS abmfjzLonf us,f
avmifpGm[Dvsuf aZmif;wHcg;rS rif;wkyfrsm;udk EIwfoD;jzifh usifvnfpGmzGifhí xGufvm
NyD;aemuf jywif;aygufrS acgif;jyLum tdrfwGif;odkY Munhf½Ivsuf&Sdav\/ rESif;ESifh
armifa&Tav;wdYk ukd jrifaomtcg oGm;rsm;udNk zD;um EIwaf cgif;ud½k UIH um w[D;[D;jrnfvsuf
&Sdavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 78

armifa&Tav;onf wpfpw kH pf&m rajymbJ pifay:rS toif, h rf;xd;k NyD; aoewfBuD;

udk qG,J Nl yD;vQif ]]udik ;f uG,f ... 'Davmuf taESmift h ,Suf ay;vSwt hJ aumif eifo h cifeYJtwl
oGm;ayawmh}} [kqdkum abmfjzLudk ypfvdkufavonf/ usnfqefonf vnfyif;udk
xdrSefvsuf jrif;BuD;onf vnfyif;udkqefYwef;um aZmif;a&SU&SduGif;jyifodkY [pfatmf
ajy;oGm;avonf/
xdktcsdefüum; avESifhrdk;rsm; &yfpJoGm;NyDjzpf&m ta&SUavmu"mwfrS wpfjcrf;yJh
vav;yif opfyifrsm;tMum;rS ay:xGufvmpjyKavNyD/ abmfjzLonf vnfyif;wGif
usnq f efxrd eS af om 'Pf&mjzifh ajray:ü vl;vGeYfvsu&f \ dS / vufEpS b
f ufEiS hf ajcESpb f ufwYkd
onf tv,foYkdp½k ;kH um wpfqefYqefY &Sad e\/ rIerf mT ;aom va&mifatmufwiG f aiGjzifjh yKvyk f
xm;aom jrif;½kyfBuD;uJhodkY &Sdae\/
,if;uJo h Ykd abmfjzL toufiifvsu&f pdS Of rESi;f u tvefYwMum; atmfvu kd o f jzifh
armifa&Tav;onf jywif;ayguftjyifoYkd Munhaf e&mrS tcef;twGi;f &Sd tavmif;udk jyefí
vSnhfMunhfvdkufrd\/ xkdtcsdefü rESif;a&m armifa&Tav;yg tHhzG,fol&J xl;qef;vSaom
tjzpftysufrsm;üudk jrifawGU&\/
ukvm;xdkifay:wGif idkufpdkufusvsuf&Sdaom OD;cspfaomif;\ OD;acgif;onf
rodromvIyf&Sm;vmvsuf rSdwfaeaomrsufvHk;rsm;onf yGifhívmNyD;vQif rsufawmifrsm;
cwfvmavonf/ xdt k csed üf abmfjzLrSm raor&Sif &Sad e\/ abmfjzL\ 0dnmOfrmS vGecf ahJ om
wpfred pfu toufxu G of mG ;onfh b0a[mif;rS tpfuakd wmfpyfczhJ ;l aom OD;cspfaomif;\
ylaEG;vwfqwfvsufyif &Sdao;onfh udk,ftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmjcif;yifavm
rajymwwfay/
odkY&SdpOf armifa&Tav;onf jywif;aygufrS tjyifodkY vSrf;Munhfvkdufjyef&m
abmfjzLonfvnf; toufiifvsuf&Sd&mrS wpfpHkw&mrjzpfouJhodkY vl;vJí xNyD;vQif
jywif;aygufqo D Ykd ajy;vmav\/ xdt k cg armifa&Tav;onf abmfjzL\ vuf0v J ufcMkH um;
tonf;&S&d mwnfw h nfo h Ykd csdeNf yD;vQif ½dik zf ,fukd ESpcf sufqifí
h qGvJ ukd af vonf/ abmfjzL
onf ae&müyif yHkíusoGm;NyD;aemuf rvIyfr,Sufawmhacs/
abmfjzL vJusaoqHk;oGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf OD;cspfaomif;\ wzswfzswf
cwfvsuf&Sdaom rsufawmifrsm;onf ½kwfw&uf &yfoGm;avonf/ rsufvHk;rsm;
jyefírSdwfoGm;NyD;aemuf NidrfíoGm;awmh\/
xl;qef;aom tjzpftysurf sm;udk awGU&aom armifErS ESpaf ,mufwYkdonf xdt k cgrS
owdaumif;pGm &vmNyD;vQif OD;cspfaomif; touf&SdpOfu ajymzl;onfh taMumif;rsm;udk
jyefíajymqdkum tHhMoírqHk;Edkifatmif &SdMuav\/
tokbudpöudk armifESrESpfa,mufyif BuD;Muyfaqmif&Gufav&m abmfjzL\
tavmif;udkvnf; OD;cspfaomif; ocsØKif;*lESifh reD;ra0; 0ufykwfacsmif;aomifcHkü Nr§KyfESHMu
av\/
*syefacwfwpfacwfvHk; armifa&Tav;onf tpfrESpf0rf;uGJrQom awmfpyfaom
rESif;ESifhtwl vkyfudkifpm;aomufcJh\/ jrif;tm;vHk;udk wpfcgwnf; a&mif;csNyD;aemuf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 79

0g*Grf;ESifh csnfxnfvkyfief;udk zGHUNzdK;pGm vkyfudkifcJhMuavonf/

ppfBuD;NyD;onfhaemuf t*Fvdyfrsm; jyefí0ifvmaom acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg
aoG;om;a0;vSaom olEpS af ,mufrmS oifjh rwfpmG twift h w,f aexdik Mf uaMumif; pma&;ol
xHodkY owif;a&muf&Sdvmavonf/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1956 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv/

b0oH o &m

1950jynfhESpfu uREfkyfonf om,m0wDNrdKUe,fwGif e,ft&m&Sdwpfa,muf

tjzpfjzifh aexdkifcJh&m uREfkyf\ wpfoufwm uREfkyfawGUcJhzl;orQ vlrsm;xJwGif xl;qef;
tHMh ozG,f taumif;qH;k aom vlwpfa,muf\ tjzpftysuu f kd atmufygtwdik ;f awGUBuHKc&hJ
ygonf/ xdt k cgu uREykf rf mS tvky&f NyD;aemuf wpfEpS cf efYtMumwGif xdek ,foYkd trSwrf xif
a&mufoGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/
om,m0wDe,frSm ,cifvGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 20 cefYu *VKefolykefrsm;onf
aq;q&m q&mpHqo kd l acgif;aqmifum tcGeaf wmfupd rö sm;ESiyhf wfoufí t*Fvyd t f pd;k &rsm;
tay:wGif rausreyfjzpfum olykefpíxzl;aom ae&mjzpfonfhtwdkif; emrnfBuD;e,f
wpfe,f jzpf\/ odkYESifh om,m0wDNrdKUrSmvnf; jrefrmh&mZ0ifwGif rSwfwrf;wifcJh&aom
NrdKUjzpfavonf/ olyek rf xrDuyif om,m0wDom;rsm;onf ol&owåt d &mwGif xif&mS ;ol
rsm;jzpfonhftwdkif; rnfonfhae&mürqdk ]]ig om,m0wDom;uG}} [kqdkvQif ]]rD;ao}}
vkrwwf&Sd\/
om,m0wDom;rsm;uvnf; þtcsufudk *kPf,lcJhMu\/
uREfkyfrSm t&yfxJwGif tdrfwpfvHk;iSm;&rf;? xrif;csuf tapcHwpfa,muf?
awmufwdkr,f& cdkif;ap&ef oli,fwpfa,mufESifhtwl aexdkif\/ uREfkyfaeaomtdrfESifh
3 tdrfjcm;avmufwGif olaX;uav; ]]udkodef;ausmf}}qdkolonf aq;q&mBuD; OD;xifbGm;
qdkolESifhtwl aexdkifavonf/ udkodef;ausmfrSm olaX;[laombGJUjzifh csD;usL;wyfqif
jcif;cH&aomfvnf; toufrSm 19ESpfomomrQ &Sdao;í rdbrsm; aoqHk;NyD;aemuf om,m
0wDNrdKUay:wGif wdu k f 3 vH;k ESihf v,f,mNcHajrig;aomif;zd;k cefYukd tarGtjzpfjzifh &vdu k &f m
rnfonft h vkyt f udik u
f rkd Q rvkyb f J wdu
k if mS ;csí&aom wduk v f crsm;? v,fimS ;csí&aom
pyg;rsm;jzifoh m wpfu, kd wf nf; at;csr;f pGmaeol jzpf\/ uREykf f ,ckazmfjyrnfh tjzpftysuf
rsm;rSm olaX;uav;trnfcH ]]udkodef;ausmf}} \ tjzpftysufrsm;yif jzpfavonf/
udkodef;ausmfrSm ypönf;Opöm cdkifvHk<u,f0onfhtjyif oabmoum,vnf;
aumif;olwpfa,mufjzpfí om,m0wDNrdKUay:wGif vlcspfvlcifaygolwpfa,mufjzpf\/
odkYaomf vlxl;vlqef;wpfa,muf[lívnf; todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&oljzpf\/
uREfkyfrSm t&m&Sdwpfa,mufyifjzpfaomfvnf; &yfol&Gmom;rsm;tay:wGif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 80

tjcm;t&m&Srd sm;uJo h Ykd ]][dwBf uD;[efBuD;}}vkyjf cif;r&Sbd J oifah vsmfatmif aygif;oif;ojzifh

&yfol&Gmom;rsm;uvnf; uREfkyftay:wGif cifrifMuavonf/
uREykf Ef iS hf tawmftwef cifrif&if;ES;D olrsm;xJwiG f ]]udo k ed ;f ausm}f }wpfa,mufvnf;
yg0if&m uREfkyfonf olYudkpí awGUvQifawGUcsif; ol\ tjyKtrl taetxdkifrsm;udk
tpOfwpdkuf *½kjyKí Munhfrd\/ udkodef;ausmf\ yHkoP²mefrSm t&yf&Snfí tvGefydefBuHKU
NyD;vQif cg;udkif;\/ ezl;us,fí yg;pyfNyJNyD;vQif rsufvHk;rSmvnf; aMumif\rsufvHk;rsm;
uJo h Ykd 0dik ;f pufjyL;us,fvsuf &Sad v&m tom;t&nfrmS vnf; aoG;r&Sad om vlwpfa,muf
uJhodkY jzLzwfjzLavsmf&Sdavonf/ xl;qef;aom ol\ vu©Pmwpf&yfrSm tu,fí NyHK;
vdu k af pumrl rsuEf mS rSm NyHK;a&mifrorf;bJ ñd;I EGr;f íoGm;bdouJo h Ykdyif &S\ d / tjcm;vu©Pm
wpfcv k nf; &Sad o;\/ ¤if;rSm udo k ed ;f ausmfonf rnfonft h cgrS &Ti&f iT yf sysr&Sb
d J tdy&f mrS
Edk;cgpolwpfa,mufuJhodkY ai;rdai;&m ai;armawGa0um &Sdaewwf\/ þrQavmuf
½kyftqif;nHhzsif;onfhtxJwGif rsufESmwpfjcrf;udkufaom a&m*guvnf; ukoí
raysmufEdkifavmufatmif pGJuyfcJhao;\/ aq;q&mBuD; OD;xifbGm;tm; tdrfüac:xm;
jcif;rSmvnf; xdka&m*gudk tNrJukoay;&eftwGuf jzpf\/ OD;xifbGm;rSm touf 50
ausmfcefY&SdNyDjzpf&m udkodef;ausmfudkvnf; wl&if;om;&if;wpfa,mufuJhodkY cspfcifol
jzpfavonf/ OD;xifbmG ;rSm i,fpOfu ynm&Sm&if; tNrdKUNrdKU te,fe,foYkd vSnv hf nfczhJ ;l &m
awmifBuD;NrdKU? rEÅav;NrdKUESifh &efukefNrdKUrsm;wGif pdwfñdIUtwwfynmudkvnf; aumif;pGm
wwfajrmufcJhojzifh udkodef;ausmfudk þtwwfjzifh prf;oyfukocJh&m tawmfyif tx
ajrmuf atmifjrifonfudk awGU&\/
odYkaomf rsuEf mS wpfjcrf;udu k o f nfh a&m*gudk uko&mwGif tawmftwef atmifjrif
NyDjzpfaomfvnf; pum;rajym? awGa0rde;f armaewwfonfh a&m*gudrk l tvsif;ukír&acs/
aq;q&mESihf vlemyifq&kd aomfvnf; wpftrd w f nf;ae&ojzifh OD;xifbmG ;ESihf udo k ed ;f ausmf
wdkYrSm om;tbuJhodkYvnf;aumif;? wl0&D;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; &SdMuavonf/
olum; tpOftNrJvdkyif yufvufukvm;xkdifwpfvHk;ay:üxdkifum pdwful;jzifh
½l;íaewwf\/ þodkY pdwful;,Ofí ae&rnfqdku urÇmavmuBuD;udkyif arhavsmhbd
ouJhodkY &Sdaeawmh\/ xdkYjyif udkodef;ausmfrSm reufpm pm;NyD;wdkif; bdef;tenf;i,fudk
rsKd avh&\ dS / xdYkaemuf rnfonft h pmudrk Q rpm;awmhbJ ta&SUbuf&dS awmrsm;ESihf wpfcgw&H
awmifajcodkYa&mufatmifyif vSnfhvnfwwf\/
wpfaeYaom eHeufcif; qD;ESif;rsm;usqif;í aumif;uifwpfckvHk;udk ydwfzHk;um
uG,fvsuf&Sdaeonfhtcsdefü udkodef;ausmfonf ta&SUbuf awmawmifrsm;&Sd&modkY
xHk;pHtwdkif; xGufoGm;\/ naeapmif;aomfvnf; jyefíra&mufvmacs/ xdktaMumif;udk
OD;xifbmG ;onf uREfyk t f m; vma&mufajymjyav\/ xdt k cg uREfyk v f nf; þtaMumif;udk
XmeodkY csufcsif;wdkifcsufay;NyD;vQif ykvdyf\ tultnDudk oGm;a&mufawmif;cH\/
okdYESifh t&yfom; 4 a,muf? ykvdyf 2 a,mufwdkYESifhtwl uREfkyfESifh OD;xifbGm;
wdYk onf vufwiG f "mwfr;D rsm;? rD;wkwrf sm;udyk g ,laqmifvsuf udo k ed ;f ausmfukd &SmazG&ef
ta&SUbufawmqDoYkd xGucf ahJ v\/ OD;xifbmG ;rSm udo k ed ;f ausmt f wGuf tvGepf ;kd &drv f suf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 81

&Sdavonf/
]]b,fhES,fhvJ q&mBuD;&JU? 'Dwpfcg xl;qef;yguvm;}}
]][kwfw,fNrdKUtkyfrif;? uRefawmfjzifh udkodef;ausmf[m ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfckckeJY
awGUaeNyDxifw,f}}
]]'DuaeYreuf xGufoGm;wkef;u q&mBuD; &Sdovm;}}
]]&Sdygw,f}}
]]cgwdkif;aeYxuf trlt,mrsm; xl;ovm; q&mBuD;}}
(twefMum pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf)
]]'DuaeY acgif;xJu rMumrMum rdu k cf eJjzpfvmw,f OD;av;&,fw/hJ NyD;awmhvnf;
uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm aoewfoHawGvdk? vlatmfoHawGvdkvdk Mum;&w,fajymaeawmh usKyf
vnf; olxGufroGm;cif aq;wpfcGufawmif wdkufvdkufao;w,f}}
]]aMomf ... 'gxuf q&mBuD;udk wpfck ar;&OD;r,f/ udkodef;ausmf[m pdwfrS
ESHUygavp q&mBuD;&,f}}
]][m ... pdwfaumif;ygw,f NrdKUtkyfrif;&JU/ usKyftrsdK;rsdK; prf;oyfMunhfNyD;NyD/
odkYaomf wpfckawmh&Sdw,f/ ai;rdai;&m? awG;rdawG;&m awG;aewwfw,f/ 'D[muawmY
...}}
q&mBuD;OD;xifbmG ;onf ajymrnfvyk Nf yD;rS pum;udk a&SUodYkrqufbJ &yfíypfvu kd f
\/ uREykf w f Ykdonf a&SUodYk qufvufomG ;&m &Gmrsm;? v,fawmrsm;udk ausmv f eG cf NhJ yD;aemuf
awmtkyfwpfckodkY a&mufvmav\/ xdkae&müum; opfyifrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;
xlxyfívmonfEiS hf uREykf v f nf; &Gmom;wpfa,muftm; rD;wkwEf pS cf u k kd xGe;f nSad pNyD;vQif
awmtkyftwGif;ü tESHUtjym; &SmazGMuav\/ uREfkyfwdkY xGufvmcJhpOfu ykvdyfom;
wpfa,mufrSm acG;wpfaumif yg&SdcJhojzifh xdkacG;onf uREfkyfwdkYrS ajy;vTm;oGm;NyD;vQif
&SOfhrsm;? iSufuav;rsm;awGUwdkif; qlnHpGma[mifNyD;vQif vlpk&Sd&modkY tultnD
awmif;vdkonfh vu©Pmjzifh jyefíajy;vmwwf\/
þodYkEiS hf wpfem&Dausmaf usmcf efYrQ awmtwGi;f odYk 0ifrMd uavaomf uREyfk w f Ykdvnf;
awmifajcwpfckteD;&Sd prf;acsmif;uav;wpfckodkY a&mufvmcJhMu\/ prf;acsmif;ü acwårQ
tyef;ajzvsu&f MdS upOf prf;acsmif;\ tjcm;wpfbufrS acG;a[mifow H pfcu k kd Mum;&onfEiS hf
uREfyk wf Ykd vnf; acsmif;udjk zwfNyD;vQif xdak e&modYk qufvufvu kd o f mG ;Mu&m udu k f 50cefYrQ
oGm;rdaomf uREfkyfwdkYa&SU twefuGmrS acG;a[mifoHudk Mum;vdkuf&NyD;vQif acG;onf
uREfkyfwdkY&Sd&modkY jyefívmcsnfwpfcg? xdk;ía[mifcsnfwpfvSnfhESifh &Sdaeojzifh
uREfkyfwdkYvnf; acG;a[mifaom ae&mqDodkY pGwfí vdkufMuav\/
xdkae&mrSm awmifajcodkY a&mufvkaeNyDjzpfí ausmufwHk;ausmufcJBuD;rsm;onf
xdrk þS rS ysUH ESUH vsu&f &dS m xGuaf y:p va&mifbuf rsuEf mS rlum uREykf w f Ykdukd ausmay;vsuf
ausmufw;kH wpfcak y:wGif xdik í f aeaom vlwpfa,mufukd awGUjrif&av\/ wefaqmifrek ;f
vjzpfojzifh qD;ESi;f rsm; tawmfyifusvsuf &SNd yD;vQif rIerf mT ;aom va&mifuykd if ydwzf ;kH vk
rwwf &Sdav\/ uREfkyfonf q&mBuD; OD;xifbGm;udkac:um a&SUqHk;rS ajy;oGm;av\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 82

teD;okdY a&mufaomtcg wpfpHkwpf&m pum;rajymbJ awGa0rdef;armum

awmifajc&S&d modYk pdu
k íf Munhaf eaom udo k ed ;f ausmfukd awGU&av\/ q&mBuD; OD;xifbmG ;
onf udkodef;ausmftm; ,k,ydkufaxG;um ...
]]&Smvdkuf&wm ighwl&,f ... OD;av;wdkYjzifh rif;twGuf pdwfylvdkuf&wm vGefvdkY?
aeygOD; cgwdkif;vdk bmjzpfvdkY cyfapmapm jyefrvmovJ/ armifodef;ausmf a[m'DrSm
rif;udk pdwfrcsvdkY NrdKUtkyfrif;awmif vdkufvmw,f ...}}
]]atmf ... 'DuaeY awmfawmfxl;xl;qef;qef;awG awGUvdkY OD;av;&JU ... atmf ...
tpfudkBuD;vnf; vdkufvmoudk;}}
]]at;uG,f ... rif;udk pdwfrcsvdkY}}
ol o nf q&mBuD ; OD ; xif b G m ;ar;aom ar;cG e f ; rsm;ud k jyef í ajz½H k r Qru
uRefawmfhbufyifvSnfhí EIwfqufvdkufao;\/ okdYjzpf&um; udkodef;ausmfrSm pdwf
rESYHow
l pfa,muf jzpfonf[í l vnf; rqdEk ikd af cs/ olum; &Syt f uÐsrQom 0wfvsu&f o dS jzifh
&SyftuÐswpfckvHk;rSm ESif;rsm;jzifh &TJ&TJpdkvsuf&Sd\/ odkYESifh uREfkyfonf udkodef;ausmftm;
tat;rS umuG,fap&ef uREfkyfabmif;bDtdwfxJwGif aqmifívmcJhaom ykvif;rS b&ef'D
tenf;i,fudk wdkufvdkuf\/
udkodef;ausmfrSm csrf;at;vSonfjzpfí cdkufcdkufwkefvsuf &Sdaeav&m uREfkyfwdkY
vnf; rnfoYkdyifjzpfap? raoraysmufawGU&onfuykd if auseyfvNS yDjzpfí udo k ed ;f ausmtf m;
tdrfodkY tjrefac:cJhMuav\/
tdrfodkYa&mufí q&mBuD;OD;xifbGm;u aq;wpfcGufudkwdkufNyD;aemuf udkodef;
ausmfonf ol\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm; atmufygtwdkif; jyefajymav\/
Ä Ä Ä

uRefawmfonf awmifwef;rsm;qDodkY nae 3 em&DcefYwGif a&mufvm&m cgwdkif;

uJoh Ykdyif twGi;f odYkaygufaom awmifMum;vrf;rsm;&S&d modYk 0ifcyhJ gonf/ awmifMum;wpfco k Ykd
0ifNyD;aemuf 1 em&DcefYrQ avQmufoGm;rdaomtcg xdkawmifMum;uav;rSm uRefawmf
,cifrnfonft h cgurS ra&mufz;l aom awmifMum;uav;jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ opfyif
rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;ab;wpfbufwpfcsufwGifvnf;aumif;? wcsdKUvnf; awmifcg;yef;
wGiv f nf;aumif;? vSyxl;qef;pGmaygufvsuf &SMd uuke&f m tvGeo f m,mvSojzifh uReaf wmf
onf twGif;odkY qufvuf 0ifoGm;rdygawmhonf/
pdwfxif 1 rdkifausmfausmfcefY avQmufoGm;rdvwfaomf aevnf; tawmfapmif;
vmNyDjzpfí uRefawmf\a&SU udkuftenf;i,frQudkyif rjrif&avmufatmif qD;ESif;rsm;
ydwfzHk;vmojzifh aemufqHk;ü vrf;udkrQ rjrifEdkifatmif arSmifívmygonf/ odkYyifjzpf
vifu h pm; a&SUodYk c&D;tawmfa0;rQ qufvufavQmufomG ;ygao;\/ xdt k csed f uReaf wmfrmS
ajcrsm;udkrQ ro,fEdkifatmif armyef;vmcJhNyD;vQif qD;ESif;ESifh awmifcdk;rsm;uvnf; ,cif
uxuf xlxyfpGm usvmygonf/ uRefawmf a&mufvmonfhae&mrSm awmifwef;BuD;\
twGif;usaom ae&mwpfckjzpfí þae&mrsm;wGif ,cifu awmykef;"m;jyrsm; aecJhzl;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 83

aMumif; ajymoHMum;zl;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; xdktaMumif;rsm;udk owd&um awG;í

aMumufryd gawmhonf/ ,ciftxufu vmzl;aomfvnf; aMumuf&UHG pdwrf &Syd g/ ,aeYryS if
þtaMumif;rsm;udkawG;um jyif;xefpGmwkefvIyfrdygonf/
þodkY&SdaepOf awmtwGif; wpfae&mrS c&mwkwfoHwpfckudk Mum;vdkuf&av&m
uReaf wmfvnf; acgif;em;yef;BuD;íyif oGm;ygonf/ xdx k uf xl;qef;aomt&mrS awmpyf
qDrS aoewfow H pfcu
k kd Mum;vdu k &f NyD;aemuf vlwpfa,mufonf uRefawmft h eD;rSjzwfí
awmeufxo J Ykd ajy;0ifomG ;onfukd jrifvu kd &f ygonf/ xdo k rl mS tuÐsrygbJ vHck snaf [mif;
wpfxnfudk cg;awmif;usdKufvsuf vufwGif "m;vGwfwpfacsmif;udk udkifvsuf&Sdav&m
ol\aemufausmrS aoG;rsm;pD;usaeonfukd vSr;f í jrifvu kd &f ygonf/ aoQmifukd wapmif;
xHk;um wpfudk,fvHk; aq;eDrsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf&SdNyD;vQif udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf MuHhcdkif
xGm;usdKif;aom awmom;wpfa,muf\ yHkoP²mefwlygonf/
uRefawmfonf xdkolYaemufodkY ajy;ívdkufrnfjyKpOf usm;opfwpfaumifonf
uReaf wmhaf &SU csKH wpfct k wGi;f rS ½kwwf &ufxu G Nf yD;aemuf uReaf wmfomG ;rnfv
h rf;wGif 0yfí
aeojzifh uRefawmfhrSm a&SUodkYrwdk;0HhbJ ajcvSrf;rsm; &yfwefYí oGm;ygawmhonf/
xdkusm;opfBuD;onf uRefawmf&Sd&modkY rsufESmrlum oGm;rsm;udkNzD;íaeojzifh
uRefawmfrh mS xdu k sm;opfBuD;udk jrifvu kd of nfEiS hf wpfNydKifeuf tdyrf ufrufae&mrS zswfceJ
vefYíEdk;vmouJhodkY rsufvHk;rsm;udk yGwfoyfíMunhfNyD;aemuf us,favmifpGm [pfatmf
vdkufrdygonf/ xdkYaemuf eHab;wGif&Sdaom vrf;uav;twdkif; qufvufvdkufoGm;&m
rMumrD a&tdkifuav;wpfckudk awGU&í xdka&tdkifü a&udkaomufí udk,fvufokwfoif
NyD;aomf a&tdkifESifh reD;ra0;&Sd xef;yifwpfyifwGif tarmtyef;ajz&if; uRefawmfawGU
jrifcJhorQ taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;udk jyefajymif;pOf;pm;um awGa0í aerdygonf/
xdt
k csed üf aea&mifrsm; jzmxGuv f mNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uReaf wmfrh mS rnfonft h &yfoYkd
a&mufíaeonfrod&bJ reD;ra0;rS a&pD;oHrsm; vlrsm; pum;ajymoHrsm;udk xl;qef;pGm
Mum;&ygonf/ uRefawmfonf xdktoHrsm;udk em;pdkufvsuf&SdpOf avjyif;wpfcsuf okwf
vdkufojzifh a&SUwGif ydwfqD;umoef;vsuf&Sdaom qD;ESif;rsm; vGifhpifaysmufuG,foGm;&m
uReaf wmfonf awmifajc&if;wpfco k Ykd a&mufaeaMumif; od&ygonf/ xdak e&mrS arQmMf unhf
vku d af omf tdraf jc 100-90cefY&&dS m &Gmwpf&mG udjk rif&í &Gm\eHab;wGiv f nf; woGio f iG f
pD;aeaom acsmif;wpfacsmif;&Sd\/ acsmif;\ eHab;wGif umuD,leDazmif; 0wfxm;onfh
vlwpfpo k nf tcsKd U xrif;[if;rsm;udk csujf yKwv f suf tcsKd Uvnf; pm;zG,af omufz, G rf sm;udk
jyifqifvsuf&SdMu&m olwdkY\ tBuD;tuJESifhwlol rsufESmjzLvlrsdK;wpfOD;onf &Gufzsif
wJuav;wpfck\ a&SUwGif yufvufukvm;xdkifay:üxdkifum aq;wHudk at;aq;
Nrdef,SufpGm aomufvsuf&Sd\/ ol\ eHab;wGif reD;ra0;ü umuD,leDazmif;ESifh cg;wGif
ajcmufvHk;jyL;wpfvufxkd;xm;aom vlwpfa,mufonf owif;pmudk zwfvsuf&Sd\/
olwdkY\ eHab;reD;ra0;üum; aoewfrsm;udk pkyHkaxmifxm;onfudk jrif&\/
xdkvlwpfpkrSm ykvdyftzGJUrSaomfvnf;aumif;? ppfwyfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwef&m\/
olwYkd\ at;aq;pGm aeyHak xmufaomf ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f aom ae&mwpfck vGwv f yfpmG

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 84

pcef;csí aeMujcif;jzpf[ef&adS vonf/ olwYkd ausmbuf&dS &Gmuav;ürlum; vloal v;yg;

tpteudrk Q rjrif&onft h jyif ]]acG;wpfaumif aMumifwpfNrD;}}rQ r&So d uJoh Ykd wdwqf w
d vf suf
&SdvS\/ vlaetdrfajcrsm;aom &Gmwpf&Gmjzpfygvsuf ,ckuJhodkY vlolt&dyftaiGUudkrQ
rjrif&bJ &Sdaeonfudk uRefawmfonf pOf;pm;ír&Edkifatmif &Sdaeav\/
xdkcPü xl;qef;aom tjzpftysufwpfckudk atmufygtwdkif; awGU&Sd&awmh\/
&GmbufqrD mS aoewfow H pfcsuf Mum;vku d &f NyD;aemuf awmpyfcsHKykwrf sm;twGi;f rS 0g;ceJ
nmoHay;um w[kefwnf; xGufívmaom vlwpfpkudk awGUjrif&\/ xdkolrsm;onf
aoQmifrsm;udk wpfapmif;xH;k um ud, k w
f iG f tuÐsryg? cg;awmif;rsm;udk ajrSmifatmif usdKuf
xm;NyD;vQif "m;?vSH? av;? jrm;? cuf&if;cGESifh ykqdefygrusef udkifqGJvsuf&SdMuavonf/
xdkolrsm;onf acsmif;urf;ab;wGif at;csrf;pGm pcef;csvsuf&Sdaom ,leDazmif;0wf
vlwpfpktm; twif;0ifa&muf xdk;ckwfMuawmh\/ ,leDazmif;0wfrsm;u rarQmfvifhbJ
½kww f &ufwu kd cf u
kd jf cif;udk cH&aomaMumifw h pfaMumif;? vufeufrsm;vnf; vufrjhJ zpfae
ojzifw h pfaMumif; twif;ajy;0ifvmaom vlwpfp\ k vufcsujf zifh twk;H t½H;k usq;kH Muukef
\/ ,leDazmif;0wfrsm;xJrS vlESpfa,muf? oHk;a,mufonf ½kwfw&ufowd&[efjzifh
aoewfrsm;pkíaxmifxm;aom ae&modYk twif;ajy;oGm;av\/ odYk aomf 0ifa&mufwu kd f
cku
d of rl sm;rSm xdak e&modYk a&mufEiS Nhf yD;jzpfí ajy;vmolrsm;onf vrf;üyif vJusMu&uke\ f /
rsufESmjzLteD;ü owif;pmzwfaeolonf ½kwfw&uf rwfwyf&yfvdkufNyD;vQif
cg;rS ajcmufv;kH jyL;udx k wk íf vlq;kd rsm;tm; wwfEikd o f rQ ckcyH pfcwfao;\/ odYk EiS hf vlq;kd
ESpfa,muf?oHk;a,mufrSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;usnfqHoifhum vJusoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&
aomfvnf; vlqdk;rsm;rSm tiftm;rsm;vSojzifh ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifhvlrSm wpfcPcsif;üyif
ESpfydkif;? oHk;ydkif;jywfíoGm;avonf/
xdkcPü uRefawmfonf acsmif;udkjzwful;oGm;NyD;aemuf wdkufcdkufvsuf&Sdaom
ajrjyifteD;odkY a&mufvmcJhNyD;vQif wkdufyGJudk raMumufr&GHU Munhfaerd\/ xdktcsdefwGif
vlq;kd rsm;onf rsuEf mS jzL\wJukd 0dik ;f &Hwu kd cf u kd v
f suf &Sad ecJah vNyD/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf
rsuEf mS jzLonf ab;tEÅ&m,fukd jrifonfEiS w hf pfNydKief uf ol\wJtwGi;f odYk ajy;0ifomG ;vQif
wJtwGif;rSaeí aoewfESpfvufjzifh ckcHí aeaomaMumifhaywnf;/
uRefawmfhrSm rcHcsifaompdwfrsm; ay:vmcJhonfESifh oHk;ydkif;jywfíaeaom vl\
tavmif;teD;okdY trSwfrJh csOf;uyfoGm;NyD;vQif usíaeaom ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk
aumuf,lNyD;vQif vlqdk;rsm;tm; pwifypfcwfawmh\/ odkYESifh uRefawmf\vufcsufjzifh
vlq;kd ESpaf ,muf usq;kH oGm;onfukd jrifvu kd &f ao;\/ xdt k csed w
f iG f wJtwGi;f rS aoewfoH
rsm; wd w f í oG m ;NyD ; vQif wJ u d k v nf ; vl q d k ; rsm;u zsuf q D ; vk d u f M uNyD ; jzpf í
'Pf&maygif;rsm;pGmjzifh aoG;csif;csif;eDvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmjzL\tavmif;udk jrif&\/
uRefawmfonf vufwGifudkifaqmifxm;aom aoewfjzifh teD;qHk;vlwpfa,muftm;
ypfcwfvdkufpOf ]]0D}}ceJ toHwpfckudk Mum;vdkuf&NyD;aemuf jrm;wpfpif;onf
uRefawmf\em;xifudk xdrSefpl;0ifav&m wpfcPü uRefawmfhrSm jyif;jyvSaom a0’emudk
cHpm;um ajray:odkY vJusoGm;ygonf/ uRefawmfonf a0'emcHpm;&if; wpfcPrQ

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 85

vl;vSdrfhíaeum aemufqHk; toufxGufoGm;ygonf/

þae&modkY a&mufaomtcg uREkfyfu ...
]]b,fE, S v
hf J udo k ed ;f ausmf ... cifAsm;tckajymaewmawG[m wu,fvm; tdyrf uf
vm;As? 'grS r[kwf&ifvnf; cifAsm; pdwful;csifwdkif; pdwful;aewmrsm;vm;Asm ...}}
]]tif; ... cifAsm;wdkYuawmh tdyfrufrufNyD; pdwful;eJY avQmufajymaew,fvdkY
xifrSmyJ? 'gayr,fh pdwful;vnf;r[kwfbl;/ tdyfrufrufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ tck
uRefawmfajymwmawG tm;vHk;[m uRefawmf rsufjrifudk,fawGU awGUcJhwmcsnfhyJcifAsm}}
xdktcg aq;q&mBuD; OD;xifbGm;u ...
]]udkif;av ... udkodef;ausmf ajymrSmom a&SUqufajymyg}}
xdktcg udkodef;ausmfvnf; ol\Zmwfvrf;udk qufjyefavonf/
]]uReaf wmf\ wpfu, kd v f ;kH rSm pdwaf &m cE¨mud, k yf g wpfpw kH pf&m r&Sad wmhouJo
h Ykd
vlaoESifhrjcm; jzpfíoGm;ygonf/ aemufqHk; uRefawmf\ 0dnmOfwGif ½kwfw&uf
vQyfjyufouJhodkY arSmiftwdusae&mrS tvif;a&mifwpfck zswfceJ awmufyvmygonf/
odkYaomf þodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm uRefawmf\pdwfwGif odjcif;rQomjzpf\/ rsufpdESifhjrif&onfh
t&mr[kwyf g/ xdak emuf uReaf wmfonf ajray:rS xvdu k o f nf[k xifryd gonf/ odYk aomf
uRefawmfhwGif tjrif? tMum;? tawGU tp&Sdaom rnfonfhtm½HkudkrQ rcHpm;Edkifao;yg/
cE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom 0dnmOfuom ajray:rSxjcif; jzpf[efwlygonf/ uRefawmf\
½kyftavmif;onfvnf; ajray:ü yHkvsufom;vJum em;xifwGif jrm;wpfpif;pdkufvsuf
OD;acgif;wpfckvHk; ½kyftqif;ysufum 'Pf&mtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh jynfhESufaeygonf/ xdkt&m
tm;vHk;onf uRefawmf\rsufpdjzifh jrifjcif;r[kwfbJ uRefawmf\ 0dnmOfü todÚmPf
jzpfay:vmjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/
odkYESifh uRefawmfonf aoíusef&pfaom uRefawmf\ ½kyftavmif;udk jyefí
rMunhb f J xdak e&mrSxu G cf NhJ yD;vQif vmcJah omvrf;twdik ;f jyefc\ hJ / usm;opfEiS ahf wGUaom
ae&modkY a&mufaomtcg uRefawmf\ 0dnmOfwGif vQyfppf"mwfvdkufjcif; cH&bdouJhodkY
zswf c eJ wzef j zpf í oG m ;NyD ; vQif cE¨ m ud k , f taumif t xnf B uD ; bG m ;ceJ
ay:aygufvmawmhonf/}}
ponfjzifh ol\Zmwfvrf;udk ed*Hk;csKyfavonf/
q&mOD;xifbGm;onf £ajE´&pGm xdkifae&mrS ...
]]udkif; ... armifodef;ausmf? rif;ajymwmawG tm;vHk;[m tdyfrufrufwmyJvm;/
wu,fukd,fawGU tjzpftysufyJvm;qdkwmawmh pOf;pm;vdkYrjzpfEdkifbl;/ 0dnmOfqdkwm
vufqyk v f ufuikd f jyEdik w f t hJ &mrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l uGUJ / NyD;awmh igud,k w f ikd v
f nf; pdwyf nmq&m
wpfa,mufjzpfavawmh pdwfynmq&mrsm;&JU &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;wJh tcsufwpfcsuf&,fvdkY
omrn rSwx f m;&awmhrmS yJ/ udik ;f av ... 'D[mawG tomav;xm;NyD; rif;udk ig jyp&mav;
wpfck&Sdw,f/ NrdKUtkyfrif;yg wqdwf uRefawmfhtdrfcef;xJ <uyg}}
[k ajymavonf/
okYdEiS hf uREykf Ef iS hf udo k ed ;f ausmw f Ykdonf tdraf y:xyfoYkdwufcMhJ uNyD;vQif q&mBuD;\

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 86

tdrfcef;xJodkY a&mufaomtcg q&mBuD;OD;xifbGm;onf ol\ ,leDazmif;aowåmxJwGif

atmufqHk;ü odrf;íxm;aom "mwfyHka[mif;wpfckudk xkwfjyav\/ "mwfyHkrSm ESpf?v
&SnfMumvSNyDjzpf&m t0ga&mifrsm;yif oef;vsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfESifh udkodef;ausmfwdkYrSm
rD;a&mifatmufwGif "mwfyHkudk acgif;csif; xdvkrwwf iHkYíMunhfrd\/ "mwfyHkrSm touf
25 ESpfcefY&Sd vlwpfa,muf\ yHkjzpfí rsufESmrSm yg;pyfNyJyHk? rsufvHk;jyL;í0dkif;yHk? yg;cGufyHk?
em;xifcsdKihfyHkrSpí udkodef;ausmfESifh cRwfpGwfxm;bdouJhodkY wlavonf/
"mwfyHkudkjrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf udkodef;ausmfonf twefMum tHhtm;oifhum
MuufaoaoíaeNyD;aemuf ...
]]'Dm” wfyHk b,folY"mwfyHkvJ OD;av;}}
]]"mwfyHkausmbufvSefMunhfav ... pm&Sdw,f}}
udkodef;ausmfonf "mwfyHkudk ausmbufodkY vSefvdkuf&m ]]armifausmfodef;}}[k
cJwHjzifh tvGefarS;rSdefpGm a&;xm;aom pmvHk;rsm;udk awGU&\/ "mwfyHkbufürl ]]jynfNrdKU
ay:vmMunf "mwfyHkwdkuf 1920ck}} [k "mwfyHkqdkiftrnfESifh ouú&mZfyg yg&Sdí xdkpmvHk;
rsm;yif ESpfv&SnfMumvSNyDjzpfojzifh arS;rSdefaysmufuG,fvkrwwf &SdaecJhavonf/
uREfkyfvnf; xdk"mwfyHkudk jrifvdkuf&aomtcg udkodef;ausmfuJhodkYyif tHhtm;oifh
vsuf&Sdav\/
xdkYaemuf udkodef;ausmfu ...
]]pmu armifausmfodef;qdkyguvm; OD;av;&JU}}
]]at; ... [kwfw,f? OD;av;&JU tifrwefcspfwJh oli,fcsif; udkausmfodef;wJh?
tck&Sd&if OD;av;eJY toufcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;ayghuG,f? odkYayr,fh *VKefawGxpOfu crsm
aooGm;&&Smw,fuGJU}}
xdktcg uREfkyfu ...
]]q&mBuD;? tJ'Dudkausmfodef;aoyHk wqdwfavmuf ajymjyygvm;cifAsm/
uRefawmfwdkYvnf; Mum;&atmif ...}}
]]tif; ... ajym&wmayghav/ *VKefolykefawG xwm[m 1930 ckESpfuqdkawmh
cktcsdefxd ESpfaygif; 20avmuf MumoGm;NyD/ NrdKUtkyfrif;wdkYtouf tvGefqHk;touf
tvGefqHk; 4? 5ESpfavmufyJ &SdOD;r,faygh}}
]]rSefygw,fcifAsm? 'Dtcgu uRefawmf 7 ESpfom;avmufyJ &Sdygao;w,f}}
]]udpu ö awmh a[m'D om,m0wDe,frmS tcGeaf wmf ray;rIupNyD; yxrjzpfvmwJh
udpyö gyJ/ awmom;eJY v,form;? qif;&Jom;vlxkudk aq;q&m q&mpHqdkwJhvlu acgif;
aqmifNyD; tpd;k &bufom;rSeo f rQ &GmolBuD;rusef owfawmhwmyJ/ b,ftcsed f b,ftcgu
BuHpnfxm;w,fawmh rajymwwfygbl;/ b,faeYb,f&ufu jzpfw,fawmh twdtus
OD;av; rajymEdkifbl;/ olwdkY olykefpNyD; xwJhaeY[m 1292ck? jymodkvqef;? 4&ufaeYyJ/
odkYayr,fh tpdk;&rSwfwrf;t& 1930ck? 'DZifbmv? 22aeYnvdkYqdkw,f .../ jrefrmjynfrSm
t&ifu 'DvdkrsdK;awG rBuHKzl;avawmh awma&mNrdKUyg wkefvIyfoGm;w,f/ vlawG[m
upifhuvsm; ajy;vTm;MuNyD; jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk; ajcmufjcm;oGm;w,fuGJU/ q&mpH[m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 87

olYvlawGudk wyfzGJUNyD; yxr tpdk;&ykvdyfwyfudk wdkufapw,f}}

]]olwdkYrSm vufeuf&SdvdkYvm; q&mBuD;&JU}}
]]yxrawmh vufeuf&w,fvYkd b,f&OdS ;D rvJ NrdKUtkyrf if;/ "m;a&m?vSaH &m? av;a&m?
jrm;a&m? ykqed ?f "m;r? cuf&if;cGrS rusef &&mvufeufuikd Nf yD; wdu k Mf uawmhwmyJ/ aemuf
tpdk;&u ppfwyfawGbmawGeJY ESdrfeif;awmh olykefawGbufrSm tawmfyif tustqHk;
rsm;ygw,f}}
]][kwfuJh/ uRefawmfwdkYrdbawGvnf; ajymoHMum;zl;ygw,f}}
]]'Dvkd tpd;k &ppfwyfawGbmawGeYJ rESrd ef if;cif jynf? aygif;wnf? om,m0wDrpS NyD;
tJ'Dtem; ywf0ef;usifrSm&SdwJh ykvdyftzGJUawG[m tawmfyJ cHvdkuf&Muw,f NrdKUtkyfrif;}}
]]rSefwmayghcifAsm? olwdkYu vluvnf; rsm;wmudk;cifAsm}}
]]ykvyd af wGowf? &GmvlBuD;awG acgif;jzwfeYJ wcsKd U&GmawGuvnf; olwYkdukd vltm;?
aiGtm;eJY axmufyHhMu&w,f/ ydkufqHaMu;aiG &SdwJhvlawGu nus&if udk,fhtdrfawmif
rtdyf0HhMubJ oifhavsmf&mrSm ykef;tdyfMu&w,f}}
]][kwfuJh? uRefawmfi,fi,fu ajymoHMum;&zl;w,fcifAsm}}
]]tJ'Dvdk om,m0wDupNyD;xawmh jynfa&m? o&ufe,fa&m? umra&m wpfcg
wnf; xMuwmayghuG,f/ awmfawmfowdåaumif;wJhvlawGu Adkvf?vlpkNyD; tpdk;&
t&m&S?d t&mcHreS o f rQ ]]awGU&mocsKØ if;"m;rqdik ;f }} qdo
k vdk owfMuwmygyJ/ t&yfom;rsm;rSm
umuDtuÐsawmif r0wf0HhMubl;/ NrdKUtkyfwdkY? 0efaxmufwdkY? ta&;ydkifwdkYqdkwmawmh
zdefYzdefYwkefatmif aMumufaeMu&wmaygh}}
]][kwfwmy cifAsm}}
]]'geJY jynfe,fwpf0dkuf olykefawGxaewkef; tif;r&Gmwpf0dkufrSm tifrwef
aomif;usef;aewmeJY jynfNrdKUu &mZ0wf0efBuD; rpöwmaMomfpwifudk,fwdkif olYwynfh
vufom;awGeYJ wpfcgwnf; vdu k of mG ;w,f/ vufeufawGvnf; tpHt k vif ygwmayghav/
okdYaomf ,ckacwfvdk ]]pwif;}} ]]b&if;}}wdkY vufypfAHk;wdkYawmh rygbl;/ 'geJY olwdkY
owif;&NyD;xm;wJh &Gmuav;em;a&mufawmh olwdkYvnf; yxr &Gmudk0ifNyD; &SmMuwmyJ/
odkYaomf &GmxJrSm vlwpfa,mufrS rawGU&awmhbl;wJh NrdKUtkyfrif;&JU/ 'g[m olykefbufu
olwdkYvmr,fhtaMumif; wifBudKNyD; owif;&vdkYjzpfrSmaygh/ olykefqdkwmuvnf; acgif;u
csdKaygufwmrS r[kwfbJ/ &GmxJu "m;qGJNyD; awmpyfxGufoGm;&if olykefjzpfoGm;wmyJ/
olwdkYrSmvnf; NrdKUrSm uif;axmufolvQdKawG &SdrSmaygh/ 'D&mZ0wf0efBuD;uvnf; c&D;yef;
vmwmeJY &Gmtjyifu acsmif;urf;eHab;rSm olYwynfv h ufom;ykvyd af wG &mZ0wftyk af wGeYJ
at;at;aq;aq; pcef;csaewmudk;/ tJvdkpcef;csvdkY 1 em&Domomavmufom &Sdao;
&Gmbufqu D aoewfazmufow H pfcsuf Mum;vdu k &f wmeJY jAKef;qdk *VKefwyfom; 50ausmf
60avmuf wpfcgwnf; awmpyfuxGuv f mNyD; olwYkd vpl uk kd twif;0dik ;f ckwaf wmhwmygyJ/
NrdKUtkyfrif;&,f ykvdyfom;awGrSm vufeuftjynfhtpHkygw,fqdkayr,fh ygvmwJh
aoewfawGukd wpfae&mrSmpkNyD; axmifxm;owJh *VKefawGu tJ'aD oewfawG axmifxm;
wJhae&mudk yxr 0ifNyD;pD;awmhwmygyJ/ wu,fh awmom;BuD;awGayghav/ qHyif&SnfeJY

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 88

qdkawmh aoQmifudkwapmif;xHk;? csnfvHkcsnfudk ajrmifavmufatmif cg;awmif;usdKufNyD;

wdkufMuw,f/ "m;a&m? vSHa&m? cuf&if;cGa&m? ykqdefa&m? wcsdKU av;eJYjrm;awGawmif
ygw,fqdkyJ NrdKUtkyfrif;&JU}}
]][kwfuJh/ &&mvufeuf udkifvmMuw,fqdkygawmhcifAsm}}
]]ykvyd af wG[m ckczH Ykdawmif tcsed rf &bJ olyek af wGvufcsuef YJ wpfcgwnf; "m;pm?
vSpH m jzpfMu&wmygyJ/ tJ't D xJrmS ukov dk u
f q H ;kd csiaf wmh usKyfoil ,fcsi;f armifausmo f ed ;f
qdwk vhJ u
l acsmif;[db k ufu &Gmwpf&mG tvnfvmwmeJY BuHKBudKuNf yD; aoewfoaH &m? xd;k ckwf
oHawGa&m Mum;&wmeJY &Gmjyifxu G w f mud;k NrdKUtkyrf if;&JU/ &Gmtjyifa&mufvYkd ykvyd b f ufu
tiftm;rrQbJ rqefYwefum cHae&wmjrifawmh vlu r[kwrf cHcsiw f vhJ jl zpfawmh acsmif;[dk
buful;oGm;? &mZ0wftkyfvufxJu usefaewJhaoewfudk twif;0ifaumufNyD; olykef
awGudk ypfwmayghav}}
]]awmfawmfowådaumif;wJh vlyguvm; q&mBuD;}}
]]vluawmh cyfydefydef? Avcyfao;ao;yJ/ 'gayr,fh olYa&SUrSm vlrsm;wJhbufu
rw&m;tEdkifusihfwm rcHcsifwmeJY 0ifNyD;ulwmeJYwlygw,f/ 'geJY olypfvdkufwm
*VKefESpfa,mufoHk;a,muf aoao;w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm olykefbufu ypfvdkufwJh
jrm;wpfpif;[m olYem;xifudkrSefNyD; armifausmfodef;[m ae&mrSmyJ vJaooGm;&Smw,f}}
q&mBuD; OD;xifbmG ;onf tvGepf um;ajymaumif;olwpfa,muf jzpfonft h wdik ;f
txufygtjzpftysufrsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg ajymqdkvsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm olpum;
qHk;onftxd em;axmifíaerd\/ udkausmfodef; aoqHk;yHkESifh ,ck udkodef;ausmf
awGUjrifcJh&onfqkdaom tjzpftysufrsm;rSm wpfoa0rwdrf; udkufnDvsuf&SdaMumif;
xdktcgrS owdjyKrd\/
(uREfkyf) ]][m ... 'gjzifh q&mBuD;ajymwJh udkausmfodef; tjzpftysuf[m tck
udkodef;ausmfjrifcJhw,fqkdwJh taMumif;awGeJY wpfax&mwnf; wlaeyghvm; q&mBuD;}}
(bGm;) ]]tif; ... wlwmayghav/ bmjzpfvdkY wlovJqdkwm NrdKUtkyfrif;yJ pOf;pm;
Munhfayawmh}}
xdt k csdeüf udo k ed ;f ausmfrmS q&mBuD;wdu k af om aq;wpfcu G u f kd aomufNyD;aemuf
tdyf&may:wGif tdyfpufvsuf &SdaeavNyD/ q&mBuD; OD;xifbGm;onf udkodef;ausmf\
ezl;udk ajz;nif;pGm prf;oyfNyD;aemuf ...
]]tif; ... tzsm;aoG;0ifvmw,fAsdKU/ b,fhES,fhAsm ... wpfaevHk; aeylusJusJ
BuD;avQmufomG ;? nusawmh avuwdu k ?f ESi;f awGuuseYJ tat;rdNyD; vmwmaygh/ b,fcEH ikd f
yghrvJ}}
ponf j zif h wpf u d k , f w nf ; nnf ; nLvsuf & S d a v\/ ud k o d e f ; ausmf
tdyfaysmfoGm;aomtcgrS q&mBuD;onf uREfkyftm; ol\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk tukeftpif
zGifh[ajymqdkawmhonf/
q&mBuD;\ ajymjycsufrSm olonf jynfom;Zmwdjzpfí i,fpOfu ausmif;q&m
udak usmo f ed ;f qdo
k El iS hf tvGecf spcf if&if;ES;D aom rdwaf qGjzpfaMumif;? *VKefoyl ek rf sm; xpOfu

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 89

tif;r&GmwGif&Sd&m ol\ rdwfaqG udkausmfodef;rSm acsmif;\ wjcm;buf&Sd &Gmuav;wGif

&Sdaeí udkausmfodef;rSm r[kwfvQif rcHwwf? pdwfqwfaomolwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtjyif
wdkif;jynf\ qdwfNidrfom,mrIudk zsufqD;aeaom olykefrsm;tm; rkef;wD;oljzpfaMumif;?
jynfNrdKUrS &mZ0wf0efBuD; rpöwmaMomfpwifEiS hf vufatmuf ykvyd t f zGUJ udyk g *VKefoyl ek rf sm;
0dkif;&HwdkufcdkufpOfu olonf wdkufyGJjzpf&modkY trSwfrxif a&mufoGm;cJh&m ol\rdwfaqG
&mZ0wftkyf udkarmifarmifqdkolrSm olYrsufaphatmufüyif towfcH&ojzifh pdwfxJwGif
rcsifhr&Jjzpfum tpdk;&bufrS 0ifa&mufulnDcJhaMumif;? xdkpOfu vlr&Sdaom&GmxJodkY
[if;auR;[if;vsmrsm; &SmazG&efoGm;aeaom ykvdyfom;wpfa,mufrSm uHtm;avsmfpGm
olykefrsm;vufcsufrS vGwfajrmufoGm;ojzifh txufygtjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk
jyefíajymonfhtwkdif; udkausmfodef; aoqHk;&yHkudk xdkykvdyfom;uav;xHrS od&aMumif;?
aemufESpfaygif; 20 eD;yg;cefYMumí rdrdonf om,m0wDNrdKUodkY a&mufvm&m vluHkxH
wpfOD;\ om; ajrydkif&Sif udkodef;ausmfESifhawGU&m udkausmfodef;qdkolESifh wpfax&mwnf;
cRwfpGyfxm;ouJhodkY wlvSojzifh udkausmfodef;\udk,fpm; rdwfaqGopf&acsNyD[k rdrdESifh
eD;pyfcspfcifatmif BuHpnfcJhaMumif;? xdktcg udkausmfodef;rSm rsufESm wpfjcrf;udkufaom
a&m*g&Sdaeojzifh rdrdrSmvnf; ,cifu tpdk;&bGJU& q&m0efwpfOD; jzpfcJhzl;onfhtwdkif;
udo k ed ;f ausmaf &m*gudk ukocJah Mumif;? aemufq;kH wGif a&S;a&pufa[mif;aMumifah yavmrod?
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf wl0&D;ru om;tzavmufcspfcifum wpftdrfwnf; twl
aexdik cf MhJ uonfh tajctaeodYk wikd f a&mufcahJ Mumif;? wpfaeYaeYwiG f *VKefrsm;vufcsujf zifh
toufqHk;cJh&aom rdrd\ rdwfaqGa[mif; udkausmfodef;\ "mwfyHkudk xkwfjyNyD;vQif
tusdK;taMumif;udk ZmwfvSefajymrnf[k pdwful;cJhaomfvnf; ajym&ef taMumif;
rwdkufqdkifcJhojzifh ,aeYrSom uREfkyftm; oufaotjzpfxm;í udkausmfodef; "mwfyHkudk
xk w f j yNyD ; aemuf rd r d w pf O D ; wnf ; omod o nf h þvQd K U0S u f c suf u d k tcgtcG i f h
oifhonfhtm;avsmfpGm ajym&jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh ed*Hk;csKyfav\/
Ä Ä Ä

,ck 1951ck ESpOf ;D avmufrS pí pma&;oluREykf o f nf &efuek Nf rdKUodYk a&muf&v dS m&m

wpfaeYwGif [Hom0wDNrdKUae touf 20 &Sd ajrydkif&Sif udkausmfodef;onf 96yg;aom
a&m*gjzifh tedpöa&mufaMumif; yg&Sdojzifh uREfkyfvnf; [Hom0wDNrdKUwGif þrQavmuf
toufi,fonfh ajrydik &f iS f udak usmo
f ed ;f [lír&Sd ]]udo
k ed ;f ausm}f }rsm; jzpfaeavoavm[lí
pdwCf eruif;jzpfum odvakd Zmjzifh csucf si;f yif [Hom0wDowif;pmwdu k o
f Ykd oGm;a&mufchJ
\/ aMumfjimbufqikd &f m refae*smESiahf wGUí tusdK;taMumif; ar;jref;ajymqd&k m refae*sm
onf oufqikd &f m zdrk ifuakd c:í taMumif; ar;jref;ajymqd&k m rlvpmwGif udak usmo f ed ;f r[kwf
udkodef;ausmfjzpfonfudk awGU&avonf/ þrQomruao;þaMumfjimxnfh&ef ydkYolrSm
vnf; aq;q&mBuD; OD;xifbmG ;jzpfojzifh xdt k cgrS uREfyk rf mS oHo,uif;oGm;avonf/
þtrSm;um; aMumfjimpmpDol pmpDorm;av;\trSm;jzpfaMumif; aemufq;kH owif;pmwdu k f
rS 0efcHawmh\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 90

pmpDorm;wdkY\ trSm;yifjzpfapumrl ]]udkausmfodef;}}ESifh ]]udkodef;ausmf}}wdkYonf

þtcsdeftxdvkdufí wlaeonfrSm tHhMozG,fwpfckjzpf\/ q&mBuD;OD;xifbGm;\
rdwfaqGa[mif; ausmif;q&mudkausmfodef; aoqHk;cJhonfrSm 21ESpfcefYrQ &SdNyDjzpfí ,ck
ajrydkif&Sifuav; udkodef;ausmfrSmvnf; touf 20 twGif;odkY 0if½HkrQ&Sdao;&m þtcsuf
udvk nf; uREykf f eufepJ mG pOf;pm;rd\/ aemufq;kH tcsurf mS ]]ausmo f ed ;f }}udk ajymif;jyefveS v
f Qif
]]ode;f ausm}f } jzpfí ]]ode;f ausm}f } udk ajymif;jyefveS v
f Qiv
f nf; ]]ausmo
f ed ;f }} jzpfaomtcsuyf if
jzpfavonf/ xdkvlESpfa,mufwdkY\ b0rSm rnfuJhodkY qufoG,fjcif;rsm; &Sdavoenf;/
txufyg tjzpftysufqef;uav;ü uREkfyfudk,fwkdif txl;xifjrifcsuf
ra&;vdkay/ pmzwfolrsm;tay:üom wm0efvTJvdkyg\/

uavmifpHkr*¾Zif;? 1951ckESpf? Zlvdkifv/

aomMumjzL

vlwYkd\0dnmOfonf b0a[mif;udpk eG Yfypfum b0opfoYkd ul;ajymif;oGm; aomtcg

ü b0opf y#doaE¨onf b0a[mif;ESifh tvGefeD;pyfaom ywf0ef;usifüjzpfcJhygrl b0
a[mif;rS tjzpftysurf sm;udk jyefíowd&wwfonf[k ,HMk unfMuavonf/ uREykf w f Ykdonf
tdyrf ufrsm;rufNyD;aemuf tdy&f mrSE;kd aomtcg tdyrf ufrsm;udk rSwrf o d uJo h Ykd xdek nf;twl
,if;y#doaE¨opf wnfvm&aom 0dnmOfonfvnf; twdwfb0rS tjzpf tysufrsm;udk
cyfa&;a&;rQ rSwrf w d wfavonf/ þuJo h Ykd teD;uyfq;kH b0(b0a[mif;)rS tjzpftysuu f kd
jyefíowd&wwfoltm; ]]vl0ifpm;}}[k ac:avonf/
uREfkyfwdkYb0 wpfoufwmwGif ,if;uJhodkY twdwfb0rQ tjzpftysufrsm;udk
jyefíowd&wwfolrsm;tm; tawmftwefawGUjrifzl;&m atmufwGifa&;om;tHhaom
tjzpftysurf mS 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrD ESpaf ygif;tenf;i,fu &cdik jf ynfe,fwiG f jzpfysuf
cJhonfh tw¬KyÜwdåqef;wpfckjzpf\/
&cdkifjynfe,f ajryHkNrdKUe,fESifh rif;jym;NrdKUe,fMum;wGif ]]iref;vJ}}uRef;ac: uRef;
wpfuRe;f &S&d m xdu
k Re;f BuD;rSm tvGeaf jrMoZmaumif;í xdu k Re;f &Sd ]]vGe;f vH;k ydu
k }f } &Gmuav;rSm
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; rjzpfrDu tdrfajr 100ausmfcefY &SdNyD;vQif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onfvnf;
tawmftwef <u,f0csr;f omaom v,fyikd &f iS ?f ,mydik &f iS rf sm; jzpfavonf/ tdrrf sm;rSmvnf;
trsm;tm;jzifh ysOfaxmif? ysOfcif;? oGyfrdk;tdrfBuD;rsm; jzpfMu\/
ajrydkif&Sifrsm;onf v,frsm;vkyfudkif&mwGif rdrdwdkYcsnf; rEdkifeif;ojzifh
ppfwaumif;e,frS ac:awmvlrsKd ; tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk ol&if;iSm;tjzpf ac:,lapcdik ;f avh&\ dS /
þodkYjzifh yxrurÇmppfBuD; jzpfNyD;ptcsdefrSpí 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfonfhwdkifatmif
pyg;aps;uvnf; tawmfaumif;onfhtwdkif; pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifhcJhMuavonf/
tvGe½f ;kd om;aom a&S;acwfvBl uD;rsm;jzpfMuonft h wkid ;f rdrw d Ykdpak qmif;&&Sad om
aiGrsm;udk bk&m;ykx;kd wnfjcif;? ausmif;? uef? Z&yf? wefaqmif; aqmufvyk jf cif;? tvSL'ge

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 91

jyKjcif;wdkYjzifh tcsdefudk ukefvGefap\/ tu,fí aiGrsm;ydkvQHuvnf; aiG'*Fg;rsm;udk

wpfae&m&mwGif vQdKU0SufpGm jr§KyfESHxm;wwfMuavonf/
xdk ]]vGe;f vH;k ydu k }f } &GmwGif ypön;f Opöm tawmftwefjynfph akH om OD;aumif;atmifcikd f
ESifh a':bkrqdkol ZeD;armifESHwdkY&SdMu&m ¤if;wdkYü jzLcdkifOD;qdkol orD;wpfa,mufom
xGef;um;cJh\/
jzLcdik Of ;D t&G,af &mufvwfaom pdex f eG ;f atmifqo kd l vkvifysKd wpfO;D ESihf tdraf xmif
uscJh&m pdefxGef;atmif\ rdbrsm;rSm ajrydkif&Sifrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif om;tBuD;qHk;jzpfol
pdefxGef;atmifudkvnf; tvGefcspfcifMuonfhtwdkif; om;ESifhacR;rwdkYudk aumif;pGm
vufcx H m;Muavonf/ odYk aomf jzLcdik Of ;D \ rdbrsm;url rdrw d Ykd wpfO;D wnf;aom orD;rSm
rdrdwdkY oabmrwlolESifh cdk;&modkY vdkufajy;&ygrnfavm[k rausreyfjzpfcJhMu\/
wpfESpfcefYtMumwGif jzLcdkifOD;ü orD;av;wpfa,mufzGm;jrif&m xdktcsdeftxd
jzLcdik Of ;D \ rdbrsm;onf pdwq f ;kd rajyao;bJ jzLcdik Of ;D ESihf tquftoG,f rjyKvkycf MhJ uacs/
xdYkaemuf ESpt f enf;i,fcefYMumjyefaom jzLcdik Of ;D wGif 'kw, d orD;i,fwpfa,muf
zGm;jrifjyef&m csDavmufydk;avmuft&G,fodkY a&mufaomtcg uav;rSm tvGefcspfp&m
aumif;NyD;vQif tbGm;jzpfol a':bkrESifh tvGefwlaMumif; aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;ESifhwuG
tdref ;D csi;f rsm;uyg 0dik ;f 0ef;a0zefajymqdMk uuke\ f / ,if;uJo h Ykd ajymzefrsm;í vmaomtcg
ESpfaygif;tawmfMu pGefYypfxm;cJhaom orD;tay:wGif twefi,f pdwfvnfívmav\/
odkYaomf orD;tay:üum; ,cifutjypfudk tcJraMuEdkifMuao;acs/
xdtk cg t&yfx&J dS tdref ;D csi;f rsm;ESiw hf uG cifriforl sm;uyg OD;aumif;atmifcikd Ef iS hf
a':bkrwdkYrSm wpfaeYwpfjcm; t&G,fa&mufvmNyDjzpfí rMumrD touft&G,fBuD;&ifhum
Z&mydkif;odkY a&mufvmMuawmhrnfjzpfaMumif;? xdktcg tbdk;BuD;? tr,fBuD;teD;wGif
aq;ay;rD;,lyifr&So d jzifh tcufBuHKrnfjzpfaMumif;? orD;ESihf oruftm; tdraf y:odYk rwif
csifapumrl ajr;ruav;wpfa,muftm; ac:,larG;pm;rnfqdkygu tvGefyif avsmfuef
oifhjrwfrnfjzpfaMumif;ESifh wdkufwGef;Mu\/
þuJo h Ykd cifrif&if;ES;D olrsm;u wdu k w f eG ;f vSojzifh aemufq;kH wGif OD;aumif;atmif
cdik Ef iS hf a':bkrwdYkonf a':bkrESiw hf í
l csppf &maumif;vSonfqakd om 'kw, d ajr;ruav;
udk cdik jf zLOD;xHrS awmif;,larG;pm;cJMh uav\/ uav;rSm vltrsm;ajymonfh twdik ;f tom;
jzLí tvGecf spcf sipf zG,f aumif;vS\/ aomMumorD;jzpfonft h jyif tom;vnf; tvGejf zL
aomaMumifh ]]aomMumjzL}}[k trnfay;Mu\/ aomMumjzLrSm twefi,f BuD;jyif;vmaom
tcg trnfESifhvdkufatmif jzLjzLazG;azG; a&aq;ig;uJhodkY &SdaeNyD;vQif EIwfoD;aumif;
vQmyg;uav;wpfOD;jzpfí tvGefpum;rsm;\/ rmevnf;BuD;\/ r[kwfrcH uufuuf
vefatmif &efawGUwwf\/ odkYwapvnf; tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;rSm þuJhokdY rmeBuD;í
r[kwrf cH &efawGUwwfonfuykd if aomMumjzLtm; tcspBf uD;cspcf MhJ u\/ tpp tvdv k u
kd f
cJMh u\/ odYk EiS hf aomMumjzLonf bd;k bGm;rsm;vufxw J iG f w,kw,BuD;jyif;í vmcJ&h av
\/
12 ESpforD;t&G,fodkYa&mufvwfaomf aomMumjzLonf tvGefyif csufcsuf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 92

csmcsm&Sv
d o S jzifh tbd;k tbGm;rsm;\ tonf;pGjJ zpfíaeawmh\/ wpfaeYwiG f tbd;k tbGm;
rsm;onf aomMumjzL\a&SUa&;udk arQmaf wG;vsuf rdrw d YkdacR;enf;pmjzifh pkaqmif;xm;onfh
aiGrsm;udk vQdKU0Supf mG jr§KyfEx
HS m;&m ae&modYk aomMumjzLtm; ac:oGm;um aiGt;kd wpfv;kH udk
jyav\/ xdkaemuf tbdk;tbGm;rsm;u ,if;ypönf;rSm rdrdwdkYwpfoufwmwGif acRwmpGm
pkaqmif;vmcJah om ypön;f jzpfaMumif;? pOft h ;kd xJwiG f aiG'*Fg;wpfaomif;&Sad Mumif;? aomMumjzL
onf xdkaiGtdk;udk rdrdwdkYaoqHk;NyD;aemufrS wl;azmf,l&rnfjzpfaMumif;? rdrdwdkYraoqHk;rD
rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q ,l&rnfr[kwaf Mumif;? þtaMumif;udv k nf; rnfoYl tm;rQ rajymbJ
xm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? tu,fí rdrw d Ykd tvdu k kd qefYusifí rdrw d Ykd raorD wl;azmf,cl ahJ omf
trsdK;rsdK;aom ab;'ku©wkdYESifh awGUBuHKvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumifhjzifh rSmxm;av\/ xdktcg
aomMumjzLuvnf; tbk;d tbGm;rsm; qE´twdik ;f rnfoYltm;rQ todray;bJ aus;Zl;opöm
udk apmifhxdef;ygrnf[k uwdjyKavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

aomMumjzL t&G,o f Ykdra&mufryD if tbd;k jzpfol OD;aumif;atmifcikd f uG,vf eG af v

onf/ xdkYaemufwGifum; usef&pfoltbGm; a':bkrESifh orD;jzLcdkifOD;wdkYonf ,cifuJhodkY
pdrf;pdrf;um;um; r&SdMuawmhbJ wpfa,muftdrfodkYwpfa,muf 0ifxGufoGm;vmum
&SdaeMuukef\/
aomMumjzL tcsdeft&G,fa&mufvmaomtcg ¤if;\vSyaom *kPfowif;onf
&GmeD;csKyfpyfodkY ysHUESHUum t&G,fa&mufaom vkvifysdKumvom;rSeforQ aomMumjzLtm;
rydk;yef;ol r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfawmh\/ ,if;uJhokdY ydk;yef;olrsm; teufrS ]]iref;uRef;}}
tygt0if jyifacsmif;&GmrS armifBudKifxeG ;f qdo k l vkvifysKd uav;wpfO;D ESihf aomMumjzLonf
cspfBudK;oG,frdavonf/ odkYaomf þtaMumif;udk aomMumjzL\ rdcifESifh tbGm;jzpfol
a':bkrwdkY rodMuao;acs/
aomMumjzL\ rdbrsm;ESihf tbGm;a':bkrwdYku aomMumjzLtm; Muufa&BuD;&GmrS
ajrydkif&Sif\ om;wpfa,mufESifh aphpyfxm;NyD; jzpfavonf/
þuJhodkY aomMumjzLtm; aphpyfxm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; armifBudKifxGef;ESifh
aomMumjzLwdYk od&MdS uaomtcg rdbrsm; tpDtpOf rOD;rD aomMumjzLonf &nf;pm;jzpfol
armifBudKix f eG ;f aemufoYkd aumufaumufygatmif vdu k yf goGm;av\/ odYkEiS hf aomMumjzL\
rdbrsm;ESifh tbGm;jzpfolwdkYonf rdrdwdkYqE´udkvGefqefaom aomMumjzLtm; vHk;0
tqufjzwfvdkufavonf/
armifBudKifxGef;\ rdbrsm;um; v,fydkif,mydkifr&SdbJ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;
jzpfonhftwdkif; aetdrfrSmvnf; v,fwJomomrQ &SdNyD;vQif usOf;ajrmif;vS\/ odkYESifh
armifBudKifxGef;onf ZeD;onf topfpufpufuav;tm; aqGwpfp rsdK;wpfpawmfpyfol
v,form;wpfa,muf\ tdrfuav;wGif xm;&&Smavonf/
þodYkjzifh ,cifu ]]0wfaumif;pm;vS}}jzifh <um;<um;0if0h ifh aecJ&h aom aomMumjzL
rSm a,mufsm;buf rdbaqGrsdK;rsm; ay;urf;axmufyHhaom aiGuav;rsm;jzifh NcdK;NcHpGm

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 93

oHk;pGJaexdkif&&Smawmh\/
tcsdefrSm 6 vausmf 7 vcefYrQ Mum&SdNyD;jzpf&m xdktwGif; aomMumjzLonf
tbGm;ESihf rdbjzpfowl Ykdu rdrt
d ay:wGif pdwaf jyvnf&ef 0efcsawmif;yefrnfBuHaomfvnf;
txrajrmufcJhay/ tcsdeftawmfMumjrifhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; tbGm;ESifh rdbESpfyg;wdkYonf
aomMumjzLtm; tcJraMuEdkifatmif &SdcJhMuavonf/ þodkYjzifh tcsdefonf wa&GUa&GU
ukefvGefcJhavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

7 vomomcefYMumNyD;aemuf wpfaeYwGif armifBudKifxGef;ESifh aomMumjzL ZeD;

armifESHwdkYonf olwdkYaexdkif&m tdrfukyfuav;rS ½kwfw&ufaysmufoGm;avawmhonf/
aetdrfwGif ZeD;armifESHwdkYtoHudk rMum;&ojzifh a&S;OD;pGm tdrfeD;om;csif;wdkY oGm;a&muf
Munhf½Iaomtcg t drfay:ü aoG;uGufBuD;rsm;udk awGU&NyD; tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm;rSm
z½dkz&JusJvsuf tdk;cGufrsm;rSmvnf; tpdwfpdwftrTmrTm uGJaeonfudk awGU&\/
þodYk aomMumjzLwdYk aysmufroGm;rDwpfnu wcsdKUtdref ;D csif;rsm;u vifr,m;
&efjzpfoH Mum;&aMumif;? xdak emuf vifur,m;udk tdraf y:rSatmufoYkd ‘&Gww f u kd f qGcJ somG ;
oH Mum;&aMumif;? armifBudKifxGef;toHjzifh ]][Jh ... aomMumjzL? eifhudk taoowfNyD;rS
ig wjcm;oGm;r,f eifov d m;}} [laom Budr;f 0g;aomtoHuv dk nf; tcsKd U Mum;&aMumif;jzifh
ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuukef\/ xdkxufxl;qef;onfrSm aomMumjzLwdkYtdrfESifh rvSrf;rurf;&Sd
acsmif;uav;ab; csHKzkwfwpfckay:wGif aoG;rsm;pGef;aeonfh tusÐwpfxnfESifh vHkcsnf
ud k v nf ; aumif ; ? teD ; wG i f aoG ; rsm; rajcmuf w pf a jcmuf & S d a eaom
"m;ajr§mifwpfvufudkvnf;aumif; awGU&jcif; jzpfavonf/
odkYESifh vifjzpfol armifBudKifxGef;onf r,m;ESifh&efjzpfum aomMumjzLtm;
"m;ajr§mifjzifh xdk;owfNyD;aemuf tavmif;udk wpfae&mwGif jr§KyfESHvdkufvQifaomfvnf;
jr§KyfEv
HS u
kd af yrnf/ odYkr[kwf acsmif;xJoYkd arQmvdu k v
f Qiv f nf; arQmvdu k af yrnf/ xdYkaemuf
vGwf&modkY wdrf;a&SmifoGm;jcif;jzpfrnf[k ,lq&\/
txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk jyifacsmif;&GmrS aomMumjzLESifh aqGrsdK;awmfpyfonfh
rde;f rBuD;wpfa,mufu Mum;vQiMf um;csi;f vGe;f vH;k ydu k &f mG wGif aexdik af om aomMumjzL\
rdbrsm;ESihf tbGm;jzpfox l H oGm;a&muftaMumif;Mum;avonf/ (jyifacsmif;&GmESihf vGe;f vH;k
ydkuf&GmrSm c&D; wpfrdkifomomom a0;\/)
xdt k cg tbGm;a':bkrESihf aomMumjzL\ rdbrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;pdex f eG ;f atmifEiS hf
a':jzLcdik Of ;D wdYk onf tajy;tvTm; vdu k v f mMuNyD;aemuf aomMumjzL\ tdrt f ajctaeESihf
wuG acsmif;urf;yg;wGifawGU&aom ypönf;rsm;udk Munhf½IMuav\/ þokdYqdkvQif
i,fpOfu rdrw d Ykd t&dyw
f MunhMf unhEf iS x
hf m;cJah om ]]aomMumjzL}}onf vifq;kd vifru kd \f
vufcsujf zifh aocsi;f qd;k ao&&SmavNyD[k &ifbwfpnfw;D ½du I Bf uD;wiif idak <u;Muuke\ f /
*½kPma'gaomjzifh rdrdwdkYypfxm;rdojzifh þodkYjzpfavNyD[k ,lBuHK;r&jzpfMuukef\/
teD;w0dkufwGif acsmif;atmufodkY ikyfívnf;aumif;? acsmif;atmuf ½dk;wavQmufodkY

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 94

vnf;aumif; &vd&k jim; &SmazGMuuke\ f / odYkaomf aomMumjzL\ tavmif;udu k m; rawGU&

acs/ odYkEiS hf jyifacsmif;&GmolBuD;rSwqifh oufqikd &f m &JXmeodYkom aemufq;kH wdik w
f ef;&av
\/ &GmodYk jyefa&mufMuaomtcg aoqH;k ol aomMumjzLtm; &nfp;l vsuf oydwo f w
G jf cif;?
qGrf;auR;jcif;trIrsm;udk jyKvkyfum aumif;rIukodkvfrsm;udk trQtwrf;a0Mu\/
Ä Ä Ä

aomMumjzLESihf armifBudKifxeG ;f wdYk xl;qef;pGm aysmufq;kH oGm;NyD;aemuf wpfEpS cf efY

Mumvwfaomf aomMumjzL\ tpfr&if;jzpfaom jzLpdefOD;wGif orD;uav;wpfa,muf
arG;zGm;av\/ xdkorD;uav;&onfhtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;yif aomMumjzL\ tbGm;
a':bkr uG,fvGefavonf/
jzLpdefOD;\ orD;uav;onf tom;jzLí aomMumjzLESifh tvGefwlNyD;vQif
pum;ajymwwfaom t&G,fodkYa&mufvwfaom aomMumjzL\ trlt&mtrsdK;rsdK;udk
jyKvkyfwwf\/ aomMumjzLuJhodkYyif ]]EIwfoD;aumif;vQmyg;}} pum;rsm;\/ r[kwfrcH
uav;csi;f &efawGUwwf\/ ol\ trlt&mrsm;rSm aomMumjzL i,fpOfu trlt&mrsm;ESihf
woa0rwdrf; wlvSonf/ trd&if;jzpfoltm; ]]rr}} [k ac:NyD;vQif tbGm;jzpfol
a':jzLcdik Of ;D tm; ]]tda,mif}} (&cdik pf um;jzifh arar)[k ac:&\/ tbd;k jzpfot l m; tbd;k [k
rac:bJ &cdkifaus;vufpum;jzifh ]]bm;bm;}}[k ac:a0:\/ odkYESifh OD;pdefxGef;atmifESifh
a':jzLcdkifOD;wdkYonf aoqHk;oGm;aom rdrdwdkYorD;uav; aomMumjzLonf rdrdwdkY
orD;tBuD;0rf;odYk 0ifpm;um rdrw d YkdxH jyefa&mufvmNyD[k 0rf;omí rqH;k atmif &SMd uuke\ f /
uav;\ trnfudkvnf; emrnfopf &Smíray;bJ ]]aomMumjzL}}[líyif ,cifb0u
trnfa[mif;udk ay;Muavonf/
rdef;uav; 3-4ESpft&G,fodkYa&mufaomtcg aomMumjzL 0wfcJhzl;aom tusÐ?
vHkcsnfrsm;udk ol0wfcJhaom t0wfrsm;[lívnf;aumif;? tkd;ykwf? csdK;½kyfpaom
upm;p&mrsm;udkvnf; olupm;cJhaom upm;p&mrsm;[lívnf;aumif; ajymavh&Sd\/
aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;udkvnf; vlBuD;rsm;roif&bJ aomMumjzLi,fpOfu ac:cJhonfhtwdkif;
ac:avh&Sd\/ okdYESifh rdbtbdk;tbGm;rsm;ESifhwuG aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;uyg ]]aomMumjzL
ta[mif;}} yif aoqH;k íoGm;aomfvnf; ]]aomMumjzL topf}} uav;tjzpf jyefvnfawGU
qHk&MuaomaMumifh uav;tm; tvdkvdkufírqHk; cspfír0Edkifatmif &Sdawmh\/
þuJ h o d k Y rd b tbd k ; tbG m ;rsm;ES i f h w uG aqG r sd K ;nmwd r sm;u t&d y f
wMunhfMunfh&SdaepOf 3cgvnft&G,frQom &Sdao;aom aomMumjzLonf ½kwfw&uf
rnfolrQ rar;bJ rdrdonf tbdk;tbGm;a[mif;rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodkY aexdkifcJhyHk? rnfuJhodkY
cspfcifMuyHk? olYtm; rnfuJhodkY tvdkvdkufMuyHk? tbdk;tbGm;rsm;onf wpfaeYwGif
olYtm;ac:í aiG'*Fg;wpfaomif;xnfí h jr§Kyfxm;aom pOft
h ;kd BuD;udk azmf,&l efrmS xm;yHw
k Ykdukd
ca&aphwGif;us ajymqdkvsuf&Sdav\/
þuJhodkY xl;qef;tHhMozG,faumif;aom pum;rsm;udk ]]vl0ifpm; aomMumjzL
uav;}}xHrS Mum;od&aomtcg vlrrnfuav;pum;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ,kww åd efvaS om

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 95

aMumifh vlojl ywfvwfaomtcsed üf uav;tm; vrf;jyapNyD;vQif xdak e&modYk oGm;a&mufw;l

azmfMunh&f m aiGom;tjynfx h nfx h m;onfh pOft
h ;kd wpfv;kH udk awGUMu&av\/ pOft h ;kd twGi;f &Sd
'*Fg;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfaomif;wdwd&Sdavonf/
xdt
k cg aomMumjzL\ aus;Zl;aMumifh ½kww f &uf ypön;f wd;k wufcsrf;omoGm;&m
wpftdrfom;vHk;vnf; 0rf;ajrmufírqHk;Edkifjzpfum uav;udkvnf; ]]a&Tay:jrwif}}
xm;vsuf trsKd ;rsKd ; tvdv k udk í
f xm;Muav\/ þrQtxd b0a[mif;rS tjzpftysurf sm;
udk od&adS jymqdEk ikd af om uav;rum; rdrw d Ykd xoH Ykd aemifb0wGif jyefvmaom aomMumjzL
vl0ifpm;jzpfonfudk jiif;EdkifzG,f r&SdaMumif;jzifh ,HkMunfrSwf,lvsuf &SdMuukef\/
Ä Ä Ä

odkY&SdpOf xl;qef;aomtaMumif;wpfck ½kwfw&uf ay:aygufvmavonf/

,if;onfum; tjcm;r[kwf? OD;pdefxGef;atmif? a':jzLcdkifOD;tdrfodkY vGefcJhaom
av;ESpaf usmcf efYu aoqH;k NyD[x k if&aom (ajc&maysmufíoGm;aom) aomMumjzLtppfEiS hf
¤if;\vifa,mufsm; armifxeG ;f BudKiw f Ykd bGm;ceJ ay:aygufa&muf&v dS mjcif;yif jzpfavonf/
aoNyD[k wpfxpfcs ,HMk unfxm;aomorD;&if; aomMumjzL þuJo h Ykd rarQmv f ifb
h J
½kwfw&uf a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg OD;pdefxGef;atmifESifh a':jzLcdkifOD;wdkYrSm 0rf;omvHk;qkdYí
rsuf&nfrsm; usrdawmh\/ orD;tay:wGif ,cifu *½kPma'gojzpfrdaom pdwfrsm;
vH;k 0 aysmufíoGm;um aomMumjzL ZeD;armifEw HS Ykd tm; 0rf;omt,fvJ vufcMH uawmh\/
tdrfay:wGif ]]aomMumjzLtopf}} uav;wpfa,muf &SdaeonfhtaMumif;udkvnf;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ajymMu&if; xl;qef;vSaom vl0ifpm;jyoemudk tHMh oírqH;k Edik af tmif
&SdMuawmh\/
aomMumjzLtopfuav;onf vl0ifpm;r[kwfu rnfolayenf;/
aomMumjzLtppfraobJ aomMumjzLtopfuav; jzpfay:vmjcif;onf
rnfonfhae&mrS rnfonfh0dnmOf yl;uyf0ifa&mufvmjcif;ayenf;/
vlraobJESifh vl0ifpm;wpfa,mufjzpfvmjcif;onf tHhrcef; xl;qef;vSonf
r[kwfygavm/
OD;pdefxGef;atmifESifh a':jzLcdkifOD;wdkYonf aomMumjzLjzpfysufcJhyHk tvHk;pHkudk
ppfaq;vsuf&SdMuav\/
(OD;) ]][Jh rdaomMum? eifb,fvrkd sm; ÚmPfqifNyD; wdYkupkd w d yf al tmif vkycf &hJ wmvJ
rdaomMum&,f}}
(jzL) ]]tckraS wmh pdwrf qd;k ygeJYawmh tar&,f ... tarwdYk eYJ tbGm;[m uRefrudk
jyefrMunhfvdkY pdwfemNyD; vkyfrdwmyJ? tarwdkYuvnf; orD;tay: pdrf;um;Muwmudk;
...}}
(OD;) ]]eifaoNyDxifNyD; wdkYwawGa&m eifhtbGm;a&m [dk&Sm'D&Sm b,favmuf
'ku©a&mufMuovJ/ NyD;awmhvnf; aoG;awGawGUawmh eifha,mufsm;tay: awmif
pdwfemMuwmaygh/ aoG;awGu eifbmjzpfvdkYvJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 96

(jzL) ]]vlUaoG;rS r[kwfbJtar&JU/ Muufwpfaumifowfpm;NyD; aoG;awGudk

wpf t d r f v H k ; ES H Y atmif y uf x m;? orD ; tusÐ p ud k v nf ; Muuf a oG ; eJ Y vl ; NyD ;
csHKpyfay:wifxm;cJhwmaygh}}
(OD;) ]]"m;ajr§mifuaum}}
(jzL) ]]taruvnf; ½d;k vdu k wf m vGeyf ga&m ... "m;ajr§mifvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f vkyw f m
aygh tar&JU}}
(OD;) ]]tHyh ga&m[,f ... ÚmPfrsm;vdu k w
f m aomMum&,f ... roGm;cifn vifr,m;
&efjzpfNyD; eifhvifu ½dkufao;w,fqkd}}
(jzL) ]]'gaMumifh tarhudk ½dk;w,fajymwmaygh ... vifr,m;&efjzpfw,fqdkwm?
½dkufw,fqdkwm? NyD;awmh udkBudKifu uRefrudk qHyifqGJ? tdrfay:u ‘&GwfwdkufqGJcs
oGm;wmawG[m tm;vHk; [efvkyfwmawGcsnf;aygh tar&JU}}
(OD;) ]]rodEdkifygbl;awmf ... wdkYrSmawmh olrsm;ajymwm ,Hk&wmygyJ/ a&xJrsm;
ESpfowfxm;ovm;vdkY acsmif;xJ ikyf&SmwJhvluvnf;&SmvdkY ... wpf&GmvHk;qlaewmyJ}}
(jzL) ]]'geJY uRerf wdYkvnf; uRerf em;uyfuav;a&mif;NyD; udBk udKix f eG ;f ,mvky&f wJh
vliSm;cav;yg pm;&dwfvkyfNyD; jrefrmjynfudk xGufajy;MuwmyJ/ rEÅav;rSmcsnf; 2 ESpf
avmufMumcJhw,f ...}}
xdYkaemuf rdrw d Ykdonf rEÅav;NrdKU ywf0ef;usif txufjrefrmjynfwcGiw f iG f jzpfovdk
vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aexdkifcJhaMumif;? tbdk;tbGm;rsm;aoqHk;onfudk Mum;&aomtcg
rdbrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd tay: pdwaf jyavmufNyD[k xifrw S o
f jzifw
h pfaMumif;? rdrad rG;&yfZmwd
taygif;toif; rdwfaqGo*F[ aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfojzifhvnf;aumif;?
taMumif;aMumif;udk axmufum jyefvmcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkavonf/
þokYd aomMumjzL ZeD;armifEw HS Ykd onf rdbrsm;tdrw
f iG f at;csrf;pGm aexdik v f suf
&SdMuukef\/ okdYaomf tdk;tdrfxlaxmifolwdkYonf rdbESpfyg;wdkYu xrif;auR;xm;½HkESifh
rNyD;ao;acs/ rdrdwdkYa&SUa&;twGuf ypönf;OpömwdkYudk &SmazG&ayOD;rnf/
odkYESifh wpfnwGif armifBudKifxGef;onf rdrdtvkyftudkifESifh ypönf;Opöm&SmazGa&;
twGuf ZeD;jzpfol aomMumjzLtm; ESD;aESmwdkifyifvsuf &Sdav\/
xdktcgrS aomMumjzLonf wpfpHkwpf&mudk trSwf&NyD;vQif rdrdi,fpOfu tbdk;
tbGm;rsm;jycJhaom aiG'*Fg;wpfaomif; xnfhoGif;jr§Kyfxm;onfhae&modkY oGm;a&mufMu
av\/ odYkaomf xdak e&mwGif ajrrsm;rSm yGvsuf td;k udk rawGU&bJ use&f pfaom td;k &mudo k m
awGU&awmh\/ aemifpHkprf;aomtcg rdrdraobJ vl0ifpm;jzpfonfh ]]aomMumjzLti,f
av;}} u aiGt;kd taMumif; ajymjyojzifh rdbrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;pdex f eG ;f atmifEiS hf a':jzLcdik Of ;D
wdkYu wl;azmf&&SdoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif; od&awmh\/
okdYodavvQif aomMumjzLonf tbdk;tbGm;wdkY rdrdwpfOD;wnf;udkom cspfpEdk;
ojzifah y;aom aiGt;kd udk wl;azmfí ,l&rnfavm[k a'golyek x f avawmh\/ ]]aomMumjzL
ti,f}}udv k nf; rmefrí J ½duk af v\/ xdyk pön;f onf rnfoEl iS rhf Qrqdik f rdrw
d pfO;D wnf;om
ydkifqdkifojzifh rdrdtm; ay;&rnf[k tpfrESifh rdbrsm;xH ZGwfawmif;vsuf&Sdav\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 97

xdt k cg aomMumjzL\ rdbrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;pdex f eG ;f atmifEiS hf a':jzLcdik Of ;D wdYku

þudprö mS Ak'b ¨ mom "r®owftwdik ;f qdu k rdb\ tarGukd om;orD;uom &xdu k of nf/
om;orD;r&SdrSom ajr;jrpfrsm; &xdkufonf/ ,ckvnf; ,if;ypönf; (aiG'*Fg; 10000
ygaomaiGt;kd ) rSm rlv OD;aumif;atmifcikd f a':bkrwdYk \ ypön;f jzpfí olwYkd u, G vf eG o f nfh
tcg orD;jzpfol a':jzLcdik Of ;D wpfO;D wnf;om ydik q f ikd &f xduk o f nf/ aomMumjzLrSm ajr;jzpfí
trdjzpfol a':jzLcdik Of ;D touf&iS v f suf &Sad eorQ r&xdu k af Mumif;? a':jzLcdik Of ;D aorSom
¤if;\orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom jzLpdeOf ;D ESihf aomMumjzL nDtpfrwdYk &xdu k af Mumif; tjyif;txef
jiif;avonf/
i,fpOfuyif EIwfoD;aumif;vQmyg; qwfqwfxdrcHaom ]]aomMumjzL}}onf
rdrt d m; tbd;k tbGm;rsm;u uk, d x f vd ufa&muf jyoay;cJo h jzifh rdrwd pfO;D wnf;om ydik x f ukd f
onfqdkum iref;vJuRef;olBuD;rSwqifh wdkufe,fcHk½Hk;odkY avQmufxm;av\/
wdu k ef ,fvBl uD;rsm;onf trIomG ;trIvmudk ppfaq;NyD;vQif rdom;pkvnf; pdw0f rf;
ruGJ w&m;rQw&mvnf;a&mufatmif aiGwpfaomif;udk oHk;pkcGJí wpfpkudk rdbESpfOD;u
vnf;aumif;? wpfpu k kd tpfrjzpfol jzLpdeOf ;D udv k nf;aumif;? usefwpfpu k kd aomMumjzLu
vnf;aumif; ,lí ausat;Mu&ef qHk;jzwfay;\/
þqH;k jzwfcsufukd tpfrjzpfoEl iS hf rdbrsm;u vufcaH omfvnf; aomMumjzLurl
olwpfOD;wnf;om &xdkufonf[k vufrcHbJ &Sdaeavonf/
odkYjzpfí aomMumjzLonf ,if;aiGwpfaomif;udk rdrd&xdkufaMumif;jzifh
rif;jym;NrdKUe,f oufqdkif&m w&m;½Hk;awmfodkY avQmufxm;pGJqdkavonf/
trIjzpfyGm;í tcsdeftawmfMumNyD;aemuf tqHk;owfwGif ]]um,uH&Sif
aomMumjzLudk,fwdkifu ,if;ypönf;rSm tbdk;tbGm;ydkifypönf; rSefaMumif; 0efcHonfudk
taxmuftxm;jyKí ,if;aiGwpfaomif;pvH;k udk Ak'b ¨ mom "r®owft& tbd;k tbGm;jzpf
ol OD;aumif;atmifcikd ?f a':bkrwdYk \ wpfO;D wnf;aomorD; a':jzLcdik Of ;D wpfO;D wnf;om
ydik qf ikd cf iG &hf adS Mumif; a':jzLcdik Of ;D u ray;vQif rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,mufrQ r&xdu k af Mumif;}}
jzifh qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif aomMumjzLtm; t½HI;ay;av\/
xdktcgrS aomMumjzLonf aiGukefvlyef;jzpfum ol\ avmbESifh a’goBuD;rIwdkY
onf olYtm; aumif;usdK;ray;aMumif; aemifww&m;&um tpfrESifh rdbrsm;tm; 0efcs
awmif;yefawmh\/ rdbrsm;uvnf; wdkufe,fvlBuD;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsufudk oabmwl
cJo
h nft h wdik ;f orD;av; repfemap&ef rdrw d Ykd&aom ypön;f udk oH;k yHw k pfyckH í
JG aomMumjzLtm;
ay;av\/ odYk EiS hf aomMumjzLonf ,cifurSm;cJah om rdrt d rSm;udk aemifw&um tpfrESihf
rdbrsm;pum;udk em;axmifum wpfoufvHk; at;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkifavawmh\/
,cifb0a[mif;u tjzpftysufrsm;udk rSefuefatmif jyefíajymonfqdkwdkif;
vl0ifpm; r[kwfEdkifacs/
aomMumjzLtppfraobJ aomMumjzLtopf vl0ifpm;ruav;[k jzpfay:
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;onf rnfonfhae&mrS rnfonfh0dnmOf a&muf&Sdudef;atmif; aeavbd
oenf;/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 98

rSwcf su/f / txufyg0w¬KrmS 'kw,d urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrD ESpaf ygif;tenf;i,fcefYu

&cdkifjynfe,fwGif trSefjzpfysufcJhaom tw¬KyÜwådrSefwpfckjzpf\/ um,uH&Sif\ tquf
tEG,frsm;onf ,ck0w¬Küazmfjyaom &Gmi,frsm;teD;wGif &Sdaumif;&SdMuayvdrfhOD;rnf/
okdYjzpfí olwdkY\ *kPfodu©mudk rxdcdkufap&ef emrnftppftrSefrsm;ESifhwuG
&Gmtrnfrsm;udkyg ajymif;vJNyD;vQif &rf;NAJNrdKUom;Zmwd acwfynmwwf &cdkifrdwfaqG
wpfOD;\ tultnDjzifh þ]]aomMumjzL}} 0w¬Kudk a&;om;tyfygownf;/

aomMumr*¾Zif;? 1961ckEpS ?f ZGev

f /

aoG ; pk y f a umif B uD ;

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrD ig;ESpfcefYavmufu urm&GwfXmewGif Xmetkyf

OD;bdkBuD;qdkol&Sd\/ OD;bdkBuD;rSm wpfaeYaom ae0ifcsdefü aeYpOfrSwfwrf; ('dkif,m&D)udk
tdrfodkY rjyefrD a&;om;vsuf&Sdavonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf&ufjzpfojzifh tawmfyifat;aomaMumifh OD;bdkBuD;onf
tdrfodkYrjyefrD zefcGufxJwGif usef&Sdaom bD,mtenf;i,fudk armhícsvdkufpOf rdrdESifh
vdkufumwpfckomjcm;aeaom *wfpma&;tcef;xJodkY rdef;rysdKwpfa,mufudk a,mufsm;
wpfa,mufwnf; wGJum ]]wdkifcsuf}}ay;&ef a&mufvmonfudk vdkufumMum;rS &dyfceJ
jrifvdkuf&\/
a,mufsm;onf rdef;rysdK\ vuf0Jbufvufarmif;udk ,k,pGmwGJum pm;yGJa&SU&Sd
ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:wGif xdkifap\/ rdef;rysdKonf wpfpHkwpfckudk aMumufvefYaebd
ouJhodkY awmifajrmufav;yg;udkMunhfum rsufvHk;rsm; *emrNidrfatmif &Sdavonf/
]]raMumufygeJYawmhuGJU/ *wfxJa&mufvmrS ... bmaMumufp&m&SdawmhvJ/ ykvdyf
awGvnf;&Sdw,f ... Xmetkyfvnf;&Sdw,f}}
]][kwyf gw,f ... uRerf odygw,f/ EdYkayr,hf uRerf jzifh tckxufxd &ifwek w f ek ;f yJ}}
a,mufsm;onf tm;emaom[efjzifh *wfpma&;udkMunhfvsuf ...
]]atmf ... 'gxuf ‘DteD;tem;rSm t&ufqdkifrsm; r&Sdbl;vm;cifAsm}}
a&;/ / ]]bmvkyfrvdkYvJ}}
usm;/ / ]]a[m'Doil ,frudk b&ef'u D av; enf;enf;avmuf wdu k cf sivf YkdygcifAsm/
olYpdwf[m odyfNyD;aMumufaew,f/ Munhfygvm;cifAsm/ tom;awGawmif qwfqwf
wkefaewkef;yJ}}
a&;/ / ]]aeygOD; ... bmrsm; 'DavmufaMumufp&mvefYp&m awGUvmvdkYvJ}}
usm;/ / ]]ajym&rSmu awmfawmf&n S rf ,fcifAsm ... olYwikd cf sux
f rJ mS ygygvdrrfh ,f}}
xdktcsdef XmetkyfOD;bdkBuD;onf *wfpma&;pm;yGJodkY ul;vm&m *wfpma&;onf
ae&mrSxí t½dktaojyKavonf/ olonf ykvdyfom;uav;wpfa,muftm; olYtdrfrS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 99

b&ef'Dtenf;i,f ,lapcJhNyD;av rdef;rysdKtm; tenf;i,fwdkufavonf/

usm;/ / ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f Xmetkyfrif;cifAsm}}
tkyf/ / ]]udprö &Sdygbl;av ... udkif; ... b,fvdkjzpfvmMuw,fqdkwmom ajymprf;
ygOD;/ cifAsm;wdkYajymwJhtcgrSm a[m'Du *wfpma&;u vdkufNyD;a&;vdrfhr,f}}
b&ef't D enf;i,f aomufNyD;aemuf rde;f rysdKonf aoG;rsm;ylvm[efjzifh &Tiv f ef;
vwfqwfvmavonf/ rde;f uav;rSm toufEpS q f ,fcefYrQom &SNd yD;vQif tom;jzL0if;í
rsufEmS rSm vSyonf[k rqdEk ikd af pumrl oem;urm;&S\ d / okYd aom ud, k v
f ;kH ud,
k af ygufrmS
rlum; tjcm; rdef;rrsm;xuf xl;jcm;í ajyjypfvSonf[lívnf;aumif;? tom;t&nf
aumif;vSayonf[lívnf;aumif;? Xmetkyfu rSwfcsufcsrd\/ rdef;rysdKrSm oeyfcg;?
aygif'g[lí wpfpHkwpf&m vdrf;usHcs,fvS,fjcif;r&SdyJ yuwd tom;t&nftwdkif;
&Sdaeavonf/
OD;bdkBuD;u a,mufsm;bufodkYvSnfhvsuf ...
]]cifAsm;eJY bmawmfovJ}}
]]tckawmh bmrS rawmfao;bl; qdkygawmhcifAsm ... rarpDu uRefawmfeJY
aphpyfxm;wJh rdef;uav;yg ...}}
rd e f ; rysd K \ rsuf E S m rS m aMumuf & G H U vsuf & S d & mrS aoG ; a&mif r sm;vQrf ; um
&JceJjzpfoGm;avonf/
usm;/ / ]]udkif; ... arpD rif;tjzpftysufudk jyefajymvdkufyg}}
odkYESifh rdef;rysdKonf ol\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymojzifh *wfpma&;u
wdik cf sufukd a&;,lavonf/ odYk aomf xdw k ikd cf suf (First Information Report) rSm &Snv f sm;
vGef;onfhjyif pmzwfolrsm;vnf; rarpDawGUBuHK&ouJhodkY pmzwf&mwGif o½kyfay:ívm
atmif olajymjyonfh tcsufrsm;udk tpDtpOftwdkif; uREfkyfa&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfyg
aMumif;/
Ä Ä Ä

]]uRefru a&ausmf 46vrf;xJrSm aeygw,f&Sif/ rdbr&SdbJ rsufrjrif tpfrBuD;

wpfa,mufeJY armifi,fausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk uRefruyJ Munhf½IaxmufyHhae&wmyJ
... uRefrtouf 18 ESpfrSm 10wef;atmifNyD; aumvdyfrSm ynmqufoifr,fvkyfwkef;
jAKef;qdk tazBuD;qH;k oGm;awmh uRerf yJ tdrrf mS acgif;aqmifNyD; 'DtpfrBuD;eJY armifuav;udk
vkyfauR;orI jyKcJh&ygw,f
]]ausmif;uxGufNyD; tvkyf&Smvdkufwm yxr b,frSmrS r&bl;&Sifh/ 'geJY oHk;v
avmuftcsdefukefoGm;NyD; uRefr vuf0wfvufpm;uav;wcsdKUawmif xkcGJa&mif;cs&wJh
tajcrsKd ; a&mufvmyga&m/ 'geJY aemufwpfvavmuftMumrSm uRerf oli,fcsi;f wpfa,muf
u tjrwfawmfrif;BuD;½Hk;rSm vc 50 eJY pma&;tvkyfuav; &wmudk;&Sifh/ 'DawmhrS
uRefrrSm touf½SLuav; tawmfacsmifoGm;awmh uRefrvnf; &wJhtvkyfuav;udk
½d½k akd oaoeJY rSerf eS v
f yk cf yhJ gw,f&iS /f aemufwpfEpS t
f MumrSm 5 usyw
f ;kd NyD; 55 usy&f w,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 100

]]tJ'Dvkdvkyfaewkef;rSm wpfaeYawmh &efukefa*Zuf owif;pmxJrSm aMumfjim

wpfcak wGU&w,f/ aMumfjimu tqdt k u um,Avudk vdu k pf m;wJh tdraf xmifr&Sad o;aom
t*Fvyd pf mwwf rde;f uav;wpfa,muf tvd&k adS Mumif;? pmay;pm,leYJ pma&;tvkyjf zpfNyD;
pm&if;tif; tawmftoifh wwf&r,fhtaMumif;? um,Avvdkufpm;NyD; udk,fvuf
BuHch ikd af wmifw h if;wJh rde;f uav;udk ydNk yD; tcGit hf a&;ay;r,ft h aMumif;? vcrSm 150 ay;r,fh
taMumif; ygvmwmudk;&Sifh/ uRefru e*dkuyJ um,Avvdkufpm;NyD; udk,fvufBuHhcdkif
awmifw h if;atmif vkyv f mcJw h ,f/ pmay;pm,leYJ pm&if;tif;udv k nf; tawmftwef em;vnf
w,fqdkawmh uRefreJY udkufaewmaygh&Sif/ vcuvnf; 150qdkawmh uRefrvnf;
aMumfjimawGUwJhaeYyJ "mwfyHkygxnfhNyD; avQmufvdkufw,f/}}
tkyf/ / ]]aMumfjimwJhvlu b,folwJhvJ ... ajymygOD;}}
]]aMomf ... [kwfyg&JU ... aMumfjimwJhvlu ya&mfzufqm ]]zmodkvdkrsL;}} wJh&Sifh?
olaewJhae&mu ,leDAmpwD tDAGif;El;vrf;xJu [dkbufqHk; vrf;Mum;uav;xdyf
NcHBuD;wpfckxJrSm? olYNcHudk oGm;&wmyJ tawmfcufygw,f&Sif}}
tkyf/ / ]][kwfuJh ajymygOD;}}
]]tJ'v D kd avQmufvu kd Nf yD; aemufav;&ufavmufyJ Mumw,f/ aemufwpfaeYreuf
q,fem&DrSm olYqDudk vludk,fwdkifvmawGU&r,f qdkwJhtaMumif; uRefrqDukd pmwpf
apmifa&mufvmygw,f/ 'geJY uRerf vnf; tm;&0rf;omeJY 'Dvq kd &dk if trsm;BuD;arQmv
f ifch suf
&SdwmyJqdkNyD; aemufwpfaeYusawmh uRefrwdkYtdrfem;u ta':BuD;wpfa,mufac:NyD;
wuúpDwpfpD;eJY olYtdrfudk oGm;wmudk;&Sifh}}
tkyf/ / ]]awGUa&mvm;}}
]][kwu f hJ awGUygw,f? EdYk ayr,fh renf;BuD; &Sm&ygw,f&iS /f olaewJNh cHu olrsm;
aewJh NcHawG&JU aemufaz;bufrSm? NcHab;ywfvnfrSmvnf; opfyifBuD;awG tkyfvdkY}}
tkyf/ / ]]tif; ... ajymygOD;}}
]]'geJY uRefrwdkYvnf; um;udk vrf;xdyfrSm xm;cJhNyD; vloGm;vrf;uav;twdkif;
NcHawGMum;ujzwf? olYNcHxJ0if? tdrfwHcg;u acgif;avmif;uav;ESdyfvdkufawmh ukvm;yk
uav;wpfa,muf wHcg;udk vmzGiahf y;w,f/ uRerf u ]]ocif&o dS vm;}}vdYk ar;Munfah wmh
ukvm;uav;u yg;pyfu 0l;0l;0g;0g;eJY uRefrwdkYudk ajcjyvufjyajymNyD; eH&HESpfbuf
umxm;wJh vrf;Mum;uav;xJu ac:oGm;wm ayESpfq,fywfvnfavmufus,fwJh
{nfhcef;wpfckxJ a&mufoGm;wmudk;&Sifh/ {nfhcef;xJrSmawmh qdkzmwpfpHk&,f? tv,f
pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;r,f a<uyef;tdk;BuD;eJY pdkufxm;wJh ausmufcufyifBuD;&Sdw,f/ rSefjywif;rSm
cef;qD;teDawGvnf; wyfvdkY? tdrfuawmh tdrfa[mif;BuD;ygyJ? EdkYayr,fh txJrSmawmh
tawmfyJ oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;eJY crf;crf;em;em; jyifqifxm;ygw,f/ tdrfBuD;uvnf;
tawmfus,fyHk&NyD; aemufbufrSm wdkufcef;awG&Sdovm; rajymwwfbl; ... tJ'Dvdk
ukvm;ykav; xm;cJv h Ykd {nfch ef;rSm xdik af pmifah ewke;f cPMumawmh tjyifu ajcoHMum;&NyD;
t*Fvyd v f rl sdK; rkwq f wd af rT;&Sn&f n S ef YJ t&yfcyfjrifjh rifh rsufv;kH jymjymBuD;eJY vlwpfa,muf
0ifvmwmudk;&Sifh/ uRefrudk OD;nTwfNyD;EIwfqufawmh uRefrvnf; ae&muxNyD;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 101

t½dktaojyKvdkuf&w,f/ uRefrudk jyefxdkifzdkY &D&DNyHK;NyHK;eJYajymNyD; olu ...

]]rpöarpDqdkwm rdef;uav;yJ xifyg&JU}} wJh/ uRefru pmudkxkwfjyNyD; ...
]][kwfygw,f uRefrygyJ ... q&mBuD;qDu 'DuaeY vmcJh&r,fqdkwJhtaMumif;
pm&vdkY vmcJh&ygw,f}}
]]xdkifyg ... xdkifyg ... pmxkwfjyaezdkY rvdkygbl;/ 'gxuf rdef;uav;
toufb,favmuf&SdNyDvJ}}
]]ESpfq,f&SdygNyD}}
]]b,fausmif;u q,fwef;atmifcJhvJ}}
]]rufo'pfausmif;uyg}}
]]aumif;w,f ... aumif;w,f ... rufo'pfausmif;xGufqdk&if t*Fvdyfpm
awmfwmaygh ... 'gxuf tm;upm;vdu k pf m;w,f? um,Avavhusifw h ,fqw kd t hJ aMumif;
enf;enf;ajymygOD; ... b,favhusifhcef;,lovJ}}
]]tar&duefu ]]b,femrwåzm'if}}&JU avhusifhcef;udk pmay;pm,leJY oifMum;
ygw,f&Sif}}
]][m odyfaumif;wmaygh? 'DvlBuD;u wu,fhurÇmausmf um,Avorm;BuD;yJ?
touf 67 &Sad wmif rD;yHyk sHp;D w,f ... aumif;uifu avxD;eJY ckecf sw,f? wu,fawmfwhJ
vlBuD;aygh}}
]][kwu f hJ olUorD; [,fvifrwåzm'if&UJ avhusichf ef;awGvnf; uRerf ,lygw,f}}
]]tazawmf&if orD;vnf; awmfprf;ayghav ... bmavhusifhcef;awGvJ
ajymprf;ygOD;}}
]]tav;rwm? pufbD;pD;wm? avSavSmfwm? BudK;ckefwm? reufapmapm
toufjyif;jyif;½SLwm}}
]]awmfavmufygNyD? awmfavmufygNyD? usKyfwdkYEdkifiHrSm rdef;uav;wdkif;vdkyJ
um,Avvdkufpm;Muw,f/ 'DEdkifiHrSmawmh awmfawmf&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;vdkY ajymMuw,f?
[kwfuJhvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]'gaMumifh ... jrefrmruav;awG Munhf&wm ydefydefvSDvSDeJY ajcmufajcmuf
uyfuyfu rsm;wmyJ? rpöarpDwdkYvdk ... udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf taoG;tom;aumif;wm
&Sm;w,f ... 'gxuf rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk um,Avavhusihfcef;awG vufawGU
oifMum;ay;&r,fq&kd ifaum ay;Edik yf ghrvm;? oif&r,ft h csed u
f rrsm;vSygbl;/ wpfaeYrmS
q,frdepf q,fhig;rdepfqdkygawmh}}
]][kwfuJh 'Davmufawmh 0efrav;vSygbl;? vkyfay;Edkifygw,f ... wjcm;
tvkyfuaum&Sif}}
]]wjcm;tvkyu f awmh odyrf &Svd yS gbl;/ pmay;pm,l enf;enf;yg;yg;avmufvyk zf Ykd?
pm&if ; tif ; uav; enf ; enf ; yg;yg;rS w f z d k Y ? 'gavmuf y gyJ / vuf E S d y f p uf v nf ;
½dkufwwfw,faemf}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 102

]][kwfuJh ½dkufwwfygw,f}}
Ä Ä Ä

þae&modkYa&mufvQif pma&;ruav; rarpDu qufvufí ...

]]'geJY uRefrvnf; wevFmaeYupNyD; bwfpfum;eJY tvkyfrSefrSefqif;cJhw,f ...
uRefrtwGuf {nfch ef;&JU acgif;&if;bufu tcef;xJrmS pm;yGw J pfv;kH eJY ukvm;xdik w f pfv;kH
vufESdyfpufuav;wpfckyg ay;xm;w,f&Sifh ... yxr a&mufwJhaeY cdkif;wJhtvkyfuawmh
odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm; BuD;BuD;us,u f s,v f nf; r[kwv f yS gbl;/ 'DZZl mu aq;0,fwhJ vufrw S f
awG? r*dkvrf;aq;qdkifawGu aq;0,fwJhvufrSwfawG? zdkifwGJawGaygif; aeYpOfpm&if;eJY
v,f*smpmtkyfxJoGif; ... 'gavmufygyJ}}
]] 'Davmuftvkyu f awmh ryifyef;ygbl;/ uRefrwdYk ½;kH u tvkyw f pf0ufavmufyJ
&Syd gw,f/ aemuf'w k ,
d aeYusawmh ]]bm;vif;}}u aq;wdu k Bf uD;wpfwu kd uf kd xd;k aq;awG
rSmwJh pmwpfapmifa&;&w,f/ olu a&SUuavQmufajym? uRefru aemufuvdkufa&;?
aemuf vufEydS pf ufeYJ ½du k af y;½Hyk gyJ/ 'Daemh ½H;k rSm wpfaeukef uke;f aeatmifa&;rS ig;q,fh
ig;usyf ajcmufq,f &wJ[ h m tckvkd oufoufomomuav;eJY wpf&mhig;q,fusy&f r,f
qdkawmh odyf0rf;omoGm;wmaygh&Sif/ 'geJY tvkyf0ifNyD;vdkY ig;&ufajrmufwJhaeY
aeYvnfpmpm;NyD;vdYk tjyifcPxGuw f thJ csderf mS aemufaz;cef; rSejf ywif;aygufu vSr;f NyD;
rde;f rwpfa,muf&UJ rsuEf mS udk tcef;xJrmS &dycf eJ jrif&awmh ESmwefay:ay: oem;urm;ygyJ/
toufuawmh oH;k q,f oH;k q,fih g;ESpaf vmuf &Srd vm; rajymwwfb;l / q&mBuD;eJYawmh
&,fvm;armvm; pum;ajymaew,f/ uRefr wpfckowdjyKvdkufrdwmu udk,fuydefo
avmuf acgif;u BuD;aew,f/ 'geJY um,Avavhusifhcef;awG jyay;&r,fqdkwm 'Drdef;r
vm; rajymwwf b l ; / q&mBuD ; orD ; eJ Y wl w ,f v d k Y uRef r atmuf a rh a ewk e f ;
aemufwpfaeYusawmh q&mBuD;u pmwpfapmifa&;cdkif;vdkY a&;tNyD;rSm ...}}
]]atmf ... 'gxuf wpfckajym&OD;r,f? taMumif;xl;awmh r[kwfygbl;/
tvkyf0ifzdkYac:wJhaeYu rpöarpD uwdjyKcJhwJh pum;twdkif; rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk
um,Avavhusifhcef;uav; enf;enf;yg;yg;avmuf jyay;zdkY udpöaygh ...}}
]][kwfuJh uRefrjyay;ygr,f? b,folYudk jyay;&rSmvJ ...}}
]]'Dvkd rpöarpD&UJ ? q&mhrmS orD;wpfa,muf&w dS ,f/ emrnfu [,fvifw/hJ touf
u oHk;q,fhoHk;ESpf&SdNyD/ olu usef;rmrI enf;enf; csdKU,Gif;aew,f/ um,Av
vdkufpm;rIqdkwmvnf; tdyfrufawmif rrufbl;/ olYa&m*gu aoG;om;rpifMu,fbJ
wpfaeYwjcm; crf;ajcmufNyD; ydev f v DS mwJh a&m*grsKd ;aygh/ tJ'aD wmh olYukd um,Av vdu k pf m;
rIrSm 0goemygvmatmif vkyfzdkYyJ/ 0goemygrSvnf; tvkyfqdkwm vkyfwmudk;/ 'Dawmh
nae oHk;em&D oHk;em&DcGJavmufupNyD; oleJYESpfa,muf aemufaz; jrufcif;uav;ay:rSm
BudK;ckefcsifckef? tav;rcsifr? ajy;csifajy;? vTm;csifvTm; upm;csifovdk upm;Muwmaygh/
eHab;u NcHKawGuG,faevdkY vrf;bufuvnf; rjrif&ygbl;/ 'DvdkeJY Mumawmh olvnf;
pdwfygvufygjzpfvmNyD; rpöarpDwdkYvdk aoG;om;aumif;aumif;eJY usef;rm0NzdK;vmrSmaygh?

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 103

usKyf&JU &nf&G,fcsufu 'gygyJ ...

aMomf ;gxuf toufoHk;q,fhoHk;ESpfqdkawmh udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf vSvmEdkifOD;
rvm;? usKyfwdkYuawmh um,Avorm; r[kwfvdkY rodbl;}}
]]vSwefoa&GU vSEdkifygw,f/ toufav;q,frSm usifh&ifawmif tcsdK;tcsdwf
uswefoa&GUawmh usvmygw,f? Oyrm vufjyifuek ;f ae&if eJeJ pefYvmw,f/ &iftyk [ f m
enf;enf;ydkus,fvmw,f? Adkuf[mcsyfNyD; cg;[m ydkao;vmw,f/ 'Dvkdaygh ...}}
]]aumif;ygay&JUAsm? usKyforD;om rpöarpD&JU tcsdK;tcsdwf tqpftayguf
&Sdvm&ifvm;}}
]][kwfuJh avhusifh&if jzpfEdkifygw,f/ aoG;om;vnf;aumif;NyD; tom;t&nf
jynfhNzdK;vmEdkifygw,f}}
]]tJ'Dtom;t&nf jynfhNzdK;zdkY ajymaewmaygh/ tom;t&nfaumif;wm[m aoG;
aumif;aumif; &SdzdkY vdkw,fr[kwfvm; rpöarpD&JU ...}}
]][kwfygw,f&Sif ... usef;rm&if aoG;pifMu,fw,f? aoG;pifMu,f&if tom;
t&nfaumif;vmw,f}}
]]udkif; ... udkif; ... usKyforD;udk rpöarpDeJY rdwfqufay;&OD;r,f/ vmvm
xrif;pm;cef;xJrSmyJ naepmpm;&if; rdwfqufay;r,f ...}}
'geJY uRefrvnf; vdu k o f mG ;&wmaygh&iS /f npmpm;cef;xJa&mufawmh q&mBuD;u
ukvm;xdkifoHk;vHk; csxm;wJhae&m wpfae&mrSm uRefrudk txdkifcdkif;vdkY xdkifae&w,f/
‘Daemuf tcef;wpfcx k J 0ifomG ;NyD; olYorD;udk ac:xkwv f mwmud;k &Sihf ... rde;f ru ½kwcf eJrsm;
Munfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if acgif;BuD;ud, k af o;eJY aMumufp&m aumif;ovdyk J ... 'geJY q&mBuD;u
rdwfqufay;vdkY uRefrwdkYvnf; wpfa,mufvufwpfa,mufqGJNyD; EIwfquf/ vufzuf
&nfawGbmawG aomufNyD; &,fvm;armvm;eJY pum;ajymaeMuwmaygh&Sif .... aemuf
q&mBuD;u olYorD;upm;zdkY um,Avavhusifhcef;eJY ywfoufwJh ypönf;awG 0,fzdkY&m
pm&if;awmif;awmh uRefrvnf; pm&if;vkyaf y;vdu k w
f ,f? 'Dypön;f awG aemufaeYaeYvnf
a&mufvmwmygyJ ... 'D[meJY uRefrvnf; yxraeYrSmawmh ½dk;½dk;eJY at;at;uav;
upm;EdkifwJh BudK;ckefenf;udkjyay;wmudk;&Sifh ... 'gayr,fh oif&wm tm;r&ygbl;/
rpö[,fvif[m wpfcgESpcf gckeNf yD;wJah emuf armw,fqNkd yD; em;aevdu k w f m wpfcgwav
ae0ifcgeD;oGm;wmyJ/ olYtazBuD;u rvSrf;rurf;u MunfhaeNyD; bmrS rajymbl;&Sifh/
rdef;uav;udk tawmftvdkvdkufyHk&w,f/ wpf&ufESpf&ufMumoGm;vdkY NiD;aiGUyHkay:&if
'efb,fupm;wmwkdY? tav;rwmwdkY? &iftkyfxkwfwJh (chest espander) upm;wmwkdY?
oHv;kH ypfwmwdYk wpfvn S phf D uRerf u jyay;wm oluawmh ta&;rBuD;ovdk cyfat;at;yJ/
'Dvv kd yk af evdYk b,fawmh <uufom;awG wd;k wufEikd rf mS vJ&iS /f wpfcgwav NyD;omoGm;a&m?
acR;awmif aumif;aumif;rxGufbl;/
'geJY oH;k ywfavmufMumvdYk olu pdwrf ygawmh uRerf vnf; pdwrf ygovdk jzpfvm
wmaygh&Sif/ wynfhu pdwfrygawmh q&mvkyfwJhvlyg ysif;vmwmaygh/ pdwfrygwJhtjyif
wpfcgwpfcgai;NyD; rdiI af evdu k af o;w,f/ EdYk ayr,fh uRerf rSm vcpm;jzpfavawmh 0wå&m;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 104

ayudk;&Sifh/ ol pdwfryg ygatmifvkyf? &,fp&marmp&mawG ajymwefajymeJY wpfaeYudk

tenf;qHk; ESpfem&Davmuf tcsdefjzKef;&wmygyJ/ 'DvdkeJY wpfvjynfhoGm;NyD; vcxkwf?
tvkyfqufoGm;? [,fvifudk oifNrJwdkif;? jyNrJwdkif; oifjyaewmudk;&Sifh ... 'geJY wpfaeY
aeYvnfpmpm;zdkY tcsdefa&mufvdkY uRefrjzwfoGm;aeus vrf;Mum;twdkif; xrif;pm;cef;qD
oGm;awmh vuf,mbuf tcef;&SnBf uD;u wHcg;uav;[m aomhcavmufyiG ahf eNyD; vuf
ESpfvHk;avmuf [aewm awGU&wmudk;&Sifh/ tJ'DaeY aeYvnfpmpm;wJhtcsdefu enf;enf;
uav;apmw,f/ 'geJY uRefrvnf; [aewJh wHcg;aygufuav;xJudk Munfhvdkufawmh
vm; ... vm; q&mBuD;[m arsmufaoaumifBuD;wpfaumifudk pm;yGJuav;wpfvHk;
ay:wifNyD; ta&qkwfaewm ab;wdkufjrifvdkuf&wmudk;&Sifh/ uRefrvnf; csufcsif;yJ
vSnfhxGufoGm;awmh uRefrudk &dyfceJ oljrifoGm;w,f/
'geJY ... vufzuf&nf pm;yGJrSm vufzuf&nf vmaomufNyD;vdkY tvkyfcGifjyef
a&mufawmh uRefrvnf; ighudkawmh oljrifoGm;NyD bmrsm;ajymrvJqdkNyD; &ifxJrSm wxdwf
xdwjf zpfaewmaygh&iS /f aemuf awmfawmfMumawmh olYtcef;xJuaeNyD; ukvm;ykuav;udk
uRefrqDvTwfNyD; uRefrudk tac:cdkif;vdkufw,f/
olYpm;yGJa&SUa&mufawmh uRefrvnf; ausmif;ajy;rdwJh uav;wpfa,muf[m
q&ma&SU a&mufvmovdk 'l;awGrsm; wqwfqwfwkefaerdw,f ... olu ...
]]rpöarpDudk usKyf wqdwfavmuf ajymcsifw,f}}
]]ajymygq&mBuD;}}
]]wHcg;aygufuav; ... [aewJah e&mu usKyf tvkyv f yk af ewJh tcef;xJ bmjzpf
vdkY acsmif;MunfhovJ}}
]]uRefr acsmif;rMunfhygbl;q&mBuD;/ acsmif;MunfhzdkY 0goemrygygbl;/
vufzuf&nfaomuf oGm;&if; trSwfwrJheJY ... &dyfceJ rawmfwq jrifvdkufrdwmyg}}
]]'gjzifh NyD;wmyJav ... EdYkayr,fh q&mwpfcak jymr,f/ aemuf 'Dtem;udk a,mifvYkdrS
ruyfaveJY Mum;vm;}}
]][kwfuJh ...}}
]]'Dtcef;udk [,fvifawmif 0ifrMunh&f bl;/ "mwfccJG ef;qdw k m aygufuaJG pwwfwhJ
ypönf;? aMumufp&m vefYp&m ypönf;awG&Sdw,f}}
]][kwfuJh aemufb,fawmhrS tem;ruyfygbl;&Sif}}
]]udkif; ... udkif; ... oGm;ayawmh? 'Dudpövnf; pdwfxJu arhypfvkduf}}
]]aumif;ygNyDq&mBuD;}}
Ä Ä Ä
'Dupd [ ö m aemuf q,fih g;&ufavmufMumawmh NyD;NyD;aysmufaysmuf qdo k vdk jzpf
oGm;NyD; uRerf vnf; tvkyu f kd vkyNf rJvyk af ecJyh gw,f ... 'geJY ajym&OD;r,f/ 'DtawmtwGi;f
uRerf wpfck owdjyKrdwmu q&mBuD;[m uRerf eJY [,fvifukd b,fawmhrS ESpaf ,mufcsi;f
awGUzdYk tcGirhf ay;bl;/ vufzuf&nfaomufwt hJ cga&m? aemufaz;uGi;f xJrmS upm;aewJh
tcga&m tNrJvv kd kd ol&adS ewmcsnyhf &J iS /f tJ't D csu&f ,f NyD;awmh [,fvif[m b,fawmhrS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 105

pdwaf ysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f &S[

d efrwlb;l ... rIid af i;aewmrsm;w,f/ NyD;awmh wpfcu k vnf; [,fvif
[m uRefrudk wpfckck ajymcsif&ufom;eJY rajymbJ zHk;xm;w,fvdkY uRefrxifw,f/ tJ'D
tcsuaf wGukd aygif;pOf;pm;vdu k w f t hJ cg q&mBuD;tay: aMumufovdv k kd jzpfvmrdw,f&iS /hf
[,fvifeYJ vnf; avhusichf ef;awG jyay;wJt h cgavmufyJ awGU&w,f/ wjcm; b,ftcsed rf S
awGUcGifhr&Sdbl;/ uRefrvnf; uRefrtvkyfpm;yGJrSm vkyfp&m&SdwJh tvkyfawGvkyf? olvnf;
olYtyd cf ef;xJrmS olaewmyJ/ tjyifukd b,fawmhrS xGuw f ,fr&Sbd ;l / olYtazu xGuw f m
rBudKufvdkYeJYwlw,f/ t*FvdyfvlrsdK;jzpfNyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfrxm;bJ tckvdk bmaMumifh
tdrfwGif;ykef; tvkyfcdkif;xm;&wmvJqdkwm uRefrjzifh odyftHhMordwmyJ/
q&mBuD;uvnf; uRefra&mufwJhaeYuwnf;u tjyifudk b,fawmhrS xGufwm
rjrif&bl;&Sifh/ cdkif;p&m&Sd&if ukvm;uav;udkyJ pufbD;eJY pma&;NyD;cdkif;w,f/ 0,fp&m
jcrf;p&m&Sd&if ukvm;uav;udkyJjzpfjzpf? tdrfu bGdKifudkyJjzpfjzpf cdkif;w,f/ 'DvdkeJY wpfaeY
awmh nae 3em&Dxdk;avmufrSm uRefr tHqGJpm;yGJudk aomhcwf? tusÐt0wftpm;uav;
vJNyD; aemufaz; O,smOfbufu xGufvmawmh b,folrS rawGU&bl;&Sifh/ cgwdkif;awmh
‘Dtcsed q
f &kd if olwYkdom;tzESpaf ,muf a&mufaeESiNhf yD ... uRerf vnf; opfyif&yd rf mS cif;xm;wJh
wef;vsm;uav;rSm xdik Nf yD;apmifah ewke;f [,fvif[m t0wftpm; Ado k AD wfoeD YJ uRerf qD
cyfokwfokwfuav;vmwm awGU&wmudk;&Sifh/ 'Dawmh uRefrvnf; bmrsm; jzpfvmyg
vdrfhrvJvdkY xdwfxdwfjymjymeJY ...
]][,fvif bmjzpfvmwmvJ ... [if}}
]]tdk bmrS rjzpfygbl;/ oltdyfaewkef;rdkY pum;uav; bmuav; at;at;
aq;aq; ajym&atmif cyfokwfokwf vmcJhwmyg}}
]]aMomf ... q&mBuD; tdyfaeovm;}}
]][kwfw,f? nwkef;u oHk;em&DausmfrS olY"mwfcGJcef;xJu jyefvmvdkY
tcktyd af ew,f/ EdYkayr,fh awmfawmfMum Ed;k rSmyJ ... 'gxuf q&mBuD;eJY uRerf wdYktaMumif;
b,fvdktuJcwfrdovJ ... ajymprf;ygOD;}}
]]b,fvrkd S tuJrcwfryd gbl; [,fvif&,f ... q&mBuD;u olYorD;udk tifrwef
cspfw,f? udk,fvHk;udk,faygufuav; vSyatmif vkyfcsifw,f .. 'D[mavmufyJ uRefr
odwmyJ}}
]]orD;r[kwfbl;&Sifh ... r,m; ... r,m; ... r,m;? uJ odNyDvm;}}
]]tvkdav; bk&m;a& ... r,m; [kwfp}}
]][kwfw,f? [,fvif[m olYr,m;yJ ... rpöarpDu tHhMoaew,f xifyg&JU}}
]]rtHhMobJ aeyghrvm;&Sif/ ESpfvausmfvdkY oHk;vawmif eD;vmNyD? uRefrjzifh &dyfyJ
r&dyfrdygbl;/ tck zGifhajymrSyJ odawmhw,f}}
]]cspvf Ykd,&l wmr[kwb f ;l rpöarpDa&U ... rdbrsm; pum;emaxmifNyD; 'DoufMum;tdk
BuD;udk vifvyk cf &hJ wm odvm;/ &wJah eYupNyD; wpfaeYrS pdwrf csr;f om&bl;/ 'geJY [,fvifrmS
uav;wpfa,muf&NyD;wJah emuf rde;f rwdYk "“ r®wma&m*geJYywfoufNyD; ruse;f rrm jzpfc&hJ wm
aq;½Hak y:rSmcsn;f yufvufuav;aecJ&h wm 4 vavmufMumw,f ... tJ'u D wnf;upNyD;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 106

ESvHk;a&m*gvnf; pGJvmcJhwmyJ/ uav;rarG;cifu [,fvif[m 'Dvdktom;t&nfrsdK;

b,f[w k rf vJ? rpöarpDwYkdavmuf tcsKd ;tpm;rvSayr,fh wu,fawmifah wmifw h if;wif;eJY
00NzdK;NzdK;aygh ... 'gaMumifY tckvkd ydeyf ed vf vDS eDS YJ uRerf vlrrm½kyaf ygufaewmudk olYpw d xf rJ mS
rcsifhr&Jjzpfaew,f/ aq;awG trsdK;rsdK;wdkuf? trsdK;rsdK;xdk; ... EdkYayr,fh b,f&awmhrvJ
rpöarpD&,f? 'Dvkd uav;rsuEf mS jrifNyD; jzpfwahJ &m*grsKd ;[m b,fawmh vlpOfrED ikd af wmhrvJ}}
]]tdk ... r[kwfwm? [,fvifuvnf;? aq;aumif;0g;aumif;omawGU&if
usef;usef;rmrmeJY 00NzdK;NzdK;jzpfvmOD;rSmaygh}}
]]olYavmuf aq;aumif;0g;aumif; vdu k Nf yD;&SmwJv h al wmh avmurSm r&Sad wmhb;l
... tckwavm xdk;aq;aemuf vdkufaejyefNyD&Sifh/ wpfaeYuwifyJ ... b,fu&vmrSef;
rodygbl;/ arsmufuav;wpfaumif owfNyD; arsmufaoG;eJY [,fvifhudk xdk;ay;w,f/
wpfaeYwpfaeY pmtkyaf wGzwf olY"mwfccJG ef;xJrmS 'D[mawGyJ pdwu f ;l xkwaf ew,f/ b,fvkd
t½l;BuD;eJYrsm; vmawGUae&ovJ rajymwwfb;l / NyD;awmh 'D[mwifruao;bl;/ ypön;f Opöm
jynfp&kH UJ om;eJY b,frS roGm;&bl; ... b,fyv JG rf;obifrv S nf; r&Sb d ;l / csr;f omokcqdw k m
bm&,fvdkYrodbl;/ pifppfawmh [,fvif[m avmui&JrSm cHpm;ae&wJh ... tvdk ...}}
pum;awmif rqH;k ao;bl;? uRefrwdYk aemufu aq;wHBuD;udu k Nf yD; b,ftcsdeu f
a&mufaerSef;rodbl;/ rwfwwf&yfaerSef; rodbl;/ rwfwwf&yfaewJh q&mBuD;u
]]ESpfa,mufom; bmrsm; 'Davmuf pum;aumif;aeMuwmvJAsm}} vdkYajymvdkufawmhrS
uRefrwdYk EpS af ,mufpvH;k tHt h m;oifNh yD; taMumifom;Munhaf erdwmud;k &Sihf ... [,fvifu
BudK;ckewf hJ twHuav; aowåmxJu xkwo f vdv k kd bmvdv k vkd yk af ewke;f uRerf u ]]avmu
rSm i&JraMumufwJhvl r&Sdbl;qdkwJhtaMumif; ajymaewmyg q&mBuD;}} vdkY pum;zm
vdkuf&w,f/ aemuf uRefruvnf; £ajE´rysuf qufNyD; upm;aeMuwmaygh&Sifh ...
tJ’DaeYupNyD; q&mBuD;rsufESmMunhf&wm wpfrsdK;BuD;jzpfaeovdkygyJ&Sif/
wpfcgwav rkef;wD;ovdkvdk wpfcgwavvnf; 0efwdkrdpäm&Sdovdkvdk jzpfaew,fvdkY
uRerf xifrw d ,f/ uRerf wdYkbufuvnf; olYtaMumif; wdww f cd;k ajymrdawmh uRerf pdwu f kd
uRerf rvHo k vdjk zpfNyD; olYrsuEf mS vnf; &J&J rMunh0f ahH wmhb;l /pdwx f u J tvdv k kd aMumufae
rdw,f/ wpfcgwavawmh uRerf udk azmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqyH gw,f/ 'Dawmh uRerf pdwx f rJ mS
ighpdwfudk rvHkvdkY xifyg&JUavvdkY aMumufpdwfawG ajyoGm;jyefa&m/
NyD;awmh [,fvif[m olYorD;r[kwb f J olYr,m;jzpfw,fqw kd thJ aMumif; od&wJh
aeYuwnf;u pNyD; uRefrjzifh trsm;BuD; pdwfraumif;jzpfrdygw,f&Sif/ udk,fhtazt&G,f
avmuf a,mufsm;BuD;udv k nf; ,l&jyef b,frS rxGu&f bJ tdrw f iG ;f yke;f vkyv f nf; ae&jyef/
'Dtay: avmu"mwfynm½l;BuD;wpfa,muf&UJ tvdu k v kd nf; vdu k af e&jyefqakd wmh crsmrSm
b,fpdwfaumif;EdkifrvJ&Sifh/ rdef;rcsif; udk,fcsif;pmrdw,f/
'geJY q,f&uf q,fhig;&ufavmufMumawmh uRefrvnf; t&ifutwdkif;vdk
aeom;wus jyefjzpfNyD; olvnf; uRefrudk cdkif;p&m&Sd&if NyHK;NyHK;&,f&,f csdKcsdKomomeJY
cdik ;f w,f/ t&ifuxufawmif rsuEf mS csKd y&kH ao;w,f/ npmpm;wJt h cef;xJrmS wpfcgwav
aumfzDudkawmif uRefrtwGuf oludk,fwdkif azsmfay;w,f/ 'gayr,fh [,fvifudkawmh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 107

t&ifuvdk vGwv f w G vf yfvyf ajymqdck iG hf r&awmhb;l / um,Avavhusifch ef;awG vkyw f hJ

tcg olu, kd wf ikd f rvSr;f rurf;u apmifMh unfah ew,f/ [,fvifrh sufEmS Munh&f wmvnf;
b,fawmhrS pdwfcsrf;omyHk ray:bl;/
'Dvekd YJ aecJw h m wpfaeusawmh nae oH;k em&Dx;kd vdYk upm;&atmif tdraf emufaz;
uGi;f buf roGm;cif aumfzaD omufzYkd npmpm;cef;xJ 0ifcw hJ mud;k &Si/hf cgwdik ;f tJ't
D cef;xJrmS
aeYpOfaumfzu D kd oH;k cGupf m jyifxm;NyD; [,fvif xdik af pmifah ew,f/ 'DuaeYawmh [,fvif
vnf; rawGUbl;/ q&mBuD;wpfa,mufwnf; xdik af eNyD; aumfzv D nf; vlEpS af ,muftwGuf
om jyifxm;wm awGU&awmh uRefru [,fvif b,foGm;vJvdkY ar;wmudk ...
]]'DaeYawmh upm;zdkYrvdkawmhygbl;/ aumfzDaomufNyD;&if tdrfjyef½Hkaygh ...}}
]][kwfuJh 'gxuf? [,fvif bmjzpfwmvJ q&mBuD;}}
]]tat;rdwmeJYwlygw,f/ raeYnu &moDOwkuav; omom,m,m &SdwmeJY
tjyifvrf;xGuaf vQmufwm ESi;f awGuswmawmif tdrx f J csufcsif; jyefr0ifawmh tat;rd
rSmaygh/ udkif; rpöarpD aumfzDaomuf}}
'geJY uRerf vnf; aumfzu D kd aomufvu kd w
f ,f/ teHYu cgwdik ;f eJY rwlb;l / arT;aw;
aw; oufwufwufeJY NyD;awmh uRefrwpfck owdjyKrdwmu aumfzDudk cgwdkif;qdk&if
cyfylyl xnfhxm;w,f/ tckwpfcgawmh cyfaEG;aEG; aomufaumif;½HkavmufyJ/ 'Dawmh
uRefrvnf; wpfcgwnf; armhcsvdkufwmaygh&Sif/ aumfzDvnf; 0rf;xJa&mufoGm;a&m
q&mBuD;[m uRerf udk rsuaf wmifrcwfbJ wpfcgwnf; pdu k Mf unhaf ewmud;k &Si/hf olYrsuv f ;kH
jrif&&ifyJ ighudk wpfckckvkyfvdkufNyDvdkY csufcsif; uRefr &dyfrdawmhwmyJ/ aemuf uRefr[m
wjznf;jznf; bmrS rjrifawmhbl;/ csufcsif;vdkyJ uRefr[m owdarhoGm;wmyJ&Sif/
Ä Ä Ä

uRerf b,favmufMumatmif owdarhaeovJ rajymwwfb;l / uRerf vnfacsmif;

xJrSm t0wfawGqdkYxm;ovdk wpfqdkYqdkYjzpfaewm od&NyD; owd&vmvdkY rsufvHk;zGifhMunfh
awmh vm;-vm; uRefr[m vlemrsm; cGJpdwfwJh pm;yGJwpfvHk;ay: yufvufvSef&ufom;
jzpfaeNyD; uRerf ajcawG vufawGuv kd nf; rvIyEf ikd af tmif oHny§ ef YJ wkyx f m;wm awGU&w,f
]]b,fov l J ighukd BudK;eJYwyk x
f m;wm [if- tckcsucf si;f ajz}} vdYk atmfvu kd wf ,f/ EdYk ayr,fh
0rf;xJuom a&&Gwfaerdw,f/ toHu wdwfwdwfom; rxGufawmhbJudk;&Sifh/ yg;pyfudk
t0wfeYJ ydwrf xm;bJeYJ uRerf [m toHrxGuaf wmhb;l / 0rf;xJuawmh odaew,f/ uRerf
ajc&if;bufMunhfvdkufawmh q&mBuD;[m t0wfeufawG0wf? rsufrSefrJBuD;wyfvdkY
ukef;ukef; ukef;ukef;eJY olYpufud&d,mawG? "mwfaq;&nfykvif;awG jyifaewmjrifw,f/
tcef;eH&rH mS vnf; zef>yefBuD;awG? zefv;kH BuD;awG? ykvif;BuD;awG[m yG½yI af ewmyJ/
NyD;awmh tJ't D cef;eH&&H UJ tv,frmS vlaoxnfw h hJ acgif;BuD;wpfv;kH &Sw d ,f/ tJ'aD cgif;BuD;
[m yGiahf eNyD; txJu t½d;k pkBuD;[m rsuw f iG ;f a[mufyufeYJ uRerf udk pdu k Mf unfah eovdyk /J
'geJY uRerf [m 'D[mBuD;vnf; jrifa&m rsuEf mS udk wpfbufvaJT evdu k &f w,f/ uRerf ud, k u
f kd
rvIyEf ikd af yr,fh vuf,mbuf wpfcg cyfapmif;apmif; Munfv h u kd jf yefawmh bmjrif&ovJ

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 108

odvm;/ [,fvifvnf; uRefrvdkyJ pm;yGJ&SnfwpfvHk;ay:rSm ajcawGvufawGudk oHn§yfeJY

wkyx f m;wm jrif&w,f/ olvnf; tdyaf ysmfaeovm; arhyaJ eovm;awmh rajymwwfb;l /
rsufv;kH awG rSw d af ew,f/ uRefrwdYk EpS af ,mufukd bmrsm;vkyOf ;D rvJ rodb;l vdYk atmufarh
aewkef; jAKef;qdk 'DtaumifBuD;u ½kwfceJ uRefrbuf vSnfhMunfhvdkufwmudk;&Sifh/ uRefr
rsufESmudk pdkufMunfhaew,f/
]]pdwrf qd;k ygeJY rpöarpD? tckupd rö mS rif;aoG;om; eJeyJ g;yg; avsmhomG ;wmuvGv J Ykd
bmrS rjzpfap&bl;}}
]]xGD ... bmajymw,f/ ighaoG;om;avsmhoGm;r,f [kwfp/ acG;wd&pämefBuD; ighudk
tvkyfeJYrQm;NyD; rw&m;BuHw,f? ighaoG;om;udk pkyf,lcsifwJh aoG;pkyfaumifBuD; vTwf ...
csufjcif;vTwf ... rvTwfbl;vm; [if ...}}
pdwfxJuom tJ'Dvdk ajymae&wm uRefryg;pyf[m vIyf½Hkuav;omvIyfNyD;
toHqv kd Ykd enf;enf;uav;rS rxGub f ;l &Si/hf NyD;awmh ajym&if;qd&k if; uRerf vufarmif;awG
vufeJYvmyGwfNyD; ...
]]odyNf yD; taoG;tom;aumif;wJh oli,fr? 'DaoG;rsKd ;rsm; xd;k ay;vdu k &f &if vlwpf
a,muf[m q,fESpfavmuf jyefNyD; i,foGm;Edkifw,f/ tif; ... ae&musvdkufavuG,f/
tysKd vnf;jzpfjyef? aoG;om;vnf;aumif;jyefqakd wmh aoG;csi;f vJNyD;wJah emuf ud, k rhf ed ;f rawmh
tysdKjyefjzpfOD;awmhrSmyJ ...}}
olwpfa,mufwnf; olYu, kd of l ajymovdk a&&Gwaf ewJh pum;awG uRerf tm;vH;k
Mum;ae&w,f/ EdkYayr,fh uRefr bmrS jyefrajymEdkifbl;/ uRefru 0rf;xJuawmh trsdK;rsdK;
usdefqJaewmaygh&Sif ... 'Daemuf tJ'DeH&HrSm uyfaewJh pif&Snfuav;ay:u t&ufjyef
rD;cGufuav;xGef; zef>yefwpfckxJu aq;&nfcsuf ykvif;BuD; 2 vHk;xJrQavmif; vkyfae
wmudk;&Sifh/ 'Daemuf a&mfbmydkufvHk; 2 ck&SdwJhteufu vuf0Jbufu ydkufvHk;t&Snf
wpfc, k v l mNyD; uRerf pm;yGaJ y:wif vkyaf ewmud;k / 'Daemuf uRerf vufarmif; wpfae&mudk
aq;&nfuav; eJeo J wk Nf yD; "m;uav;eJY qwfceJcv JG u
kd w
f ,f&iS /f uRerf pdwx f rJ mS remay
r,fh wGeYf ceJjzpfomG ;wm awGUvdu k &f w,f/ 'Daemuf [,fvifuv kd nf; 'Dvvkd yk v
f u kd w f ,f
xifw,f ... aemuf uRefrbufudk jyefvmNyD; tJ'D"m;eJY cGJwJhae&mudk tckwifuajymwJh
a&mfbm>yefxdyfu tcRefuav; xdk;oGif;vdkufw,f/
'Daemuf pufud&d,meJY "mwfcGJud&d,m wefqmyvmawGxm;wJh tcef;eH&HqD
jyefoGm;NyD; bmvkyfaew,f rajymwwfbl;&Sif/ vkyfaewkef; uRefrjzifh 'DwpfoufrSm
rjrifz;l wm jrifvu kd &f vdYk 'D[mBuD;awmh b,fawmhrS uRerf arhEikd rf ,f r[kwaf wmhygbl;&Sif
... acgif;xJu t½d;k pkBuD;&JU vufawG[m wjznf;jznf; &Snx f u
G v
f mNyD; q&mBuD;vnfyif;udk
n§pfawmhwmygyJ/ i,foHygatmif atmfvdkufwJh olYtoHBuD;udk ckxufxd uRefrem;rSm
Mum;aeao;w,f/ rMumygbl; ... olvnf; 0ke;f ceJ Murf;ay: vJusoGm;wmygyJ/ 'Daemuf
ra&S;raESmif; wHcg;udk tjyifu xkwJh½dkufwJhtoHawG Mum;NyD; wHcg;vnf;yGifhvma&m
ukvm;ykuav; ajy;0ifvmw,f/ olYq&m vJaewma&m uRefrwdkYESpfa,mufudk oHn§yfeJY
wkyx f m;wma&m jrif&awmh olYq&mqD cPyJ oGm;MunhNf yD; uRerf qD jyefvmw,f/ ukvm;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 109

uav;udkvnf; t&ifuwnf;u tNrJay;urf;aeawmh ukvm;ykuav;[m uRefrudk

tawmfcify&kH w,f/ 'geJY olYociftw d x f u J aomhwu JG kd EIu
d ,
f Nl yD; oHny§ u
f zkd iG hf ajcjyvufjyeJY
uRerf udk jrefjrefxu G af jy;qdw
k t
hJ aMumif; 0l;0g;0l;0g;eJY ajymawmh uRerf vnf; wHcg;aygufu
xGufNyD; vloGm;vrf;uav;twdkif; vrf;rBuD;buf pGwfajy;vmcJhwm awmfawmfuav;
vnf;a&mufa&m armvnf;arm aMumufvnf;aMumufNyD; wpfcgwnf; xdk;vJoGm;wm
ygyJ&iS /f EdYkayr,fh 'Dtcgawmh uRerf toHxu G v
f mNyD; ]]tr,fav;}} qdNk yD; a,mifatmfvu kd w f hJ
uRefrtoHukd uRefrem;xJu Mum;vdu k &f w,f/ 'Daemuf uRefr bmrS rodawmhygbl;&Si/f
a[m'Du udkoef;atmif um;ay:a&mufrSyJ owd&awmhw,f}}
þae&modkYa&mufvQif a,mufsm;ysdKu ]]'DvdkcifAs ... olUtpfrBuD;u 'DuaeY
olUnDr arpD[m tckxufxd tvkyfu jyefra&mufao;bl;qdkNyD; pdwfrcsvdkY uRefawmhqD
vlvw T v f u kd wf meJY uReaf wmfvnf; wuúpw D pfp;D iSm;NyD; rarpD tvkyv f yk w
f ahJ e&m vdu k v f m
wm olwYkd NcH&w dS vhJ rf;t0if wmvrf;ab;em;u *laygufem;rSm rarpDvaJ ewm awGU&w,f
cifAs/ 'DawmhrS olYudk um;ay:ayGUwifNyD; ac:vmwmawmif ½kwfw&uf owdr&vdkY
acgif;udk a&awGbmawGqGwfNyD; renf;ESmESyf,l&w,f/ 'Daemuf wdkifcsufay;zdkY 'Dudk
uRefawmf ac:vmcJhwmygyJ}}
wdkifcsufay;NyD;aemuf Xmetkyfonf *wfpma&;bufodkYvSnfhí ...
]]udik ;f ... udb
k cspf cifAsm;wdYka&;wJh wdik cf suaf tmufu rarpDukd vufrw S x
f ;kd cdik ;f NyD;
jyefvTwfvdkufayawmh? usKyfwdkYum; toifh&Sd&JUvm;}}
]]&Sdygw,fq&m}}
]]&mZ0wftkyf armifNrdKifeJY vufeufudkif ykvdyfom;ESpfa,muf toifh&SdayapAsdKU/
csufcsif;oGm;rSjzpfr,f}}
]]&Sdygw,fq&m}}
rarpDajymaom NcHBuD;odYk a&mufMuaomtcg "mwfccJG ef;wGif toufuek af eaom
aoG;yg&*l ya&mfzufqm ZeD;armifEu HS kd &Jom;rsm;awGU&S&d avonf/ [,fvifrmS oHny§ jf zifh
ajcvufrsm;udk aomhcwfxm;&mrS taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufvsuf&Sdaomfvnf;
toufukefqHk;vsuf&Sd&m ESvHk;a&m*g&Sdolwpfa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; taMumufvGefí
aoqHk;oGm;[ef vu©Pm &Sdavonf/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;
Ä Ä Ä

tjzL&d y f B uD ; \ vuf c suf

txufjrefrmjynf c½dkifNrdKUBuD;rsm;ESifhwuG atmufjrefrmjynf&Sd tcsdKUNrdKUrsm;wGif

ESpfaygif; 40 cefYrQ w&m;olBuD;tjzpfjzifh tpdk;&vufatmufwGif trIxrf;cJhaom
OD;btkef;(bDat bDt,fvf)onf 0goemtavsmuf w&m;olBuD;b0wGif olawGUBuHKcJh&

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 110

aom tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wpfapmif a&;om;cJhavonf/

uREfkyfrSm OD;btkef;ESifh aumvdyfausmif;wGif ausmif;aezuf jzpfcJhzl;í tvGef
cifrif&if;ES;D onft
h wdik ;f ol\ rSww
f rf;udk uREfyk t
f m; zwf½cI iG jhf yK&m ,cka&;om;tHah om
trIrSm ,if;rSwfwrf;rS trIwpfckyifjzpfaMumif;/
(pma&;ol )

Ä Ä Ä

wpfaeYaom eHeuf 10 em&Dausmaf usmf tcsed af vmufwiG f awmifiNl rdKU puf&iS ½f ;kH okYd
tuÐs0wfrxm;aom vlowfrI w&m;cHwpfO;D tm; tapmifph E´&ED pS af ,muf NcH&u H m w&m;cH
ppf wef;twGif;odkY oGif;av\/ w&m;cHonf touf 50 ywf0ef;usifü &Sdaeaomfvnf;
t&G,w f ifí EkysdKolwpfa,muf jzpfNyD;vQif om;em;oyf&yfaom Oy"d½yk &f o dS l wpfa,muf
jzpf\/ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm rlvu Munfvifpl;&S[ef&Sdaomfvnf; pdwf\ xdcdkufrIaMumifh
tawmftwef arS;rSdefpGm &Sdae\/ olonf t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaom Munfhjcif;rsdK;jzifh wpfcgw&H
ta0;odkY ai;arQmfMunfh½Iaewwfao;\/
xdw k &m;cHum; jzL;NrdKUrS ajrwdik ;f tifpywfawmf OD;zl;ndKqdo k jl zpfí ZeD;jzpfot l m;
owfjzwfrIjzifh jzL;XmerS w&m;pGJqdkwifydkYjcif; cH&ol jzpfavonf/
OD;zl;ndK\ trIukd atmuf½;kH jzpfaom jzL;NrdKUe,fyikd f w&m;olBuD;½H;k wGif ppfaq;cJ&h m
]]trIjzpfEikd af vmufaom tjcif;t&m tcsuftvufrsm; &So d nf}} qdu
k m txuf½;kH awmfoYkd
wifydkYjcif;jzpf\/ jzL;e,fwGif jzpfyGm;aom vlowfrIrsm;udk aemufqHk;wifydkY&aom ½Hk;rSm
awmifilpuf&Sif½Hk; jzpfavonf/
OD;zl;ndK\ trIü rsufjrifoufao[lí wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdacs/ vifr,m;
ESpfa,mufwnf;omaeaom tdrftwGif;ü n(7)em&DomomavmufwGif jzpfyGm;cJh\/
OD;zl;ndKonf &yf&GmodkY atmf[pftultnDawmif;ao;\/ odkYaomf teD;qHk;tdrfrS vlwpf
a,muf? anmifyifom&GmolBuD;\ wynfhwpfa,muf a&mufvmMu&m tay:xyfodkY
wufaom avSum;&if;wGif OD;zl;ndK\ZeD; rpderf mS avSum;cHk orHwvif;udk acgif;wifum
yufvufvefí aoqk;H aeaonfuv kd nf;aumif;? rpdeu f kd ayGUzufum yg;pyfrS wzspaf wmuf
awmuf jrnfwGefawmufwD;vsuf&Sdaom OD;zl;ndKudkvnf;aumif; awGUMu&avonf/
OD;zl;ndK\ tppfcHcsuft& rdrdwdkYonf jzL;NrdKUrS naecif;yGJaps;odkY avQmuf
vnfNyD;vQif vSnf;BuHKjzifh tdrfodkYjyefvmaMumif;? tdrfa&SUwHcg;udk zGifh0ifNyD;aemuf rdrdu
atmufxyf&dS vomrD;tdru f kd yxr xGe;f n§Nd yD;vQif tdrt
f ay:xyfoYkd wufcí hJ tay:xyfrS
rD;tdruf kd xGe;f n§jd yefaMumif;? rdrZd eD;onf ½kww f &uf tdraf y:odYk wufrvmojzifh avSum;
xyfqDodkY vmcJh&m avSum;xpf 2 xpf? 3 xpfyif a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;? avSum;rSm
avSum;xpf 13 xpf&Sdí atmufajc&Sd orHwvif;cHk&SdNyD;vQif tawmftwefrwfaom
avSum;jzpfaMumif;? odYkEiS hf qufvufwufvm&m avSum; 8 xpfcefYta&mufwiG f ajcacsmf
oGm;onf[k xifvu kd &f NyD;aemuf rpderf eI rf mS ½kww
f &uf atmufxyfoYkdvrd u hf somG ;aMumif;?

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 111

þodYk usvQiu f scsi;f rdro d nf tdref ;D om;csi;f rsm;tm; [pfatmf tultnDawmif;aMumif;jzifh

xGufqdkcJh\/
ykvdyfzufrS aool rpdefrIefrSm OD;zl;ndKESifhtwl jzL;NrdKUay:wGif aexdkifpOfu
rdrdvifa,mufsm; tvkyf0wå&m;jzifh awmwufaeonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif armifpdefqdkol
ajrwdik ;f pma&;uav;wpfO;D ESihf wdww f qdwf jzpfysufczhJ ;l &m wpfaeYwiG f OD;zl;ndKud, k wf ikd f
]]yufyif;yg}} rdíoGm;aMumif;? odYk aomf OD;zl;ndKrSm tjcm;olrsm;uJo h Ykd ½du
k af rmif;ykwaf rmif;
rvkyb f J onf;cHcahJ Mumif;? þodYk jyifyü onf;cH[efaqmifvsuf &Sad omfvnf; wpfaeYwiG f
opömazmufaom r,m;tm; vufpm;acs&ef BuHpnfvsu&f adS Mumif;? wpfBudrw f iG f xrif;pm;yGJ
ü pum;rsm;&m OD;zl;ndKu ]]arsmufrawmh owdomxm;ae? wpfaeYocsØKif;a&mufaphr,f}}
[k Budrf;0g;onfudk Mum;zl;aMumif;ESifh aool rpdefrIef\ wlruav;wpfa,mufu
xGufqdkonfudk axmufjcif;jzifh rpdefrIeftay:ü &efNidK;odkcJhonfudk odEdkifaMumif;jzifh
wifjyavonf/
þtcsuftvufrsm;udk axmufxm;ojzifh atmuf½Hk;w&m;olBuD;u trIudk
puf&Sif½Hk;odkY wifydkYvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/
Ä Ä Ä
w&m;cHppfwef; 0ufNcHtwGif;odkYa&mufNyD;aemuf rMumrD puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;
½Hk;wufvmavonf/
tpd;k &a&SUaeBuD;onf yxrOD;pGm w&m;cHatmfoMH um;ojzifh a&mufvmaom tdref ;D
csif;ESifh &GmolBuD;\ wynfhtm; ppfaq;\/ olwdkYonf atmuf½Hk;twdkif; xGufqdkNyD;vQif
rsufjrifoufaorsm;vnf; r[kwfojzifh olwdkY\xGufqdkcsufrSm ta&;rBuD;vSacs/
wwd,oufaorSm OD;zl;ndK rpdefrIefwdkY xrif;0dkif;wGif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
uawmufuq pum;rsm;pOfu &Scd ahJ om rpderf eI \ f wlrav;udk ppfaq;\/ ¤if;uvnf;
atmuf½Hk;wGif xGufqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; wpfcgu xrif;0dkif;wGif OD;zl;ndKu rpdefrIeftm;
]]arsmufrawmh owdxm;ae? wpfaeYocsKØ i;f a&mufaphr,f}} [k BuHK;0g;zl;aMumif; xGuq f \kd /
w&m;cHu wu,fyif &efNidK;xm;onf rxm;onf[al om tcsufrmS rl oufaojyavmuf
aomtrI r[kwfojzifh ]]xifaMu;}}rQom &Sd\/ þodkYjzifh w&m;vdkbufrS trIqHk;cef;
wdkifa&mufNyD;vQif w&m;cHudk ppfaq;&awmhrnfjzpf\/
w&m;olBuD;onf aeYvnf 1 em&DwiG f aeYvnfpmpm;&ef ½H;k qif;oGm;&m wpfem&DcJG
wGif jyefí½Hk;wufNyD;aemuf w&m;cH OD;zl;ndKtm; ppfaq;avonf/
w&m;cHu aool rdrdZeD; rpdefrIefonf avSum;xpf 8xpfavmufta&mufwGif
½kwfw&uf ajcacsmfíusoGm;aMumif;? xdktcgu rdrdrSm avSum;xdyfwGif&yfaeí aool
usoGm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí rdrdwpfpHkwpf&m rod? rdrdESifhvnf; roufqdkifaMumif;jzifh
atmuf½;kH wGif xGuq f ckd ahJ omfvnf; puf&iS w f &m;olBuD;a&SUüxGuq f akd om xGucf sufwYkd rmS
tawmfyifxl;qef;í pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSay\/
w&m;Oya' ouf0ifonf r0ifonfudkrl Oya' yg&*lrsm;uom ydkí od&SdMuay
vdrhfrnf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 112

w&m;cH OD;zl;ndKonf rdrd\trnf? ae&yf? tvkyftudkifwdkYudk a&SUzwfpma&;

ar;onfhtwdkif; ajzqdkNyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; xGufqdkavonf/
w&m;olBuD;/ / ]]atmuf½Hk;wGif armifrif;u uRefawmfrsdK;ZeD; rpdefrIefonf
avSum;xpfrsm;ay:odYk wpfvrS ;f csi;f wufvmonfukd jrif&ygonf/ 7 xpf? 8 xpfavmuf
ta&mufwiG f jAKef;ceJ yufvufvefí aemufjyefusoGm;onfukd jrif&ygonf/ OD;acgif;rSm
avSum;orHwvif;ay:wGifwifaeí tkwfcHkESifh aemufaphudk ½dkufrd[ef wlygonf/
uRefawmfrsdK; ujymu,m ajy;qif;ygonf/ þodYk ajy;qif;&if; tdref ;D csif; pHvu S kd atmfí
ac:ygonf/ avSum;atmufodkY a&mufí uRefawmfrsdK;ayGUxlMunfhaomtcg pdefrIefrSm
toufr&Sdawmhyg/ OD;acgif;aemufaphwGif *Hknif;cefY ndKrJaeonfh 'Pf&mawGUygonf/
aoG;pdkY½Hkom pkdYygonf/ uRefawmfrsdK; atmfoH Mum;onfhtwGuf olBuD;\wynfhyef;a'G;
vnf; a&mufvmygonf/ uRefawmfrsdK;ESifh pHvSu ayGUcsDí atmufxyf&Sd uGyfyspfay:odkY
wifMuygonf/ 'Dtwdkif; atmuf½Hk;rSm armifrif;xGufqdkcJhw,f rSefovm;}}
]]wcsdKUrSefygw,fbk&m;}}
(xdktcgu t*Fvdyfacwfjzpfojzifh w&m;olBuD;rsm;u w&m;cHukd armifrif;[k
oHk;NyD;vQif w&m;cHrsm;uvnf; uRefawmfrsdK; ... bk&m; ponfjzifh xl;&avonf/)
(pma&;ol)
(BuD;) ]][if ... b,fvdkwcsdKUrSefwmvJ}}
(cH) ]]ol tomvdrfhuswm r[kwfygbl; ... wapäu wGef;csvdkufwmyg bk&m;}}
]]armifrif; pdwrf S aumif;&JUvm;? tck pum;ajymwm aumif;aumif; owd&&JUvm;}}
]]&ygw,fbk&m;}}
]]usKyfu Ncdrf;ajcmufar;wmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ udk,fhoabmtwdkif; udk,fajym
&wm/ armifrif;udk b,folurSvnf; 'Dvdkajym&r,f 'DES,fajym&r,f rwdkufwGef;bl;/
armifrif;pdwfqE´twdkif; ajymjcif;jzpf&r,f ... em;vnfvm;}}
]]rSefygh ... em;vnfygw,fbk&m; ...}}
]]axmifcsKyx f rJ mS jzpfap? ykvyd v
f ufxrJ mS jzpfap armifrif;udk rnfoYkdrnfykH ajym&r,f
vdkY jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? acsmhjr§Ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfovm; ...}}
]]rjyKvkyfygbk&m;/ uRefawmfrsdK; oabmtwdkif; ajymjcif;jzpfygw,f ...}}
]]axmifxJrSm jzpfap? ykvdyfujzpfap ½dkufESufESdyfpufovm;}}
]]rESdyfpufyg bk&m; ...}}
]]NyD;awmh tck armifrif;xGufqdkcsuf[m armifrif;&JUtrIrSm w&m;vdkbufu
jyeftoHk;jyKEdkifw,f/ qdkvdkwmu armifrif;&JUxGufcsufudk w&m;vdkbufu tudk;tum;
vkyfNyD; ajymEdkifw,f/ 'D[mudk em;vnfxm;&r,f ... em;vnf&JUr[kwfvm; ...}}
]]em;vnfygw,f bk&m;}}
]]uJ ... uJ ... rSefwJhtwdkif; ajymayawmh}}
]]pdefrIefudk avSum;ay:u wapäu wGef;csvdkufygw,f bk&m;}}
]]wapä [kwfp}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 113

]]uRefawmfrsdK; tpu pNyD; avQmufxm;yg&apbk&m; ... 'Drdef;r[m uRefawmfrsdK;

awmoGm;aewJt h cdu k rf mS oleYJ&,G w
f l aumifav;wpfa,mufeYJ arsmufrxm;cJyh gw,fb&k m;
... uReaf wmfrsKd ;u tck 48 ESp?f olu tpdwaf wmif rjynfah o;awmY 'Dvakd rSmufrmS ;w,fqkd
wm rqef;ygbl;bk&m;/ uReaf wmfrsKd ;vnf; vloed wfMum;jzpfrmS &Suw f meJY bmrS rajymbJ
iHkYaecJhygw,f ... tjyifu cspf[efaqmifNyD; udk,fha'goudk odkodyfcJhygw,f ... 'gayr,fh
0rf;xJuawmh rausygbl; bk&m; wpfaeYaeY 'Daumifr owf&rS ...}}
]]'Dvl w,fcufwmyJ bmawG avQmufajymaevJ rodygbl; ...}}
w&m;olBuD;onf vufESdyfpufudk acwå&yfxm;vdkufNyD;vQif rdrdukd,fudk rdrd
ajymouJhodkY nnf;nLvdkufavonf/ xdkaemuf wnfNidrfav;eufaomtoHjzifh ...
(BuD;) ]]tckwifu ½Hk;awmfu owday;wmawG em;vnf&JUvm;}}
(cH) ]]em;vnfygw,fb&k m;/ tckvkd olYtay:rSm &efNidK;odck NhJ yD; wpfaeY 'Dtaumifr
owfrSyJvdkYpdwful;rdcJhygw,f ... 'geJY uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYvnf; NrdKUay:u tdrfa&mif;NyD;
anmifyifom&Gmuav;u rdwfaqGwpfa,muf&JUtdrfudk iSm;aecJhygw,f/ iSm;aewm
rMumvSao;ygbl; ...}}
]]'D t d r f B uD ; ud k iS m ;aecJ h w muawmh uRef a wmf r sd K ; ½H k ; wuf o G m ;zd k Y
rD;&xm;blwm½HkeJYvnf;eD; ... tdrfvcuvnf;enf; ...}}
]]trIeJYywfoufwmomajymyg ...}}
]]rSeyf g ... 'Dtrd Bf uD;udak &mufvYkd wpfaeYrmS yJ tdraf y:xyfu a&eHqv D omrSet f rd uf kd
xGe;f zdYk avSum;udk uReaf wmfrsKd ;wufr,fvyk af wmh avSum;tay:avmufqrD mS vl&yd v f vkd kd
jzLjzLBuD;wpfck jrifc&hJ ygw,fb&k m; ...tcsed u f vnf; ae0ifNzdK;zs jzpfavawmh odyrf oJuyJG g
bl;/ a,mufsm;wpfa,muf&UJ t&dyv f vkd ykd gyJ/ acgif;iHYkNyD; rsuEf mS u [db k ufvn S ahf eygw,f
... uRefawmfrsdK;wufomG ;awmh aysmufomG ;wmygyJ/ tJ'D jzLjzLt&dyBf uD;udk 2 &ufwpfcg?3
&ufwpfcgqdkovdkygyJ jrif&ygw,f ...}}
]]b,fae&mrSm jrif&wmvJ}}
]]avSum;ay:rSmcsnf;ygyJ bk&m; ... tJ'D avSum;xpf 8 xpf? 9xpfae&mavmuf
qDrSmyJ jrif&ygw,f ...}}
]]b,ftcsdefvJ ...}}
]]ae0if&Dwa&mavmufrSmygbk&m; ... aeYvnfaeYcif;rSmawmh rjrifzl;ygbl;}}
]]'Dawmh bmjzpfvJ}}
]]'Dawmh uRefawmfrsdK;vnf; &GmxJrmS oufBuD;0gBuD; yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;awmh odrmS yJqNkd yD;
&Gmxdyfbkef;BuD;ausmif;u uyÜd, OD;aemufqdkwJh tbdk;BuD;qDoGm;NyD; 'DtdrfBuD;taMumif;
enf;enf;yg;yg; wD;acgufMunhfygw,fbk&m; ... 'DtdrfBuD;aqmufwm ESpfaygif; 30
avmuf&NdS yDw/hJ opfpufoal X; wpfa,mufu aqmufvYkd tdrw f ikd af wG? avSum;awG? Murf;
awGudk taumif;qHk;opfeJY aqmufcJhw,fwJh ... pufolaX;&JU orD;wpfa,mufvnf;
vifr,m;&efjzpf&mrSm avSum;ay:u vdru hf sNyD; aocJw h ,fw/hJ a,mufsm;[m 6 vavmuf
tcsKyfc&H NyD; olYred ;f r[m rawmfwq vdru hf swmygqdw k t hJ aMumif; tawmfBuD; xkacs,l&

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 114

w,fw/hJ 'Daemuf 'Dvv l nf; bmrS rMumbl;/ tuswt f if;&GmrSm vlowfrjI zpfNyD; BudK;ay;cH&
owJb h &k m; ... NyD;awmh aemufav;ig;vavmuf tMumrSm bke;f BuD;ausmif;om;uav;[m
tay:xyfwufNyD; qGr;f [if;,ltqif;rSm wpfcgwnf; ‘vdrahf cgufauG; usomG ;wm atmuf
avSum;wdkifeJY ½kdufrdNyD; aoygava&mwJhvm;vdkY ajymwmudk;bk&m;/ 'geJY uRefawmfrsdK;u
'gawmh [kwfygNyD/ 'DtdrfrSm ajcmufw,f?jyKw,faum Mum;ao;vm;vdkY tbdk;BuD;
ar;Munfhawmh olu 'Dvdkawmh rMum;rdygbl;wJh/ 'gayr,fh 'DtdrfBuD;udk aemufb,folrS
iSm;r,fhol r&SdwmeJY ydwfxm;wm 5 ESpfavmuf &SdoGm;NyD/ tck udk&ifwdkY ajymif;vmrSyJ
tdrfiSm;&awmhw,fvdkY ajymygw,fbk&m;}}
]]udkif;av ... tdrfBuD;u wapäajcmufwm rajcmufwm tomxm;NyD; udk,fhrdef;r
vdrfhuswJhtaMumif;udk ajymprf;ygOD;}}
]]rSefygh ... tJ'D tcif;jzpfwJhnu tay:xyfudk uRefawmfrsdK;wufr,fvkyfawmh
avSum; tay:em;qDrmS tJ'jD zLjzLt&dyBf uD;udk jrif&ygw,fb&k m;/ rsuEf mS uvnf; cgwdik ;f vdk
[dkbufvSnfhaewmygyJ/ acgif;ae&m udk,fae&m uGJayr,fh xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awmh r[kwf
ygbl;/ rD;cdk;vHk;u vlwpfa,muf&JU yHkoP²mefjzpfaeovdkygyJ/ 'geJY uRefawmfrsdK;vnf;
tdrfay:wufoGm;ygw,f ...}}
]]aowJhvl rpdefrIefuaum bmrS jrif&w,f rajymbl;vm;}}
]]rajymygbl;bk&m;/ oljrifwJhvu©Pm r&Sdygbl; ...}}
]]tif; ... tdrfay:wufawmh armifrif; 'Dt&dyfBuD;em;udk jzwfoGm;ovm;}}
]]rSefygw,f ... olYtem;udk r[kwfygbl;bk&m; ... olYudk,fudk uRefawmfrsdK;
wpfcgwnf; jzwfoGm;ygw,f}}
]]'Dt&dyfBuD; jzLjzLBuD;udk wpfcgw&H jzwfoGm;w,f ... [kwfvm; ... bmrS
armifrif;udk,feJY rxdbl;vm;}}
]]rxdygbl; bk&m;/ avxJ jzwfoGm;ovdkygyJ/ wpfck&Sdwmu uRefawmfrsdK;
jzwf o G m ;wJ h t cg tJ ' D a e&mav;wpf 0 d k u f r S m avat;uav;rsm;wd k u f a eovd k
pdrfhceJat;oGm;wm odvdkuf&w,fbk&m;}}
]]avat;at;wdu k w
f ahJ e&m jzwfomG ;wJt
h wdik ;f at;ceJjzpfomG ;w,f qdyk gawmh}}
]]rSefvSygbk&m; ... 'geJY uRefawmfrsdK;u pdefrIefcsufcsif; wufrvmawmh avSum;
xdyfudk oGm;MunhfwJhtcg uRefawmfrsdK;rdef;r[m avSum;cHkem;a&mufvmNyD; yxrxpfudk
wufaeygNyD/ 'Dtcg uReaf wmfrsKd ;vnf; 'Daumifr t&ifuvkycf w hJ mawG owd&NyD; olYtay:
uvJhpm;acscsifpdwf ½kwfw&uf ay:vmygw,f ...}}
]]pum;udk owdxm;ajymaemf usKyfapmapmu owday;xm;wJh[mawG rarheJY
...}}
]]rSefygw,fbk&m; ... atmuf½Hk;rSmwkef;u uRefawmfrsdK; 'D[mawG rxGufcJhygbl;
... tckawmh uRefawmfrsdK; 0rf;xJrSm rajym&&if raeEdkifavmufatmif jzpfvmygw,f/
raeYnwkef;uvnf; tcsKyfcef;xJrSm wpfnvHk;vdkvdk uRefawmfrsdK; tdyfrufrufovdkvdk?
vlu, kd w
f ikd f em;em;vmuyfNyD; ajymaeovdrk sKd ; uReaf wmfrsKd ;udk rajymajymatmif wdu k wf eG ;f

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 115

aeygw,fbk&m; 'gaMumifh ...}}

]]uJ 'Dawmh bmjzpfovJ}}
]]'Daumifr ightem;a&muf&if wGef;csvdkufr,f[JhvdkY pdwful;aerdygw,f ...}}
]]'DtcgrS t&dyfjzLjzLBuD;udkaum jrif&ao;vm;}}
]]jrif&ygw,fbk&m; ... ol[m avSum;atmufzufudk rsufESmvSnfhaeygw,f
... olYtrlt&mu pdefrIefwufvmwmudk apmifhaeovdkygyJbk&m;}}
w&m;olBuD;onf vufEydS pf ufukd acwå&yfvu kd Nf yD;vQif [if;ceJ oufjyif;wpfcsuf
csvdkufNyD;aemuf ezl;rS acR;rsm;udk vufudkifyk0gjzifh okwfvdkufavonf/
]]tif; ... NyD;awmh bmjzpfovJ}}
]]'geJY pderf eI [ f m avSum;udk wpfvrS ;f csif; wufvmNyD; t&dyBf uD;em;vnf;a&muf
a&m rvIyrf ,Suaf ewJh t&dyBf uD;[m vufEpS b f ufa&SUxkwv f ukd Nf yD; pderf eI uf kd wGe;f xkwv
f u
kd f
wmyJb&k m; ... pderf eI [ f m yg;pyfu atmifr,fav;vdYk wpfceG ;f yJ ‘vdrahf cgufauG; usomG ;&if;
atmfvdkufEdkifygw,f}}
]]'DtcgrSm armifrif;eJY aoolrpdefrIefeJY b,favmufa0;ovJ}}
]]avSum;ESpx f pfyJ a0;ygw,fb&k m; ... 'geJY uRefawmfrsdK;vnf; MuufaoaoNyD;
&yfae&mu a&SUudkvnf; wpfxpfqif;vdkufa&m jzLjzLvl&dyfBuD;[m jAKef;ceJ uRefawmfrsdK;
bufudk vSnfhvdkufawmhrS uRefawmfrsdK;rSm yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;rdygw,f ...
t&dyfBuD;&JU rsufESm[m uRefawmfrsdK;&JU rsufESmeJY cRwfpGyfxm;ovdkygyJbk&m;/ udk,fvHk;
ay:rSex f rJ mS ud, k u hf , kd u f kd jyefjrif&wJth wdik ;f ygyJb&k m; ... uRefawmfrsdK;[m tHMh ojcif;ru
tHMh oNyD;? 'Dae&mrSm ausmuf½yk v f kd rwkerf vIyf &yfaerdygw,f/ uReaf wmfrsKd ;[m raocifu
ESpu f ,
kd cf NJG yD; wpfu, kd u f wapäjzpfaewm tHMh ovdYk rqH;k ygbl;bk&m; ... tckajym&if;awmif
Muufo;D xrdygao;w,f/ uReaf wmfrsKd ;[m pdwx f uJ BuHpnfrad yr,fh uReaf wmfrsKd ;vufeYJ
wGe;f cswm r[kw&f ygbl;bk&m;/ trSeaf wmh uReaf wmfrsKd ;&JU ud, k cf JG jzLjzLtaumif&yd Bf uD;u
pdefrIefudk wGef;csvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,fbk&m; ...}}
]]'Daemufaum}}
]]'Daemuf uReaf wmfrsKd ; avSum;ajc&if;a&mufvYkd vSnMhf unhv f udk af wmh t&dyBf uD;[m
r&Sdawmhygbl;bk&m;}}
]]uRefawmfrsdK; tckavmuftxd ajymNyD;rS vdrfvnfNyD; rajym0HhaMumif;ygbk&m;
... tck uRefawmfrsdK; tpD&ifcHwm tm;vHk;trSefawGcsnf;ygbk&m;}}
w&m;olBuD;onf acwårQ pOf;pm;awGa0vsuf&SdNyD;aemuf pD&ifcsufcs&ef tcsdef
15 &ufrQ cGmí &ufcsdef;ay;vdkufavonf/
Ä Ä Ä
pD&ifcsufcsrSwfrnfhaeYü w&m;olBuD;onf &Snfvsm;aom pD&ifcsufudk &Sif;vif;
jywfom;pGm zwfMum;í trdefYcsrSwfavonf/
twdkcsKyfrSm w&m;cHonf atmuf½Hk;ü aooltm; rdrdrowfaMumif;? avSum;rS
rawmfwq acsmfíusjcif;rQomjzpfaMumif;jzifh jiif;uG,fvsuf&Sd&m trIrSm ¤if;bufrS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 116

tawmftwef aumif;vsuf&SdaMumif;? tu,fí rdrd½Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkonfrsm;udk

rxGuq f b kd J qdwqf wd af ecJyh gu trIrmS wpfrsdK;wpfzkH jzpfomG ;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif;? ol\
xGuq f ckd sufuyif aooltm; rnfonft h wGuf owf&ef &nf&, G cf sufxm;cJoh nf[al om
tcsurf mS ay:vGií f vmaMumif;? vlowfrrI sm;wGif (MOTIVE)ac: owfjcif;\ taMumif;
&if;? t&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufonf t"du ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaMumif;/
rdrdrsufESmESifhwlaom wapä (okdY) jzLjzLt&dyfBuD;u aooltm; avSum;xpf 8
xpfavmufta&mufwiG f wGe;f csvdu k yf gonf[al om w&m;cH\ xGucf sufEiS yhf wfoufí
ywf0ef;usit f aMumif;rsm;ESiw hf uG jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdYk\ rd½;kd zvm ,HMk unfcsurf sm;udk axmuf
xm;vQif ,HkMunfrnfqdkygu ,HkMunf&ef&Sdaomfvnf; w&m;Oya't& þuJhodkY
wapäo&Jpaom emembm0rsm;udk vH;k 0 ,HMk unf&efr&Sad Mumif;? odYk jzpfí jzLjzLt&dyBf uD;udk
Oya't& uREykf rf ,HMk unfEikd f w&m;cHuom aooltm; avSum;ay:rS wGe;f csvu kd of nf[k
uREfkyf ,HkMunfaMumif;/
tjypfay;&eftwGuf pOf;pm;&ef&SdonfrSm w&m;cHonf &nf&G,fcsufjzifh wrifjyK
vkyo f nfqakd omfvnf; wkwEf iS ½hf u kd jf cif;? "m;ESichf w
k jf cif;? aoewfEiS yhf pfjcif; ponfh aoap
avmufatmif vHkYvxkwfjcif;r&SdbJ aovQifvnf; aoapawmh[laom oabmavmuf
om&So d jzifh 'Pf&mtemw& &ap&efom vkYHvxkwjf cif;&So d jzifh ol\tjyKtrlrmS &mZowf
yk'rf 326 twGi;f odYkom oabmouf0ifonf[k uREykf , f q l aMumif;? uREykf \
f t,ltqudk
axmufcHaom tcsufwpfcsufrSm aq;q&mBuD;\ xGufcsufjzpfaMumif;/
aq;pmt& q&m0efBuD;\ xGufcsufrSm aoolrpdefrIefonf tcif;jzpfyGm;pOfu
aumif;pGmuse;f rmjcif; r&So d nft h jyif ESv;kH a&m*g &Sad eolwpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;? ESv;kH tm;
enf;aeolrsm;rSm aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom t&mrsm;ESihf awGU&onfjzpfap? ½kww f &uf
xdwfvefYoGm;onfjzpfap? wpfcgwnf; ESvHk;aoG;&yfí csufcsif;aoqHk;oGm;EdkifaMumif;?
aool\ OD;acgif;aemufaphwiG f orHwvif;cHjk zifh ½du k rf ad om 'Pf&mjzpfí BuD;us,faom
'Pf&mwpfcjk zpfaomfvnf; xd'k Pf&mwpfcak Mumifo h m csucf si;f ao&onfr[kwb f J e*du
k
ESv;kH tm;enf;ae&mwGif aMumufrufz, G f wpfpw kH pf&mESihf awGU&ojzifh xdwv f efYomG ;aom
aMumifhom þuJhodkY tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae&mü yGJcsif;NyD; ao&jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdk
oGm;aMumif;/
txufygtcsuftvufrsm;udk axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh w&m;cHonf tdEd´,
&mZowfyk'fr 326udk usL;vGefonf[k þ½Hk;awmfu ,lqonf/ tjypfay;&efESifh
ywfoufí w&m;cHonf touft&G,f tawmftwefBuD;&ifhNyDjzpfí acwfynmwwf
vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,mufvnf;jzpfonf/ ,cifu jypfrI[lívnf; wpfpHkwpf&mr&Sd/
odkYjzpfí w&m;cH armifzl;ndKonf ZeD;jzpfol rpdefrIef aoqHk;&mü yk'fr 326 t& usL;vGef
aMumif; xif&mS ;onft h wdik ;f tvkyMf urf;ESiahf xmif'Pf 3 ESpf uscHap&ef trdeYf csrSwv f ukd f
onf [líjzpfownf;/
Ä Ä Ä

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 117

rSwcf su/f / txufygtrIü w&m;cHonf t,lcrH 0ifcahJ cs/ [du

k u
f w
k v
f w
T af wmfu
vnf; w&m;olBuD; OD;tkef;armif\ pD&ifcsufudk twnfjyKcJhavonf/

ume,fZif; r*¾Zif;? 1962 ckESpf? {NyDv

Ä Ä Ä

ao&G m jyef p pf o m;

Munhfjrifwdkif&Sd vlaetdrfajc tawmftwefusJaom &yfuGufwpfuGufwGif

urf;em;bufodkY rsufESmrlíaqmufxm;aom tdrfBuD;wpfaqmif&Sd&m ¤if;tdrfü bdkujym;
rpöwm]]tif'gqif}} qdkol aexdkifavonf/ t&G,faumif;pOfu tpdk;&XmewpfckwGif
yxrwef; tif*sief , D mwpfa,mufjzpfí touf 55 ESpjf ynfNh yD;aemuf tvkyrf S xGu&f aom
tcg pufypön;f rsm;a&mif;csaom olaX;wdu k w
f pfwu kd w f iG f ]]tBuHay;ESihf ta&mif;refae*sm}}
tjzpf vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd\/
tif*sifeD,mvkyfpOfu oabFmwnfjcif;? oabFmwGif pufysufjcif; jyifqifjcif;
rsm;wGif txl;uRrf;usifonfhtavsmuf tvkyfrS xGufcJhonfhtcgüvnf; &if;ESD;aom
rdwaf qGwcsKd Uonf rdrw d YkdoabFmrsm;? armfawmfbw k rf sm;wGif pufEiS yhf wfoufonfh csKd U,Gi;f rI
&Sdonf xifaomtcgrsm;ü rpöwmtif'gqifxHvma&mufum tultnDawmif;wwf
Mu\/ rpöwm tif'gqifuvnf; tawmftoifyh sufp;D csdKU,Gi;f rIrsm;udk ud, k wf ikd jf yifqif
vsuf tcsdKUudprö sm;wGiv f nf; vufaxmuftif*sife, D muav;rsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm;rsm;\
tultnDudk ,lNyD;vQif omrmeftBuHÚmPfay;½HkrQESifh NyD;onfh udpu ö av;rsm;udkvnf;
tBuHÚmPfay;vdkufavonf/
rpöwmtif'gqifonf touft&G,fBuD;NyDjzpfí 'voabFmusif; tp&Sdonfh
ae&mrsm;odYk ud, k w f ikd rf oGm;a&mufEikd af omaMumifh ydik &f iS rf sm;onf rdrwd Ykd oabFmav;rsm;?
armfawmfbkwfrsm;udk rpöwmtif'gqiftdrfESifh teD;qHk;ae&mwpfae&modkYa&mufatmif
armif;ESif,lvmcJhMuNyD;vQif oifhavsmfonfh ae&mwpfae&mwGif qdkufuyfNyD;aemuf
rpöwmtif'gqifxrH S tBuHÚmPfawmif;wwfMuavonf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd oabFmuav;rsm;
2 &uf? 3 &ufcefY qdkufuyfxm;onfhtcsdefü rpöwmtif'gqifonf rdrdaetdrfrS oabFm
qdkufuyfxm;&mae&modkY tvG,fwul qif;oGm;EdkifNyD;vQif pufESihfywfoufonf
csdKU,Gif;rIrsm;udk ]]pdrfajyeajy}} &SmazGEdkifcJhavonf/
touf 38 ESpfwGif rpöwmtif'gqifonf ol\ tvkyf&Sifrkqdk;r jrefrm
rdef;uav;wpfa,mufESifh taMumif;ygcJhí ,if;rkqdk;rbufrS ]]rsdK;oefY}} ac: ]]rdkufu,f}}
qdkol om;a,mufsm;uav;wpfa,muf ygcJh\/
rdkufu,ftm; i,fpOfu pdefaygausmif;wGif xm;cJh&m pmawGUynm&yfrsm;xuf
vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;wGif 0goemygcJhonfhtwdkif; 7 wef;atmifaomtcg rdcifBuD;u
tif;pdet f if*sife,D mausmif;odYk ajymif;a&TUxm;\/ rdu k u f ,fonf puftwwfwiG o f mru

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 118

avSavSmjf cif;? pufb;D pD;jcif;? um;armif;jcif;wGif txl;usiv f nfí ausmif;wGif qktrsKd ;rsKd ;
&cJh\/ wwd,ESpftNyD;ü rdkufu,fonf ArmhavwyfrawmfodkY ]]wufw0ef}} tvkyfoif
tjzpf 0if a &muf t rI x rf ; cJ h & m xd k E S p f ü yif t*F v ef b k & if r avwyf r awmf w G i f
ynmoifMum;&ef tpdk;&u apvTwfjcif;cH&avonf/
t*Fvefü trIxrf;vsuf&SdpOf rsdK;oefY\rdcifBuD;onf jrefrmjynfü ½kwfw&uf
aoqHk;oGm;&m rsdK;oefYonf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmvdkvSaomfvnf; tavmif;udkoN*ØKvfrD
a&mufEdkifrnfr[kwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;aom pmar;yGJwpfckudk
0ifa&mufajzqdak e&ojzifw h pfaMumif;? jyefaomfvnf; tusKd ;rxl;awmhNyD[k rdrpd w d u f akd jzum
awmufavmifvsuf&Sdaom tylrD;udk csKyfwnf;í aecJh&avonf/
rdkufu,fonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD; rdcifbufrS vdr®m,Ofaus;rIudkvnf;aumif;?
zcifbufrS ½ky&f nfEiS hf txH0k goemudv k nf;aumif; aygif;pyfum &&St d yfonfh Oy"d½yk rf sdK;
&Sd\/ tom;0g0if;í bJOyHkuJhodkY rsufESmrsdK;&SdNyD;vQif t&yf 5 ay 10 vufr jrifhol
jzpfavonf/
oifwef;wGif tvGefxl;cRefoljzpfí aemufqHk;vufawGUpmar;yGJ ajzqdk&mwGif
‘kw,d &cJ\ h / xdYkaemuf jrefrmjynfoYkd jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mcJNh yD;vQif r*Fvm'Hk avwyfrawmfü
cefYxm;jcif; cH&avonf/
þodYk jzifh trIxrf;cJ&h m 1949 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D tpavmufwiG f rdwv D¬ mü jzpfymG ;cJah om
wduk yf o
JG Ykd ppfuv l w T v f ukd af om av,mOfEpS pf ;D teuf wpfp;D ysuu f s&mwGif ygoGm;aMumif;
owif ; &&S d a vonf / xd k a v,mOf a y:ü av,mOf a rmif ; ol ]]rsd K ;oef Y }}tjyif
pufaoewfypfol? rSefajymif;MunhfolESifh vrf;jywpfa,mufyg ygoGm;avonf/
xdt k csed rf mS u&ifEiS hf ucsio f yl ek w
f Ykdonf ]]ausmufawmif}} pcef;udk odr;f ydu k v f u
dk f
aomtcsed Ef iS hf jyifO;D vGiNf rdKUteD; ]]teD;pcef;}} av,mOfysu H iG ;f wGif t&m&St d csKd UESihf &JabmftcsKd U
wdkY rarQmfvifhbJ ½kwfw&uf tzrf;cH&aom tcsdefjzpf\/ ppfwyfrS twnfrjyKao;aom
owif;wpf&yft& Adv k rf sKd ;oefYonf &efoal v,mOfwpfp;D udk ypfcsNyD;aemuf ol\av,mOf
udk &efot l xlxyfq;kH ae&modYk taocHí xd;k csvu kd af Mumif; tqd&k \ dS / odYkaomf xdo k wif;
udk tpdk;&u ½kwfw&uf twnfrjyKao;acs/
rsdK;oefY\ av,mOfonf rlvpcef;odkY a&mufoifhonfhtcsdefxuf 48 em&DrQ
Mumonfhwdkifatmif jyefra&mufaomtcg aemufqHk;wGif av,mOfESifhwuG t&m&Sd
tm;vHk;rSm aysmufqHk;aeonfhpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;vdkuf&awmhonf/
txuf y gtjzpf t ysuf r sm;um; 1949ck ? azazmf 0 g&D v twG i f ; txuf
jrefrmjynfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom tjzpftysufwpf&yf jzpfavonf/
Ä Ä Ä
10 ESpfwmrQtcsdef ukefvGefcJhNyD;aemuf 1959ck? azazmf0g&DvodkY a&mufvm\/
wpfaeYaomnaeapmif;ü rpöwmtif'gqifonf tdraf &SUcef;&Sd &Guzf siu f v k m;xdik f
wpfvHk;ay:wGifxdkifum pmwpfapmifudk 3 acgufrQ jyefí zwfvsuf&Sd\/ ,cifu zwfcJh
onfrmS vnf; 10 Budrx f yfrenf;awmhacs/ pmudk wpfacgufzwfvu kd ?f pD;u&ufwpfvyd u f kd

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 119

rD;n§í
d aomufvu dk ?f jymcGuxf o
J Ykd yGwaf csíypfvu
dk Ef iS hf wpfa,mufwnf; tvkyrf sm;vsuf
&Sd\/ pm&Gufudkifxm;aomvufrSm wkefwkef,if,if&SdaeNyD;vQif pdwfxJwGif ouFmruif;
jzpfvsuf wpfcgw&H yg;pyfudkwGefYvdrfum tHBudwfrd\/
vufa&;rSm rdu k uf ,f\vufa&; jzpf\/ vGecf ahJ om 10 ESpu f av,mOfysufus
aoqHk;cJhaom rdrd\r,m;ygom; rdkufu,fyifjzpfavonf/
]]r[kwfbl; ... r[kwfbl; ... r[kwfEdkifbl; ... b,fenf;ESifhrQ 'Dtaumif
r[kwfEdkifbl; ...}}
[k rpöwmtif'gqifonf wpfudk,fwnf;a&&Gwfvsuf&Sdavonf/
r,HkEdkifojzifh pm&GufwGif½dkufxm;aom pmwdkufwHqdyfudk Munhfjyef\/
1959ck? azazmf0g&Dvjzpfavonf/
aemufqHk;wpfBudrf pmudkzwfjyef\/
]]cspfaomazaz}}
'Dpm&wJhtcgrSm rarQmfvifhbJ azaz txdwfwvefYjzpfoGm;rSm trSefyJxifw,f/
'D[mtwGuf uRefawmfBudKwifNyD; awmif;yefygw,f/ tcsuf 2 csufudk azaz ,HkMunf
apcsifygw,f/ yxrtcsufu 'Dpmudka&;&wm uRefawmf b,favmufpdwfqif;&Jw,f
qdkwJhtaMumif;yJ/ 'kwd,tcsufu uRefawmf[m raobJ usef;rmcsrf;ompGm&Sdw,f
qdkwmudk vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;tawmfMumuyif zGifhajymzdkY&SdvsufESifh rajymbJ aewm[m
tifrwef av;eufwJhtaMumif; &Sdw,fqdkwmygyJ/
uRefawmhrSm tvkyfwpfck vkyfudkifaqmif&GufzdkY&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dtvkyf[m azaz&JU
tultnD&rSmomjzpfr,f/
uReaf wmhrmS ta&;wBuD;awG vdak ew,f/ 'gaMumifh azaztck pufjyifzYkd urf;em;
rSm ausmufcsxm;wJh ]]Zifa,mf}}qdkwJh oabFmtvGwfay:rSm 'DuaeYn 7 em&Dudk azazeJY
awGUcsifygw,f ... tJ'Dvdk awGUzdkYpDpOfwm[m azaza&m uRefawmfa&m ESpfa,mufpvHk;&JU
tusdK;ygyJ/
NyD;awmhvnf; ... uRefawmfwpfckajymcsifwmu 'Dpm&wJhtaMumif; b,folYudkrS
rajymapcsifbl;/ tJ'gvnf; ESpfa,mufpvHk;&JU tusdK;twGufygyJ/
arar&JU ocsØKif;ay:rSm cspfcifMunfndKaom vufwpfbufjzifh yef;acGwifvdkuf
ygonf/
rdkufu,f (ac:) rsdK;oefY

rpöwmtif'gqifonf xdak eYnaecif; aumfzu D ydk if raomufEikd b

f J aoNyD;olxrH S
vmaompmudk tacgufaygif;rsm;pGmzwfum rdr\ d aemufaMumif;udk jyefajymif;pOf;pm;vsuf
&Sad v\/ rdu
k u f ,f\ rdcifEiS hf vufxyfpOfu bPfwu kd wf iG f aiG 20000 rduk u
f ,ftwGuf
oD;oefYtyfEx HS m;&ef oabmwlco hJ nft
h wdik ;f rdu
k u
f ,f 21 ESpjf ynfah omtcg xkw, f &l ef
oabmwl tyfESHxm;cJh\/
tu,fí ,ckpmonf vlajymifolajymifrsm;xHrS pmvdrfr[kwfbJ rdkufu,fxHrS

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 120

pmjzpfu ol\b0udk wpfrsdK;wpfzHkajymif;í oGm;apawmhrnf/ rdkufu,fxHrSr[kwfbJ

tjcm;olwpfpw kH pfa,mufxrH S pmjzpfvQiv f nf; xdok o l nf rnfonft h usKd ;udvk íkd a&;jcif;
jzpfavoenf;/ ppfbuftmPmydik rf sm; xkwjf yefonft h wdik ;f rdu
k uf ,farmif;onfh av,mOf
ysufus&mwGif ]]rdkufu,f}}ygoGm;onfqdk&mü av,mOfysufusjcif;yif rSefaomfvnf;
rdkufu,fonf wpfae&m&mwGif xl;qef;pGm touf&Sifí aeayvdrfhrnf/ pmta&;tom;
rSmvnf; jrefrmpmwGif rsm;pGmruRrf;usifaom rdu k uf ,f\ bdq k efqefta&;tom;rsm;udk
owdjyKrd\/ vufa&;udkvnf; aumif;pGmrSwfrd\/
ysuf u scJ h p Of u rd k u f u ,f \ av,mOf o nf awmawmif x l x yf a om
&efole,fy,ftwGif; ysufuscJhjcif;jzpfí ppfbufqdkif&mrSvnf; ]]rdkufu,f aoNyD[k
,lq&aMumif;}} xkwfjyefaMujimcJh&m rpöwmtif'gqifonf xdkaMujimcsufudk taxmuf
txm;jyKum rdu k u f ,fr&Sv d Qif oljyefí&xdu k af om aiG 20000 udk bPfwu kd rf S ud,
k wf ikd f
cH0efcsKyfjzifh xkwf,lcJh\/ xdkYaemuf xdkaiG 20000 udk ]]r}}wnfNyD;vQif pufud&d,mrsm;
xm;&ef *dkaxmifBuD;wpfvHk;udk aqmufvkyfcJhavonf/
þrQESifh rNyD;ao;acs/ *dkaxmifaqmufjcif;rSm pGefYpm;&rnfh &nf&G,fcsuf
wpfckvnf; &Sdavonf/
rMumrD *dkaxmifudk rD;avmifí rpöwmtif'gqifonf *smref rD;tmrcH
ukrÜPDwpfckrS avsmfaMu;aiG 40000d xkwf,l&&SdcJhavonf/
rpöwmtif'gqifum; yg;&nfeyf&nf&Sdoavmuf ÚmPfoGm;½HkrQru ukodkvfuH
vnf; vdu k o f jzifh ol\ vsKd U0Suaf om tBuHtpnfrsm;rSm rxpfraighbJ ajzmifah jzmifjh zL;jzL;
&SdcJhavonf/
]]'Daumifav;om touf&Sifae&Sifawmh ightBuHawG ... tif; ...}}
tcsdefrSm ae0if&Dwa&mtcsdefodkY a&mufvkeD;avNyD/ rpöwmtif'gqifonf
a&SUodkYqufvuf rpOf;pm;0HhawmhbJ pmygaom pmtdwfudk uGwftuÐstwGif;tdwfxJodkY
zspfnp§ x
f nhv f u dk \f / xdYk aemuf tdrw f cH g;udk aomhcwfcNhJ yD;vQif ]]Zifa,mf}} qdu k x f m;aom
a&qdyf&Sd&m urf;em;bufodkY xGufcJhavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

7 em&Dx;kd &ef 10 rdepfrQ vdak o;ojzihf rpöwmtif'gqifonf reD;ra0;&Sd opfyif

atmufrS t&dyftajcudk apmifhqdkif;Munfh½Ivsuf&Sd\/
aemufbufrS arSmif&yd rf sm; oef;pjyKvmNyDjzpf&m tcsed rf mS vnf; 7 em&D&adS eNyDjzpfí
rpöwmtif'gqifonf Zifa,mf qdkufuyfxm;&m a&qdyfodkY qif;cJhav\/ oabFmrSm
wpfxyfoabFmuav;jzpfí eHab;rS ]]wm&ywf}}rsm;udk csxm;&m tcsdKUae&mü pkwfjywf
vsuf&adS om &Guzf sifrsm;onf jrpfbufrS wdu k cf wfvsuf&adS omavwGif wzswfzswf toH
jrnfvsuf&Sd\/ txufbuf reD;ra0;wGif 2pif;? 3pif; qdkufxm;í atmufbufae&mrS
armfawmfbkwfuav;wpfpif; xGufoGm;onfudk jrif&\/ ywf0ef;usifrSm xdktcsdefwGif
txl;ojzifh wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 121

rpöwmtif'gqifonf oabFmay:odYkwuf&ef qdyu f rf;rSx;kd xm;aom uke;f abmif

ysOfcsyfrsm;ay:ü &THUrsm;ayusHaeonfh ajc&mBuD;rsm;udk jrif&ojzifh zswfceJ vefYzsefYíoGm;
ao;\/ ajc&mrsm;rSm tawmfyifBuD;aom aemufyw d zf ed yf cGm&mrsm;jzpfojzifh rMumrDurS
eif;oGm;aom ajc&mrsm; jzpf[efwl\/
oabFmay:üum; wpfpHkwpfa,muf a&mufaeNyD/ xdkolonf rdrdtm; apmifhqdkif;
vsuf&Sd\/ xdkolonf ]]rdkufu,f}} tppfyifjzpfoavm? tjcm;&efolwpfa,mufyif jzpf
oavm? ]]rdu k uf ,f}} touf&iS af eonfqjkd cif;rSm tu,fyif rSeo f avm? rpöwmtif'gqif
onf wkef,ifaom vufrsm;jzifh pD;u&ufudk rD;n§dvkduf\/
ol \ vnf a csmif ; wG i f at;puf a om t&mwpf c k j zif h xd k ; vd k u f o uJ h o d k Y
ausm½d;k wavQmuf pdrí hf oGm;\/ aemufoYkd jyefíqkw&f efyif ajcvSr;f udk jyifr\ d / odYk aomf
rqkwaf wmhNyD/ trSeu f kd 'd|rod&acs/ odYk EiS hf uke;f abmifay:wGif cif;xm;aom pdpk w G af om
tkef;qHrsm;udk eif;um wjznf;jznf; wufoGm;av\/
uke;f ywfay:odYk a&mufcgeD;wGif vuf&ef;udk vrf;íqGv J ukd \f / oabFmay:üum;
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&SdbJ &Sif;vif;wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd&m oabFmapmifhukvm;yif
r&Sdawmhacs/ ukef;ywfay:üvnf; tvm;wl&THUrsm; ayusHaeonfh zdeyf&mBuD;rsm;udk
awGU&avonf/ ajc&mrsm;onf oabFmqDodkY OD;wnfvsuf&Sd\/ odkYESifh rpöwm
tif'gqifonf toHrMum;atmif udk,fudkazmhíeif;um oabFmOD;qDodkY avQmufívmcJh
avonf/ OD;ydkif;&Sd oabFmydkif;wHcg;rSm teDa&mifcef;qD;wpfck csxm;í tcef;twGif;rS
rD;a&mifuav;wpfck xd;k xGuv f su&f o
dS nfukd jrif&\/ tcef;wGi;f üum; wpfpw kH pfa,muf
&SdaeacsNyD/
rpöwmtif'gqifonf cef;qD;ESifh 3 udkufcefYtuGmwGif&yfum ESvHk;ckefoHonf
wpfudk,fvHk;oGufoGufcgatmif vIyfí aebdouJhodkY xifrSwf&\/
]]0ifcJhav}}
tcef;wGif;rS wnfNidrfat;aq;pGmESifh csdKompGm ac:vdkufaom toHwpfoHudk
Mum;&\/ odYkEiS hf rpöwmtif'gqifonf tcef;0rS teDa&mifcef;qD;udk vuf0b J ufvufjzifh
z,f&mS ;vdu k \f / aq;jzLudk tjymEka&mifygonfq½kd rkH Q okwx f m;aom tcef;rsuEf mS usurf S
za,mif;wdik f 40 tm;cefY&adS om "mwfr;D vH;k wpfv;kH onf wpfcef;vH;k udk xdev f if;apvsuf
&S\
d / pm;yGw J pfv;kH \ aemuf ukvm;xdik w f pfv;kH ay:wGif vlwpfa,mufxikd af evsuf xdo k
o
l nf t*Fvyd o f wif;pmBuD;wpfapmifjzifh rsuEf mS udk uG,x f m;aomaMumifh rsuEf mS udk rjrif&
aomfvnf; tarT;trQix f xl yfaom vufBuD; 2 bufonf owif;pmudk wpfbufwpfcsuf
rS udkifxm;vsuf pm;yGJatmufydkif;üvnf; &THUrsm; ayusHaeonfh zdeyfwpfpHk xdk;xGufvsuf
&Sdavonf/ pm;yGJay:wGif ]]omrdk}}"mwfAl;wpfAl;? aumfzDyef;uefvHk;? yef;uefjym;wpfpHkESifh
oMum;xnfhonfh a<ucGufwpfcGuf&Sd\/
rpöwmtif'gqifonf rdrad &SUrS ½IjrifuiG ;f udk aMumufvefYpmG Munhaf erd\/ odYk&pdS Of
owif;pmonf eHab;odYk wjznf;jznf; a&GUvsm;oGm;NyD;aemuf us,f0ef;½HUI wGvsuf&adS om
ezl;? rJeufaomrsuv f ;kH ? twefi,faumufaom ESmacgif;? yd&ad om yg;pyfwpfck ay:vm\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 122

]]rdkufu,f}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf vefYíatmfvdkuf\/ olYwpfudk,fvHk;&Sd aoG;aMumrsm;rSm
xHkíoGm;ouhJokdYvnf;aumif;? ESvHk;rS usqif;aeaom aoG;onf ½kwfw&uf
&yfíoGm;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; xifvdkufrd\/ rdkufu,f\ezl;? rdkufu,f\rsufvHk;?
rdkufu,f\ESmacgif;? rdkufu,f\ yg;pyfaywnf;/ rdkufu,fonf ocsØKif;rSyif
xívmavoavm/
rdu
k u f ,f/ / ]]tif; ... uReaf wmfwYkd wpfcgawGUMu&jyefNyDav/ 'DuaeY azazmf0g&Dv
22 &ufaeYr[kwv f m;/ uReaf wmf av,mOfysyH suu f swm 49ck? azazmf0g&Dv 22&ufqakd wmh
10 ESpfwdwd&SdNyD/ xdkifygOD;/ aumfzDtoifh&Sdygw,f azaz}}
rdkufu,fonf owif;pmudk eHab;odkY csxm;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf tjyifodkY
xdk;xGufaeaom ajcaxmufudkvnf; ½kwfodrf;vdkufavonf/
rduk u f ,frsufEmS rSm tawmfyif &ifah &mfomG ;NyD[k rpöwmtif'gqifu rSwcf sufcsrd
\/ 10 ESpf[laom tcsdefrSm renf;vSay/ rdkufu,f\ rsufESmrSm ppfxJodkY 0ifcgpuJhodkY
Eke,fysKd rspjf cif; r&Sad wmhbJ Murf;wrf;cufxefaom rsuEf mS tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJc\ hJ / wpfrsKd ;
aMumufrufz, G af umif;ouJo h Ykd xif&\/ ol\ pum;rsm;rSm csdKomzdwaf c:[ef &SNd yD;vQif
ol\rsufESmrS Eke,faomtNyHK;jzifh wefqmqifxm;aomfvnf; xdktNyHK;\aemuf0,f
cufxefMurf;MuKwfjcif;oabm t&dyfta,mifrsm;udk jrif&\/ rdkufu,fum; ,cifu
ausmif;xGufp Eke,fao;auG;aom uav;]]rsdK;oefY}} r[kwfawmhbJ a,mufsm;BuD;
wpfa,muftjzpfoYkd q,fEpS rf Qaomtcsed u f ajymif;vJay;vdu k af vNyD/ us,0f ef;aomezl;?
rnf;eufaomrsufcHk;? rsufvHk;? av;axmifhpyfpyf&Sdaom ar;½dk;rsm;onf pdwf"mwf\
BuHhcdkifjcif;? ,wdjywfjyKvkyfwwfjcif;? aemufqHrwif;jcif;wdkY\ t&dyfedrdwfrsm;udk
azmfjyvsuf&Sd\/
rdu
k u f ,fonf "mwfA;l xJrS aumfzu D kd yef;uefv;kH rsm;xJoYkd avmif;xnfv h su&f \ dS /
jrpfbufrS avat;wpfcsuf okwv f u
kd &f m tat;"mwfonf e*du k aMumuf&UHG vsuf&adS om
rpöwmtif'gqif\ ausm½dk;xJodkY pdrfh0ifoGm;\/
]]xdkifygazaz/ aomufygav/ azazrat;bl;vm;}}
]][kwfyg&JU at;vdkufwm/ waygif;vxJusrS at;aejyefygNyD}}
]]waygif;vqdkwm aeYcif;yloavmuf ncsrf;rSm at;wmayghAs}}
AdkvfrsdK;oefY ajymyHkqdkyHk? rdrdtm;qufqHyHk? ol\ cefYnm;aomtoGiftjyif?
wnfMunf&&J ifah om rsufEmS xm;wdYk rmS yaxG;jzpfol rpöwmtif'gqiftm; wkev f yI af jcmuf
jcm;í oGm;ap\/ rsKd ;oefYa&SUwGif rpöwmtif'gqifrmS rdrpd w d uf kd rdrrd vHo
k uJo
h Ykd ajcrudik rf d
vufrudkifrdjzpfum toHrSmvnf; uGJtufpl;&Sí aeav\/
(uGJtufaomtoHBuD;jzifh)
]]b,fhES,fhvJ rdkufu,f ... b,fvdkrsm; jzpf&wmvJuG,f/ azazwdkYjzifh
rif;aoNyDqdkNyD; wpfcgwnf; 3? 4&uf xrif;rpm;Edkifbl; ...}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf a&SUodkY pum;rqufrD aumfzDudk EIwfcrf;jzifhppfum

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 123

wpfusdKufcsif; aomufvsuf&Sdav\/
]]atmf ... cifAsm; xrif;rpm;Edkifbl; [kwfp}}
]][kwfwmaygh rdkufu,f ... rif;ararom&Sd&if wpfcgwnf; vl;vSdrfhaerSm ...}}
]]ararqdk&ifawmh [kwfwmaygh ... EdkYayr,fh cifAsm;u usKyfaowm Mum;½HkeJY
xrif;rpm;Edkifbl;qdkwmuawmh tHhMop&myJ ... [D ... [D}}
rdkufu,f\ trlt&mrSm rcefYav;pm; EdkifvSvsuf rsufESmxm;rSmvnf;
,cifuxuf ydkícufxefvmavonf/
qif/ / ]]rif; b,fvdkajymvdkufwmvJ ... rkdufu,f/ ',f'Dem;rvnfygbl;uG,f}}
u,f/ / ]]atmf ... cifAsm; em;rvnfbJudk;}}
rpöwmtif'gqifum; ,cifuxuf rsufESmysufvsuf&Sd\/ usefaom aumfzDudk
wpfusdKufwnf; usdKufcsvdkufNyD;vQif ajcmufaoGUaomEIwfcrf;rsm;udk vufudkifyk0gjzifh
okwfvsuf&Sdavonf/ rdkufu,fu NyHK;NzJNzJrsufESmjzifh ...
]]atmf ... tif; ... cifAsm; em;rvnfbJudk;/ toufBuD;vmawmh owdarhwmaygh
av ... 'Dawmh uReaf wmfuyJ jyefajym&wmaygh ... usKyaf oatmif cifAsm; BuHvu kd w f t hJ BuHu
tawmfyd&dwJhtBuHyJ/ &mcdkifEIef; 100 pdwfcs&w,f ... [kwfw,fr[kwfvm; ...}}
]]bm ... bm ...}}
]]aeygOD;av ... qHk;atmifajymyg&apOD;/ usKyfav,mOfxGufcgeD;rSm cifAsm;u
aumfzw D pfA;l ay;vku d w
f ,fr[kwv f m; ... 'Dvkd omrdAk ;l topfeYJxnfv h Ykd ... vufpowfawmh
... aumfzDudk cifAsm; tqdyfcyfvdkufwmudk;}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf usm;a&SUodYk a&mufaeaom ,kew f pfaumifuo hJ Ykd rduk u f ,f
\rsufESmudk aphaphrMunhf0HhawmhbJ olajymrnfh pum;rsm;onfvnf; EIwfcrf;zsm;wGif
wpfqdkYaeNyD;rS txpfxpftaighaigh xGufvmavonf/
]]tqdyf ... [kwfp ... r[kwfygbl; om;&,f/ rif;tay: ',f'Du 'Dvdk
vkyf&ufyghrvm;uG,f ...}}
]]awmfAsm ... usKyfudk om;vdkYrac:ygeJY? cifAsm;udkvnf; usKyf ',f'Drac:bl; ...
usKyftaru rdkufvdkY cifAsm;udk vufxyfwm ... tarudk ,l½Hkrubl;/ om;udkvnf;
cifAsm;[m aoaMumif;BuHwJhvl? 'DvdkvlrsdK;[m urÇmay:rSm trIduf½IyfaewmyJ}}
rdkufu,fonf pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;n§dí at;aq;pGm zGmvdkuf\/
]]bmjzpfvdkY ighom;udk ‘,f’Du aoaMumif;BuH&rSmvJuG,f ...}}
]]'Dtcsuf tckyJ a&mufvmygvdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;[m usKyfav,mOfarmif;aewkef;
usKyftqdyfwufNyD; rcsdrqhH av,mOfudk xdef;rEdkifatmifjzpfNyD; rkcs ysufusr,fqdkwm
cifAsm;odw,f/ NyD;awmh usKyftavmif;udkawGUawmif vl½kyfeJY wlrSmr[kwfawmhbl;/
'‘Dvdkqdk&if usKyfudk tqdyfcyfwJh udpö[mvnf; 'Dae&mrSm tpaysmufoGm;NyD;om;yJ ...
tifrwef yd&daooyfwJh tBuHAsm ... csD;usL;p&maumif;w,f/ EdkYayr,fh tckjzpfyHku
usKyaf owmxufawmif qd;k ao;w,f/ pufaoewf ypfwv hJ al &m? rSeaf jymif;Munfw h v hJ al &m?
vrf;jya&m? tqdyw f ufNyD; rcsdrqHh aoMu&&Smw,f/ 3 avmif;NydKifowfwhJ vlowfraI ygh/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 124

usKyrf aomufcif aumfzAD ;l udk olwYkdvufurf;vdu k af wmh olwYkdvnf; qmqmeJY wpfa,mufpD

tm;vH;k aomufMuwmaygh/ aomufNyD; 5 rdepftwGi;f rSm 3 a,mufpvH;k tm;vH;k aowmyJ/
cifAsm; yxr BuH&G,fovdk usKyfygaooGm;&ifvnf; taumif;om;/ 'DZmwf[m 'DrSmyJ
jrKyo f mG ;r,f/ ‘Dvl 3 a,mufaooGm;awmh usKyf bmwwfEikd Of ;D rSmvJ/ usKyw f pfa,mufwnf;
av,mOfysu H kd rEdik af wmhb;l / 'Dawmh &efoel ,fxJ xd;k qif;½Hu k vGNJ yD; bmrS usKyrf wwfEikd bf ;l /
usKyfawmh ysuu f swt hJ xJ ygroGm;bl;/ avxD;eJYqif;vdYk vGwcf w hJ ,f/ EdYkayr,fh usKyfuswhJ
ae&m[m &efoel ,fajrxJrmS jzpfawmh bmxl;ao;ovJ/ usKyfvnf; tzrf;cH&awmhwmaygh}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESihf em;axmifvsuf&&dS m rdu k u
f ,fu
oludk,fwdkif csufcsif;cHpm;ae&ouJhodkY qufvuf ajymjyefavonf/
]]usKyfu Adv k u f jym;vnf;jzpfw,f/ u&ifpum;vnf; ausmif;aewke;f uwnf;u
enf;enf;yg;yg; wwfcw hJ ,f/ 'gaMumifh olwYkd[m usKyfukd rowfb;l / usKyfukd toH;k csr,f
qdkNyD; csrf;omay;cJhMuw,f/ olwdkYtxJ 0ifcJh&w,f/ olwdkYeJYtwlwl wdkufcJh&w,f/
'gayr,fh usKyf pdwrf ygbl;/ jrefrmtcsif;csif;udk jyefrwdu k cf sifb;l / w½kwjf zLom usKyfu
wdkufcsifwm/ vufeufcsNyD;wJhaemuf ppfxJ jyef0ifNyD; w½kwfjzLudk wdkufrSmyJ/ wdkuforS
a&SUwef;uae wdkufr,f/ jrefjrefao&if jrefjref Zmwfodrf;wmyJ/ EdkYayr,fh raocif
EdkifiH&JUtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhcsifao;w,f/ jrefrmqdkwm bmvJqdkNyD; jrefrmhowådudk
jycJch sifao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh vufeufrcscif aemufq;kH cifAsm;eJY vmNyD; pm&if;&Si;f wmyJ}}
jrpfbufrS avat;uav;onf wpfcsuw f pfcsuw f iG f okwv f mav&m pum;ajym
aeolESpfa,mufqDodkY cef;qD;uefYvefYumudk ausmfí a&mufvm\/ ywf0ef;usifonf
qdwNf idrv f suf wpfcgw&H &Guzf sifwrJ sm;udk wzswfzswf wdu k cf wfonfh avoHEiS hf oabFm
{&mudk ½du k yf wk v f su&f adS om vIid ;f oHrsm;om qdwNf idrjf cif;udk taESmift h ,Suf ay;aeouJo h Ykd
&Sdawmh\/
rdkufu,fonf pum;vufp rowfao;bJ qufvufí ...
]]pm&if;&Sif;zdkY tcsuf 'Dvdk&Sdw,f ... eHygwf 1 u cifAsm;[m usKyfudk ay;vdkufwJh
aumfzDxJrSm tqdyfcyfvdkufw,f/ usKyfudk aoaMumif;BuHw,f/ eHygwf 2 u 'DaumfzDudk
aomufvdkY vl 3 a,muf ao&w,f/ vl 3 a,mufqdkwmu omrmef vloHk;a,muf
r[kwfbl;/ tifrwef &Sm;yg;wJh jrefrmhom;aumif;&wemawGjzpfw,f/ eHygwf 3 u
usKyftouf 21 ESpjf ynfw h t
hJ cg xkw,
f zl Ykd rmrDtyfxm;cJw h hJ aiG 20000 udk usKyfaoNyDqNkd yD;
cifAsm;xkwf,lw,f}}
]]ighom; aoNyDxifvdkY ',f'Dxkwf,lwmyguG,f/ 'D[m cGifhvTwfyg}}
]]cifAsm; usKyf&JU ',f'Dr[kwfbl;/ ',f'DqdkwJhpum; roHk;eJY}}
]]roHk;awmhygbl;uG,f}}
]]aiGudkvdrfNyD;xkwf,lw,f? tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfw,f? 'D[meJY NyD;a&mvm;/
r[kwfao;bl;/ 'DaiGeJY *dkaxmifaqmufNyD; tqrweftzdk;eJY rD;tmrcHxm;NyD; tmrcH
avsmfaMu;&atmif rD;½dIUjyefw,f/ aiGudk tyGm;cwfwmaygh}}
]]r[kwf&ygbl; rdkufu,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 125

]]wdwfAsm ... wdwf ... pum;rrsm;eJY/ tJ'Dtjzpfu eHygwf 4 yJ/ 'Dhjyif

tao;trTm;awGawmh xm;ygawmh}}
]]csrf;omay;ygom;&,f/ ',f'DhrSm&SdwJh ypönf; vdkcsifwm ,lyguG,f}}
]]vmjyefNyDvm; ',f'D}}
]]ighrSm&SdwJh ypönf; rif;zdkYygyJuG,f}}
]][m 'DvdkeJY bm&rvJ/ NyD;awmh cifAsm;ypönf; usKyfu bmvkyf&OD;rSmvJ/ 'DrSm
Munfhprf;}}
rdkufu,fonf pmtdwf&SnfBuD;wpfvHk;ESifh xnfhxm;aom pmwpf&Gufudk
rpöwmtif'gqiftm; vSrf;ay;vdkufav\/ xdkYaemuf pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;nd§um
at;at;aq;aq; zGmvsuf &Sdavonf/ xdkYaemuf wnfNidrfav;eufaomtoHjzifh ...
]]'DrmS usKyfajymr,f/ usKyfukd aoaMumif;BuHwmxuf usKyfrw d af qG 3 a,mufukd
owfwmu tjypfav;w,f/ cifAsm;vufcsufeJY olwdkY tckaooGm;NyD/ aowJhvludkawmh
jyef&Sifatmif rwwfEdkifawmhbl;/ olwdkYrSm tdrfu om;r,m;awG usef&pfw,f/ touf
i,fi,f&G,f&G,feJY rkqdk;ruav;awG jzpfusef&pfMu&Smw,f/ wpfudk,fwnf;vnf;
r[kwfbl;/ om;wGJavmif; orD;wGJavmif;eJY olwdkYudk avsmfaMu;ay;&vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh
cifAsm;a&;&r,fh aowrf;pmudk usKyf tqifoifh a&;vmw,f/ bPfrSm tyfxm;wJhaiG
b,favmuf&SdovJ ajymprf;/ vdrfr,fawmh rajymeJYaemf ... usKyfpHkprf;NyD;NyD}}
]]ajcmufaomif;&Sdygw,f rdkufu,f}}
]]tif; ... 'gjzifh wpfa,muf 20000pD ,lMu½Hak ygh/ tJ'D rkq;kd ruav; 3a,mufukd
tnDtrQ cGJa0ay;ygw,fqdkwJh aowrf;pmyJ/ olwdkY&JUemrnf? ae&yf? vdyfpm tjynfhtpHk
a&;xm;wmygw,f/ b,fES,fhvJ zwfMunhfNyD;NyDr[kwfvm;}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf OD;acgif;idkufpdkufusum acgif;ndwfvdkuf\/
]]udkif; 'gjzifh vufrSwfxdk;ayawmh a&mh azmifwdef}}
rdu
k uf ,fu azmifwed u f kd vSr;f íay;vduk wf m rpöwmtif'gqifvnf; wpfcgwnf;
vufrSwfxdk;í csvdkufavonf/
rdkufu,fonf pm&Gufudk taotcsm acgufNyD;vQif tuÐstwGif;tdwfxJodkY
xnfhvdkufNyD;aemuf ...
]]'DpmcsKyf&UJ vHNk cHKa&;ukd pdwcf syg ... eufjzef½;kH csdet
f a&muf cifAsm;0wfvkH rpöwm
a&mbwfqDudk usKyf ydkYvdkufyghr,f...}}
]]udkif; ... 'gjzifh ig jyefyg&apawmhuG,f ... rif;udpövnf; NyD;ygNyD ...}}
]][m b,fNyD;OD;rvJ ... tck[mu aowJhvl 3a,muftwGuf avsmfaMu;ay;wJh
udpöyJ? usKyfudk aoaMumif;BuHwJh trItwGuf usefao;w,f ...}}
]]rvkyfygeJYawmhuG,f ... awmif;yefygw,f}}
]]awmif;yefvdkY&wJh trIrsdK;rS r[kwfbJ ... 'DtrItwGuf cifAsm;[m aopm;
ao&r,f}}
]]aopm;ao&r,f [kwpf ... aopm;ao&r,f ... aopm;ao&r,f ... r[kww f m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 126

uG,?f 'Davmuf r&ufpufygeJY rdu k u f ,f&,f ... rif;rvkyyf gbl; ... rif;wu,frvkyyf gbl;
igodygw,f ... ajymprf;yg/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm; rdkufu,f ...}}
rpöwmtif'gqifonf ae&mrS u,dr;f u,dik f xvdu k \ f / xdYkaemuf pm;yGt J pGe;f rsm;
udk vufESpfzufjzifh qkyfudkifum rdkufu,ftm; oem;pzG,f awmif;yefvsuf&Sdavonf/
]]ajymomajymwmyg wu,fqakd wmh tazhtay:rSm rif;rvky&f ufb;l r[kwv f m;
rdkufu,f ... udkif; ... rvkyfbl;vdkY ajymprf;yg om;&,f..}}
]][D-[D-[D}}
rdkufu,fonf tbdk;BuD;\ rsufESmudk pdkufMunhfae&mrS ol\rsufvHk;rSm
aumfzDxnfhaom "mwfAl;qDodkY a&mufoGm;avonf/ xdkYaemuf cufxefaomtoHjzifh
]]aopm;ao&r,fqdkayr,fh usKyfrowfygbl;}}
]]at;uG,f 0rf;omvdkufwm/ bk&m;ocif apmifrygap}}
("mwfAl;udk ar;aighjyvsuf) ]]usKyfvufeJYawmh rowfygbl;/ a[m'D "mwfAl;u
owfvrd rfh ,f/ aumfzx D J tqdycf wfNyD; usKyu f kd aoatmifBuHwv hJ [l m olBuHovdk aumfzeD YJyJ
ao&r,f/ jrefrmpum;rSm wlaomtusdK;ay;&r,fqdk r[kwfvm;}}
]]td;k rdik af *gh aumfzuD kd rif; tqdycf wfvu kd Nf yD[w
k vf m; rdu k uf ,f .... vky&f ufavAsm
tvdkav; [kwfygNyD [kwfygNyD ...}}
tif'gqifonf rdrdvnfyif;udk rdrdzspfn§pfum acsmif;w[Gwf[Gwfqdk;í
vmawmh\/
]]bk&m;ocif u,fawmfrlyg bk&m;ocif u,fawmfrlyg}}
(rdu
k u f ,fu vufywfem&Dukd Munhv f suf) ]]tck 7em&D 15 rdepf&NdS yD/ aemufxyf
cifAsm; 5 rdepfyJaezdkY tcsdef&Sdawmhw,f ...}}
]]rdkifa*gh tqdyf tqdyf [kwfygNyD? 0rf;xJu ylvdkufwm ... ylvdkufwm}}
tif'gqifonf vnfyif;udk qkyfudkifyGwfoyfum avat;udk½SL&ef pm;yGJqDrS
tcef;0odYk xGuo f mG ;av\/ xdt k cgüum; olonf ud, k uf rkd Q aumif;pGm rxde;f Edik af wmhbJ
olxikd af om ukvm;xdik u f kd 0ifwu kd Nf yD;aemuf tcef;wHcg;\ vuf,mbufukd ykc;kH pGe;f jzifh
wdkufrdNyD;aemuf tcef;0wGif 'l;axmufvJusoGm;av\/
rdkufu,fum; tNyHK;rysufbJ pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;n§daomufjyefavonf/
]]oGm; ... oGm; ... tcsed f 4 rdepf&adS o;w,f/ 4 rdepftwGif q&m0efqD a&mufEikd &f if
...}}
]]rdkufu,f ... rdkufu,f ... 4 rdepf ... 4 rdepf}}
rpöwmtif'gqifum; Munh&f if;yif 10 ESpcf efY tdí k oGm;ouJo h Ykd xif&\/ olonf
'l;axmufusoGm;&mrS tm;,líxum ukefabmifxdk;xm;aom ae&mqDodkY u,drf;u,dkif
ajy;oGm;av\/ xdak e&müum; arSmifEiS rhf nf;rnf;&Sad e&m olonf uke;f abmifay:odYkqif;&ef
vuf&rf;udk vSrf;íqGJvdkufav\/ odkYaomf rsufvHk;rsm;rSm jymíaeNyDjzpfí vuf&rf;udk
rudkifbJ &Gufzsifpwpfpudk udkifrdNyD;vQif tm;vGefum a&xJodkY xdk;usoGm;avawmh\/
xdkae&mü a&rSm 4 aycGJcefYom eufaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk tqdyfoifhvSNyD[k

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 127

xifum tm;avsmhxm;olwpfa,muftwGufum; euf½dIif;vS\/

rpöwmtif'gqifum; jyefíay:rvmawmhacs/ oabFmatmufodkY 0ifoGm;acsNyD/
rdkufu,fonf a&xJodkY vlwpfa,muf usoGm;aomtoHudk wpfcsufrQ
em;pGifhvdkufNyD;aemuf ...
]]tif; ... txifom;yJ/ 'gyJaumif;w,f/ raumif;wmBuHwv hJ [
l m raumif;wmeJY
Zmwfodrf;&rSmyJ}}
[k wpfudk,fwnf; a&&GwfvdkufNyD;vQif "mwfAl;twGif;rS aumfzDudk aemufxyf
wpfcGufxnfhí aomufjyefavonf/
trSet f m;jzifah om aumfzx
D w
J iG f wpfpw
kH pf&m rygacs/ pdw"f mwf ajcmufjcm;rIum;
BuD;rm;vSayonf/
Ä Ä Ä

aemuf w pf a eY ü rd k u f u ,f o nf ]]a';Apf } }[l a om trnf j zif h tpd k ; &xH

vufeufcsvdkufavonf/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1961 ckESpf

Ä Ä Ä

rjrif & aompk w f c suf

'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; rjzpfrD 6 ESpcf efYu tpd;k &pHak xmuf tifpydwaf wmf udrk sKd ;oefYEiS hf
&mZ0wftkyf udkaiGZif? q&mwynfhESpfa,mufwdkYonf taemufydkif; rIcif;bufqdkif&m
pHkaxmufrsm;jzpfMuonfhtwdkif; wpfaeYaom eHeufcif;wGif ]]vifwdkif;}}[dkw,fü
eHeufpmpm;vsuf &SdMu\/
udrk sdK;oefYrmS trIrsm;pHpk rf;&mwGif a&SUaemufEiId ;f csdejf cif;? jzpfwwfysufwwfaom
obm0udk avhvmjcif;? um,uH&iS w f Ykd \ &mZ0ifukd &SmazGjcif;ponfh ÚmPfupm;&aom
OD;aESmufjzifhom vkyfudkifvsuf udkaiGZifrSmrl vufxdvufa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;? ,SOfNydKif
ypfcwfjcif;wdkYü 0goemxHkoljzpfavonf/
odkYaomf ... w&m;cHtm; tEkenf;ESifhjzpfap? zrf;qD;jcif;rjyKrD trIrSefrrSefudk
awG;awmBuHq&onft h vkyu
f a&SUawmfajy;jzpfaeojzifh udak iGZifrmS rIcif;wdik ;f vdv k ükd yif
udkrsdK;oefY\ OD;aESmuftultnDudk ,lcJh&\/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; udkrsdK;oefYrSm q&mjzpfí
udkaiGZifu wynfhtjzpfodkY a&mufrSef;rod a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
olwYkdonf ]]vifwikd ;f }} [dw k ,frS qif;cJMh uNyD;aemuf usKH ;BuD;vrf;twdik ;f taemuf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 128

zufoYkd avQmufcMhJ u&m a&Tawmifwef;xdyo f Ykd a&mufaomtcg vrf;xJrS oli,fEpS af ,muf

ajy;xGuv f mNyD;vQif yef;csq D &m OD;ausmah ztdrüf vlowfrjI zpfymG ;aMumif;? tdr&f iS rf ed ;f rBuD;u
tavmif;udk ½kww f &ufawGU&ojzifh wdu k t
f ay:qH;k xyfrS atmf[pf ajy;qif;vm&m atmuf
qHk;xyfodkYa&mufvQif t&yfxJrS vlrsm;0dkif;tHkvmMuaMumif;? tdrfay:odkYwufí MunhfMu
aomtcg yef;csq D &m OD;aMumhazrSm vnfyif;jywfvck ref; 'Pf&mBuD;ESihf ol\tcef;xJwiG f
aoqHk;aeonfudk awGU&aMumif;? t&yfom;rsm;rS rnfolrQ tcef;wGif;odkY r0if0Hhao;bJ
&SdMuonfESifh ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;xH tajy;tvTm; vma&mufwdkifMum;jcif; jzpfaMumif;ESifh
ajymMum;av\/
odkYESifh udkrsdK;oefYESifh udkaiGZifwdkYonf yef;csDq&m udkausmhaz aeaomtdrfodkY
oli,fESpfa,mufESifhtwl vmcJhMuavonf/
udkausmhazaeaom wdkufcef;rSm oHk;xyfwdkufwpfvHk; tay:qHk;xyfjzpfí
udak usmah zrSm vlysKd BuD;wpfa,mufjzpfonft h wdik ;f wpfa,mufwnf; aexdik o f jl zpfNyD;vQif
tdr&f iS rf ed ;f rBuD;xHwiG f xrif;vcay;pm;oljzpfaMumif;? tdr&f iS rf ed ;f rBuD;u tv,fxyfwiG f
aexdkifaMumif;? udkausmhazrSm udp&ö SdrSmom tjyifodkYxGufí tvGeftdrfNrJol wpfa,muf
jzpfaMumif;? olYum;rsm;rSm zdik ;f twfac: yef;csDynm&yfwiG f ajymifajrmufaom vuf&mrsm;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf jyyGJNydKifyGJrsm;wGif qkwHqdyftrsdK;rsdK; &&SdcJhaMumif;jzifh od&avonf/
t&m&SEd pS af ,mufwYkd onf tcef;wGi;f odYk 0ifí tavmif;BuD; ajc&mvuf&m rysuf
apbJ Munh½f v I su&f &dS m udak usmah z\tavmif;rSm vnfyif;udk vuf,mbufrS vuf0b J uf
odkY cyfapGapG ckwfíxm;aom "m;csufaMumifh jywfvkwJumrQ &Sdaeonfudk awGU&\/
rsuEf mS tay:odYk vefum vuf0b J ufeaH b;jzifh cyfapmif;apmif;vJusvsuf &S&d m vnfyif;rS
pD;usaeaom aoG;rsm;onf rsufESmteD;wGif tdkifxGef;vsuf &SyftusÐtjzLay:üvnf;
aoG;pufrsm;onf tuGufBuD;rsm;jzpfum ESpfae&moHk;ae&mü pGef;xif;vsuf&Sdavonf/
"m;ckwfxm;yHkrSmvnf; cyfapmif;apmif;? cyfapGapG &Sdaeonf/ aool\rsufESmrSmvnf;
tvefYwMum; xdwfvefYwkefvIyfoGm;onfh trlt&m&Sdonf/
wdkuf\ atmufqHk;xyfrSm jrefrm aq;wdkufwpfwdkufjzpfí udkaiGZifonf
vomvrf;XmeodkY csufjcif; taMumif;Mum;vdkuf&m q&m0efwpfa,mufESifh "mwfyHkq&m
wpfa,muf rMumrD a&muf&Sdvmavonf/
udak usmah z\tcef;rSm tvSwifxm;aom yef;td;k rsm;? pkww f x H nfo h nfh a<ucGuf
rsm;paom yef;csDud&d,mrsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf&Sd\/ ta&SUbufav0ifaygufBuD;rsm;rSm
rSefwHcg;rsm; wyfqifxm;ojzifh tvif;a&mifonf wpfcef;vHk;odkY xdk;0ifa&mufvsuf
&Sd\/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*[lí rsm;pGmr&SdvSbJ ukvm;xdkifESpfvHk;? pm;yGJ0dkif;uav;wpfck
aemufaz;cef;ESifh jcm;xm;aom vdkufumwpfckom &Sdavonf/
vufeufuu kd m; txl;&SmazG&ef rvdak wmhacs/ aoolO;D acgif;ESihf oH;k aycefY tuGm
wGif a*:&cg;rsm; udkifavh&Sdaom a*:&cg;"m;BuD;wpfpif;udk "m;oGm;wGif aoG;rsm;pGef;ay
vsuf awGU&Sd&avonf/ odkYaomf "m;ay:ü vuf&mrsm; rawGU&acs/
tpd;k &"mwfyq kH &monf tavmif;wnfaeyHu k kd axmift
h rsKd ;rsKd ;rS "mwfy½kH u
kd uf ;l ,l

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 129

\/ q&m0ef\ xifjrifcsuft& udkausmhaz aoqHk;onfrSm tenf;qHk; 10em&D? 11

em&DcefY &SdNyDjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&avonf/
trIESifhywfoufonfh tjcm;oufaocHypönf;[lí tcef;wGif;ü wpfpHkwpf&m
rawGU&acs/ odkYaomf tcef;\ acgif;&if;bufaxmifhü yef;csDum;a&;qGJ&ef atmufcHopf
trmjzifh axmifxm;onfh av;wdik pf if ]]pif}}wpfc&k &dS m ¤if;tay:&Sd &Guzf sifwpfcsyfay:wGif
a&;vufp t½kyfum;wpfckudk a&S;OD;pGm udkaiGZif awGUjrif&awmhonf/
pkwfwH 10 acsmif;cefY pdkufíxm;aom a<utdk;uav; wifxm;onfh pm;yGJ0dkif;
wpfcak y:üum; qDaq;trsdK;pHk wpfppkH D cGjJ cm;wifxm;onfh ]]yJvuf}} ]]pallet}}ac: aq;cGuf
tjym;wpfck&Sdí aq;a&mifpHk ]]wdkY}}xm;aom pkwfwH 3?4acsmif;udkvnf; awGU&avonf/
aq;rsm;rSm pdkvsufyif &Sdao;ojzifh wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf rMumao;rDtcsdefu
xdkyef;csDum;udk a&;qGJoGm;aMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/
&GufzsifxJrS yHkrSm rsufESmay:odkY vefaeaom udkausmhaz\ tavmif;yHkjzpfí
vuf0b J ufeaH pmif;jzifh vJaeyHrk mS yHq k aJG omae&mrS Munfv h Qif ½Iaxmifrh eS u
f ef nDnw G v f \ S /
tcsdK;tpm;vnf; tvGefwdusrSefuefNyD;vQif Murf;jyifü aoG;rsm;pD;qif;aeyHk? &SyftuÐsü
aoG;rsm;tuGufvdkuf pGef;xif;aeyHkwdkYyifvQif "mwfyHk½dkufxm;ouJhodkY wpfoa0rwdrf;
wlnDavonf/ tavmif;yHk\ eHab;üum; aemiftcg a&;qGJ&ef rD;aoG;cJwHjzifh yHkMurf;
avmif;xm;aom vl½yk yf w kH pfcok nf a*:&cg;"m;wpfvufukd udik u f m rxifr&Sm; &Sad e\/
xdyk rkH mS udak usmah zudk owfojl zpfaMumif; taetxm;udk Munfjh cif;jzifyh if odEikd af vonf/
aoolonf jyif;pGmaom a0'emudk cHpm;vsuf xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUvSaom trlt&m
onfvnf; ½kyyf \ kH rsuEf mS ü ay:vGiv f su&f &dS m yHw
k u
l ;l qGoJ nfxuf aojcif;\obm0udk
ydí
k o½kyaf zmfouJo h Ykd &Sad eavonf/ udak usmhaz aoqH;k onfrmS q&m0ef\ xGuq f ckd suf
t& nOfh 12 em&DcefYu jzpfayvdrhfrnf/
tifpydwaf wmf udrk sdK;oefYu wpfpw kH pf&mudk eufepJ mG pOf;pm;vsuf&o dS nf[ h efjzifh
...
]]qef;awmh tawmfqef;wmyJ udak iGZif ... EdYkayr,fh bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dyu kH kd qGw
J v hJ [ l m
udak usmah z towfc&H wmudk jrifwv hJ w l pfa,muf&ifvnf; jzpf&ifjzpfr,f/ 'grSr[kwv f nf;
udkausmhaz towfcH&NyD;wJhaemuf csufjcif;a&mufvmwJh vl&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f/ NyD;awmh
pkwfuspkwfevnf; tawmfaumif;NyD; qDaq;rSm tawmfEdkifwJh yef;csDq&mwpfa,mufAs}}
]]owfwJhvlrsm; jzpfaea&mhvm;q&m}}
]]jzpfEdkifwmaygh}}
udrk sKd ;oefYonf yef;csu D m;udk txyfxyf Munf½h v I su&f \
dS / wpfyikd ;f wpfp qGx J m;
aom ½kyfyHkrSm ,cifu a&;om;azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; omref yef;csDum;wpfcsyfr[kwfbJ
udak usmah z ao&jcif;\ rlvtjzpftysuu f v
kd nf;aumif;? 'kua© 0'em cHpm;jcif;\ yifu, kd f
obm0udkvnf;aumif; toufoGif;xm;onfESifh wlavonf/
,if;uJo h Ykd a&S;OD;pGm pHpk rf;rIrsm; NyD;onfEiS hf udak usmhaz\ tavmif;udk aq;½Ho k Ykd
ydkYvdkufMuavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 130

xdkYaemuf tavmif;teD;üawGU&aom "m;udk Munhf½IMu&m "m;oGm;ay:üvnf;

aumif;? t½dk;üvnf;aumif;? vuf&mwpfpHkwpf&m rawGU&ojzifh udkaiGZifu uyfxl
aowåmuav;wpfckxJodkY xnfhxm;vdkuf\/
oefY/ / ]]udkif; udkaiGZif ... usKyfwdkY aemufvkyf&r,fhtvkyfu udkausmhaz&JU
&mZ0ifudk enf;enf; vdkufMu&vdrhfr,f}}
Zif/ / ]][kwfuJhq&m ... tdrf&Sifta':BuD; ajymyHkuawmh 'Dvl[m b,frS
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; roGm;wwfbl;/ tvkyfNyD;wmawmif b,frS ol oGm;rydkYbl;wJh q&m&JU/
tvkyf&Sifu vm,lrS ay;vdkufwmcsnf;yJwJh}}
oefY/ / ]]'DavmufeJY rzlvHkao;bl;ayghAsm/ vlwpfa,muf&JU &mZ0ifqdkwm olY&JU
rdwfaqGo*F[ todkif;t0dkif;? b,folawGu olY&JUrdwfaqGawG b,folawG[m oleJY
&efolawG trsm;tm;jzifh b,fae&moGm;wwfw,f? vmwwfw,f pojzifh usKyfwdkY
odzdkYvdkw,f}}
xdktcsdefü t&yfom;ESpfa,muf? oHk;a,mufom tcef;0ü usef&pfcJh\/ odkY&SdpOf
tuÐsteufukd 0wfvsuf tom;cyfrnf;rnf; vl00wpfa,mufonf t&yfom;rsm;Mum;rS
wd;k 0ifvmNyD;vQif ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;ESihf awGUvdak Mumif; ajymavonf/ ykvyd t f &m&SEd pS Of ;D vnf;
xdkoltm; c&D;OD;BudKjyKum ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; ay;avonf/
oefY/ / ]]xdkifygcifAsm ... bmudpövJ trdefY&SdygOD;}}
xdkol/ / ]]emusnf;vdkufavAsm ... udkausmhaztavmif;awmif rawGUvdkuf
&awmhbl; rdwfaqGwdkY}}
oefY/ / ]]cifAsm;[m b,folvJ}}
xdo k /l / ]]usKyfu yef;csDq&m OD;bvSwhJ ... udak usmhazeJY tifrwefcifwhJ rdwaf qG
ygAsm/ 'DuaeYreuf 10em&Davmuf vmcJhygvdkY csdef;xm;wmAs/ tckawmh udk,fhudk,fudk
owfaow,fvdkY}}
oefY/ / ]]udk,fhudk,fudk owfaow,fvdkY cifAsm; bmjzpfvdkY xif&wmvJ}}
vS/ / ]]aMomf 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;vm; ... rSm;vdkYygAsm ...}}
oefY/ / ]]udk,fhudk,fudk owfaowmr[kwfygbl;Asm ... udkausmhaz[m
towfcH&wm OD;bvS&JU}}
vS/ / ]]tvdak v; b,forl sm;ygvdrAfh sm ... udak usmah z[m tifrwef oabmaumif;
wJh vlwpfa,mufAs/ &efoq l v kd Ykd &Sw
d mr[kwb f ;l ... a&SUudk wufvrf;&Sw
d hJ vlwpfa,mufyJ
tifpywfawmfrif; ... NyD;awmh zdik ;f twfrmS pkwcf suaf &m aq;pyfa&m vuf&ma&m tifrwef
aumif;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJAs/ NyD;awmh olYum;awGu vlwpfa,muf 'ku©a0'em
cHpm;ae&wJhyHkqGJ&if MunhfvdkufwJhvl&JU pdwfxJrSm udk,fudk,fwdkif cHpm;ae&ovdk pdwfrsdK;
0ifvmonftxd touf0ifatmif qGJEdkifw,f ...}}
udrk sKd ;oefYu yef;csq
D aJG om cH&k &dS modYk ac:oGm;NyD;vQif &Guzf siw
f aJ y:ü qGx J m;aom
yHkudk jyNyD;aemuf ...
]]'DyHkrsdK;vm; OD;bvS&JU}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 131

]][kwfwmaygh 'g[m olYvuf&mygvm;}}

]]tvdk b,fhES,fhaMumifh olYvuf&mvdkY ajymEdkifwmvJAsm ... yHkudkyJ aoaocsmcsm
Munhfprf;ygOD;}}
]][kwyf gw,f tifpydwaf wmfrif; uRefawmfu yef;csDq&myHu k kd jrifvu kd f½ekH YJ b,f
olYvuf&mvJqdkwm ajymEkdifw,f ...}}
]]cifAsm; rsufaphvGJaeNyD xifw,f ... yHku olaoaewJhyHkAs ... tavmif;udk
,loGm;vdkY cifAsm;awmh rjrifvdkuf&bl; ... EdkYayr,fh Murf;ay:rSm tavmif;usaewJhyHka&m?
yef;csDqw JG hJ cHb
k ufu jrif&wJh axmifch sdK;taetxm;a&m? txdwv f efYjzpfaewJh rsufEmS a&m
... tdk ukeu f ek af jym&&if Murf;ay:rSm pD;usaewJh aoG;tdik ef YJ tusaÐ y:rSm pGe;f aewJh aoG;uGuf
yg cRwfyGwfxm;ovdk 'Dum;csyfeJY wlaew,f OD;bvS&JU ... 'Dawmh udkausmhaz
qGJwJhvuf&mqdkwm ,kwdå&SdEdkifygrvm;}}
]],kw&då w dS m r&Sw d mawmh wjcm;ayghAsm ... usKyu f vuf&momajymwmud;k ? vuf&m
uawmh udkausmhazvuf&mvdkY usKyf twwfqdk&Jw,f}}
]]aoNyD;rS udak usmah zu olYyu kH kd vlao&mu vmqGw J mvm; 'gvnf; r[kwaf o;yg
bl;Asm/ wjcm;yef;csDq&mwpfa,mufa,mufu olqGJyHkudk twkcdk;NyD; rqGJEdkifbl;vm;}}
]]rqGEJ ikd b f ;l vdYk usKyaf jz&vdrrfh ,f ... cifAsm;wdYk ykvyd t
f &m&Swd pfa,muftaeeJYawmh
em;vnfcsifrS em;vnfr,fAs ]]twf}}ac:wJh okcrk ynmqdw k m ]]rlv}}udk twkc;kd vdYk &wmrsdK;
r[kwfygbl;As/ twkcdk;&if twkcdk;wmyJjzpfr,f/ ]]rlv}}awmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/ tJ'Dtcsufudk
usKyfwdkY yef;csDq&m&JU yef;csDq&mrsufaphuom jrifEdkifw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYawmh jrifEdkifr,f
r[kwfbl;}}
tifpydwaf wmf udrk sKd ;oefYonf yef;csq D &m OD;bvSajymaom pum;rsm;udk pdw0f if
pm;pGm em;pdu k af xmifvsuf &Sad vonf/ þtcsuo f nf udak usmah zowfrw I iG f w&m;cHtm;
ajc&mcH&ef vrf;pwpfckyif r[kwfygvm;/
vS/ / ]]udkif; tifpydwfawmfrif; ... uRefawmhf cGifhjyKygOD;/ tokbudpötwGuf
uRefawmfyJ MunhfpDpOf&ygvdrfhr,f}}
oefY/ / ]]aumif;ygNyD}}
vS/ / ]]uRefawmfu ausmufajrmif; o*F[vrf;rSm aeygw,f/ b,ftcgrqdk
ulnDzdkY toifhygyJ}}
yef;csDq&m OD;bvSonf ol\ ae&yfvdyfpmudk tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYtm;
ay;cJhNyD;aemuf wdkufay:rS qif;oGm;av\/
wpfcPrQ Mumvwfaomf atmufxyfrS pum;ajymoHrsm;ESit hf wl ajcoHwpfou H kd
Mum;&NyD;aemuf touf 25 ESpfcefY&Sd rdef;rwpfa,mufonf tcef;xJokdY ajy;0ifvm
avonf/ rde;f uav;onf tcef;\ ywf0ef;usifEiS hf tcef;tajctaeudk MunhNf yD;aemuf
...
]]wu,fyJvm;&Sif ... udkausmhaz aow,fqdkwm bk&m;rvdkY r[kwfygapeJYvdkY
uRefrqkawmif;ygw,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 132

tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYonf rdef;uav;tm; ESpfodrfhapNyD;aemuf ...

]]xdkifygcifAsm ... xdkifyg ... udkausmhazaowm trSefygyJ/ tavmif;udk tckyJ
aq;½HkydkYvdkuf&ygw,f}}
]]emrnfu}}
]]aMomf ... uRefremrnfvm; uRefremrnfu rcifrlygyJ&Sif/ uRefru yef;csD
ynmoifwpfa,mufjzpfNyD; udkausmhaz&JU wynfh&if;ygyJ}}
]]aMomf ...}}
]]udkausmhazaoyHkudk wpfqdwfajymjyygOD; tifpydwfawmfrif;&,f/ b,fvdkrsm;
jzpf&wmvJ&Sif ...}}
tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYu udkausmhaztavmif;awGU&yHkudk tusOf;csKyf ajymjy
vsuf &Sdavonf/
]]aMomf ... 'gxuf ajc&mvuf&mrsm;aum&Sif ... bmrS rawGU&bl;vm;}}
]][kwfuJh bmrS rawGU&ao;bl; qdkygawmh/ ywfoufwJh a*:&cg; "m;uvGJNyD;
bmrS rawGU&ao;ygbl;/ aMomf ... 'gxuf yef;csDynmoifwpfa,mufqv kd Ykd ajym&OD;r,f}}
]]tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYu rcifrltm; yef;csDqGJaom pifuav;&Sd&m tcef;
axmihfodkY ac:oGm;NyD;aemuf ]]a[m'DyHkqGJxm;wm awGU&awmh tawmfqef;w,f rcifrl/
udak usmhaz aoaewJyh u kH kd qDaq;eJY qGx
J m;w,f/ usKyfwYkd yv
k yd w
f pfa,muf tjrifeYJ awmif
awmfawmfaumif;wJh vuf&mvdYk atmufarhwmyJ/ rcifru l tavmif;udak wmh rjrifvu kd &f
bl;/ EdkYayr,fh usKyfwdkYu jrifvdkufvdkY tavmif;aeyHktaetxm;aum? ½Ijrifcif;a&m
]]wu,fyh w kH }l }ygyJAsm/ udak usmhaz tusÐay:u a[m'DaoG;pufawGawmif tavmif;ay:rSm
yuwd &SdaewJhtwdkif;ygyJ}}
rcifrlonf yef;csDum;udk tcsdeftawmfMumrQ pl;pdkufMunhf½Ivsuf&Sd\/ yxr
rsufESmysufouJhodkY jzpfoGm;NyD;aemuf rsuf&nfrsm;usvmum ½dIufiifvsuf &Sdavonf/
rcifrlrSm touf 25 cefY &SdNyD;vQif tvGefacwfqefaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk
0wfqifxm;í udk,fvHk;udk,faygufrSm uspfvspfí ao;oG,faomfvnf; t&yftarmif;ü
vnf;aumif;? cGet f m;Avüvnf;aumif;? omrefred ;f rrsm;xuf tquftayguf yHyk ef;use
í udk,f[eftrlt&m ,Ofaus;ajyjypf\/ odkYaomf rsufvHk;rsm;rSmrl omref rdef;racsmrsm;
xuf ydkí eufarSmifawmufyouJhodkY xif&\/
pdwfoabm rmausmcufxefvSaom pHkaxmuf tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYyif
tvkyf0wå&m;rsm;udk acwå arhoGm;ouJhodkY rcifrltm; twefMum ai;armMunhf½Ium
tm½Hkpl;pkdufí aerdawmhonf/
rl/ / ]]tdk ... uRefr rMunh&f ufb;l tifpydwaf wmfrif;/ uRefr jyefyg&apawmh&iS }f }
rcifro l nf rsufEmS udk vuf0g;jzift h yk u
f m rl;arhomG ;rwwf &Sad eojzifh tifpydwf
awmfrif; udrk sdK;oefYvnf; ¤if;tm; acsmharmhí ac:NyD;vQif atmufxyfoYkd a&mufaomtcg
udkaiGZiftm; tiSm;um;wpfpD; ac:apNyD;vQif ¤if;aexdkif&m ta&SUydkif; 52 vrf;odkY ydkYay;
vdkuf&av\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 133

Ä Ä Ä

aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 8em&Dausmfausmfavmufüyif udrk sdK;oefYEiS hf udak iGZifwYkd onf

trIudk qufvufpHkprf;&ef a&T&awmfwef; udkausmhazwdkufcef;odkY a&muf&SdaeMu&m
udkaiGZifu em&D0ufcefYapmí a&mufvmavonf/
udkaiGZifonf t½kyfum;&Sd&modkY a&mufvQif zswfceJvefYoGm;onfh[efjzifh ...
]]'DrSmq&m Munhfprf;ygOD;/ t½kyfum;udk wpfa,mufa,muf vmNyD; xyfqGJxm;
w,fq&m}}
oefY/ / ]]b,frvJ jyprf;ygOD;/ r[kwfEdkifwmAsm}}
odYk aomf udak iGZifajymonfrmS rSeaf e\/ ½kyyf u
kH m;ay:wGif ,refaeYu udak usmah z
tavmif;om xif&mS ;pGm &Sad eaomfvnf; ,ckrl (Background) ac: aemufc0H wåKypön;f ESihf
jrifuiG ;f udk a&;qGxJ m;\/ xdYk jyif ,cifu rxifr&Sm;&Sad om vlowfaumif\ yHrk mS vnf;
rsufESmrSwpfyg; pkwfcsufrsm; jc,fvS,fNyD;avNyD/ xdkyHkrSm rsufESmrSwpfyg; teufuJhodkY
ndKrnf;rnf;0wf½u kH kd 0wfqifxm;ojzifh a,mufsm;? rde;f r rnforl nf0g[lí ruGjJ ym;acs/
rsufESmae&mürl Avm[if;vif; &Sdaeavonf/
Zif/ / ]]r[kwEf ikd w
f mr[kwbf ;l q&m/ Munhyf gvm;/ owfwv hJ al wmif rsuEf mS om
rjrif&ao;w,f/ wpfudk,fvHk; qGJNyD;aeNyD/ NyD;awmh ]]buf*a&mif;vnf; NyD;NyDq&m}}
oefY/ / ]]'Dvl[m ½l;&ifom 'Dae&mudk jyefvmrSmAs/ cifAsm; aoaocsmcsm aomh
cwfcJhw,fr[kwfvm;}}
Zif/ / ]]aoaocsmcsm cwfcJhygw,fq&m/ NyD;awmh ykvdyfwpfa,mufvnf;
atmufxyfrSm wpfnvHk; tapmifhcsxm;ygw,f}}
oefY/ / ]]jywif;aygufawGursm;aum 0ifEdkifovm;}}
Zif/ / ]]r0ifEdkifygbl;q&m/ aemufaz;bufuvnf; uRefawmf aoaocsmcsm
MunhfNyD;ygNyD}}
oefY/ / ]]acgifrdk;u av0ifaygufudkaum MunhfNyD;NyDvm;}}
Zif/ / ]]uRefawmf aemufaz;cef;uvSnfhNyD; wufMunhfNyD;ygNyDq&m/ tv,fu
rSefcsyfBuD;[m taoydwfxm;wmyJ/ 'Dawmh aumif;uifaygufuvnf; b,fenf;eJYrS
r0ifEdkifbl;}}
oefY/ / ]]tif; ... pOf;pm;&awmh tawmfMuyfwmyJAsdKU/ vuf&muawmh t&if
vuf&meJY wpfax&mwnf;As/ EdkYayr,fh usKyfwdkYu tEkynmonfr[kwfawmh ajymydkifcGifh
r&Sdaybl;}}
Zif/ /]]uRefawmfawmh bmyJjzpfjzpf OD;bvSom zrf;csifwmyJ/ 'DvlBuD;[m
udkausmhaztquftoG,fawGudk tawmfodw,fxifw,f}}
oefY/ / ]]t&ifrvdkygeJYOD;av/ zrf;r,fqdk&if b,ftcgrqdk usKyfwdkY zrf;Edkifyg
w,f/ usKyf pHpk rf;rIuav;uvnf; tNyD;rowfao;vdYk/ EdYkayr,fh cifAsm;ud, k w
f ikd f oGm;ac:
acsAsm/ ykvyd o f m;wpfa,mufvnf; cifAsm;eJY twlac:oGm;/ rcifrl oGm;ac:zdYk awmh vom

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 134

vrf;udk usKyf w,fvDzkef;eJY taMumif;Mum;vdkufr,f}}

Zif/ / ]]'gjzifh olwdkYESpfa,mufudk q&m jyefac:OD;r,f qdkygawmh}}
]][kwfw,fav}}
]]bmvkyfrvdkYvJ q&m}}
]]olwdkYtqufudk tuJcwfcsifao;vdkYayghAs/ NyD;awmh udkbvS[m wpfckckudk zHk;
xm;w,f usKyfxifw,f}}
&mZ0wftyk f udak iGZif xGuo f mG ;aomtcg tifpydwaf wmf udrk sdK;oefYvnf; tcef;
wHcg;udk ydwfcJhNyD;vQif atmufxyfodkYqif;um tdrf&Sifrdef;rBuD;ESifh pum;ajymqdkvsuf
&Sdavonf/
aemufwpfem&DrQ Mumaomtcg udak iGZifonf yef;csq D &m OD;bvSukd ac:cJo h jzifh
tcsif;jzpfyGm;aom tcef;odkY a&mufvmcJh\/ tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYESifh awGUaomtcg
¤if;\rsufESmrSm ,refaeYuuJhodkYr[kwfbJ twefi,f n§dK;EGrf;aeonf[k udkrsdK;oefYu
rSwfcsufcsrd\/
udkrsdK;oefYu ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;udk xdk;ay;vsuf ...
]]xdkifyg OD;bvS? tckvdkac:wm aESmifh,Sufovdk jzpfaeNyDAsm}}
vS/ / ]]udpör&Sdygbl;av/ usKyfwwfEdkifwJh bufuqdk&if bmrqdk ulnDzdkY
toifhygyJ}}
oefY/ / ]]'DrSm OD;bvS&JU? tqef;wpfck OD;bvSudk jyrvdkY}}
vS/ / ]]bmrsm;vJ tifpydwfawmfrif;}}
oefY/ / ]]uRefawmfwdkY raeYu awGU&wJh [dkpifay:u yef;csDum;ayghcifAs}}
]][kwfw,fav/ raeYu awGU&vdkY 'Dvuf&m[m udkausmhazvuf&myJvdkYawmif
usKyfu ajymao;w,f}}
]]tJ'DqGJvufp um;udk tck qufNyD;qGJxm;wm awGU&jyefw,f/ a[h ... udkaiGZif
pifudk wqdwf 'Dbuf vSnfhvdkufprf;ygOD;Asm}}
&mZ0wftyk f udak iGZifonf udrk sdK;oefYtrdeYf ay;vdu k o
f nft h wkid ;f &Guzf sifum;csyf
qGJxm;onfh yef;csDcHkudk olwdkYESifh wnfhwnfhvSnfhvdkufavonf/ ½kyfyHkrSm txufazmfjy
xm;onft h wdik ;f ,refaeYu awGUcJMh uouJo h Ykd r[kwaf wmhbJ udak usmhaztm; "m;ESi&hf , G f
xm;olrmS 0wf½t kH eufBuD;udk 0wfqifum a*:&cg;"m;BuD;udk avxJwiG f ajr§mufuikd v f suf
&Sd\/ aemufcHjrif&aom ]]buf*a&mif;}} ½Icif;udkvnf; a&;qGJNyD;jzpf&m vlowfaumif\
rsufEmS ae&mü wpfpw kH pf&m rxnfo h iG ;f &ao;bJ tjzLxnfoufouf &Sad eonfrw S pfyg;
tvHk;pHk jynfhpHkvsuf &SdaeavNyD/
oefY/ / tckvkd taESmift h ,Suaf y;&wm 0rf;enf;ygw,fcifAsm/ 'gxuf Munhyf g
OD; OD;bvS}}
OD;bvSonf yxr zswfceJ vefYzswfouJhodkY jzpfoGm;NyD;aemuf yef;csDqGJaom cHk
teD;odkY csOf;uyfum wpfrdepfMumrQ pdkufíMunhfae\/ tdwfxJrS rSefbDvl;uav;udkyif
xkwfum ,cifu aq;aoGUajcmufNyD; ae&mrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf Munhf½Ivsuf &Sdavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 135

vS/ / ]]usKyfxifjrifcsufawmh rajymif;vJEdkifbl; tifpydwfawmfrif;}}

]]b,fvdkvJcifAs}}
]]raeYu twdik ;f aygh/ yxrqGw J v hJ uf&meJY tck aemufxyf topfjznhw f v
hJ uf&meJY
wpfax&mwnf;yJ/ vlwpfa,mufwnf; jzpf&r,f}}
xdt k csdeüf vomvrf;XmerS &mZ0wftyk w f pfa,mufonf yef;csDq&mr rcifru l kd
ac:cJhNyD;vQif tcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;cJhavonf/
udkrsdK;oefYu yef;csDum;udk jyaomtcg rcifrlrSm rsufESmrsm; jzLzwfjzLavsmf
jzpfíoGm;vsuf ¤if;\ vufuav;rsm;onfvnf; wkefvsuf &Sdavonf/
oefY/ / ]]raeYuyHkudk wpfa,mufa,mufu qufNyD; qGJxm;jyefNyD rcifrl/
rcifrlaum b,fvdk oabm&vJ}}
rl/ / ]]uRefruawmh t&ifvuf&myJvdkY xifwmyJ}}
oefY/ / ]][kwfEdkifyghrvm; rcifrl/ b,fES,fhvJ OD;bvSuaum qdkprf;ygOD;/
cifAsm;wdYk ESpaf ,mufv;kH uyJ udak usmah zvuf&mvdYkcsn;f ajymaewmyJ/ tck ajymovdak wmh
udkausmhaz[m wapäb0uvmNyD; qGJwm jzpf&rSmaygh}}
vS/ / ]]'DvdkjzpfrSmyJ}}
oefY/ / ]]uRefawmfwdkYu vlYavmueJYom qufqHNyD; pHkprf;wmyJ OD;bvS&JU/
odYkaomf bmyJjzpfjzpf udak usmah z&JU wapäuawmh olYukd b,foo l wfw,fqw kd m yHek YJqjJG yae
wmeJY wlw,f}}
vS/ / ]][kwfrSmayghAsm}}
OD;bvSonf oufjyif;wpfcsuf csvu kd &f m rcifru
l rl wpfpw kH pf&mrajymbJ yef;csD
um;udk wpfcsuf vSrf;íMunhfvdkufNyD;aemuf rsufESmvTJvdkufavonf/
oefY/ / ]]udkif; 'Dawmh tcktwdkif;qdk&if udkausmhaz[m b0a[mif;udk jyefvmNyD;
olqGJvufpyHkudk qufNyD; qGJ&OD;rSmyJ}}
vS/ / ]]wu,fvdkY yef;csDum;ay:rSm owfwJhvl&JU rsufEsm ay:vmygNyDwJhAsm/
Oya'oeJYMunhf&if w&m;abmif0ifyghrvm;}}
oefY/ / ]]wduk &f u
kd af wmh w&m;r0ifb;l ayghcifAsm/ EdYkayr,fh '‘DvYltay:rSm trsm;qH;k
oHo,&SdEdkifwmaygh/ NyD;awmh tusdK;taMumif; qufpyfMunhfzdkY taxmuftxm;wpfck
&wmaygh ... udkif;av ... tckvdk uRefawmf 'ku©ay;wmvnf; awmif;yefygw,f/
ulnDwJhtwGufvnf; aus;Zl;wifygw,fcifAsm}}
rl/ / ]][kwfuJh}}
vS/ / ]]'kua© y;w,f ratmufarhygbl;Asm/ NrdKUBuD;ol NrdKUBuD;om;rSeo f rQ ykvyd u f kd
ulnDzdkY 0wå&m; &SdwmyJAs .../ 'gxuf aemufxyf b,fvdkjzpfw,fqdkwmvnf; wpfqdwf
odyg&ap tifpydwfawmfrif;}}
oefY/ /]][kwfuJh od&ygw,f}}
vS/ / ]]tckvdkqdk&if 'Dyef;csDum;udk 'Dtwdkif; xm;OD;rSmaygh}}
oefY/ / ]][kwu f hJ xm;&ygvdrOhf ;D r,f/ b,fou l yJ vmqGq J JG ... w&m;cHay:zdYk om

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 136

vdk&if;yJ}}
vS/ / ]][kwfwmaygh}}
oefY/ / ]]'gxuf OD;bvStm;&if reufjzefreuf avQmufvmcJhygvm;/ 8em&D
avmufa&muf&if awmfygNyD/ uRefawmfvnf; 'DrSm&SdrSmyJ}}
vS/ / ]]vmEdkifr,frxifbl; tifpydwfawmfrif; ... uRefawmhfrSm avief;a&m*g
&Sad ew,f/ aoG;wd;k a&m*gvnf; &Sad wmh pdwu f xkd cd u
kd rf ,f[ h m jrif&Mum;&&if uRefawmfrh mS
&ifawGwkefNyD; a&m*gwdk;w,f}}
oefY/ / ]]'gjzifhvnf; aeygapawmhav}}
tifpydwaf wmf udrk sKd ;oefYvnf; OD;bvS rcifrw l Ykdtm; ESpaf ,mufpvH;k jyefciG jhf yK&m
atmufxyfoYkd qif;oGm;MuNyD;aemuf vrf;xdyo f Ykd a&mufaomtcg jrif;&xm;wpfp;D ay:odYk
wufoGm;onfudk udkaiGZifu jrifvdkuf&aMumif; ajymjyaomtcg udkrsdK;oefYu rsufpd
wpfbufudk rSdwfjyvdkufao;\/
(udrk sdK;oefYu rsufc;kH wpfbufcsDvsuf) ]]rqef;ygbl; udak iGZif&,f ... udak usmhaz
raocifuawmif rdef;uav;u OD;bvSbuf ygaewmyJ ... aorSawmh rajymeJYawmh/
'DvdkAs ... rcifrludk ESpfa,muf 0dkif;ydk;Muwm yxr pHjyr,ftjzpfeJY udkausmhazqDrSm tc
,lNyD; tvkyfvkyf&if;u wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf NidpGef;NyD; 'Daemuf OD;bvSbufudk
ygoGm;owJhAs/ 'gayr,fh OD;bvSu rcifrludk udkausmhazbuf jyefygoGm;rSm pdwfrcsbl;
qdkyJ}}
Zif/ / ]]q&mu 'Dtxd olwdkY&mZ0if &aerSudk;/ 'Dvdkqdk&if olwdkYESpfa,muf
BudwfNyD; BuHwmrsm;vm; rodwmbJ}}
oefY/ / ]]aeOD;av ... odyfNyD; t&ifrvdkygeJYOD;/ awG;xifcsufawG? oHo,awG
qdkwmu aemufrS tusdK;taMumif; qufpyfNyD; ,l&wmaygh/ yxr ta&;BuD;wmu
wu,fjzpfcw hJ hJ tjzpftysuftrSeaf wGukd usKyfwYkd &zdYk vw kd ,f ... 'gaMumifh vlowfrw I pfck
jzpf&if aowJv h &l UJ tquftoG,f taygif;toif;eJY olY&UJ ywf0ef;usiu f kd Edu
I Ef u
Id cf Rwcf Rwf
odxm;zdkYvdkw,fvdkY ajymw,fr[kwfvm;}}
Zif/ / ]][kwfuJh q&m}}
oefY/ / ]]'gxuf 'DuaeYn cifAsm;eJY usKyf ESpfa,mufwnf; 'Dtcef;xJrSm
apmifhtdyf&vdrfhr,f udkaiGZif}}
oefY/ / ]]NyD;awmh wpfck&Sdw,fAsdKU/ 'DuaeYn 'Dwdkufay:udk b,folyJwufwuf
b,fvdkrS taESmifht,SufrvkyfzdkY cifAsm;vlawGudk ajymxm;prf;Asm ... wufcsifwJhvl
wufygap b,fvdkrS ... zrf;vm;qD;vm; rvkyfapeJY/ odkYaomf ... wdkufay:u 'vMurf;
qif;ajy;wJhvludkawmh zrf;ayghAsm Mum;vm; udkaiGZif}}
]]aumif;ygNyDq&m ... uRefawmfajymxm;yghr,f}}
]]usKyf ajymwm em;vnf&JUaemf ...}}
]]em;vnfygw,f q&m ...}}
xdknü tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefYESifh udkaiGZifwdkYonf vlowfrIjzpfyGm;aom udk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 137

ausmhazwdkufcef;wGif apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdMuavonf/ tjyifrS aomhcavmuf

cwfxm;aomfvnf; cwfxm;aom aomhrSm taygpm; aps;aomhcavmufrsdK;jzpfí
omrefolcdk;wpfa,mufyif tvG,fwul zGifhEdkifavonf/
11 em&DausmfrQ &Sdaomtcg tawmfyif wdwfqdwfvmNyDjzpfí um;oHrsm;udk
&Hzef&cH g Mum;&NyD;vQif 11 em&Dx;kd NyD;aom tcgürl vrf;rBuD;ay:rS um;oHrsm;udk &Hzef&cH g
Mum;&awmh\/ wydkYwGJvqef;yifjzpfaomfvnf; rdk;om;rsm;onf wpfrdk;vHk; tHkYrdIif;vsuf
&Sad v&m ... wpfcgwpf&H vQyu f av;rsm;yif jyufvu kd o f jzifh aumif;uifaygufEiS hf rSejf ywif;
rsm;rS 0ifvmaom tvif;a&mifuav;rsm;onf udak usmah z\ yef;cscD ef;udk 0if;ceJ vufceJ
jzpfíoGm;ap\/ t&m&SdESpfa,mufwdkYonf tcef;t0if0\ vuf,mbuf&Sd pmtkyfrsm;
wifxm;aom pm;yGJaemufwGif ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;pDESifh xdkifum apmifhqdkif;vsuf
&SdMuavonf/
12em&Dx;kd &ef rdepftenf;i,frQom vdak wmh\/ qdwNf idrjf cif;onf ywf0ef;usiu f kd
vTr;f NcHKum rdrw d Ykd touf½LS oHrsm;onfyif wpfcef;vH;k udk us,favmifpmG ysHUESYH omG ;ouJo h Ydk
xif&av\/ wpfa,muf\ w'dw'f w d jf rnfaeaom &ifcek o f rH sm;udk tjcm;wpfa,mufu
Mum;&ravmuf pdwfajcmufjcm;rdMu\/
,refaeYuyif "m;'Pf&mBuD;jzifh vJaeaom udkausmhaz\ tavmif;udkvnf;
aumif;? Murf;ay:wGif pD;usíaeonfh aoG;yGufaoG;tdkifudkvnf;aumif;? udkaiGZifonf
awG;awm jrifa,mifrd\/ tcef;rSm arSmifESifhrnf;rnf; &Sdae&mrS xdktcsdeftwGif;ü wHcg;
yGio hf u
H o hJ Ykd ]]uRD}}ceJ toHwpfcu k kd Mum;vdu k Nf yD;aemufrS rdrw d Ykd rsufEmS qDoYkd avayGuav;
wpfck wdk;a0SUoGm;ouJhodkY xifrSwfvdkuf&avonf/
(udkaiGZifu avoHjzifh) ]]Mum;vm;q&m}}
(udkrsdK;oefYu udkaiGZif\ em;em;odkYuyfí) ]]Mum;ygw,fAs}}
]]bmvJq&m}}
]]rodbl;av}}
]]wHcg;yGifhoGm;NyD xifw,f}}
]]ryGifhygbl;As ... cifAsm; pdwfxifvdkYyg}}
xdkcPü vQyfppfa&mifjcnfwpfckonf 0if;ceJ tcef;udk jzwfausmfoGm;ojzifh
ESpfOD;pvHk;yif wHcg;&Sd&modkY MunhfvdkufrdMu\/ wHcg;rSm ydwfNrJydwfvsuf &Sdaeavonf/
ig;rdepfrQ tcsdefukefvGefíoGm;jyefojzifh ]]acsmuf}}ceJ toHwpfck xGufay:vm
jyefavonf/ odYkaomf xdt k oHrmS ,cifu wHcg;zGio hf uH o
hJ Ykdr[kwb f J tjyifrS aomhcavmuf
udk zGio hf EH iS hf wlavonf/ t&m&SEd pS af ,mufwYkdonf wpfa,mufvufukd wpfa,mufuikd u f m
toHMum;&modYk em;pGiv hf suf &SMd u\/ xdt k csed üf tjyifrS rH&I rD 0IH g; omvsu&f adS om vrif;\
tvif;a&mifuav;onf arSmiftwdNyD;aom tcef;\ wpfpw d w f pfa'oay:odYk aumif;uif
rSeaf ygufrS xd;k us0ifa&mufvmav\/ toHMum;NyD;aemuf ra&SUraESmif;yif wHcg;&Guo f nf
twGi;f bufoYkd wa&GUa&GU yGio hf mG ;NyD;aemuf vlwpfa,muf\ yHo k P²mefwpfco k nf tcef;xJ
odkY wjznf;jznf; 0ifa&mufvmav\/ xdkolonf rnf;eufaom 0wf½HkBuD;udk 0wfqif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 138

xm;ojzifh a,mufsm; rdef;r[líyif ruGJjym;acs/

xdo k P²mefonf tcef;wGi;f odYk ajczsm;axmufum 0ifa&mufvmNyD;aemuf yef;csD
½kyfyHkum; wifíxm;aom cHk&Sd&modkY wa&GUa&GU oGm;av&m udkrsdK;oefYESifh udkaiGZifwdkYrSm
arSmifxJwGif rsufpdusifhom; &vmNyD jzpfojzifh tawmftwef oJuGJpGm jrif&avonf/
xdYkaemuf rnf;eufaom oP²mefBuD;onf 0wf½akH tmufrS vufEydS "f mwfr;D wpfcu k kd
xkwfí yef;csDum;csyfay:odkY xdk;vdkufNyD;vQif wpfpHkwpf&mudk jrifvdkuf&ojzifh vefYzswf
oGm;onfh[efjzifh aemufodkY zswfceJqkwfvdkuf\/ xdkcPü ]]tm; ... 0g; ... 0g; ... 0g;}}
[k toHtpfBuD;jzifh ruGJrjym; [pfatmfvdkufNyD;vQif vufESpfbufudk tay:odkY ajr§muf
vdkufNyD;aemuf Murf;ay:odkY bdkif;ceJ vJusoGm;av\/
tHhtm;oifhvsuf&Sdaom udkrsdK;oefYonf xdktcgrS owd&vmNyD;vQif ...
]]a[hvl ... "mwfrD;zGifh ... "mwfrD;zGifh/ udkaiGZif vmAsdKU}}
[k ajymum oludk,fwdkifvnf; yef;csDum;wifaom cHkqDodkY ajy;oGm;avonf/
udak iGZifu "mwfr;D cvkyu f kd zGiv
hf u
kd o
f jzifh wpfcef;vH;k xdex
f ed v
f if;í oGm;av\/
Murf;jyifay:ü tvsm;arSmufum vJusaeaom oP²mefukd udak iGZifonf vsijf ref
pGm ayGUxlvdkuf&m xdkoP²mefrSm 0wf½HkeufBuD;udk 0wfíxm;aom yef;csDq&m OD;bvS
jzpfaMumif; awGUMu&\/ OD;bvSum; toufr&Sdawmhacs/ ½kwfw&uf xdwfvefY
wkefvIyfzG,f&m wpfckckudk awGU&ojzifh pdwfudk tjyif;txef xdcdkufum ESvHk;aoG;&yfum
aoqHk;oGm;[efwlavonf/
Zif/ / ]]tvdk OD;bvSyguvm; q&m}}
oefY/ / ]][kwfom;yJ Heart failure ESvHk;aoG; &yfoGm;wmeJYwlw,f}}
Zif/ / ]][kwyf gvdrrhf ,fq&m/ olYrmS avief;a&m*gvnf;&Sw d ,fvYkd ajymzl;om;yJ/
olu bmjzpfvdkYrsm; vm&ygvdrhf}}
oefY/ / ]]taMumif;&SdvdkY vmrSmaygh udkaiGZif}}
xdktcgrS udkrsdK;oefYonf yef;csDum;bufodkY vSnfhvdkufavonf/
,cifu 0wf½HkeufBuD; NcHKxm;ol vlowform;\ uGufvyf&Sdaeaom rsufESm
ae&müum; tjynft h pHk a&;jc,fNyD;avNyD/ ¤if;rsufEmS rSm rcifr\ l rsufEmS yif jzpfawmh\/
OD;bvS awG;xifco h wdik ;f aool udak usmah z\ 0dnmOfonf b0a[mif;odYk jyefvmum
hJ nft
rdrdtm; owfoludk rdrduRrf;usifaom yef;csDaq;a&;ynmjzifh vma&muf jyojcif;yif
jzpf[efwlavonf/
udkaiGZifu xdwfvefYtHhMoaom trlt&mjzifh ...
]]vufpowfawmh rcifrl rsufESmygvm;q&m}}
]]tif; ... [kwfwmaygh/ usKyfvnf; tpu xifom;yJ}}
]]'Dawmh b,fvdkvkyfrvJ q&m}}
]]b,fES,fhvkyf&rSmvJ zrf;½Hk&Sdawmhwmaygh ... odkYaomf ...}}
]]bm odkYaomfvJ q&m}}
]]usKyf rzrf;&ufEikd af tmif &Sad ew,fAsm ... vifBuD;a&m vifi,fa&m qH;k ½H;I oGm;&wJh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 139

trsKd ;orD;? cdu

k ;kd &mrJh rde;f racsmav;wpfa,muf[m vlowfreI YJ wpfcg tzrf;cH&OD;r,fq&kd if
avmuBuD;rSm aevdkYaumif;&SmygOD;rvm; udkaiGZif}}
]]'gvnf; [kwfwmyJq&m .../ EdkY q&majymwJhtwdkif; wapäo&JeJY ywfoufwJh
oufaocHwifjy&if Oya' r0ifbl;qdk ... q&majymwmyJ}}
]][kwfawmh[kwfwmaygh udkaiGZif/ EdkYayr,fh tckyJ cifAsm;eJY usKyf odaeNyDAsm/
'Dawmh ... tkd ... bmyJjzpfjzpf rcifrludkawmh usKyf rzrf;bl; ... ay;prf; [dkpm;yGJay:u
pkwfwH ...}}
udkrsdK;oefYonf pkwfwHwpfacsmif;udk pm;yGJay:rS qGJ,lvdkufum aq;tjzLudk
wpfcsufESpfcsuf wdkYNyD;aemuf rcifrl\ yHkay:aeaom rsufESmae&may:odkY aq;jzLjzifh
xyfí cs,frIef;vdkufavawmhownf;/
xdkYaemuf q&mwynfhESpfa,mufwdkYonf yef;csDum; a&;qGJxm;aom &Gufzsifudk
vdyf,lNyD;vQif atmufxyfodkY qif;cJhNyD;aemuf OD;bvS aoqHk;oGm;yHkudk XmeodkY
taMumif;Mum;vdkufavonf/
OD;bvStavmif;udk aq;½HkodkY ,loGm;NyD;aemuf udkrsdK;oefYESifh udkaiGZifwdkYonf
,cifu [dkw,füyif t&ufudk rl;atmifaomufNyD;aemuf wuúpDwpfpD; iSm;í tdrfodkY
jyefMuavonf/
eHeuf 8 em&DavmufwGif udkrsdK;oefYonf tdyf&mrS Edk;av&m yxrOD;pGm
olMum;&aom owif;rSm 52 vrf;ae yef;csDq&mr rcifrlonf eHeuf a0vDa0vif;
tcsdefwGif oHk;xyfwdkufay:rSm ckefcsaoqHk;oGm;aMumif; XmerS ykvdyfom;wpfa,muf
vmíajymaom owif;jzpfavonf/ tifpydwfawmf udkrsdK;oefY\ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm
jymíoGm;NyD;aemuf ]][if;}} ceJ oufjyif;&SnfBuD;wpfcsuf csvdkufavownf;/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1957ckESpf
Ä Ä Ä

yif h u l b 0
owå0grsm;onf wpfcak omb0rS tjcm;wpfcak omb0odYk ajymif;oGm;aomtcg
b0a[mif;rS t&dyef rd w d rf sm;onf b0opfü wpfenf;enf;tm;jzifh xif&mS ;wwfavonf/
Oyrmqd k a omf raumif ; aomb0rS b0wpf y g;od k Y uG , f v G e f a jymif ; oG m ;ol w G i f
½k y f & nf t m;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ? ,k w f n H h a om ed r d w f v u© P mrsm; yg&S d w wf í
aumif;aomb0rS b0wpfyg;odYk uG,v f eG af jymif;oGm;olwiG f ½ky&f nftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;?
rGefjrwfaomvu©Pmrsm; yg&Sdwwf\/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; ]]vl0ifpm;}}qdkaom pum;udk
jrefrmrsm; ,HkMunfMuonf/
b0ul;ajymif;jcif;onf tcsdefumvtm;jzifh tvGefwdkawmif;onfjzpf&um;
ynmyg&rD &ifhoefaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ü b0a[mif;rS tjzpftysufrsm;onf b0opfwGif
tdyfrufuJhodkY a&;a&;rQ ay:í vmwwfonfjzpf&um; ,if;tjzpftysufrsm;udk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 140

0ifpm;onf[k qd½k ;kd pum;&Sad vonf/ tcsdKUolrsm;rSm b0a[mif;wGif rdrw d Ykd rnfoYkd rnfykH
aoqH k ; cJ h o nf ? rnf o nf h a qG r sd K ;nmwd om;r,m;rsm; usef & pf c J h o nf /
rnfoh nfyh pön;f Opömrsm;udk rnfoYkd ae&mwGif jr§KyfEx
HS m;cJo
h nf pojzifh ,cifb0a[mif;u
tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefíajymEdkif\/
xdx k ufx;l qef;jcif;rSm ½kyv
f u©Pmrsm;ay:wGif b0a[mif;rS edrw d v f u©Pmrsm;
ygjcif;jzpf\/ tcsKd Uolrsm;wGif b0a[mif;rS xif&mS ;aom trSwt f om;rsm;yif yg&Sod nf[k
tqdk&Sdavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

awmifil'dpBudwf jzL;NrdKUü yifpiftNidrf;pm; OD;bdk;ajymif;qdkolonf ½Hk;taemuf&Sd

yifpifwef;ü aexdkifcJhonfrSm (8)ESpfausmf (9)ESpfrQ Mum&SdcJhavNyD/
OD;bd;k ajymif;ü om;ESpaf ,muf&&dS m tBuD;jzpfol armifxeG ;f ausmrf mS OD;bd;k ajymif;\
ESr&if;rS arG;aomom;jzpfí trSeftm;jzifh wlwpfa,mufrQom awmfpyfaomfvnf; 4
ESpfom;t&G,fuyif aumuf,larG;pm;cJhojzifh OD;bdk;ajymif;u ¤if;tm; om;t&if;uJhodkY
cspfcifcJh\/ ti,fjzpfol armifxGef;vSrSm om;t&if;jzpfí armifxGef;ausmfxuf 5 ESpfrQ
i,f\/ nDtpfudkESpfa,mufwdkYrSm pifppftm;jzifh 0rf;uGJrsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf;
OD;bdk;ajymif;onf ausmom;&ifom; rcGJjcm;bJ cspfcifcJh&m uav;rsm;uvnf;
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf nDtpfudkt&if;uJhokdY cspfcifMuavonf/ jzL;NrdKUodkY
ajymif;a&TUvmaomtcg om;t&if; armifxGef;vSrSm 11 ESpfom;t&G,fjzifh ygvmcJh\/
uav;rsm;\ rdcifrsm;rSmrl uav;rsm;i,fpOfuyif qH;k cJo h jzifh trdru hJ av;ESpaf ,mufwYkdrmS
OD;bdk;ajymif;\ vufay:üom BuD;jyif;cJh&&Sm\/
nDtpfudk0rf;uGJwdkYrnfonf taz? nDtpfudk? tar? armifESrwdkYrS qif;ouf
ayguf z G m ;vmojzif h cyf q if q if wl n D w wf M uaomf v nf ; armif x G e f ; ausmf E S i f h
armifxeG ;f vSwYkdrmS ½kyv f u©Pmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif; wlnjD cif; r&SMd uacs/ armifxeG ;f ausmrf mS
tom;ndKndK? cyfykykjzpfí ESma,miftenf;i,f aumufNyD;vQif EIwfcrf;xl\/ rsufvHk;
rsm;rSm twefi,f usO;f ajrmif;vsuf BuD;\/ rsuv f ;kH rsm; *emrNidrbf J qif\tMunhrf sKd ;jzifh
cyf a pG a pG cyf a pmif ; apmif ; Munh f w wf \ / nD j zpf o l armif x G e f ; vS r S m rl tom;
tenf;i,fvwfí ajzmifph if;aom ESmwHEiS hf us,0f ef;aom rsuv f ;kH wdYk rmS tjzLESit
hf eufukd
jcm;xm;bdouJhodkY nDtpfudkESpfa,mufwdkY\ ½kyfvu©Pmudk ododomomBuD;
jcm;em;ap\/
xdkxuf xl;jcm;aom ½kyfvu©PmrSm tpfudkjzpfol armifxGef;ausmf\
vufESpfbufyifjzpfí vufcHkrSm cyfcHk;cHk; &SdaeNyD;vQif xlxyfaom tarT;trQifrsm;jzifh
zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sd\/ xdk½kyfvu©PmrSm tjcm;olrsm;xuf xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fojzihf
armifxGef;ausmfonf rdrd\vufrsm;udk tpOfrjywf zHk;uG,fxm;wwf\/ ,if;uJhodkY
xl;jcm;qef;Mu,faom armifxGef;ausmf\ vu©PmrSm i,fpOfu rodomvSaomfvnf;
BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg ydkíxif&Sm;vmojzifh taygif;tazmf oli,fcsif;rsm;yif ¤if;tm;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 141

&GH&Smrkef;wD;[efjzifh MunhfMu\/ odkYjzpf&um; armifxGef;ausmfrSm vlysdKayguft&G,fodkY

a&mufonfhtcsdefrSpí vlxJodkY r0if0Hhavmufatmifyif &SdcJhavonf/ þ0w¬Kudk
a&;om;azmfjyaom tcsdefüum; armifxGef;ausmfrSm touf 26 ESpfrQyif &SdcJhNyDjzpfí
armifxGef;vSrSm 21 ESpfrQ &SdayNyD/
armifxeG ;f ausmfEiS hf armifxeG ;f vSwYkd rmS tNidr;f pm;t&m&Sw d pfO;D \ om;rsm; jzpfMu
onft h avsmuf tm;vyfciG t hf csed rf sm;pGm &&Scd &hJ m armifxeG ;f ausmrf S trJvu kd jf cif;? ig;rQm;jcif;?
iSufypfjcif;rsm;wGif tvGef0goemygonfhtwdkif; jzL;taemufbuf 4 rdkiftuGm
avmufwGif&Sdonfh qkawmif;jynfhbk&m; wnfxm;&m awmifay:odkY oli,fcsif;
taygif;tazmfrsm;ESifhtwl oGm;a&mufum trJypfavh&Sdav\/ jzL;NrdKUajrmufbuf&Sd
]]jzL;acsmif ; }}wG i f ig;rQm;avh & S d \ / armif x G e f ; vS r S m xd k t vk y f r sm;wG i f rsm;pG m
0goemrygvSaomfvnf; &Hzef&Hcg armifxGef;ausmfESifhtwl vdkufygavh&Sd\/
jzL;NrdKU taemufbuf&SdawmifrSm yJcl;½dk;rESifh qufvsuf&Sdaom awmifpG,f
awmifwef;rsm;jzpfí awmifwef;rsm;onf rnDnmaom yef;uefjym;rsm;udk xyfíxm;ouJh
odkY tedrfhtjrifh wnf&Sdavonf/ ay 1000 cefYtjrifhwGif qkawmif;jynfhapwDawmfESifh
bkef;BuD;ausmif;uav;wpfausmif; wnf&Sdí twGif;odkY wdk;íoGm;rdaomtcg edrfhwkef
jrifw h ek f jzpfíaeaom awmifEmS armif;rsm;onf jrifrh m;aom awmifxyd rf sm;udk ywfywfvnf
0dik ;f &Hum xlxyfaomawmBuD;rsm; zH;k tkyv f su&f adS vonf/ xdak wmifp, G af wmifwef;rsm;\
tMum;üum; euf ½ d I i f ; aom acsmuf B uD ; rsm;&S d í td k ; p&nf ; cef Y ? wpf z sm&mcef Y ?
tdrfi,fwpfvHk;pmcefY&Sd ausmufwHk;rsm;onf ae&mtESHUtjym; wnf&Sdavonf/
xdkae&mrsm;onfum; trJvdkuform;rsm;\ pm;usufyif jzpfawmh\/ tb,f
aMumifq h akd omf acsmufatmufajc&Sd tvGeef uf½iId ;f aom ae&mrsm;wGif ausmufw;kH ausmuf
cGuBf uD;rsm; tMum;wGif rd;k a&rsm;onf tdik jf zpfaewwfí aEGtcgwGif xdak e&modYk usm;opf
rsm;? awm0ufrsm;? 0uf0Huav;rsm;? ‘&,frsm;onf a&aomuf&ef qif;vmwwf
aomaMumifhaywnf;/
xdvk QKd BuD;rsm;rSm tqdyk g bke;f BuD;ausmif;ESihf c&D;ESprf ikd cf efYtwGi;f ü &Sad eaomfvnf;
tvGefawmeufavonf/
jzL;NrdKU&Sdvlrsm;onf xdkae&modkY rMumcP tysif;ajy oGm;a&mufwwfav&m
armifxGef;ausmfrSmrl wpfywfvQif tenf;qHk;wpfBudrfus oGm;a&mufwwfavonf/
Ä Ä Ä

armifxGef;ausmf\ tarT;trQifrsm; xlxyfvSaom vufBuD;ESpfzufudk

armifxeG ;f vSyif pufqyk &f &HG mS rdonf/ wpfaeYoü xrif;pm;pm;yGüJ OD;bd;k ajymif;onf pm;yGJ
xdyw f iG f xdik v
f su&f &dS m armifxeG ;f ausmEf iS hf armifxeG ;f vSwYkdrmS tjcm;bufxyd w
f iG f xdik v
f suf
&SdMu\/ pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg armifxGef;ausmfonf ol\vufBuD;ESpfbufudk
pm;yGaJ y:ü trSww f rJh wifxm;vsu&f &dS um; jzLqGwaf om pm;yGcJ if;ay:wGif armifxeG ;f ausmf
\ vufBuD;eSpfbufrSm ydkíxif&Sm;NyD;vQif yifhuleufBuD;ESpfaumifuJhodkY &Sdae\/ odkY&SdpOf

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 142

armifxeG ;f ausmf\ nmbufvuf vufacsmif;wpfacsmif;ay:odYk ,ifr½J ikd ;f wpfaumifonf

tnD§eHYaMumifh vmíem;&m vufacsmif;rsm;onf w&G&GvIyf&Sm;vmNyD;vQif &Snfvsm;aom
vufarG;rsm;Mum;wGif NidwG,faeNyD;aemuf vufn§dK;ESifh vufcv,fonf ,ifrJ½dkif;udk
wpfcgwnf; n§yfvdkufawmh\/ xdktjcif;t&mrsm;udk Munhfaeaom armifxGef;vSonf
pufqyk &f &HG mS aomrsufEmS jzifh tjcm;bufoYkd vSnv hf u dk \
f / armifxeG ;f ausmfrmS rsufEmS ysuf
íoGm;NyD;vQif vufESpfbufudk vsifjrefpGm ½kyfodrf;vdkufNyD;aemuf tusÐtdwfrsm;xJodkY
xm;vdkufavonf/
xrif;pm;yGJrS OD;bdk;ajymif; xoGm;aomtcg armifxGef;vSu ...
]]bmjzpfwmvJ tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]rif;jrifvdkufw,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]bmvJ}}
]]ighvufBuD;u ,ifaumif zrf;owfvdkufwmav}}
]]tpfudkBuD;u bmvdkY vufeJY nSyfowfovJ}}
]]'D[m igowfwmr[kwfbl;uGJU/ ighpdwfu ygwmr[kwfbl;/ [kwfw,fnDav;
... ighvufBuD;awGaMumifh cufw,fu, G /f wpfcgwav igrodbeJ YJ &G&G ... &G&eG YJ avQmufomG ;
w,fuUJG / olomG ;awmh aemufu vufarmif;awGu tvkv d dk vdu
k &f wmyJ/ aemufrS zswcf eJ
tpfudkBuD; owd&vdkY aemufqkwfvdkuf&w,f}}
]]wpfrsdK;BuD;aemf tpfudkBuD;}}
]]at;ayghuG,f? igjzifh 'gBuD;twGuf odyfpdwfnpfwmyJ}}
]]e*dku ygwmyJ tpfudkBuD;&,f/ bmpdwfnpfp&m&SdvJ ... t*FgcsdKU,Gif;wmrS
r[kwfbJ}}
]]tif; ... eifajymwmawmh [kwfyg&JU? EdkYayr,fh 'DvufESpfbuf[m ighudk,f
t*Fgtpdwt f ydik ;f r[kwo
f vdyk u
J UJG ... tckwiG u
f Munhaf v [if;apmfev H Ykd vufacsmif;ay:
,ifaumifvmem;wm vufacsmif;ESpcf [ k m olYtvdv k kd aphvmNyD; zrf;vdu k w f ,f ... tpfukd
BuD;pdwfxJu bmrS rodvdkufbl;/ 'gaMumifh tpfudkBuD;&JU tpdwftydkif;r[kwfbl;vdkY
tpfudkBuD;ajymwmaygh/ aemufrS zswfceJ owd&NyD; tpfudkBuD; jyef½kyfvdkufw,fav}}
]]'gjzifh odyfxl;qef;wmyJaemf tpfudkBuD;}}
]]xl;qef;wmaygh ... tpfuBkd uD; ud, k w
f ikd af wmif 'DvufEpS b f ufukd &GvH NS yD rke;f vSNyD
...}}
armifxeG ;f ausmrf mS wpfaeYwpfjcm; vlxo J Ykd r0if0ahH wmhbJ awmeufxo J Ykd vnfywf
um aoewfypfjcif;jzifh ol\ tcsdefrsm;udk ukefvGefapawmh\/
Ä Ä Ä
oajywef;&GmrS rcifapmonf OD;bdk;ajymif;\v,fudk vkyfudkifol v,form;
wpfOD;\ orD;jzpfí awmolvnf;ru NrdKUolvnf;rusaom trlt&m cspfcsifpzG,f ½kyf
tqif;ESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfavonf/ rcifapmonf v,fESifhywfoufonfh udprö sm;twGuf
OD;bdk;ajymif;tdrfodkY rMumcP vma&mufwwf&m armifxGef;ausmftm; tpfudkBuD; [lí

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 143

vnf;aumif;? armifxGef;vStm; tpfudkav; [lívnf;aumif; ac:a0:um nDtpfudk

ESpaf ,mufwYkd EiS hf tawmfyif ta&mw0if &Scd \ hJ / rcifapmrSm armifxeG ;f vSEiS hf &G,w f w l ef;
wlrQ jzpfojzifh armifxGef;vSESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;vsuf nDtpfudkESpfa,mufwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtm;
cifrifvsuf&Sdaom rcifapmtm; awmifay:odkY tvnftywfoGm;&müyif wpfcgw&H
ac:oGm;wwf\/
qkawmif;jynfb h &k m;rSm wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah eYwiG f bk&m;yGaJ wmf jyKvkyo f jzifh
tvGefpnfum;av&m jzL;NrdKUay:rSomr[kwf &GmeD;csKyfpyfrSyif ajcvsifwpfrsdK;?
vSnf;rsm;jzifhwpfrsdK; vma&mufwwfMu\/ xdktcsdefrsdK;ü rcifapmonf nDtpfudk
ESpaf ,mufwYkd EiS t hf wl bk&m;yGo J Ykd vSn;f ,mOfjzifh oGm;a&mufwwf\/ xdrk pS í rcifapmrSm
twifh&Jívmum bk&m;yGJr[kwfonfh tcsdefrsm;wGif xrif;Nrdefpm;[lí ½dk;r,fzGJUum
trJypfoGm;&müvnf; wpfcgw&H vdkufwwfavonf/
wpfBudrüf armifxeG ;f ausmo f nf wynfw h pfa,mufEiS thf wl trJvu kd x
f u G o f mG ;pOf
armifxeG ;f vSrmS rvdu k bf J rcifapmylqmojzifh awmyef;rsm;udk cl;ay;&if; vQKd wpfct k wGi;f ü
use&f pfc\
hJ / opfiw k wf wkd pfcak y:odYkwufum csKH ay:wGiEf , G v
f su&f adS om yef;rsm;udk cl;aepOf
reD;ra0;rS acsa[mufoHwpfoHudk Mum;vdkuf&ojzifh rcifapmonf opfikwfwdkodkY ckefí
wufvdkufNyD;vQif ... ]]tpfudkav; vkyfygOD; ... vkyfygOD;}} [kqdkum armifxGef;vStm;
zufxm;vdkuf\/
xdtk csed üf rcifapmrSm qHyifukd qHNrdww f cJG sum awmyef;rsm;udk OD;acgif;ü uydu k ½dk
yefqifvsuf yg;vTmaysmhajymif;aom t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfxm;\/ oeyfcg;ESifh
aygif'geHYrsm;uvnf; wpfudk,fvHk; woif;oif; BudKifvsuf&Sd\/
]]rcifapm}}
]]&Sif ... tpfudkav;}}
]]raMumufygeJY tpfudkav; &Sdygw,f ... acsa[mufwmyg}}
]][ifhtif; ... aMumufw,f tpfudkav;}}
]]rcifapm[m bmjzpfvdkY 'DavmufvS&wmvJ[if}}
]]rvSygbl;}}
]]vSygw,fAsm/ vSwmrS odyfudkvSwmyJ}}
]]vTwfygtpfudkav;&JU}}
]]aeygOD; ... tpfudkav;eJY tpfudkBuD; b,folYcspfovJ}}
]]ESpfa,mufvHk; cspfwmyJ}}
]]tpfudkBuD;aum cspfw,fvm;}}
]]cspfwmyJ ... vTwfyg tpfudkav;&JU}}
]][ifhtif; ... rvTwfbl; ... cspfw,fajymrS}}
]]cspfygw,f ajymaerSyJ}}
armifxeG ;f vSonf onf;rcHEikd af wmhbJ rcifapm\ Ekxw G af om yg;jyifEpS b f ufukd
MuLMuLarTG;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemufrS vTwfvkdufonf/ xdkxufydkíum; wpfpHkwpf&m

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 144

usL;vGefapmfum;jcif;r&Sdacs/
Ä Ä Ä

yxrü rcifapmudk *½krpdu k af om armifxeG ;f ausmo f nf armifxeG ;f vSEiS hf rcifapm

wdkY wyl;wGJwGJ aeonfudk jrif&aomtcg remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm; ay:aygufvmawmh\/
rcifapmu armifxeG ;f vStm; pm;aomufz, G rf pS í wpfpwkH pf&m ay;urf;onfukd jrif&aom
tcg armifxGef;ausmfonf cufxefaomrsufESmjzifh wpfaphwpfapmif; Munhfwwf\/
rcifapmtay:wGif omrefred ;f uav;wpfa,mufrQom oabmxm;cJah om armifxeG ;f ausmf
\ arwåmpdwfonf remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;\ vHIUaqmfrIaMumifh wpfaeYwpfjcm; &ifhoefvm
awmh\/
rcifapm\ rsufvHk;rsm;uvnf; i,f&G,fEkysKdí ½kyf&nfoem;urm;&Sdaom
armifxeG ;f vStm; ausmv f eG u
f m Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;&Sad om armifxeG ;f ausmt f m; Munf½h \ I /
tcspfpdwfwdkYrnfonf El;nHhodrfarGUaom oabm&Sdonf rSefaomfvnf; wpfcgw&H
Murf;wrf;jcif;udk vdv k m; ESpof ufwwf\/ rde;f rwdYk \ tcspEf iS hf rde;f rwdYk \ y&d,m,fum;
eufeJ½HkrQru xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fvSay\/
þodkYjzifh ,cifu tvGefcspfcifaom nDtpfudkESpfa,mufwdkYonf wpfOD;wnf;
aom rdef;uav;tay:wGif NydKifwlcspfcifrdMuonfhtwGuf cyfwef;wef; cyfpdrf;pdrf;
&SdaecJh\/ odkYaomf ESpfa,mufpvHk;yif rdef;uav;\ tcspfudk twif;t"r® vk,ljcif;
wnf;[laom usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif; r&SdMuacs/
wpfaeYü rcifapmonf v,fwJrS OD;OD;zsm;zsm;xGufaom aumufopfqef
tenf;i,fESifh NcHrSxGufaom [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk ajrydkif&Sif OD;bdk;ajymif;xH vmí
ydkYvm\/ tjyefwGif aetenf;i,fusNyDjzpfí OD;bdk;ajymif;u armifxGef;vStm;
vdkufíydkYaponf/
NrdKUrSxGufí v,fwpfuGufausmfcefY a&mufaomtcg ESpfa,mufpvHk; pum;
rajymbJ vmcJh&mrS armifxGef;vSu pwifí ...
]]aMomf ... 'gxuf ... tckvkd ESpaf ,mufcsi;f awGUwJt h cku d f rcifapmudk ar;&OD;r,f
[dk ...}}
]]bmrsm;vJ tpfudkav;&JU txdwfwvefY}}
]]xdwfp&m r[kwfygbl;av ... xdwfp&mqdk&ifvnf; tpfudkav; rar;ygbl;/
tpfudkav;eJY tpfudkBuD;udk b,folYudk cspfovJ}}
]]ESpfa,mufvHk; cspfwmcsnf;yJ}}
]]td k ... 'D [ m rjzpf E d k i f b l ; / tpf u d k B uD ; ud k c spf & if vH k ; vH k ; cspf & r,f /
tpfudkav;udkcspf&ifvnf; vHk;vHk;cspf&r,f/ 'grS jzpfEdkifw,f}}
]]r[kww f m tpfuakd v;&,f/ bmjzpfvYkd rjzpfEikd &f rSmvJ/ tpfuakd v;vnf; wpfrsKd ;?
tpfudkBuD;vnf; wpfrsdK; cspfwmaygh}}
]]tpfudkav;udk b,fvdkcspfyHkvJ}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 145

]]tpfuakd v;u EkEek ,fe,f vSvyS yr[kwv f m;/ 'Dawmh tpfuakd v;udk cspw
f maygh}}
]]tpfudkBuD;udkaum}}
]]oluawmh Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;BuD; r[kwfvm;/ NyD;awmh crsm vufESpfzuf
tarT;trQiaf wG aygufaeawmh vlxrJ 0if0ahH tmif jzpfae&Smw,f/ 'D[mawGawG;NyD; cifawmh
olYudk oem;wmyJ}}
]]oem;wmyJvm;/ cspfaumcspfovm;}}
]]cspfvnf;cspfwmyJ}}
]]olYvufBuD;udk raMumufbl;vm;}}
]]raMumufaygif ... bmjzpfvdkY aMumuf&rSmvJ/ vufcHkay:rSm tarT;trQifawG
aygufaewmeJY aMumuf&rSmvm;}}
]]'gjzifhvnf; aumif;ygav&JUAsm ... aeygOD;/ 'DESpfa,mufxJu wpfa,mufudk
a&G;NyD;,l&r,fqdk&if cif b,folYudk a&G;rvJ}}
]]'Dxdawmh rcifapm rpOf;pm;&ao;bl; tpfudkav;/ ESpfa,mufpvHk; ynmwwf?
NrdKUom;? vl½dk;? vlaumif;? *kPfoa&&Sd rdbu arG;vmwm trSefawmh cifwdkYeJYawmif
rwefbl;}}
]]ajymygOD;av/ tpfudkav;ar;wm tqHk;txd rajzao;ygbl;}}
]]ajzNyD;ygNyD tpfudkav;&JU/ 'Dtxd rcifapm rpOf;pm;&ao;bl;vdkY/ tpfudkav;
udv k nf; wpfrsdK;cspfwmyJ/ tpfuBkd uD;udv k nf; wpfrsdK;oem;wmyJ/ a[m ... pum;ajym&if;
&GmwHcg;awmif a&mufvmNyD}}
]]jyefawmhr,f rcifapm}}
]]&GmxJr0ifawmhbl;vm; tpfudkav;&JU}}
]]r0ifawmhbl;av rdk;vnf;csKyfNyD}}
]]udkif; 'gjzifhvnf; jyefayawmh tpfudkav;}}
tdrfodkY jyefa&mufaomtcgüum; ae0ifNyDjzpfí tawmfyif arSmifíaeavNyD/
armifxeG ;f vSonf tdraf y:odYk wufrnfjyKpOf avScg;&if;ü wpfpw kH pf&mu aemufrS
Murf;wrf;pGm qGJvdkufouJhodkY vefí ygoGm;\/ olESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif &yfaeolum;
armifxGef;ausmfyif jzpfavonf/
ausmf/ / ]]a[haumif ... rif; bmvlyg;0wmvJ ... [if}}
vS/ / ]]uRefawmf bmvkyfvdkYvJ ... tpfudkBuD;}}
]]atmifr,f ... rif;vkyfwm rif;rodbl;vm;}}
]]rodygbl; tpfudkBuD;&,f ... uRefawmft[kwfrodygbl;Asm}}
]]cifapmudk wpfvrf;vHk; rif; bmawG avQmufajymoGm;wmvJ}}
]]tazu vdkuftydkYcdkif;vdkY ydkYwmyg tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]ig tukefodw,f em;vnfvm;/ [dkudkomZHwdkY v,fuGufab; tkef;ESJyif
uav;atmufrSmawmif cPxdkifaeMuao;w,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]armvdkY cPem;aeMuwmyg tpfudkBuD;&,f}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 146

]]rif;wdkY bmvkyfvkyf ig tukefodw,f em;vnfvm;/ aemuf 'Daumifrav;udk

rif; &D;wD;,m;wm; rvkyfeJY/ olu igh&nf;pm;? ig olYudk,lr,f ... rif; rodbl; [kwfp}}
]]rodygbl; tpfudkBuD;&,f}}
]]udkif;uG,f tckodNyDr[kwfvm; ... udkif; ... udkif; ... [if ...}}
armifxeG ;f ausmof nf armifxeG ;f vS\ vnfyif;udk ol\vufrnf;BuD;ESpb f ufjzifh
zspn
f p§ v
f su&f &dS m armifxeG ;f vSrmS tm;tifrrQ½rkH Qomru ½kww f &uf wdu k cf u
kd jf cif;cH&ojzifh
aemufodkY yufvufvefum vJusoGm;av\/ xdktcsdefü OD;bdk;ajymif;rSm uHtm;avsmfpGm
vrf;avQmuf&mrS jyefvmcdu k Bf uHKojzifh aemufxyf vnfrsKd ukd tay:rSp;D í n§p&f ef tm;xkwf
vsuf&adS om armifxeG ;f ausmf\ vufrsm;udk Budrw f w
k af umufEiS hf wpfcsuf ½du k v f u kd af om
tcgrS armifxeG ;f ausm\ f vufrsm;rSm wjznf;jznf; uGmíusomG ;NyD;vQif armifxeG ;f vStm;
vTwfvdkufavonf/
OD;bdk;ajymif;onf armifxGef;ausmftm; EIwfjzifhom qHk;rpum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif
armifxGef;vSudk wGJ,lNyD;aemuf tdrfay:odkY ydkYav\/ xdknOfhtzdkY armifxGef;vSaomf
vnf;aumif;? OD;bd;k ajymif;aomfvnf;aumif; armifxeG ;f ausm\ f rsuEf mS udk rjrif&awmhacs/
Ä Ä Ä

armifxeG ;f vSrmS vnfyif;wGif zspnf p§ jf cif;cH&aom 'Pf&m rjyif;xefvaS omfvnf;

armifxGef;ausmf\ vufonf;rsm; ukwfjcpfrdaom ae&mrsm;rS aoG;rsm;yifpdkYvmojzifh
xrif;csufaom rde;f rBuD;u aq;rsm;jzifh odyef ,fay;&\/ odYk aomf xl;qef;yHrk mS aoG;pdYk í
aeaom vufonf;'Pf&mrsm;udk aq;xnfhaomtcg yifhulrQifrsm;uJhodkY trQifrsm;
armifxGef;vS\ vnfyif;ü &pfywfaeonfudk xrif;csufrdef;rBuD;rSm awGU&jcif;
jzpfavonf/
aemufwpfaeYü armifxeG ;f ausmfonf armifxeG ;f vS tcef;xJoYkd 0ifvmNyD;aemuf
armifxGef;vS\ vufESpfbufudk ol\ vufBuD;rsm;jzifh ,k,pGm udkifqGJvsuf ...
]]tpfudkBuD; rSm;rdNyD nDav;&,f ... tpfudkBuD; rSm;wm onf;cHaemf ...}}
]]armifxeG ;f vSonf OD;acgif;udk iHYk íaeavonf/ armifxeG ;f ausmfrmS rsuf&nfrsm;
0dkif;um aemifw&[ef vu©Pm&Sdavonf/ xdkYaemuf wpfpHkwpf&mudk owd&[efjzifh
vufESpfzufudk jyefí½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/
armifxGef;ausmfonf rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vsuf&Sd&mrS rsuf&nfrsm;vnfvmvsuf
...
]]pdwfqdk;vm; nDav; tpfudkBuD; awmif;yefygw,fuG,f}}
]]rqdk;ygbl;}}
]]at;uG,f 'Dvdk Mum;&rS tpfudkBuD; pdwfcsrf;omawmhw,f/ raeYnuwnf;u
tpfuBkd uD; aemifw&aerdw,f/ 'geJY pdwn f pfnpf&v dS Ykd rl;atmifaomufNyD; tzefacgufqq
JG ikd f
rSm tdyfaysmfoGm;wm ckreufrS xjyefvmcJhw,f}}
]]uRefawmf pdwfausygNyD tpfudkBuD;}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 147

]]tif; ... rdef;rpdwfrsm; w,fqdk;wmyJaemf ... NyD;awmh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf

twGufeJY nDtpfudkESpfa,muf 'DvdkjzpfMuw,fqdkwm vlMum;vdkYvnf; raumif;ygbl;/
tpfudkBuD; aemifw&ygNyDnDav; tpfudkBuD;aemifw&NyD}}
]]aemifw&wmawmh [kwfyg&JU ... uRefawmhfvnfyif;jzifh tpfudkBuD; vufonf;
&mBuD;awG'Pf renf;cHvdkuf&w,f}}
]][kwfwmayghuG,f ... trSefu tpfudkBuD;pdwfu 'DavmufygvSwm r[kwfbl;/
ykwf½Hkcwf½Hk xdk;½HkBudwf½HkavmufyJ/ a&SUu vufBuD;ESpfbufqGJ&m ygoGm;&wmudk;uGJU}}
]]b,fvdkygwmvJ tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]tpfudkBuD;vufarmif;ESpfbufu a&SUu tarT;awGeJY vuf0g;BuD; qGJaqmif&m
ygoGm;&wm ... nDav; ... 'gaMumifh 'Dvufrnf;BuD;ESpfck[m ... tpfudkBuD;&JU udk,ft*Fg
tpdwftydkif; r[kwfygbl;vdkY tpfudkBuD; ajymwmaygh}}
]]tpfudkBuD;ajymwm uRefawmf em;rvnfygbl; tpfudkBuD;&,f}}
]],ifrbJa,mif;BuD; vufESpfacsmif;eJY n§yfowfvdkufrdwm nDav;jrif
w,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]jrifwmaygh tpfudkBuD;&JU uRefawmfhrsufpdatmufwifyJ}}
]]tJ'g tpfudkBuD;u vkyf&wm r[kwfbl;}}
]]tpfudkBuD; rvkyf&if b,folu vkyfwmvJ}}
]]'DvufBuD;ESpb f ufu vkyw f maygh/ ,ifaumifem;&if zrf;csiw f ,f? yd;k [yfawGU&if
vdkufcsifw,f/ ydk;aumif? rTm;aumifqdk&if vufacsmif;awG[m tvdkvdkae&if; vIyf&Sm;
aewmyJ}}
]]xl;qef;vdkufav tpfudkBuD;&,f/ uRefawmfjzifh 'DwpfcgyJ Mum;zl;w,f}}
]]tck rif;vnfyif;udk 'Davmuf ematmifn§pfwmvnf; tpfudkBuD; r[kwfbl;
... trSeaf wmh 'DvufBuD;ESpb f ufy/J 'gaMumifh tpfuBkd uD; ajymwmaygh/ b0u 0dygu0#fyJ
xifyg&JU nDav;&,f/ r[kwu f mrSvaJG &m tpfuBkd uD;[m yifu
h bl 0ursm; vmava&mhvm;
rajymwwfbl;}}
]]BuHBuHzefzef tpfudkBuD;&,f ... vufcHkrSm tarT;xlwmeJY yifhulb0uvmwm
jzpfrSmvm;}}
]]NyD;awmhvnf; wpfcgwav 'DtaMumif;awG awG;NyD; udk,fhtjzpfqdk;BuD;udk
pOf;pm;&if tdyfvdkufwJhtcgrsm; tpfudkBuD;[m [dkawmBuD;awmifBuD;xJ a&mufoGm;NyD;
tpfuBkd uD;tem;rSm &G&G &G&eG YJ oGm;vmaevdu k wf m tr,fav; awmyifu h Bl uD;awG renf;yg
bl;/ 1 rdkufavmuf? 1 xGmavmuf? wpfcsdKU Aef;uav;avmufawmif &Sdw,f/ tpfudkBuD;
ud, k rf mS vnf; yifu h rl Qiaf wG &pfywfvYkd tJ'vD akd e&wm tpfuBkd uD;rSm odyaf ysmwf myJ/ tpfukd
BuD; tdyf&mu vefYEdk;wJhtcg tdyf&mab;awmif a,mifNyD; vufeJY prf;Munhfrdao;w,f/
'gaMumifh tpfudkBuD; ajymwmaygh}}
]]pdwfpGJvdkY r[kwfu [kwfu avQmufrufaewmyg tpfudkBuD;&,f}}
]]aMomf ... 'gxuf nDav;udk wpfckar;&OD;r,f/ nDav;eJY tapmeJY vGefvGef

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 148

usL;usL; cspfaeMuNyDvm;}}
]]vGefvGefusL;usL; [kwfp ... tpfudkBuD; ... bk&m;pl;&ygap&JU tpfudkBuD;&,f/
vGefvGefusL;usL;vnf; rcspfbl;/ uRefawmf usdefajym&if ,HkygtpfudkBuD;}}
]],Hkygw,fuG,f}}
]]uRefawmf cspfrdwmawmh trSefyJ tpfudkBuD;/ EdkYayr,fh uRefawmf aemufqkwf
ay;Edkifygw,f}}
]]wu,fvm; nDav; ... [if ... wu,fvm;}}
]]wu,frubl; tpfudkBuD;a&U ... q,fcgjyef avmif;0Hhao;w,f}}
]]aumif;ygavhuG,f ... ighnD oabmxm;BuD;ygayw,f}}
]]rcifapmu tpfudkBuD;udk cspfygw,f tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]tvdk bk&m;a& Mum;om;rdk;BudK; ... [kwf&JUvm;uG,f nDav;/ rif; wu,f
ajymwmvm; ... [if}}
]]wu,fajymwmyg tpfudkBuD;&JU/ uRefawmf vdrfrajymwwfygbl;}}
]]rif; b,fvdkvkyfNyD; odovJ}}
]]olYyg;pyfu zGifhajymvdkY odwmaygh tpfudkBuD;&JU}}
]]xl;qef;vSouG,f ... EGJUEGJUaESmif;aESmif;eJY rif;om;½kyfaygufaewJhvludk ausmfNyD;
bDv;l obufvkd vufrnf;BuD;eJYvu l rkd sm; BudKufw,fqw kd m tpfuBkd uD;jzifh ighnaD jymvdYkom
,Hk&w,f ... udkif; ighnD tpfudkBuD; rSm;rdwm pdwfr&SdeJYaemf/ tpfudkBuD; awmif;yef&atmif
tckvmcJhwm}}
]]uRefawmf pdwfrqdk;wwfygbl; tpfudkBuD;&,f}}
Ä Ä Ä

tcsed u
f m; wa&GUa&GU ukev f eG cf \hJ / wpfEpS rf Q MumNyD;aemuf xdw k pfEpS cf efYrQ tcsed f
twGif;wGif jzpfysufcJhonfh tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; renf;vSacs/
armifxGef;vSonf yJcl;NrdKUwGif ajrwdkif;tifpydwfawmf tjzpfjzifh tvkyf
vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd\/ rMumrD OD;bdk;ajymif;vnf; ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJh&m usef&Sdaom
ypön;f rsm;udk nDtpfuEkd pS af ,mufwYkd cGjJ crf;,lMu\/ odYk aomf armifxeG ;f ausmfu v,fEiS hf
tdrfudk ,lNyD;vQif aiGom;ESifh a&Txnf? vuf0wfvufpm; paom ypönf;rsm;udk wpfNrdKUodkY
ajymif;a&TUaexdik &f aom armifxeG ;f vSu &&S\ d / þodYk jzifh ypön;f cGaJ 0jcif;trIukd a&SUaeBuD;
wpfOD;\ tultnDjzifh ½Hk;odkYra&mufbJ at;csrf;pGm NyD;pD;oGm;cJh\/
armifxGef;vS jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf ESpfvtwGif;üyif armifxGef;ausmfonf
v,form;\ orD; rcifapmtm; t&yfxrJ S vlBuD; av;?ig;a,mufukd yifzh w d u f m awmif;
&rf;,lvdkufawmh\/
vufxyfNyD;aemuf oHk;vcefYMumaomtcg armifxGef;vSonf wpfaeYaom
naeapmif;ü tdraf &SUcef;wGi&f pdS Of t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESihf ½ky&f nftawmftwef
cefYnm;aom vlwpfa,mufonf tdrfxJodkY 0ifcGifhawmif;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;vSESifh

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 149

awGUvdkygaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
]]armifxGef;vSqdkwm uRefawmfygyJ/ bmudpö &SdvdkYygvJcifAsm}}
]]cifAsm; Zmwdu jzL;ur[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]'gaMumifh jzL;u taMumif;uav; enf;enf;yg;yg; pHpk rf;csiv f Ykd a&mufvmwmyJ}}
xdkolonf tay:tusÐtem;ywfwGif twGif;rSwyfxm;aom tpdk;&pHkaxmuf
wHqdyfudk armifxGef;vS jrifap&ef tusÐtem;ywfudk rodromvSefvdkufNyD;aemuf jyefí
zHk;vdkuf\/
]]ar;ygcifAsm ar;yg? uRefawmfodwmawmh ajzzdkY toifhygyJ}}
]]cifAsm; yifpifwef;u OD;bdk;ajymif;&JUom; r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]udkxGef;ausmfqdkwm cifAsm;&JU tpfudk [kwfp}}
]]rSefygw,f}}
]]cifAsm; jzL;u bmowif;rS rMum;ao;bl;vm;}}
]]rMum;ao;ygbl;cifAsm}}
]]tJ'D rcifapm ao&SmNyDAs/ olYa,mufsm;u owfvdkY}}
]]tpfuBkd uD;uowfw,f ... [kwpf ... rjzpfEikd yf gbl; xifyg&JUcifAsm ... ol'aD vmuf
r&ufpufwefaumif;ygbl; ...}}
]]olYrdef;r vnfrsdKudk n§pfowfw,f/ cifAsm;tpfudkBuD;[m tawmf&ufpufwJh
vlwpfa,mufyJ ...}}
]]EdkY olaum ... olYudk zrf;xm;NyDvm;}}
]]tpteawmif &SmrawGUbl;/ xGufajy;NyD/ 'gaMumifh olb,fudk oGm;wwfw,f
qdkwm odvdkodjim; cifAsm;udk vmar;wmygyJcifAsm ...}}
]]b,f u d k o G m ;wwf w ,f q d k w m uRef a wmf rod y gbl ; cif A sm/ uRef a wmf
jzL;rSmaewkef;uawmh awmifay:oGm;? aoewfypfMu? awmvnfxGufMu 'D[mygyJcifAsm
...}}
]]awmvnfoGm;wmawG? aoewfypfwmawGawmh rajymygbl;Asm/ oloGm;NyD;
yk e f ; atmif ; Ed k i f w J h a e&m? b,f a e&moG m ;wwf w ,f ? vmwwf w ,f ? b,f N rd K UrS m
aqGrsdK;nmwd&Sdw,f 'D[majymwmyg}}
]]'D[muawmh uRefawmfwdkYrSm b,frSmu aqGrsKd;nmwd r&Sdygbl;cifAsm; ...
‘Dom;tboHk;a,muf jzL;NrdKUudk ajymif;vmuwnf;u b,fudkrSvnf; ra&mufbl;cifAs/
jzL;NrdKUrSmyJ at;at;csrf;csrf; aeMuwmygyJ ...}}
pHak xmuf tifpywfawmfonf twefMum awGa0pOf;pm;vsu&f adS v\/ xdYk aemuf
wpfpHkwpf&mudk pOf;pm;rdonfh[efjzifh ...
]]cifAsm;tpfudk trIuawmh tawmfqef;wJh trIyJAsdKU}}
]]b,fvdk qef;yHkvJcifAs ajymprf;ygOD;}}

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 150

]]rcifapmvnfrsdK wpfbufwpfcsufrSm vufig;acsmif;&mBuD;awG rubl;As/

vnfyif;wpfckvHk;rSm yifhulrQifawGvdkvdk? ydk;rQifawGvdkvdk &pfywfaewm renf;ygbl;Asm
... awGU&w,f/ aq;bufua&m "mwkaA'bufua&m 'DtrQiaf wG[m bmaumifuxGuw f hJ
trQifawGqdkwm rajymEdkifbl;}}
rdrvd nfrsKd udk armifxeG ;f ausmf zspn f p§ of nfn
h u vnfyif;rS 'Pf&mudk yd;k rQiu
f o
hJ Ykd
trQifrsm; &pfywfaeonfudk xrif;csufrdef;rBuD;u ajymzl;aMumif;udk jyefí owd&rd\/
]][kwfw,f ... w,fxl;qef;wmyJ}}
]]xl;qef;wmayghAsm ... usKyfpHkaxmufbufrSm tvkyfvkyfvmwm 16 ESpf&SdNyD/
'Dvdk[mrsdK; wpfcgrS rawGUzl;bl; ... 'gxuf ol b,fudk oGm;vdrfhr,f xifw,fqdkwJh
taMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD; wpfpHkwpf&m xifjrifcsufawmh ray;Edkifbl; qdkygawmh}}
]]ray;Edik b
f ;l Asm ... trSeaf jym&rSmjzifh uReaf wmfwYkdtaz raocifuwnf;u 'Dred ;f r
eJY ywfoufNyD; nDtpfuckd si;f cyfwef;wef;jzpfcw hJ ,fcifAs/ tarGcaJG wmhvnf; olu v,fawG
eJY tdrfudk,l? uRefawmfu aiGom;,lNyD; tdrfu qif;vmcJhw,f}}
]]atmf ... 'Dvdkudk; ... 'gxuf cifAsm;wdkY nDtpfudkt&if; r[kwfbl;qdk}}
]]r[kwfygbl;cifAsm? wpf0rf;uGJyg ... EdkYayr,fh av;ESpfom;uwnf; tazu
om;t&if;vdk olYudk arG;pm;vmcJhygw,f}}
Ä Ä Ä

pHkaxmufjyefoGm;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;vSonf tpfudkjzpfol armifxGef;ausmf\

xl;qef;aomb0udkvnf;aumif;? ol\ pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,faumif;aom tarT;trQifrsm;
xlxyfonfh vufBuD;ESpfbuftaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? awmBuD;awmifBuD;rsm;xJwGif
awmyifhulBuD;rsm;ESifh twlae&onf[k rMumcP tdyfrufrufwwfonf[kajymaom
armifxeG ;f ausm\ f pum;rsm;udv k nf;aumif;? aemufq;kH ol tm;tifxw k fí vufEpS b f uf
jzifh zspfn§pf&mwGif xdkzspfn§pfjcif;cH&aom t&m0w¬Kü yifhulrQifuJhodkY tvGefEl;nHhaom
trQifrsm; &pfywfaeonfudk awGU&jcif;rSm ,if;uJhodkY tm;tifxkwfí zspfn§pf&mwGif
¤if;\vufrS yd;k aumifuo hJ Ykd trQifrsm; xGuaf voavm ponftm;jzifh txufyg tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk qufpyfawG;awmvsuf &Sdav\/
okdYESifh aemufwpfaeYü armifxGef;vSonf aoewfESifh awmxGufaom t0wf
tpm;rsm;udk ,lcJhNyD;vQif jzL;NrdKUodkY tqefpmydkY&xm;jzifh vdkufvmcJh&m nae 6 em&DwGif
qdu
k af &mufav\/ rdrad &mufvmonfukd vlord nfp;kd ojzifh Adv k wf üJ ½kyzf suwf nf;cdNk yD;aomf
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf a0vDa0vif;wGif pm;aomuf&ef tpm;tpmtenf;i,fESifh a&bl;udk
tdwfwGifxnfhí taemufbuf awmifajcodkY xGufcJh\/
uRrJ ul;&Gm Z&yfwiG f acwåtyef;ajzí awmifuw kd ufav&m 8 em&Dcw JG iG f bke;f awmf
BuD;ausmif;pcef;odYka&mufí ausmif;udrk Q r0ifbJ qkawmif;jynfb h &k m;av;&S&d m awmifxyd o f Ykd
wufcJh\/ xdkYaemuf bk&m;udk 0wfjyKNyD;vQif ukef;awmf&ifjyifü acwåtarmtyef;
ajzNyD;aemuf bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rS taemufajrmufpl;pl;odkY oGm;aom vrf;twdkif;

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 151

vkdufavonf/
xdkae&m&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm awmifatmuf&Sd &Gmrsm;rS 0g;ckwfxif;acGoGm;aom vrf;
uav;rsm;omjzpfí twefMum oGm;rdvwfaomf armifxeG ;f vSonf ajrmufp;l pl;odYkomG ;aom
vrf;twdkif; vdkufoGm;av\/ xdkvrf;rSm txuf&Sd awmifxdyfrsm;qDrS 0g;rsm;udk wpfpk
wnf; aESmifzUJG um pGyzf m;rsm;uJo h Ykd uRrJ sm;jzifh zH;k aeouJo h Ykd &So d nf[k rSwx f if&aomfvnf;
eHab;wpfbufwpfcsufwGif awmeufvS\/
tcsKd Uae&mrsm;ü xdv k rf;aMumif;rSm tvGeef uf½iId ;f aom acsmufurf;yg;rsm;xdyEf iS hf
vGwf½HkrQom&Sd\/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;üum; tvGefjrifhaom csHKBuD;rsm;onf eufvSpGmaom
acsmuf\xdyfudk vrf;ESifh ydkif;jcm;xm;bdouJhodkY wnf&Sd\/
xdkae&mrsm;onfum; vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fu armifxGef;vSESifh armifxGef;
ausmw f Ykd trJvu kd af eus ae&mrsm;jzpf\/ awmifp, G wf pfcEk iS w
hf pfcMk um;ü euf½iId ;f vSpmG aom
vQdKBuD;rsm;&SdMu&m awmifeH&Hrsm;wGif oyGwfESifh ql;&pfNcHKBuD;rsm; &Sdí awmifatmuf
csdKifhrsm;xJürl awmiSufaysmrsm; tavhusaygufaeMu\/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;ü vQdKatmufodkY
qif;&mvrf;r&Sdoavmufyif rwfvS\/ armifxGef;ausmfrSm vlowfrI usL;vGefNyD;aemuf
,cifu oGm;a&mufcJhzl;aom awmBudKtHkMum;odkY oGm;a&mufjcif;um; t"dyÜg,fr&Sdacs/
odkYpOfvsuf rdrdvma&muf&SmazGonfrSm rSm;avNyD[k atmufarhrd\/
armifxeG ;f vSonf aoewfukd udik u f m xdv k rf;&Sd acsmufurf;yg;tpGe;f wavQmufoYkd
owdBuD;pGmjzifh avQmufoGm;\/ awm0ufrsm;ypf&ef awmifatmufvQdKxJodkY qif;aeus
ae&mwpfckodkY a&mufaomtcg csHKwpfcsHKab;wGif t0wfpuav;wpfck wifaeonfudk
jrif&ojzifh oGm;a&mufMunhf½I&m vufudkifyk0ga[mif;wpfxnfjzpfaeonfhtjyif ¤if;rSm
armifxGef;ausmf udkifwG,foHk;pGJaeus vufudkifyk0grsdK; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&aomaMumifh
ydkítHhtm;oifhrd\/
armifxeG ;f vSonf vufuikd yf 0k guav;udk tdwx f o J Ykd xnfv
h u
kd Nf yD;vQif vQdKxJoYkd
wjznf;jznf; qif;oufcJh\/ xdkae&mü txl;ojzifh ausmufxlxyfaom ae&mjzpfí
ausmufwHk;ausmufcJrsm;onf awmifurf;yg;eH&Hüvnf;aumif;? vQdKvrf;wavQmufü
vnf;aumif;? tESHYtjym; &SdMuukef\/ atmufajc&Sd urf;yg;rsm;wGif twGif;odkY
a&vdIufípm;xm;ojzihfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfíaeaom vdIPf*lrsm;&Sd\/ xdktwGif;odkY
om;&Jwd&pämefrsm; 0ifíykef;atmif;wwfonfudk ,cifu &Hzef&Hcg awGUzl;\/ armifxGef;
ausmfonf ,cifu ola&mufzl;aom xdkausmufacgif; vdIPf*lwpfckcktwGif;ü tpdk;&
tjypf'Pfukd aMumuf&UHG ojzifh vma&mufyek ;f atmif;í aeaumif;aeayvdrrfh nf/ armifxeG ;f
vSrSm yxrü pdwfysufrdaomfvnf; csHKpyfwGif armifxGef;ausmf\ vufudkifyk0guav;udk
awGU&ojzifh rdrd\ t,ltqudk xdktcsufu wpfrsdK;wpfzHk axmufcHae\/
armifxGef;ausmfonf vlowfrI rjzpfrDuaomfvnf;aumif;? rMumao;rDu
þae&modkY a&mufvmcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;\/
vQdKatmufoYkd a&mufí teD;w0du k &f dS ausmufw;kH BuD;rsm; tMum;ESihf *luo hJ Ykd jzpfae
aom vdIPf*lESpf*loHk;*ltwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf&SmazGav\/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrsdK;rSm om;&J

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 152

wd&pämefrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;? ydk;aumifrTm;aumifrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; &Sdwwfí

armifxGef;vSonf owdxm;um vufESdyfm” wfrD;jzifh wpfckNyD;wpfck 0ifa&mufMunhf½I
avonf/
vdIPfacgif;uav; oHk;ckudk MunhfNyD;aemuf rdrdqif;cJhaom vrf;ESifh ta0;qHk;
*lwpfco k Ykd a&mufvm\/ xd*k rl mS armifxeG ;f ausmEf iS hf awm0ufrsm;vdu k cf phJ Ofu wpfBudrw f iG f
rdrw
d Ykd u, kd w f ikd f wpfem&DcefYrQ 0ifí yke;f aecJzh ;l aMumif; owd&rd\/ *l0wGif wJi,fyrmP
cef Y &S d ausmuf w H k ; BuD ; wpf w H k ; &S d & m ¤if ; *l 0 ES i f h wpf a wmif c ef Y om uG m ojzif h
twGif;odkY0ifvdkaomolonf wpfbufrS udk,fudkapmif;um usOf;usOf;MuyfMuyf
0if&avonf/
*ltwGi;f rS rnfonft h oHrQ rMum;&acs/ vQdKvrf;twGi;f wavQmufrS wdwq f w d f
vsuf wpfcgw&H ausmufxyfausmufMum;twGif;rS ydk;rTm;jrnfoHudkom oJhoJhMum;&\/
armifxeG ;f vSonf aoewfukd toif, h rf;xd;k NyD;aemuf ausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;Mum;rS twGi;f odYk
0ifoGm;av\/ *l0rSm ESpfawmifcefYrQ &SdNyD;vQif twGif;odkY us,fjyefYoGm;&m tcsdefrSm 10
em&Dausmaf usmrf Q &SNd yDjzpfí unifyifBuD;rsm;xufrS aysmufMum;wd;k 0ifvsu&f adS om aea&mif
onf *ltwGif;odkY tawmftwef vif;apvsuf &Sd\/
twefi,f 0ifrdaomtcg twGif;ü arSmifaeojzifh armifxGef;vSonf vufESdyf
"mwfr;D udk toH;k jyKum wk;d 0ifomG ;\/ vuf0b J ufüum; tjym&ifah &mif&adS om ausmufw;kH
rsm;onf rnDnmaom eH&HwGif ywfMum;tufBuD;rsm;udk jzpfapvsuf&Sd\/
xdkrSwzef *l\a&SUydkif;udk "mwfrD;jzifh xdk;Munhfí ¤if;rSwzef vuf,mbufodkY
"mwfrD;a&mifa&mufí oGm;&m armifxGef;vSonf puúefY 30 cefY tHhtm;oifhum ai;pdkuf
Munhfaerd\/ yxraomf rdrdrsufpdudkyif r,HkMunfEdkifouJhodkY &SdaeNyD;aemuf udk,fay:&Sd
arT;n§if;rsm;onfvnf; vQyfppf"mwfjzifh wdkYvdkufbdouJhodkY wpfudk,fvHk; pdrfhíoGm;\/
*lrSm twGif;wGif 15ayywfvnfcefY us,fí vuf,mbufaxmifhüum; atmufyg
xl;qef;aom ½IjrifuGif;udk awGUjrif&av\/
*l\ awmifch sKd ;eH&EH pS b
f ufwiG f 6 ayywfvnfcefYrQ&adS om yifu h t l rd Bf uD;wpfcok nf
pnfrsufESmusufxm;ouJhodkY &Sdaeav&m tay:ydkif;wGif Aef;uav;wpfcsyfrQBuD;onfh
yifhulBuD;ESpfaumif &Sdae\/ a&G;BuD;aphcefY&Sd ¤if;wdkY\ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm "mwfrD;a&mifwGif
awmufyvsu&f &dS m tarT;eufrsm;jzifh zH;k tkyv f su&f adS om vufwBH uD;rsm;onfvnf; wa&GU
a&GUvIyf&Sm;vsuf &Sdavonf/ yifhultdrftv,f&Sd ydk;tdrfBuD;rSm vifyef;uav;
wpfcsyfcefYBuD;í ¤if;rSmuyfum vlwpfa,muf\ tavmif;onf yifhulrQifrsm;jzifh
&pfywfum wGJ&&GJusvsuf &Sdaeavonf/ tavmif;um; tom;r&SdawmhbJ tay:&HrS
ta&jym;ESihf t0wftpm;rsm;u xde;f xm;ojzifo h m yHo
k P²mefrysuf &Sad eavonf/ t0wf
tpm;ESifh udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfudk jrif&jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdtpfudk udkxGef;ausmf\ tavmif;
jzpfaMumif; ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdacs/
armifxGef;vSonf vufrSvGwfusaom "mwfrD;udkyif raumufEdkifbJ *ljyifodkY
vsifjrefpGm xGufajy;avawmh\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 153

aemuf 3 &ufrQ Mumaomtcg armifxGef;vSonf tpfudk\ tavmif;udk

vQdKU0SufpGm oN*ØK[f&ef vl,HkESpfa,mufudk ac:ívmcJh&m t0wftpm;rsm;ESifh atmufodkY
yHí
k usaeaom t½d;k pkuo kd m awGU&awmh\/ yifu
h t
l rd Bf uD;ESiw
hf uG yifu
h Bl uD;ESpaf umifuu
kd m;
tpterQ rawGU&awmhacs/ armifxGef;ausmf\ ,kwfnHhaom b0jzpfpOfudkvnf;aumif;?
ol\ aoqHk;&yHkudkvnf;aumif; rcefYrSef;Edkifatmif &SdcJhavonf/

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1955 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv

Ä Ä Ä

oH o &mjyef v uf p m;

w*sKe;f *sKe;f w0ke;f 0ke;f ckwv f su&f adS om rD;&xm;oHonf wGt J wGi;f wGif qlnv H suf
&Sdavonf/ OD;atmifNzdK;onf olzwfaeaom owif;pmay:rSausmfí rsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifcHkay:wGif xdkifaeaom OD;zdk;opftm; vSrf;Munfhvdkufavonf/ OD;zdk;opfuvnf;
pl;pl;0g;0g; jyefíMunhf½I&m OD;zdk;opf\ MunhfyHkrSm rkef;wD;jcif;? avSmifajymifjcif;wdkYjzifh
>yrf;vsuf&Sd\/ wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;aMumifh vlESpfa,mufwdkYonf wpfa,mufESifh
wpfa,muf tvGerf ek ;f wD;vsuf &SMd u&m wpfem&DwiG f rdik f 40 cefY ckwv f su&f adS om þtqef
pmydYk&xm; 'kw, d wef;wGx J wJ iG rf S ESpaf ,mufom; vmíawGUqHw k wfayonf/ wGw J pfwv JG ;kH
wGif tjcm;c&D;onfrsm; r&Sd olwdkYESpfa,mufom&Sdí xdkwGJrsdK;rSm wjcm;wGJrsm;ESifh wpfpHk
wpf&m ul;oef;oGm;vmEdkifaom tquftoG,f r&Sdacs/
ae&mrSm &efukefrS rdkifwdkiftm;jzifh 98rdkifa0;aom ]]awmf0d}}blwmESifh 104rdkif
rQa0;aom ]]ydef;Zvkwf}}blwm pyfMum;wGifjzpf\/ xdkae&mü rD;&xm;vrf;ESifh eHab;
wpfbufwpfcsu&f dS &Gmrsm;onf &xm;vrf;ESihf tawmfa0;aomaMumifh aomif;use;f olwYkd\
&efudk pdk;&drf&ojzifh þuJhodkY wpfem&DvQif tenf;qHk; rdkif 30 rS 40 cefYtxd ckwfarmif;
aejcif; jzpfavonf/
OD;atmifNzdK;onf owif;pmzwf[ef raqmifEdkifawmhbJ eHab;xdkifcHkay:okdY
owif;pmudk jzefYvsuo f m; csxm;vdu k &f m OD;zd;k opftMunfEh iS hf wnfwh nfBh uD; rsuvf ;kH csi;f
qHkrdavonf/
OD;zdk;opfonf tom;vwfí t&yfjrifholwpfa,mufjzpf\/ qHyifrSm tcsdKU
ae&mrsm;ü jzLqGwfaeNyD;vQif ol\ yg;ESifh em;xifESpfzufrSm tawmftwef csdKifh0ifvsuf
&Sd\/ ½kyf&nf oem;urm;&Sd\/
OD;atmifNzdK;rSm OD;zdk;opfxuf 3 vufrcefY edrfh\/ tenf;i,f Adkuf&TJí
wkwfcdkifaom udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf&SdNyD;vQif tom;ndK\/ 0wfyHk?pm;yHk? [eftrlt&mrSpí
OD;zdk;opfuJhodkY odkodyf oyf&yfjcif;r&SdbJ jzpfovdk 0wfpm;aexdkifolwpfa,mufESifhwl\/
OD;zdk;opfESifh EdIif;pmvQif Murf;wrf;[ef&Sdí trSefvnf; i,fpOfu tvkyfMurf;vkyfcJhzl;ol
v,form; v,f&Sifwpfa,muf jzpfavonf/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 154

OD;atmifNzdK;rSm pdwx
f rJ S onf;rcHEikd af vmufatmif jzpfvm\/ odYkaomf OD;zd;k opfu
pum;pí ajymavonf/
opf/ / ]]cifAsm; usKyfrsufESmudk Munhf&wm pdwfrcsrf;ombl;xifw,f/
a&S ; u[mawG u d k arh v k d u f y gAsm/ 12 vqd k w J h t csd e f [ m enf ; wmr[k w f y gbl ; /
arhavmufygNyD}}
NzdK;/ / ]] 12 vr[kwfbl; 12 ESpfMumvnf; usKyfrarhbl;/ cifAsm;todqHk;yJ/
usKyf[m 15ESpfvHk;vHk; oleJYaygif;NyD; pdwfcsrf;omcJhw,f ... tJ'D pdwfcsrf;omrIudk twif;
"m;jywdkuf,lwm b,folvJ ... cifAsm;yJr[kwfvm; ... 'Dr,f OD;zdk;opf? cifAsm;udk
usKyfowfNyD;rS usKyf pdwfcsrf;omr,f odvm;}}
OD;zdk;opfu twefi,fNyHK;vdkuf\/ OD;atmifNzdK;rSm a'goxGufaeoljzpfí rdrd
aumif;pGm Edkifeif;EdkifaMumif; ,HkMunfNyD; jzpfavonf/
opf/ / ]]pdwfcsrf;omrI [kwfp ... tJ'gu pdwfwpfckygyJAsm ... pdwfu csrf;om
atmif aewwf&if csrf;omwmyJ}}
NzdK;/ / ]]usKyfu awmom; v,form;ayr,fh ydkufqH&SdwJhvlAs}}
]]at;av ... &Sdw,fyJ xm;ygawmh}}
]]cifAsm;awmh b,fawmhrS ydu k q
f cH srf;omr,fv h rl [kwb f ;l / cifAsm; b,favmuf
½H;I aew,fqw kd m usKyof w
d ,f/ jrif;avmif;? zJ½u kd v f yk af ewJv h u l wm&Snf csr;f omyghrvm;/
cifAsm; b,favmuf½HI;aevdkY b,fvdkaygifESHxm;&w,fqdkwm usKyftm;vHk;odw,f}}
OD;zdk;opfonf wHawG;udk BudK;pm;í rsdKcsvdkuf\/ rdrdtm; OD;atmifNzdK;u pGyfpGJ
vdkufaom tcsufrSm rSefuefojzifh tb,fenf;jzifh OD;atmifNzdK; odonfudk rpOf;pm;Edkif
atmif &Sdav\/ odkYESifh OD;atmifNzdK;tm; rouFmaom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh aMumuf&GHUpGm
Munhf½Ivsuf &Sdavonf/ OD;atmifNzdK;u wnfNidrfaom toHjzifh qufvufí ...
]]'Dr,f OD;zdk;opf usKyfu tBuHeJYvlAs/ cifAsm;udk apmifhMunfhaew,f/ cifAsm;
vkyfwmudkifwmawGtm;vHk; usKyfodw,f/ cifAsm; b,favmuf½HI;aew,f? cifAsm;
ypön;f awGukd b,foYlqrD mS b,favmufeYJ aygifxm;w,fqw kd m aiG 100dxuf ydrk uGmatmif
usKyfajymEdkifw,f}}
OD;zdk;opf\ rsufESmrSm jzLzwfjzLavsmf jzpfoGm;\/ OD;atmifNzdK;\ pum;rsm;udk
rdrd ta&;rpdkuf[efvkyfum pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;n§dí aomufvdkuf\/
opf/ / ]]tJ'geJYyJ usKyfudk owfcsi&f ovm;Asm ... bmqdik o f vJ/ usKyfukd owf&if
cifAsm;vnf; aorSmaygh/ BudK;pifrmS ao&w,fqw kd m oufomw,fxifovm;/ 0#frmS tNrJ
i&JtywJh q&mBuD;}}
NzdK;/ / ]]usKyfodw,f/ usKyfudk w&m;a[mp&mrvdkbl;/ usKyfraocif cifAsm;
cH&wm jrifcsifw,f/ usKyfrdef;r cH&ovdkaygh/ usKyfrdef;rudk cifAsm;yJowfwm}}
OD;zdk;opfonf [uf[ufyufyuf &,fvdkuf\/ odkYaomf tawmfyif BudK;pm;í
&,f&avonf/
]]olaocgeD; cHpm;&w,f [kwfp/ cifAsm;ajymyHku usKyf owfovdkudk;As/ 'Dr,f

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 155

udkatmifNzdK;&JU ol usKyfqDudk jyefvmwm cifAsm;udk NiD;aiGUvdkYaygh/ [m; ... [m; ...}}

OD;zdk;opfonf pD;u&ufudk tm;yg;w&zGmvsuf rD;cdk;rsm;udk rIwfxkwfvdkuf\/
rD;cd;k rsm;onf jywif;aygufrS 0ifvmaom aea&mifwiG f vSyaom ta&miftrsdK;rsdK;jzpfum
ysHUvGiv hf suf &Sad v\/ OD;atmifNzdK;onf xdck Pü ZeD;jzpfol rrBuD;\ rsufEmS udk uGucf eJ
jyefí jrifa,mifNyD;vQif olESifh aysmf&TifpGm aygif;oif;cJh&aom 15 ESpfwmrQ b0c&D;udk
jyefí owd&rd\/ olYtm; pGefYypfí OD;zdk;opfaemufodkY vdkufoGm;onfh tjzpfudk
vnf;aumif;? OD;zd;k opfxrH S rdrx d oH Ykd jyefvmonft h jzpfuv kd nf;aumif;? ½kww f &uf aoqH;k
oGm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? acwårQ owdarhavsmhvsuf &Sdav\/
odYkaomf olrek ;f wD;aom ol\ rsuEf mS udk jrifvu kd &f aomtcg onf;rcHEikd o f uJo h Ykd
jzpfvmNyD;vQif OD;zd;k opf\ acsmarGUaom vnfwikd &f n S &f n
S Bf uD;udk rdr\
d wkwcf ikd of efrmaom
vuf a csmif ; rsm;jzif h touf x G u f í oG m ;onf t xd zspf n § p f v d k a om pd w f r sm;
ay:aygufvmawmh\/
opf/ / ]]cifAsm;[m odyfa'goxGufaew,f/ cifAsm; acgif;ylaew,f/
acgif;at;at; xm;prf;yg}}
OD;zdk;opfonf txufygpum;rsm;udk tawmfyif tm;,lí ajymvdkuf&\/
odkYajymvkdufjcif;rSmvnf; rdrdtm; plpl;0g;0g; pdkufMunhfaeaom OD;atmifNzdK;\ rsufvHk;
rsm;'Pfudk rcHEdkifojzifh rsufESmvTJoGm;ap&ef ajymvdkuf&jcif;jzpfavonf/ OD;atmifNzdK;
rSmvnf; a'got&Sdefjzifh tom;rsm; qwfqwfwkefí aeavonf/ odkYESifh wkef&ifaom
toHjzifh ...
]]cifAsm;[m rrBuD;udk aoG;aqmifNyD; ac:oGm;w,f/ aemuf ta&vnfwt hJ cgusrS
usKyfqD jyefajy;vmw,f r[kwfvm;/ 'D[mawG cifAsm; arhNyDayghhav}}
]]tvum; ajymwm/ rrBuD;[m ½l;aew,f/ olvo kd rQ usKyf ay;w,f/ olpm;csif
orQ usKyf auR;w,f/ tajymif;tvJ&NyD; pdwfaysmfatmif usKyfwdkY c&D;xGufcJhw,f/ olY
tay:rSm usKyf arwåm b,favmufxm;cJhw,fqdkwm cifAsm; em;rvnfEdkifbl;}}
]]'D[mawGtm;vH;k cifAsm; yvDwmcsn;f yJ/ wu,fvYkdom cifAsm;[m olYtay:rSm
aumif;vdYk ol[m cifAsm;eJYtwlwl aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f aeoGm;r,fq&kd if usKyf cGiv hf w
T Ef ikd w
f ,f/
tckawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;/ cifAsm; olYudk enf;enf;rS *½krpdkufbl;/ NyD;awmh cifAsm;vnf;
NiD;aiGUa&m olYudkvnf; uefcsvdkufwmyJ/ 'DawmhrS ol[m usKyfqDudk jyefajy;vmw,f
r[kwfvm; OD;zdk;opf&JU/ NyD;awmh aemufqHk; ao&SmwmyJ}}
OD;atmifNzdK;\ toHrSm pum;ajym&if; wjznf;jznf; edrfhí oGm;av\/
OD;zd;k opfonf ol\vnfyif;udk pdwrf vHo k uJo
h Ykd prf;oyfMunhrf \ d / OD;atmifNzdK;\ rsuv f ;kH
rsm;onf ,cifuxuf jyL;us,v f mvsuf ta&mifrmS vnf; pdwrf ESYHaom olwpfa,muf\
rsufvHk;uJhodkY t"dyÜg,f uif;rJhpGm &Sdaeavonf/
opf/ / ]]'D[mawmh usKyf b,fwwfEdkifrvJ}}
(OD;atmifNzdK;u toufudk jyif;pGm ½SLvsuf) ]]rrBuD;rSm tqkwfa&m*g&Sdw,f/
'gaMumifh usKyfwYkd rmS om;orD;r&wmaygh/ 'gayr,fh bmyJjzpfjzpf olYuckd spfwm? cspfwmyJ/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 156

ol[m touf&SnfNyD; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif usef;usef;rmrm aewmudk usKyf jrifcsifw,f/

'D[muvGNJ yD; bmrS usKyfrvdck sib f ;l / cifAsm;[m usKyfqu D olYukd "m;jywduk ,
f ol mG ;w,f/
olYukd aysmfatmifxm;r,fqNkd yD; cifAsm; rvdrw hf ywf ac:oGm;w,f/ 'Daemuf cifAsm;olYukd
bmrSray;bl;/ ol[m qif;&J'ku© cHoGm;&&Smw,f}}
OD;zdk;opf OD;atmifNzdK;\ pum;rsm;udk yg;pyfta[mif;om;jzifh em;axmifvsuf
&Sdav&m pD;u&ufwdkuav;onf vufudkavmifaomtcgrS jywif;aygufrS tjyifodkY
vTifhypfvkdufavonf/
opf/ / ]]usKyf olYudk aumif;aumif;xm;wmyJ ... wwfEdkiforQ jyKpkw,fvdkY
ajymNyD;ygNyDaumAs}}
NzdK;/ / (a'goxGufvsuf) ]]bmjyKpkwmvJ/ ol[m tqkwfemjzpfaew,f/
ae&mxdik cf if;aumif;aumif;eJY aq;q&m0efaumif;aumif;eJY MuyfMuyfrwfrwf jyKprk ,fq&kd if
'Dvrkd jzpfb;l ... tckawmh cifAsm;[m olrrmrSe;f od&ufeYJ &Sr;f jynfe,f awmifBudKawmifMum;
iSufzsm;aygwJh ae&mawG ac:oGm;w,f/ acsmufcsD;acsmufcsuf q&m0efeJY aq;ukw,f/
aemufqHk; ukvdkYr&EdkifwJh tajca&mufrS olYudk rEÅav; jyefvTwfvdkufw,f ... usKyf
tm;vHk; odw,f OD;zdk;opf ... rrBuD;u usKyfudk tukef ajymoGm;w,f}}
OD;zdk;opfonf OD;atmifNzdK;\ rsufvHkrsm;udk jyefí Munhf&ef BudK;pm;ao;\/
odkYaomf rMunhf0hHawmhacs/ olwdkY pD;eif;vdkufygvsuf&Sdaom 'kwd,wef;wGJuav;rSm
wjcm;wGJrsm;ESifh vHk;0tquftoG,fr&SdbJ &Sdav&m wGJjywif;aygufrsm;rS jrif&aom
eHab;wpfbufwpfcsu&f dS tpdr;f a&mifopfyifrsm;ESihf v,fuiG ;f BuD;rsm;onf t&Sed jf yif;pGmjzifh
ajy;vTm;vsuf &SdaeouJhodkY xif&\/ &xm;rSm rdkif 40rSyif ausmfvGefckwfarmif;vsuf
w*sKef;*sKef;jrnfvsuf&adS om puforH sm;onf wGt J wGi;f wGif em;uGv
J rk wwf qlnpH mG &Sad e
ukef\/
OD;zdk;opfonf udk,fudk tenf;i,f ,drf;iJhvdkufNyD;aemuf ...
]]cifAsm;[m rrBuD;vdkyJ ½l;aeNyDxifw,f/ usKyf[m olYtay:rSm a,mufsm;
wpfa,muf pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf vkyfw,fAs/ cifAsm;odvm;/ olaowmawmif usKyf
rodbl;}}
]]tckxufxd cifAsm; vdraf eao;wmyJ/ cifAsm;udk usKyftNrJ apmifMh unhaf ecJw h ,f/
cifAsm;&JU wynfhawGudk usKyfu aiGay;NyD; cifAsm;ypönf;udk cdk;0Suf,lzdkY olvQdKtvkyf cdkif;cJh
w,f/ cifAsm;[m pD;yGm;ysuNf yD; pdwrf csr;f romjzpfatmif usKyf zefw;D cJw h ,f/ 'gayr,fv h Ykd
cifAsm;tay:rSm 'Davmufvkyf&½HkeJY usKyf rauseyfEdkifao;bl;/ vufpwHk;vkyfzdkY usKyf
pOf;pm;rdw,f}}
OD;zdk;opf\ rsufESmrSm aoG;r&SdouJhodkY azG;ceJ jzpfíoGm;\/ odkYaomf tEdkifEdkif
[efvkyfí &,fvdkufNyD;aemuf ...
]]usKyfudkowf&if cifAsm;aum oufomrvm;/ BudK;pifrSm ao&w,fqdkwm
taoaumif;r[kwfbl;aemf}}
[k jyefajymvdkuf\/

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 157

OD;atmifNzdK;onf ol\ tust Ð wd rf sm;xJoYkd vufEpS b f ufukd xnfv h ukd af vonf/

NzdK;/ / ]]'Dr,fO;D zd;k opf cifAsm;udk owfwt hJ wGuf usKyf cH&rSmudk enf;enf;uav;rS
usKyf yrmrxm;bl;/ 'gayr,fh BudK;pifudkawmh usKyf a&SmifrSmayghav}}
OD;atmifNzdK;\ vufwYdkrmS ¤if;\ tust Ð w d rf sm;xJwiG f tNidrrf aebJ vIy&f mS ;vsuf
&Sdonfudk OD;zdk;opf owdjyKrd\/ vuf,mbufvufrSm vufeufwpfpHkwpf&m udkifxm;
ouJhodkY vuf0Jbufxuf ydkrdkazmif;yGvsuf&Sdonfhjyif rdrdtm; pdkufMunhfaeaom
OD;atmifNzdK;\ rsufvHk;aMumifBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; ol½l;wpfa,muf\ rsufvHkrsdK;uJhodkY
tvGefaMumufrufzG,f aumif;onf[k pdwfwGifxifrd\/
OD;atmifNzdK;onf rdrdpdwfudk rdrd xdef;odrf;EdkifouJhodkY wnfNidrfpGm &SdaeNyD;vQif
pum;ajymyHkrsm;vnf; pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifh Nidrfoufat;aq;pGm ajymqdkvsuf &Sdavonf/
OD;zd;k opfrmS rl wkew f ek &f if&if jzpfaeNyD;vQif toHrmS vnf; rmausmí rNidrrf ouf jzpfaeav
onf/ OD;atmifNzdK;\ pum;ajymyHkESifh [eftrlt&mrsm;rSm tb,faMumifh þrQavmuf
wnfNidraf t;aq;onfukd OD;zd;k opfrmS em;rvnfEikd af tmif &Sad wmh\/ OD;atmifNzdK;I rSm ½l;&mrS
jyefí aumif;vmjcif;avm ... odkYr[kwf aumif;&mrS ½kwfw&uf ½l;oGyfoGm;jcif;ayavm
... [k OD;zdk;opf pOf;pm;vsuf &Sd\/
NzdK;/ / ]]usKyf cifAsm;udk owf&vdrfhr,f/ ae&musvdkufavAsm ... usKyfwdkYwGJu
b,fwGJeJYrS tquftoG,fr&Sdbl;/ NyD;awmh usKyfwdkYESpfa,muf 'DwGJxJrSm tckvdk
ESpfa,mufcsif; vmqHkatmif bk&m;ocifu zefqif;ay;wmrsm; tHhyg&JU}}
OD;zd;k opfonf ]]a[h udak tmifNzdK; rvkyef YJ}} [k aoG;½l;aoG;wef; atmfvu kd Nf yD;aemuf
wGrJ suEf mS usuw f iG f &Sad eaom BudK;(Communication Chain) udk pdwt f m;xufoefpmG Munh½f I
vsuf &Sdavonf/
]]'D[mrsKd ;eJY bm&rvJ OD;zd;k opf/ BudK;rqGcJ if cifAsm;udk usKyf aoatmifvyk Ef ikd w f ,f
em;vnfvm;}}
OD;zd;k opf\ ezl;wGif acR;aygufBuD;rsm; oD;í vmawmh\/ ol\ wpfu, kd vf ;kH rSm
taMumrsm; qdkif;aeojzifh rvIyfr,SufEdkifouJhodkY cHpm;&NyD;vQif vnfyif;udkyif vuf
ESpfbufjzifh prf;oyfMunhfrd\/ xdktcsdefü &xm;BuD;rSmvnf; wpfem&DvQif rdkif 40 ausmf
50 eD;yg;rQyif ckwfarmif;vsuf &Sdavonf/
opf/ / ]]½l;aeNyD udkatmifNzdK;/ cifAsm; ½l;aeNyD}}
OD;atmifNzdK;onf OD;zd;k opf atmf[pfvu kd o f nfukd y"merxm;bJ rsupf Ed pS b f ufukd
arS;um rdrdudk,fudk rdrd ajymouJhodkY ...
]]rrBuD;[m tifrwef csppf &maumif;wJh rde;f r/ rsuv f ;kH uav;rsm; orifrsuv f ;kH
vdk MunfaewmyJ/ tom;uav;rsm; eEGif;wufuav;csdK;xm;ovdk 0if;vdkY? ol[m
usKyfuvGJvdkY 'DurÇmay:rSm b,folYudkrS rcspfbl;/ usKyf olYudk cGifhvTwfw,f/ cGifhvTwf&
rSmayghav/ usKyfu olYudkcspfwmudk;}}
OD;zdk;opfonfEIwfcrf;rsm; pdkívmatmif vQmjzifhvsufvdkuf\/ xdktcgüum;
olonf tawmfyif aMumuf&UHG wkev f yI vf suf &Sad eayNyD/ olonf OD;atmifNzdK;tm; Edik af tmif

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 '*kefa&TrQm; 158

jyefí owfEdkifygrnfavm/ ol\ tdwfxJwGif vufeufwpfpHkwpf&m &Sdavrnfavm/

þwGJay:odkY OD;atmifNzdK; a&mufvmjzif;rSm uHtm;avsmfpGm awGUqHkjcif;r[kwfbJ BudKwif
BuHpnfxm;jcif;ayavm/
OD;atmifNzdK;\ rsuv f rkH sm;onf xl;qef;aom ta&mifrsKd ;jzifh awmufyvsu&f \ dS /
NzdK;/ / ]]cifAsm;rsuEf mS Munh&f wm aeraumif;bl;xifw,f/ aeylveG ;f vdYk xifyg&JU/
'Dr,fAs ... rsufESmMuufu oHBudK;udkcsnf; MunfhraeygeJYOD; q&mBuD;/ cifAsm;a&SUudk ajc
wpfvSrf;rwdk;cif cifAsm;udk usKyf ypfcsEdkifw,f/ usKyfrSm vufeufygw,fAs/ tvdk ...
bmvJ bmjzpfwmvJ}}
OD;zdk;opfonf &xm;jywif;aygufrS tjyifodkY arQmfMunhfwm wpfpHkwpf&mudk
vufnKd§ ;xd;k vku d o f jzifh OD;atmifNzdK;u vefYí atmfvu kd jf cif;jzpf\/ OD;zd;k opf\ tBuHrmS
tu,fíom rdrdonf OD;atmifNzdK;\ pdwfudk wpfcPrQ vpfatmif jyKvkyfxm;Edkifum;
rD;&xm; rsufEmS MuufrS *gwfwt JG xd qufo, G xf m;aom aMu;eef;BudK; (Communication
Chain) udk qG& J ef tcsed &f rnfjzpf\/ OD;atmifNzdK;um; ½l;íae\/ rdro d nf vufeufygaom
ol½l;wpfa,mufESifh vlr&Sdaom rD;&xm;wGJxJwGif &ifqdkifí ae&avNyD/
OD;zdk;opfonf wGJjywif;aygufrS tjyifodkY vufn§dK;nTefum ]][dkrSm [dkrSm}} [k
toHukef [pfatmfvdkuf&m OD;atmifNzdK;onf OD;zdk;opf vufn§dK;nTef&modkY zswfceJ
vSnfhMunfhvdkuf\/
xd k c Pü OD ; zd k ; opf o nf vuf w pf b uf u d k a&S U od k Y qef Y wef ; um
usm;uJo h Ykdvsijf refjcif;rsKd ;jzifh a&SUodYk w[kex f ;kd ckev
f u
kd Nf yD;aemuf rsuEf mS MuufrS oHBudK;udk
wpfcgwnf; qGJvdkufav\/ OD;zdk;opfum; tEkdif&avNyD/
odYkaomf xdt k aMumif;udk odEiS Nhf yD;jzpfaom OD;atmifNzdK;onf OD;zd;k opftm; atmufrS
ajcxdk;cHvdkufojzifh OD;zdk;opfrSm udk,fudk r[efEdkifbJ jywif;aygufbufodkY acgif;vSnhfí
vJusoGm;av&m xdkcPüyif OD;atmifNzdK;onf rdrdoefrmaom vufBuD;ESpfbufjzifh
OD;zdk;opf\ ajcESpfacsmif;udk uspfuspfygatmif qkyfudkifum OD;zdk;opf\ udk,fudk
jywif;abmiftjyifbufodkY wGef;csvsuf &Sdav\/ yxrü OD;zdk;opfonf acsmarGUaom
jywif;aygufabmifrsm;udk wpfcPrQ ukwfjcpfwG,fuyfum &Sdaeaomfvnf; aemufrS
wGe;f xd;k vsu&f adS om tiftm;udk rcHEikd o f jzifh yxr acgif;idu k pf u
kd u
f somG ;&mrS ud, k Bf uD;onf
jyif;xefpGm wdkufcwfvsuf&Sdaom avt[kefwGif acwå0JysHum &SdaeNyD;aemuf ajray:odkY
pdkufusoGm;av\/
tcsuaf y;oHBudK;udk qGv J u
kd o
f jzifh rD;&xm; &yfomG ;av\/ rD;&xm;&yfomG ;aom
ae&mrSm OD;zdk;opfusoGm;aom ae&mESifh udkuf 200 cefYrQ a0;avonf/ udkuf 200 cefY
t&SdefvGefoGm;ojzifh &xm;onf OD;zdk;opftavmif;&Sd&modkY jyefí qkwfcJh&\/ rD;&xm;
*wfAv kd Ef iS w
hf uG wGaJ y:rS vlrsm;yg pk½;kH a&mufvmMu&m OD;atmifNzdK;u xdo k rl mS 'kw, d wef;
wGJxJwGif rdrdESifhtwl pD;eif;vdkufygvmaom c&D;onfwpfa,mufjzpfaMumif;?
rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudk rodbJ yJcl;NrdKUrS wufvmonfudkom od&aMumif;? xdkolonf
rdrdESifh wpfpHkwpf&m pum;rajymbJ wpfcgwpf&H rdrdtm; pl;pl;0g;0g;Munhfaeonfudk

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
0d n mOf a vmu 0w¬ K wd k r sm; 159

jrif&onfhtjyif olMunhf½IyHkrSmvnf; wpfrsdK;wpfzHkjzpfojzifh pdwfrESHYol wpfa,mufyif

jzpfavoavm ... rdrdawG;rdaMumif;? xdktcgu olonf rD;&xm;jywif;aygufrS udk,fudk
tqrwefausmfíxGuu f m wpfred pf? ESprf ed pfcefYrQ ta0;udk vSr;f arQmfMunh½f v I suf &S&d mrS
wpfcgwnf; a&SUodkY ckefxdk;vdkufouJhodkY jrifvdkuf&NyD;aemuf atmufodkYpdkufí
usoGm;aMumif;? xdktcg rdrdonf Muufaoaovsuf &Sd&mrS vefYzswfatmfvdkufNyD;aemuf
owd&onfEiS hf wNydKifeuf rD;&xm;oHBudK;udk qGv J u
kd jf cif;jzpfaMumif;jzifh ajymjyavonf/
OD;zdk;opf pD;aom wGJay:odkY oGm;a&muf&SmazGMuaomtcg ¤if;\t0wf
tpm;rsm;xnfhaom vufqGJom;a&tdwfESifh xD;wpfacsmif;udk aeom;wus awGU&\/
tavmif;üum; twGif;tusÐtdwfxJrS aiG 100dusyfcefYygaom ydkufqHtdwfwpfvHk;udk
awGU&ojzifh OD;atmifNzdK;tay:ü rnfolrQ oHo,r&SdbJ OD;atmifNzdK;onf [kwfrSefonfh
twdkif; tppfcHonf[k ,lqMu\/ oufqdkif&mwdkYuvnf; OD;zdk;opfonf &xm;wGJ
jywif;aygufrS tm;vGeí f rawmfwq usomG ;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? odYkr[kwf ½kww f &uf
pdwaf zmufjyefNyD;vQif wrifcek cf svu kd jf cif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&rnf[al om rSwcf sujf zifh
aemufqHk; trIudk ydwfvdkuf\/
aemuf 3 &ufcefYrQ Mumaomtcg rEÅav;rS &efukefodkY pkefqif;aom
tpke&f xm;onf yde;f Zvkwrf S xGuv f mNyD;aemuf 15rdepfcefYtMumwGif vlwpfa,mufonf
'kwd,wef;wGJwpfwGJay:rS atmufodkY ckefcsvdkufonfudk xdkwGJESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom
wwd,wef;wGJ wpfwaJG y:rS vlrsm;u jrifvu kd &f ojzifh vlwpfa,mufu BudK;udk qGv J ukd &f m
rD ; &xm;&yf o G m ;avonf / rD ; &xm;onf xd k c k e f c s&mae&mod k Y a&muf a tmif
jyefíqkwfvmcJhNyD;vQif oGm;a&mufMunhf½I&m OD;acgif;xufjcrf;uGJvsuf aoqHk;aeaom
vlwpfa,muf\ tavmif;udk awGUMu&\/
xdok \ l tdwx f w J iG yf gaom pmrsm;? pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
aoolrSm rEÅav;NrdKUrS v,fydkif&Sif OD;atmifNzdK;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&avonf/
OD;atmifNzdK;\ tavmif;udk awGUaomae&mrSm vGefcJhaom 3&ufcefYu tqefpm
ydkYwGJ 'kwd,wef;wGJwpfwGJrS OD;zdk;opf vdrfhusonfqdkaom ae&mESifh 10 awmifcefYrQom
a0;avonf/
3 &uftwGi;f þwpfae&mwnf; vdv k ükd yif 'kw, d wef;pD; c&D;onfEpS af ,mufwYkd
vdrfhusaoqHk;&onfqdkjcif;rSm taMumif;wdkufqdkifjcif;ayavm? odkYr[kwf xl;qef;aom
jyóemwpfckayavm? rnfolrQ ajz&Sif;r&cJhay/

ume,fZif; r*¾Zif;/ 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv

Ä Ä Ä

jrefrmYrQm;ewfarmif
 owday;csuf
þpmtkyfonf jrefrmusL;ypfrefbmrsm;rS
tcrJ Y wif q uf x m;aom pmtk y f j zpf y gojzif Y
tcaMu;acGjzifY ul;,la&mif;csjcif;? tusKd;tjrwf
wpHkw&m tvkdYiSm toHk;csjcif; wkdYukd jyif;xefpGm
wm;jrpfonf/